agenda n elements of theory n meta-theoretic approaches n extrinsic research n intrinsic research n...
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AgendaAgenda
Elements of TheoryElements of Theory Meta-Theoretic ApproachesMeta-Theoretic Approaches Extrinsic ResearchExtrinsic Research Intrinsic ResearchIntrinsic Research Historical ResearchHistorical Research Participant Observation ResearchParticipant Observation Research Field and Laboratory ResearchField and Laboratory Research
Components of TheoryComponents of Theory
THEORY
Considerations of TheoryConsiderations of Theory
FalsificationFalsification
Considerations of TheoryConsiderations of Theory
FalsificationFalsification Aesthetic TheoriesAesthetic Theories
Components of TheoryComponents of Theory
THEORY
Abstract Calculus
Components of TheoryComponents of Theory
THEORY
Abstract Calculus
Theoretic Constructs
Components of TheoryComponents of Theory
THEORY
Abstract Calculus
Theoretic Constructs
Rules of Correspondence
AgendaAgenda
Elements of TheoryElements of Theory Meta-Theoretic ApproachesMeta-Theoretic Approaches Extrinsic ResearchExtrinsic Research Intrinsic ResearchIntrinsic Research Historical ResearchHistorical Research Participant Observation ResearchParticipant Observation Research Field and Laboratory ResearchField and Laboratory Research
Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PositivistsPositivists
Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptableconsidered unacceptable
Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PositivistsPositivists
Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptableconsidered unacceptable
Logical PositivismLogical Positivism:: statements not describing facts are statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaninglessmetaphysical and meaningless
Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PositivistsPositivists
Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptableconsidered unacceptable
Logical PositivismLogical Positivism:: statements not describing facts are statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaninglessmetaphysical and meaningless
Logical AtomismLogical Atomism:: statements also are statements also are
meaningful if they are composed of meaningful if they are composed of
simpler statements that describesimpler statements that describe
empirical factsempirical facts
Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PositivistsPositivists
Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptableconsidered unacceptable
Logical PositivismLogical Positivism:: statements not describing facts are statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaninglessmetaphysical and meaningless
Logical AtomismLogical Atomism:: statements also are statements also are
meaningful if they are composed of meaningful if they are composed of
simpler statements that describesimpler statements that describe
empirical factsempirical facts
Logical EmpiricismLogical Empiricism:: metaphysical metaphysical
statements acceptable if theystatements acceptable if they
promote understanding empiricalpromote understanding empirical statements statements
Major Meta Theory Schools: The Major Meta Theory Schools: The PhenomenologistsPhenomenologists
PhenomenologyPhenomenology: immersion of : immersion of oneself in the flow of experienceoneself in the flow of experience
Major Meta Theory Schools: The Constructivists
• Constructivism: reality constructed by the individual’s encounter with the world and the individual’s set of personal constructs or expectations
AgendaAgenda
Elements of TheoryElements of Theory Meta-Theoretic ApproachesMeta-Theoretic Approaches Extrinsic ResearchExtrinsic Research Intrinsic ResearchIntrinsic Research Historical ResearchHistorical Research Participant Observation ResearchParticipant Observation Research Field and Laboratory ResearchField and Laboratory Research
Content AnalysisContent Analysis How is content analysis quantitative How is content analysis quantitative
research and how is it qualitative research and how is it qualitative research?research?
When is interactional analysis invited When is interactional analysis invited instead of relational analysis?instead of relational analysis?
Content Analysis StepsContent Analysis Steps
Define and Limit Communication Define and Limit Communication PopulationPopulation
Select Coding UnitsSelect Coding Units Sample MessagesSample Messages Code Message ContentCode Message Content Analyze ResultsAnalyze Results Interpret ResultsInterpret Results
““Speed Versus Accuracy: A Content Analysis of Media Report Accuracy and the AlacritySpeed Versus Accuracy: A Content Analysis of Media Report Accuracy and the Alacrity Hypothesis“ Western States Communication Association Convention (Long Beach, Hypothesis“ Western States Communication Association Convention (Long Beach, CA: 2002) (completed with a team of 13 student researchers) CA: 2002) (completed with a team of 13 student researchers)
Questionable Stories
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
questionable stories on ABC 0 4 4 2 0 1 1 0 0 0.5 0 0 2 2 2 2.5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
questionable stories on CBS 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0
questionable stories on CNN 1 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 1 0 0 0.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
questionable stories on NBC 1 5 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 1.5 0 0.5 1 1 1.5 1 0 0 0 0
questionable stories on P BS 0 0 0 1 0 0
8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:3020:0
020:3
0
Extrinsic ResearchExtrinsic Research
Establishing Textual AuthenticityEstablishing Textual Authenticity Establishing AuthorshipEstablishing Authorship
Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption
Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies
Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption
Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies
Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption
Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies
Recorder biasesRecorder biases
Sources of Textual Sources of Textual CorruptionCorruption
Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies
Recorder biasesRecorder biases Revisions in Revisions in
“memorial “memorial editions”editions”
Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption
Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies
Recorder biasesRecorder biases Revisions in Revisions in
“memorial “memorial editions”editions”
Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption
Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies
Recorder biasesRecorder biases Revisions in Revisions in
“memorial “memorial editions”editions”
Editing for Editing for Readability Readability
Sources of Textual CorruptionSources of Textual Corruption
Use of advanced Use of advanced copiescopies
Recorder biasesRecorder biases Revisions in Revisions in
“memorial “memorial editions”editions”
Editing for Editing for Readability Readability
Permitting Permitting RevisionsRevisions
Determining Textual AuthenticityDetermining Textual Authenticity
Comparison with originalComparison with original Use of recordingsUse of recordings Comparisons of all textsComparisons of all texts
Detecting AuthorshipDetecting Authorship
External reportsExternal reportsComparisons Comparisons
with other with other communicationcommunication
A QuizA Quiz
Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t be all Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t be all bad.bad.
