Age of Age of ExploratioExploratio

n!n!

HoorayHooray!!!!

State building in EuropeState building in Europe

►Plague and internal problems destroy Plague and internal problems destroy the power of the Holy Roman Empirethe power of the Holy Roman Empire

►German Princes and Italian City-States German Princes and Italian City-States have the power – develop two have the power – develop two important elements that spread important elements that spread throughout Europe:throughout Europe: Direct Taxation and Standing Armies!Direct Taxation and Standing Armies!

State Building throughout State Building throughout EuropeEurope

►France and England fight constantly France and England fight constantly over land (Hundred Years War – 1337-over land (Hundred Years War – 1337-1453)1453) France taxed sales, hearths and saltFrance taxed sales, hearths and salt England taxed hearths, plows and even England taxed hearths, plows and even

individuals (just for being there!)individuals (just for being there!)

►Russia – 1480, Moscow prince Ivan the Russia – 1480, Moscow prince Ivan the III stops paying tribute to Mongols and III stops paying tribute to Mongols and in effect declaring independencein effect declaring independenceThat’s IVAN

THE GREAT to you!

►1469 – Marriage of Fernando of Aragon 1469 – Marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castileand Isabel of Castile

►United two most important (and richest) United two most important (and richest) Iberian realmsIberian realms

►The “Catholic Kings” complete the The “Catholic Kings” complete the reconquistareconquista, and create a , and create a hegemonyhegemony throughout much of the Italian peninsula.throughout much of the Italian peninsula.

Aragon!

Castile! SpainSpain

!!

By 1492, the “Reconquista” or By 1492, the “Reconquista” or reconquering of Spain is reconquering of Spain is

complete. complete. (the Catholics force out the (the Catholics force out the Muslims!)Muslims!)

Bring it all together!Bring it all together!

► Competition grows as these areas tighten and Competition grows as these areas tighten and defend their authority!defend their authority!

► Conflict is encouraged by rapid development Conflict is encouraged by rapid development of military and naval technology (gunpowder of military and naval technology (gunpowder weapons, ships, etc)weapons, ships, etc)

► Arms and technology race strengthened Arms and technology race strengthened European powers just as they began to venture European powers just as they began to venture into the larger world…into the larger world…

Why explore?Why explore?►Gold:

Overland routes were controlled by Mongols and Muslims

Merchants sought a profitable trade with Asia

►God:God: Church leaders Church leaders

wanted to spread wanted to spread Christianity and Christianity and halt Islamhalt Islam

►Glory:Glory: A new “worldly” view had emerged A new “worldly” view had emerged

as a result of the Renaissanceas a result of the Renaissance

Spice TradeSpice Trade

► 1300s – Europeans 1300s – Europeans dependent on spices dependent on spices such as pepper, such as pepper, cinnamon, & nutmegcinnamon, & nutmeg

► Spices used for flavor, Spices used for flavor, preserving meat, preserving meat, perfumes, cosmetics, perfumes, cosmetics, and medicineand medicine

► Spice trade was Spice trade was controlled by Arab and controlled by Arab and Venetian merchantsVenetian merchants

Technology necessaryTechnology necessary

►Oceangoing shipsOceangoing ships► Triangle SailsTriangle Sails► CompassCompass► AstrolabeAstrolabe► SextantSextant► Accurate MapsAccurate Maps► Training in Training in

NavigationNavigation

Portugal leads Portugal leads the way…the way…

► Prince Henry the Navigator: campaigns to Prince Henry the Navigator: campaigns to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese spread Christianity and increase Portuguese influence.influence. Seized CeutaSeized Ceuta Discovered the Madeiras and AzoresDiscovered the Madeiras and Azores Discovered islands off West African coast – Cape Discovered islands off West African coast – Cape

Verde, Principe, etcVerde, Principe, etc Colonized island and began growing sugarcane…Colonized island and began growing sugarcane…

