Acta Geologica Hungarica 28 (1-2), pp. 29-48 (1985)

AGE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EOCENETRANSGRESSION AT G.A.NT (VERTES MTS,

TRANSDANUBIA, HUNGARY)

G. BIGNOT, A. BLONDEAU,

C. GUERNET, M. PERREAU,

A. POIGNANT, M. RENARD,

J. RIVELINE

UNIVERSITY OF PARIS VI. FRANCE

C. GRUAS

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUEDOC.MONTPELLIER, FRANCE

E. DUDICH

HUNGARIAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.BUDAPEST. HUNGARY

M. KAZMEREOTVOS LORAND UNIVERSITY. BUDAPEST.

HUNGARY

G. KOPEK

MECSEK ORE MINE COMPANY, PEeS-BUDAPEST. HUNGARY

The transgressive Eocene sequence overlying the bauxite at Gant has beensubjected to complex investigation (samples taken in two outcrop profiles). The investi­gation of molluscs, foraminifers, ostracods, charophytes and palynomorphs testifiesto the stratigraphic value of some of the species identified. The age of the sequence canbe given as corresponding approximately to the zones P 12/14 and NP 16/17, Le. UpperLutetian (sensu Kopek and Kecskemeti, 1971) or Bartonian (sensu Cavelier and Pomerol,1977). The successive steps of the transgression could be traced, from the first non­marine inundation (freshwater and eventually hypersaline episodes) through shortmarine incursions to normal shallow marine conditions. This evolution would accountfor the repeated alternation of charophyte-bearing sediments (with Raskyella vadaszi,of which Glint is the type locality) and Nummulites subplanulatus-bearing ones followedby lagoonal sediments (with Reussella and milioIids) and, finally, by beds with Num-mulites striatus minor. '

La serie eocene transgressive sur les bauxites de Gant fait l'objet d'une analysepluridisciplinaire. L'~xamen des Mollusques, des Foraminiferes, des Ostracodes, desCharophytes et des playnomorphes souligne l'interet stratigraphique de plusieursespeces et precise l'age de la serie qui est attribuee au Lutetien superieur sensu Kopeket Kecskemeti 1971 ou au Bartonien sensu CaveIier et Pomerol, 1977, c'est-a.-dire approxi­mativement aux biozones P 12/14 et NP 16/17. L'evolution des peuplements et desteneurs en elements-traces. des calcaires permettent egalement de jalonner les etapes dela transgression avec successivement: un premier ennoiement par des eaux continenta­les (limniques? ou sursaIees ?), puis des apports intermittents d'eaux marines expli­quant l'alternance de sediments a. Charophytes: Raskyella vadaszi (dont c'est le gise­ment.type) et de sediments a. Nummulites subplanulatus, enfin l'installation definitivede la mer d'abord isoIee (lagunes a Reussella ou a Miliolides), puis ouverte vers lelarge (apparition de Nummulites striatus minor).

Keywords: Eocene stratigraphy, faunal and floral descriptions, facies interpretation

First author's address: Gerard Bignot: Departement de Geologie Sedimentaire, Dni­versite Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France

Received: 4/01/84

Acla Geologica HlJngarica 28. 1985Akadtimiai Kiad&. BlJdape.1

30 G. BIG NOT et ul.

Introduction

Gant has been known as a rich fossiliferous locality since 1858, i.e. forexactly 125 years. The history of geological and paleontological research ofthe Eocene formations of Gant was summed up, reviewed and commentedmost completely and most recently by Kopek (1980, pp. 31-4.1).

The locality, originally designed as "Forna" or "Fornapuszta", hasyielded a rich molluscan assemblage, which was considered hy its first investi­gators as of Upper Eocene age. Papp (1897) was the first to assign it to theMiddle Eocene. Taeger (1909) described first the Nummulites striatus-bearingclay-mar! and limestone packet overlying the fresh and hrackish waterformations. He considered the former as Bartonian (= Upper Eocene), andthe latter as Middle Eocene.

In the 1920-ies, Telegdi Roth recognized the great importance of the"fornaian" (= Upper Lutetian) transgression in the Transdanubian CentralRange.

Wenz (1929) assigned the molluscan fauna of Gant-without presentingany arguments-to the Paleocene. Szots (1938) assigned it to the LowerEocene (Londonian). He maintained this position in his renowned monographon the molluscs of Gant (1953) and also in his synthesizing work on the Hun­garian Eocene (1956).