Go west, young man.Go west, young man. To the victors belong the spoils.To the victors belong the spoils. That government is best which governs least.That government is best which governs least. There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and
statistics.statistics. Everybody talks about the weather but nobody Everybody talks about the weather but nobody
does anything about it.does anything about it.
A QuizA Quiz
Anybody who hates Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t children and dogs can’t be all bad.be all bad.W. C. Fields?W. C. Fields?
Actually Leo RostenActually Leo Rosten
A QuizA Quiz
Go west, young man.Go west, young man.Horace Greeley?Horace Greeley?
Actually John Basone SouleActually John Basone Soule
A QuizA Quiz
To the victors belong the To the victors belong the spoils.spoils.Andrew Jackson?Andrew Jackson?
Sen. William L. MarcySen. William L. Marcy
A QuizA Quiz
That government is best That government is best which governs least.which governs least.Thomas Jefferson?Thomas Jefferson?
Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau
A QuizA Quiz
There are three kinds of There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.statistics.Mark Twain?Mark Twain?
Twain quoting Benjamin Twain quoting Benjamin DisraeliDisraeli
Everybody talks about Everybody talks about the weather but the weather but nobody does anything nobody does anything about it.about it.Mark TwainMark Twain
Charles Dudley Charles Dudley WarnerWarner
A QuizA Quiz
Intrinsic CriticismIntrinsic Criticism
Distinguishing Criticism from Distinguishing Criticism from ReviewsReviews
The Truth CriterionThe Truth Criterion The Ethical CriterionThe Ethical Criterion The Results CriterionThe Results Criterion Artistic CriteriaArtistic Criteria
Difficulties Applying the Truth Difficulties Applying the Truth CriterionCriterion
Difficulty determining the truthDifficulty determining the truthEven dreadful messages often tell Even dreadful messages often tell
the truththe truth
Difficulties Applying the Ethical Difficulties Applying the Ethical CriterionCriterion
Difficulty identifying intentionsDifficulty identifying intentions Difficulty choosing ethical standardsDifficulty choosing ethical standards Ignoring artistic meritIgnoring artistic merit
Difficulties Applying the Results Difficulties Applying the Results CriterionCriterion
Difficulty identifying effectsDifficulty identifying effects Difficulty linking effects to messagesDifficulty linking effects to messages Immorality endorsed if it gets resultsImmorality endorsed if it gets results
Examples of Artistic CriteriaExamples of Artistic Criteria
Neo-Aristotelian criticismNeo-Aristotelian criticism Burke’s Dramatistic PentadBurke’s Dramatistic Pentad
Historical-Critical ResearchHistorical-Critical Research
A Concept of HistoryA Concept of History
1. A Study of the Past Record1. A Study of the Past Record
2. Documentary Research2. Documentary Research
3. Critical Research3. Critical Research
Importance of Historical Importance of Historical ResearchResearch
All research involves past workAll research involves past work Arguments from history widespreadArguments from history widespread Past holds key to organize knowledgePast holds key to organize knowledge Essential to establish continuityEssential to establish continuity
Types of Historical ResearchTypes of Historical Research
Biographical StudiesBiographical Studies Movement StudiesMovement Studies Rhetorical CriticismRhetorical Criticism Development of IdeasDevelopment of Ideas Case StudiesCase Studies Bibliographic ResearchBibliographic Research
Participant Observation Participant Observation MethodsMethods
The Role of the ObserverThe Role of the Observer The Objectivity ProblemThe Objectivity Problem Distinguishing Participant Observation Distinguishing Participant Observation
Research and EthnographyResearch and Ethnography Difficult Steps in Participant Difficult Steps in Participant
Observation WorkObservation Work
Distinguishing Field and Distinguishing Field and Laboratory ResearchLaboratory Research
Field studies occur in the Field studies occur in the natural environmentnatural environment
Laboratory studies Laboratory studies control for many control for many interfering elements in interfering elements in the environmentthe environment
Distinction is fluidDistinction is fluid
Advantages and Limitations of Advantages and Limitations of Field and Laboratory ResearchField and Laboratory Research
Power of manipulation Power of manipulation ++ - -
Realism Realism + + - -
Control usually - + Control usually - +
Measurement maybe +Measurement maybe +
RandomizationRandomization -- ++
Observer Bias Observer Bias - - + +
Field Laboratory