agenda 1. quiz 2. test & last week’s quiz 3. homework 4. switching 5. point-to-point protocol...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Agenda
1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8. FRAME RELAY
![Page 2: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Last Week’s Quiz
100 workstations dump 5 messages per second on an Ethernet LAN.Each message has 1000 bytes. Is there a congestion problem?
Server Utilization = A X S= 500 X [8 (1000)]/10,000,000= .4
Is there a congestion problem?
![Page 3: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Homework
14-1, 14-11, 14-18, 14-51 & 14-52
15-2, 15-6 & 15-9
16-2, 16-9, 16-10, 16-ll, 16-12, 16-13 & 16-14
17-1, 17-3 & 17-9
18-1, 18-3, 18-6 & 18-11
![Page 4: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chapter 14
Switching
![Page 5: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Figure 14-1
Switched Network
Direct physical connections with switches I to VII connecting all computers
![Page 6: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Figure 14-2
Switching Methods
Commonly used
![Page 7: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Figure 14-4
A Circuit Switch
n not necessarily equal to m
![Page 8: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 14-6
Circuit Switching
Paths and circuits are separatedspacially
Nominally it’s instantaneously (Adv?)Nominally it requires a large number
of cross connects. Why?Like Telephone system?
Uses TDM to achieveswitching
No crosspoints (Adv)Processing time causes
delays (Dadv)
![Page 9: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 14-7
Crossbar Switch
Electronic microswitchesLike mechanical relays?
![Page 10: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Figure 14-8
Multistage Switch
Combines crossbars
![Page 11: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figure 14-9
Switching Path
Multiple paths
![Page 12: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Figure 14-10
TDM with and without a Time Slot Interchange (TSI)
![Page 13: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 14-11
Time Slot Interchange
RAM has several memory locations, each the same size as a slot.No more FIFO
![Page 14: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Figure 14-12TDM Bus
Uses microswitchesto connect ins & outsto a high speed bus.
In & out gates are closed at same timeso traffic can burstthrough.
![Page 15: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 14-13
Time Space Time Switch
You can combine to optimize!
![Page 16: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Optical Switching
• Demand for bandwidth growing at compound annual rate of 100%• Projections by Lucent is Multiple Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) specifically, Generalized MPLA will be preferred method.• Optical switching devices are potentially smaller, faster, cheaper and have lower operating power (note the word potentially). • Lucent is betting on doing this with micro-electro-mechinical-systems (MEMS) devices. These are also called silicon micromachines. Their product is called the LambdaRouter.• Very large scale integration (VLSI) fabrication techniques are required to make MEMS devices cost effective.
![Page 17: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Optical Switching
# 10K
ofports 1K
100
10
Data rate
100 Mb 1 Gb 10 Gb 100 Gb
Electrical
Optical
![Page 18: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 14-14
PSTN Hierarchy
![Page 19: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 14-16
Packet Switching Approaches
Book calls packed switching better for data (security not considered)
![Page 20: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 14-17
Datagram Approach
Different paths & out-of-sequence arrival times
![Page 21: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Figure 14-19
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
Classic connection orientation
![Page 22: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Figure 14-20
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
Less latency problemBetter repeatabilityEasier QC
![Page 23: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 14-21
Path versus Route
Table limitation?
![Page 24: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 14-22
Dedicated versus Shared
Problem?
![Page 25: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Chapter 15
Point-to-PointProtocol
![Page 26: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Figure 15-1
Point-to-Point Link
Designed as an improvement to the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP).
IP FriendlyStatic?
![Page 27: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 15-2
PPP Transition States
Classical X.25
![Page 28: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figure 15-3
PPP Layers
![Page 29: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 15-4
PPP Frames
Broadcast address to avoid address issue?Control code for no control (flow & error)
![Page 30: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 15-5
Link Control Protocol (LCP) Packet Encapsulated in a Frame
Responsible for:Establishing linksMaintaining linksConfiguring linksTerminating links
Provides negotiation mechanisms to set options between end users.