Vadasz (1946) and Strausz (1962, 1964) returned the age assignment tothe Middle Eocene. Kopek and his collaborators from 1965 on consequentlyhave considered the Eocene series of Gant as belonging to the Upper Lutetiansubstage. Gidai et al. (1969) also accepted this position.

The fossils of the Gant Eocene have been studied by numerous authors.Omitting the earlier ones, we should recall the most important items:

Mollusca: Szots (1953), Kiss-Kocsisne Banyai (1955), Strausz (1962,1964), Mihaly (1975), Farkas et al. (1982);Ostracoda: Monostori (1975);Charophyta: Rasky (1945);Palynomorpha: Deak (1957, 1967), Kedves and Rakosy (1965),Rakosi (1978, 1979).

The Hungarian Bauxite Exploration Company (BKV) undertook regularand close sampling of several exposures as well as of several boreholes, andtheir complex mineralogical-geochemical and paleontological study, in theframework of the preparation of a monograph on the Gant bauxite deposit,proposed and supported by Prof. E. Vadasz. Unfortunately, the results havenot been published.

Kopek, in his comprehensive work on the Eocene of the NE BakollYMountains (1980), deals with Gant and its surroundings in detail. He presentedthe thoroughly studied profile of "Ujfeltaras" (pp. 47-53) as well as studies

Acla GeQlogi<:a Hutlgarica 28. 1985

]

t

(

t

(

I

I

]

II

EOCENE TRANSGRESSION AT GANT (VERTES) 31

I.e. forarch ofmented

I", hasinvesti­to the

oearingwater

e), and

of theCentral

sentingLower

ograph~ Hun-

lent to

(uentlyutetian

of several boreholes. The investigation has been performed by a team ofHungarian specialists. The results are fitted into the stratigraphical and paleo­geographic pattern, the elaboration of which started as early as 1960 (Kopek,Kecskemeti, 1960, 1962, 1965; Kopek, 1968, 1969; Kopek, Kecskemeti,Dudich, 1975; Kopek, Kecskemeti, Dudich and Gidai, 1968; Kopek, Dudich,Kecskemeti, 1971, 1972).

The stratigraphic position of the Eocene formations of Gant was givenby Kopek (1980, p. 41), taking into account all the available data, as theNummulites perforatus horizon and the lower part of the Nummulites millecapulhorizon. PaleogeographicaIly, the framework is provided by the "handed"arrangement of the Transdanubian Eocene, by the archipelagic character ofthe area during the Eocene, and by the stepwise Late Lutetian transgression(Dudich and Kopek, 1982).

It should be noted here that the introduction of the "Biarritzian" tothe Eocene of Hungary was-and still is-considered as unnecessary andcontradictory (Kopek, 1969). Up to now, the term "Bartonian" has alsopreferably been avoided, not only because of possible misunderstandingsas to its being uppermost Middle Eocene or Upper Eocene, but also of itshaving been defined in a different paleogeographic province.

In 1980, 1981 and 1982, two profiles were sampled at Gant in French­Hungarian cooperation: No. 1 at the back wall of the new Bagolyhegy openpit, and a much more complete one, No. 2, at the foot of Bagolyhegy hill,near the Zamoly-Gant road (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Location sketch

BagoI:.z.~{~·M"'9.,-MgY2~ 257

t ~Va~kapuN ~l -h~gy

, Oont b<inyat~{~p

o,

uthors.

(1965),

takonysented3tudies

regular~s, andin the

eposit,shave

(1962,

32 G. BIGNOT et al.

The samples collected were investigated in Paris. In the following,the results obtained will be presented and discussed, as a contribution to theknowledge of the fossil assemblages and facies of the Gant Eocene.

Marls and limestones with Alveo/ina J

Orbitolites and Nummulites striatusminor

Packet N°!':

Limestones and marls with Miliolidsand Discorinopsis kerfomei

Packet N°]:

Sandy clays with brown coal andfossiliferous lenses with Mollusca,Nummulites subplanulatus andCharophyta (Raskyella vadaszi)

Packet N°2:Clays and/or limestones with Gasteropods, Cyanophyta and Carophyta

Packet N°T,: Bauxite on Triassic dolomites

Fig. 2. Geological profiles

On the basis of the field observations, the microfacies and the washingresidues, several packets of beds could be distinguished (Fig. 2):

5 Marls and limestones with Alveolina, Orbitolites and Nummulitesstriatus minor.

4 Limestones and mads with miliolids and Discorinopsis kerfornei.3 Sandy and lignitic marls, with richly fossiliferous lenses, containing

molluscs, Nummulites subplanulatus and charophytes (Raskyellavadaszi).