►Not really known as Not really known as merchants – fisherman with merchants – fisherman with great experience of great experience of travelling on the stormy travelling on the stormy Atlantic Atlantic

►mid-1400s, mid-1400s, Portuguese fleets Portuguese fleets explore west African explore west African coast – each new coast – each new expedition expedition proceeding a bit proceeding a bit further than its further than its predecessorpredecessor

► Trade develops:Trade develops: Guns, textiles and Guns, textiles and

manufactured itemsmanufactured items Gold and African Gold and African

SlavesSlaves

•Changed the long-Changed the long-established African established African

commerce in slaves by commerce in slaves by increasing its volume and increasing its volume and

sending slaves to new sending slaves to new destinations. destinations.

•Sent thousands of slaves to work Sent thousands of slaves to work their new island sugar plantationstheir new island sugar plantations

Indian oceanIndian ocean►Portugal not done – a sea route to Portugal not done – a sea route to

Asian markets (with silk and spices) Asian markets (with silk and spices) would avoid Muslim and Italian would avoid Muslim and Italian middlemen.middlemen.

►Looking to participate directly in Indian Looking to participate directly in Indian Ocean trade: in 1497, Vasco da Gama Ocean trade: in 1497, Vasco da Gama sails around the cape, finds a Muslim sails around the cape, finds a Muslim pilot to show him how to take pilot to show him how to take advantage of the monsoon windsadvantage of the monsoon winds

► In the following 100 years, Portuguese In the following 100 years, Portuguese ships armed with cannons worked hard ships armed with cannons worked hard to control Indian Ocean tradeto control Indian Ocean trade

Around the same time…Around the same time…►1492 Christopher Columbus (an Italian, 1492 Christopher Columbus (an Italian,

sailing for Spain) discovers sailing for Spain) discovers new landnew land. . (trying to reach Asia by sailing west)(trying to reach Asia by sailing west)

►……he never realizes it.he never realizes it.

ColumbusColumbus► laid the foundation for Spanish control of potentially rich laid the foundation for Spanish control of potentially rich

territoriesterritories► second voyage (1493–1496), explored Puerto Rico, Virgin second voyage (1493–1496), explored Puerto Rico, Virgin

Islands, Jamaica, Cuba, etc, and attempts to establish a Islands, Jamaica, Cuba, etc, and attempts to establish a colony on Hispaniola. - poor management and colony on Hispaniola. - poor management and enslavement of nativesenslavement of natives

► third voyage (1498–1500) Columbus landed on Trinidad, third voyage (1498–1500) Columbus landed on Trinidad, Venezuela, and as governor of Hispanolia, alienated the Venezuela, and as governor of Hispanolia, alienated the Spanish colonists and was arrested and sent back to Spain Spanish colonists and was arrested and sent back to Spain as a prisoner. as a prisoner.

► Stripped of any governing authority by Ferdinand and Stripped of any governing authority by Ferdinand and Isabel, 4Isabel, 4thth voyage (1502–1504), stranded on Jamaica for voyage (1502–1504), stranded on Jamaica for more than a year, he returned to Spain with his health more than a year, he returned to Spain with his health ruined. He died two years later (1506), a wealthy but bitter ruined. He died two years later (1506), a wealthy but bitter man who felt unappreciated by his king and uncertain of man who felt unappreciated by his king and uncertain of his legacy.his legacy.

A Question of POV…A Question of POV…

Hero? Hero? Villain?Villain?

►Although he returns without gold, silk Although he returns without gold, silk or spices he is persistent that he had or spices he is persistent that he had reached islands near Japan and Chinareached islands near Japan and China

►Made 3 Made 3 more more

voyages but voyages but it was it was

Amerigo Amerigo Vespucci to Vespucci to later realize later realize

he had he had discovered discovered

a new a new “world” – “world” –

hence hence “America”“America”

Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal► Two biggest exploring Two biggest exploring

nationsnations

► Began fighting over land Began fighting over land in New Worldin New World

► Asked Pope to solve Asked Pope to solve disputedispute

► The Pope divides the The Pope divides the New World in half with New World in half with a line!a line!