![Page 31: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 15-6
Password Authentication Protocol
Open two stepper
![Page 32: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Figure 15-7
PAP Packets
![Page 33: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Figure 15-8
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
![Page 34: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Figure 15-9
Four Types of CHAP Packets
![Page 35: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 15-10
Internetwork Protocol Control Protocol Packet Encapsulated in PPP Frame
![Page 36: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Figure 15-11
Example
![Page 37: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Chapter 16
Integrated Services
Digital Network(ISDN)
![Page 38: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Figure 16-1
ISDN Services
The network may change or process the content of the data
No network manipulation
![Page 39: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure 16-2
Voice Communication over an Analog Telephone Network
![Page 40: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Figure 16-3
Voice and Data Communication over an Analog Telephone Network
![Page 41: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Figure 16-4
Analog and Digital Services over the Telephone Network
![Page 42: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Figure 16-5
IDN
![Page 43: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Figure 16-6
ISDN
![Page 44: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Figure 16-7
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
Bearer & out of band signaling
![Page 45: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Figure 16-8
Primary Rate Interface
![Page 46: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Figure 16-9
Functional Grouping
![Page 47: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Figure 16-10
Reference Points
![Page 48: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Figure 16-11
ISDN Layers
![Page 49: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Figure 16-12 Simplified Layers of ISDN
Uses Link Access Procedure (LAP) for the D channel
![Page 50: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Figure 16-13
BRI Interfaces
![Page 51: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Figure 16-14
S Interface
![Page 52: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Figure 16-15
2 Binary /1 Quaternary (2B/1Q) Encoding
Uses 4 voltage levels. Is this QPSK?
![Page 53: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Chapter 17
X.25
![Page 54: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Figure 17-1
X.25
Data Terminal Equipment Data circuit-temrinating Equipment
![Page 55: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Figure 17-2
X.25 Layers in Relation to the OSI Layers
Link Access Protocol-- Balanced
3
![Page 56: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Figure 17-3
Format of a FrameNot Your Daddy’s Frame Relay
I frame encapsulates PLPS frame is used for flow and error controlU frame sets up and disconnects links
![Page 57: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Figure 17-4
Addressing at the Frame Layer
![Page 58: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Figure 17-5
Three Phases of the
Frame Layer
Set Async Bal Mode asks & Unnumbered acknowledges
![Page 59: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Figure 17-6
Frame Layer and Packet Layer Domains
Connection orientation at the packet layer: Est, Xfer, Term
![Page 60: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Figure 17-7
Three Virtual Circuits in X.25
![Page 61: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Figure 17-8
Logical Channel Numbers in X.25
![Page 62: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Chapter 18
FrameRelay
![Page 63: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Figure 18-1
Frame Relay versus Pure Mesh T-Line Network
Frame Relay uses Virtual Circuit technology to provide lessexpensive connectivity.
![Page 64: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Figure 18-2
Fixed-Rate versus Bursty Data
![Page 65: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Figure 18-3
X.25 Traffic
![Page 66: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Figure 18-4
Frame Relay Traffic
![Page 67: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Comparison of X.25 & Frame Relay
Feature X.25 Frame RelayConnection Establishment At Network Layer NoneHop-by-hop error control At DL Layer NoneHop-by-hop flow control At DL Layer NoneEnd-to-end error control At Network Layer NoneEnd-to-end flow control At Network Layer NoneData Rate Fixed BurstyMultiplexing At Network Layer At DL LayerCongestion Control Not necessary Necessary
![Page 68: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Figure 18-5
Frame Relay Network
Force Fit?
![Page 69: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Figure 18-6
Data Link Connection Identifiers
![Page 70: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Figure 18-7
PVC DLCIs
![Page 71: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Figure 18-8
SVC Setup and Release
![Page 72: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Figure 18-9
SVC DLCIs
![Page 73: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Figure 18-13
Comparing Layers in Frame Relay and X.25
![Page 74: Agenda 1. QUIZ 2. TEST & LAST WEEK’S QUIZ 3. HOMEWORK 4. SWITCHING 5. POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL 6. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) 7. X.25 8](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110405/56649ee85503460f94bf97b0/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Figure 18-14
Frame Relay Frame