Acla Geologica Hungarif;4 28, -1985

11

1

(

t

1

EOCENE TRANSGRESSION AT GANT (VERTES) 33

:ollowing,on to the

>/ina,(atus

iolids

;a,

'3astero

omites

e washing

ummulites

kerfornei.lontainingfRaskyella

2 Clays and/or limestones, with gastropods, cyanophytes and charo­phytes.

1 Bauxite on Triassic dolomites.The species Nummulites subplanulatus was found now for the first time

in the Eocene of Gant.

Studies on fossil groups

1. Molluscs

The sampling could provide only a partial picture of the Eocene molluscsof Gant. Accordingly, the following should be considered only as a contributionto the former molluscan studies.

The limestones of packet No. 2 contain numerous limnic gastropods,hardly detachable from the rock: Brotia distincta (Zitt.) etc.

The sandy and lignitic marls of packet No. 3 have yielded the follo"\'.:inggastropods: Brotia distincta (Zitt.), Bayania cf. sulcatina (Desh.), Cerithiwnsubcorvinum Opp., Conocerithium hungaricum Banyai, Tympanotonus calea­ratus (Brong.), T. hungaricus (Zitt.), T. lemiscatus (Zitt.), T. rozlozsniki (Szots),Tritonidea polygona (LMK) = Cantharus brongniartianus (d'Orb.), Cythera ver­tesensis Szots, Melanatria sp.; and pelecypods: Tivelina pseudopetersi (Taeger),Phacoides crassulus (Zitt.), P. haueri (Zitt.), Area vertesensis Szots, and Bra­ehyodontes sp.

The assemblage has a more or less brackish-water character. It is closeto the Upper Auversian and Marinesian assemblages of the Paris Basin.For instance, Tritonidea polygona, quoted by all the earlier Hungarian authorsis rare in the Auversian, but common in the Marinesian of the Paris basin,indicating the Avicula defrancei assemblage.

2. Fomminifers (Table I)

Foraminifers, especially indeterminable miliolids, appear alread in theclay directly overlying the bauxitc (packet No. 2).

The sandy and sandstone intercalations of the Molluscan marl (packetNo. 3) has yielded, both in thin sections and in washing residues, foraminifers:Alveolina sp., Halkyardia minima and Numnmlites subplanulatus (Plate II, 4).

However, the foraminifcrs become abundant at the base of packet No. 4(miliolid-bearing mads and limestones). Agglutinate species are common:Valvulina cf. triedra and Discorinopsis kerfornei appear side by side. Amongthe porcelaneous ones the miliolids dominate. They appear well preserved inthin sections, but mostly recrystallized, broken and undeterminable in the

3 Acta Geologica IIungarica 28, 1985

34 G. BIGNOT et al.

Plate I

1. Stromatolitic limestone Section 1, Form. 2, Bartonian X 7, Thin section GB 22812. Micritic limestone with Gastropods, Charophytcs (remains of stems) and cushion-like Cy­

anophytes similar to recent Rivularia. Section 1, Packet 2, BartonianX 16, Thin section GB 4462A

washing residues. The small hyaline foraminifers occur in all packets. Usually,they are sporadic, Reussella, however, are locally abundant (Plate Ill, 1-7),just as in the lagoonal limestones of Ypresian and Lutetian age in the OuterDinarides (Bignot, 1972, 1975).

Packet No. 5 contains a much more varied foraminiferal assemblage,which, in addition to the species already mentioned, includes the following:Afakarskiana trochoidea, Orbitolites sp., fusiform alveolines, and Nummulitesstriatus minor (Plate ll, 1).