Pope Alexander VI

Pope’s Solution: Draw a LinePope’s Solution: Draw a Line►West of line is Spain’s/East of line is West of line is Spain’s/East of line is

Portugal’sPortugal’s

The Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)(1494)

►The problem is, The problem is, they had no idea they had no idea how much “New how much “New World” was out World” was out there!there!

►Became obvious Became obvious Spain got much Spain got much more landmore land

►Moved the line Moved the line west a little…west a little…better??better??

Vasco de BalboaVasco de Balboa

►SpaniardSpaniard►Hacked path Hacked path

across Isthmus across Isthmus of Panamaof Panama

►11stst European European to see Pacific to see Pacific OceanOcean

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan►From Portugal, From Portugal,

Sailed for Sailed for SpainSpain

►Looking for El Looking for El Paso Paso Sea Sea Route thru Route thru America to America to IndiesIndies

►Tip of South Tip of South America = America = Straits of Straits of MagellanMagellan

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan

►Renamed & crossed the Renamed & crossed the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

►Landed in Philippine IslandsLanded in Philippine Islands►Died in a battle w/ nativesDied in a battle w/ natives►His men become the first to His men become the first to

circumnavigate the globe! circumnavigate the globe!

Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage►Find a passage more Find a passage more

northerly than Columbus’ northerly than Columbus’ to Asia (i.e. through to Asia (i.e. through America)America)

Northwest Passage ExplorersNorthwest Passage Explorers

►John CabotJohn Cabot – (English) – (English) NewfoundlandNewfoundland

►Jacques CartierJacques Cartier – (French) St. – (French) St. Lawrence RiverLawrence River

►Henry HudsonHenry Hudson - (Dutch) - (Dutch) Hudson RiverHudson River

Dutch East India CompanyDutch East India Company

►Created in 1602 by Dutch Created in 1602 by Dutch MerchantsMerchants

►Used military to stay in power!Used military to stay in power!►Set up Colonies Set up Colonies East & East &

West Indies, Japan, South & West Indies, Japan, South & North America (Manhattan)North America (Manhattan)

Spanish Empire Grows!!!Spanish Empire Grows!!!

Spanish Empire Grows!!!Spanish Empire Grows!!!

►Columbus returned w/ Columbus returned w/ stories of the nativesstories of the nativesEasy to convert to Easy to convert to ChristianityChristianity

Easy to enslave!Easy to enslave!

Given ownership but people Given ownership but people there already…there already…

►Aztecs in Mexico Aztecs in Mexico

……and the Inca in South and the Inca in South

AmericaAmerica

Spanish Empire Spanish Empire Grows!!!Grows!!!

►Spain sends Spain sends ConquistadorsConquistadors – – Spanish explorers / Spanish explorers / conquerorsconquerors

►Sent to bring home Sent to bring home riches and slavesriches and slaves

Hernan CortesHernan Cortes

►Took 11 ships & 600 men into Took 11 ships & 600 men into MexicoMexico

►Captured Captured MontezumaMontezuma – Aztec – Aztec kingking

►Destroyed Tenochtitlan – Aztec Destroyed Tenochtitlan – Aztec capitolcapitol

Aztec CivilizationAztec Civilization

AgricultureAgriculture►CornCorn►beansbeans►PeppersPeppers►squashsquash►CocoaCocoa►sweet potatoessweet potatoes►No beasts of burden No beasts of burden

– but..turkeys– but..turkeys►Chinampas were Chinampas were

floating gardens floating gardens built on swamps.built on swamps.

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro

►Landed in Panama w/ 180 menLanded in Panama w/ 180 men►Moved South into PeruMoved South into Peru►Destroyed Incan EmpireDestroyed Incan Empire►Captured Captured AtahualpaAtahualpa – King of – King of

Incas, and killed him after Incas, and killed him after ransom was paid!ransom was paid!

Francisco CoronadoFrancisco Coronado

►Explored into North AmericaExplored into North America►Went as far north as Kansas & Went as far north as Kansas &

OklahomaOklahoma

Hernando de SotoHernando de Soto

►Was w/ Pizarro in PeruWas w/ Pizarro in Peru►Explored North AmericaExplored North America

Started in Florida, went north Started in Florida, went north into Georgia & Tennesseeinto Georgia & Tennessee

Discovered the Mississippi Discovered the Mississippi River & went south to River & went south to LouisianaLouisiana

RecapRecap►What are they looking for?What are they looking for?►Wealth, spices, new sea Wealth, spices, new sea

routes, people to convert routes, people to convert to Christians, & to Christians, & undiscovered land.undiscovered land.

► Indians considered “sub-human” Indians considered “sub-human” ►Forced labor systems developForced labor systems develop

Colombian Colombian ExchangeExchange► many products were many products were

carried to and from carried to and from the New World like:the New World like:

►toto the New World: the New World: horses, cows, wheat, horses, cows, wheat, rice, & orangesrice, & oranges

► fromfrom the New the New World: corn, World: corn, potatoes, tobacco, potatoes, tobacco, cacaocacao (chocolate) (chocolate)

► Europeans carried Europeans carried unknown diseases to unknown diseases to the native Americans the native Americans which killed millions which killed millions (including Small Pox)(including Small Pox)

MercantilismMercantilism

►A theory that a country should try to collect as much bullion (gold and silver) as possible, creating wealth and power.

► If a country sold more goods to other countries than it bought from them, it would acquire this bullion.

► Put Simply: To become rich, exports Put Simply: To become rich, exports should exceed importsshould exceed imports

MercantilismMercantilism

►Governments set Governments set high tariffs high tariffs Taxes on ImportsTaxes on Imports

► ColoniesColonies Provide raw Provide raw

materialsmaterials Provide a market for Provide a market for

finished goodsfinished goods

►High demand for High demand for Gold and Silver!Gold and Silver!

Silver Production in Spanish America1516-1660

Potosi and Cerro RicoPotosi and Cerro Rico► The Cerro Rico was literally a mountain of silver The Cerro Rico was literally a mountain of silver

in Spanish Peru, now Boliviain Spanish Peru, now Bolivia

► Nearly 41,000 metric tons of pure silver were Nearly 41,000 metric tons of pure silver were mined from Cerro Rico from 1556 to 1783. mined from Cerro Rico from 1556 to 1783.

► Indian laborers, came to die by the thousands, Indian laborers, came to die by the thousands, not simply from exposure and brutal labor, but not simply from exposure and brutal labor, but by mercury poisoningby mercury poisoning

► 30,000 African slaves were taken to Potosí during 30,000 African slaves were taken to Potosí during the colonial era. the colonial era.

► Forced to work as acémilas humanas (human Forced to work as acémilas humanas (human mules). Since mules would die after a couple of mules). Since mules would die after a couple of months pushing the mills, the colonists replaced months pushing the mills, the colonists replaced every four mules with twenty African slavesevery four mules with twenty African slaves

►Spanish Spanish Silver and Silver and Pieces of Pieces of

EightEight

Changing Ways of LifeChanging Ways of Life

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution► new business methods for new business methods for

investing money, speeding the investing money, speeding the flow of wealth, & reducing risksflow of wealth, & reducing risks

► rise of rise of free enterprisefree enterprise (modern (modern capitalism), economic system in capitalism), economic system in which money is invested by which money is invested by individuals in business to make individuals in business to make profitsprofits

More Commercial RevolutionMore Commercial Revolution

► people who wanted to invest in exploration people who wanted to invest in exploration combined resources in combined resources in joint-stock joint-stock companiescompanies, or organizations that sold , or organizations that sold stockstock & shared in profits & losses & shared in profits & losses

► rise of rise of entrepreneursentrepreneurs, or individuals who , or individuals who combined money, ideas, raw materials, & combined money, ideas, raw materials, & labor to make goods & serviceslabor to make goods & services

ActivityActivity

►With your partner, visit each station With your partner, visit each station around the room.around the room.