Acla GooIDgica Hungarica 28, 1985

l.B

2. ft1

3.D

4. Sr

5. D

3

EOCENE TRANSGRESSION AT GANT (V:e:RTES) 35

,2281uBhion-like Cy-

Plate I J

ets. Usually,te Ill, 1-7),in the Outer

assemblage,Le following:Nummulites

1. Bioclastic limestone. Micritic cement in course of recrystaIlisation Fragments of Molluscsshells, numerOlls Miliolids (Qllinqueloculina, Pyrgo . ..), Discorinopsis kerfornei (AlIix)and NummuIites striatus minor d'Archiac & Haime (in subaxial section). Section 2,Packet 5, Bartonian X 8, Thin section GB 4431

2. Makarskiana trochoidea Van Soest. Apertural slightly oblique view. Section 2, top of thePacket 5, Bartonian. X 40

3. Discorinopsis kerfornei (AIlix). Opposite view to the apertural side. Section 2, bottom ofthe Packet 4, Bartonian. X 60

4. Sandy limestone. Cement in course of recrystaIlisation. Fragments of Molluscs shells andNummulites subplanulatus Hantken & Madarasz (in subaxial section). Section 2, Packet3, Bartonian, X 8, Thin section GB 4454

5. Discorinopsis kerfornei (AIlix). Axial section. Section 2, Packet 4, Bartonian. X 12, Thinsection GB 4445

3* Acta G~ologica IIungarica 28, 1985

Acla Geologica Hungarica 28, 1985

1. Reussella reCllrvata (Halkyard). Lateral view. Section 2, bottom of the Packet 3, Bartonian.X 225

2. Reussella gr. terquemi Cushman. Apertural slightly oblique side. Section 1, Packet 3, Bar­tonian.

3-7. Reussella spp. Miscellaneous (transverse & axial) sections in micritic limestones with:Miliolids and fragments of Molluscs shells. Section 2, Packet 5, Bartonian. X 50, Thinsections GB 44,36

8-11. Raskyellu vudaszi (Rasky) L. & N. Grambast. Topotypoids. Profiles (8-9), bottom (10) &top (11). Section 1, Packet 3, Bartoniall. X 40

36

,-- .~ ...., .

G. BIGNOT et al.

Plate III

11 1. Vern2. Trico3-4. TI5. Intra6. Trico'7. Scab,8. Trieo9. Intra10. Seal11. Sea12-13. J14. Trie15. Fus16. Nag17-21. J

18. Seal19. Plie20. Tria

j

:ket 3, Bartonian.

1, Packet 3, Bar-

limestones withHlian. X 50, Thin

9), bottom (10) &

Plate IV

1. Verrutricolporites regilllls (R. Pot. 1934) Kds. 1978, Theaceae, type Gordonia2. Tricolporc, Umbelliferae, Ilohenackeria3-4. Tricolpore, U mbelliferae, Bllpleurum5. 1ntragranulitricolporites trevisanae Kds. 19786. Tricolpore, Umbellifcrae, Steganotaenia7. Scabratricolporites nmlleri Hoche et SchuIer 19768. Tricolporopollenites semiglobosus Kds. 1963 b, cf. Sterculiaceae9. 1ntrabawlitricolporites andersoni Kds. 197810. Scabratricolporites dOlLbingerae Rochc et SchuIcr 1976, Araliaceae11. Scabratricolporites cheffleroides Roche et SchuIer 1976, Araliaceae12-13. Retitricolporites thiergarti Kds. 197814. Tricolporopollenites fsp.15. Fususpollenites fusus (R. Pot. 1934) Kds. 197816. N agyipollis globus Kds. 1962, Buxaceae, Buxus17-21. llexpollenites erdtmani Kds. 1978, Aquifoliaceae, llex] 8. Scabratricolporites rectangullls Chateauneuf 1980]9. Plicatopollis potoniei Kds. 1974, JugIandaceae20. TTiatriopollenites pseudogranulatus (Glad. 1965) Kds. 1974, Myricaccae.

All magnification" >< 1000

38 G. BIGNOT et al.

MoParis Baof them,

AI(J(Bignot,1980). H,cc. alva (

DisLutetianParis Bas1978), inPelagianThere, itFleury, ]

1980).HaJ

former t'BlondeauEocenc ain the ciJZilahy, 1~

NUl

nf the Nr

kemeti, 1

Neoc:.,prideKritlte sp.CYllteridelloSclti:::ocytlteiPokorniella

H Bradleya"" EchillOCytl

1936)"Hermanit~

IlermanitesClelocylhere

1957Q/ludrucYlltl

1852Xestoleberis

5--------,........ ... . .. -

r I -II

I

I :I

II II

i -------I I

IiIII

~-----I

------

1---.,."..,--

------1-------

1--------------

I-- --

I 1--------------1------

-----I

ter)