►Read each document THEN answer the Read each document THEN answer the corresponding questions.corresponding questions.

►You and your partner should have the You and your partner should have the same answers.same answers.

Background infoBackground info

►Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals What sorts of plants and animals were What sorts of plants and animals were

exchanged?exchanged?

What was the impact of the Columbian What was the impact of the Columbian exchange on population around the exchange on population around the world?world?

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

►Native AmericansNative Americans What sort of labor systems were What sort of labor systems were

developed as a result of the Columbian developed as a result of the Columbian Exchange?Exchange?

What was the impact of the Columbian What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans?Exchange on Native Americans?

American Indian Societies American Indian Societies Destroyed and TransformedDestroyed and Transformed► EncomiendasEncomiendas

► Spanish Crown gave land to Spaniards who promised to pay the Crown taxesSpanish Crown gave land to Spaniards who promised to pay the Crown taxes► The Spaniards, extracted tributes from the Indians living on that land in form of goods, metals, The Spaniards, extracted tributes from the Indians living on that land in form of goods, metals,

money, and labor Imoney, and labor I► In return they provided Indians with protection and instruction in the Christian faithIn return they provided Indians with protection and instruction in the Christian faith

► Mita Mita ► mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. It was effectively a form of mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. It was effectively a form of

tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor (community-driven projects such as the tribute to the Inca government, in the form of labor (community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network)building of their extensive road network)

► The Spanish utilized this labor system for their own needs – forced labor in the silver mines…The Spanish utilized this labor system for their own needs – forced labor in the silver mines…

VanishinVanishing g

NativesNatives► Indigenous Indigenous

populationpopulations plummet!s plummet!

► Forced Forced Labor and Labor and DiseaseDisease

►Who will do Who will do the work?the work?

►SilverSilver Remember Potosi!Remember Potosi!

What happened to the Spanish (and What happened to the Spanish (and world) economy as a result of the huge world) economy as a result of the huge influx of Silver?influx of Silver?

How was China impacted by Spanish How was China impacted by Spanish Silver?Silver?

SilverSilver►Loss of faith in paper moneyLoss of faith in paper money►Spanish silver from Potosi to AsiaSpanish silver from Potosi to Asia

► Triangle route: Philippines to China to JapanTriangle route: Philippines to China to Japan

►Silver floods Chinese MarketSilver floods Chinese Market• devaluation of currency & recessiondevaluation of currency & recession• reduces price of Chinese goods in Europereduces price of Chinese goods in Europe

►

► UH-OH……increases interest in Chinese UH-OH……increases interest in Chinese culture…culture…

►Helps encourage Europeans in conquest and Helps encourage Europeans in conquest and trade trade silver eventually replaced by opiumsilver eventually replaced by opium

►SlaverySlavery Why was there such a large influx of Why was there such a large influx of

slaves into the New World?slaves into the New World?

Where did most of those slaves end up?Where did most of those slaves end up?

What about “unforced” migration?What about “unforced” migration?

Slavery in the New WorldSlavery in the New World► Triangular tradeTriangular trade

Set of trades between three pointsSet of trades between three points The most famous was sugar/rum/slavesThe most famous was sugar/rum/slaves

► Begins the transatlantic slave trade:Begins the transatlantic slave trade: African chiefs sell members of other tribes for guns African chiefs sell members of other tribes for guns

& alcohol& alcohol 10 –24 million Africans were brought to America10 –24 million Africans were brought to America 1 in 5 did not survive the journey (Called the 1 in 5 did not survive the journey (Called the

“Middle Passage” because it was the middle leg of “Middle Passage” because it was the middle leg of the triangle)the triangle)