... -----&

I I

I iI

IIII

iI

),

I I

2

Table IChart of the Foraminifera and Ostracoda encountered

Vulvulina triangulllris cl'Orb.Valvlllina cf. triedru Le CalvezClavulina parisicnsis cl'Orb.Discorinopsis kerfornci (Allix).illakarskiana trochoidca van Soest .Valvu/ammina' globularis (cl'Orb.)Spiroloculina grate/oupi cl'Orh.Spiroloculina proboscidea SchwagerQuinqueloculina carinata cl'Orb.Quinqueloculina cf. costata cl'Orb.Quinqlleloclllina parisiensis d'Orb.Pyrgo bulloides (d'Orb.)J'yrgo elongata (cl'Orb.)Triloclllina trigonula .( Lamarck)lHiliol/l prisca (cl'Orb.)ArticuliTw curta Le CalvezSpirolina mariei Le CalvezOrbitolites sp.Alveolincs fusiformcsBoliv~;lella interrupta (Howl')Globlllina gibba cl'Orb.Guttulina irregularis (d'Orb.)BulimineIla sp.Bolivina carinatll Terq.Bulimill11 parisiensis KaasschieterBu/imina tenuistriata Terq.Reussella oberburgeTlsis (Freyer)Reussella recurvata (Halkyard)Reussella groupe terqllemi Cush.SagriTlIl ef. aspl'Ta (Tcrq.)Discorbis cf. alata Le CalvezDiSl'Orbis perple:rll Le CalvezHos/l/i,w limbala Terq.Uos/lli,w sp."lsll'rigaina barloTliaTla (ten Dam)ASferigaina dolljilsi Cush.Epo'TI ides polygolllls Lt> CalvezIIalkYl/rdia miTlimll (Liebu.,)Bllccdla propiTlgua (Heuss)Parllrotalia armafa (d'Och.)CribrOllOlIioll Illel't' (d'Urh.)CribrollOnion .wbTlodosulll (von MUllsProtelh idilJm graniferlllll (Terq.)Nummuliles slrldtlls minor d'Archiac

HaimeNummllliles sllbptaTllllalllS Halltken &

Madanisz .Nonion commune (d'Orh.)Alabamina toulmini (Brotzen).il1elonis cf. soldanii (d'Orb.)Cibicides spp.Danvinulina sp.Bairdopillata cf. gliberti Kcij, ] 957NO'llocypris ganteTlsis Monostori ] 97 5Schuleridea perforata (Roemer, ]838

Aela Geologica Hungarica 28, 1985

EOCENE TRANSGRESSION AT G,(NT (VERTES) 39

I 1 I 2 I 3 4 f 5I

~stori 1975 ......

les. 1963)

ostori 1975 .....(Mehe".

..lOstori 1975

hia'la Keij,

(Bosquf't.

stori. 1975~..

IVeocyprideis SI'_Krithe SI'­Cytheridella gaTltensi.J MOlloSchizocythere dpl'TI'SSa (MHPokorniella SI'... Bradleya" hungarica MOll"Echinocythereis" dadaya'la

1936)"Herma'lites" ga 'lIens is MorIfermanites sp.Cletocythereis cL paijenborc

1957Quadrac:rthere a'lgusticostata

1852Xestolebpris ganlensis Mono

I

,

Most of thesf" species are known from the Eocene I·and Oligocene of theParis Basin, the Aquitaine Basin, and the Circummediterranean realm. SomeQf them are index species.

Alakarskiana trochoidea (Plate II, 2) (Upper?) Middle Eocene of Istria(Bignot, 1972), Dalmatia (yon Soest, 1942; Bignot, 1975), Greece (Fleury,1980). Hottingf'r and Drobne (1980) mention it under the name Chrysalidinacr. alva (SiIy.).

Discorinopsis kerfornei (Plate II, :~ and 5), appears at the top of theLutetian ("Biarritzian") and persists up to the Oligocene. It is rare in theParis Basin (Le Cah'ez, 1970), common in the Cotentin (Le Calvez and Blondcau,1978), in Medoc (Poignant, 1964), in Hungary (Vitalis-Zilahy, 1971), in thePelagian Sea (Bonnefous and Bismuth, 1982), and in the Outer".Dinarides.There, it has heen mentioned under its proper name (Bignot, 1971, 1975:Fleury, 1980), or under the name Chrysalidina sp. (Hottinger and DrohIH'.1980).

Halkyardia minima has practically the same stratigraphic range as t hI'former two species: uppermost Lutetian in the ·Cotentin (Le Calvez andBIondeau, 1978), Marinesian of the Paris Basin (Le Calvez, 1970), U PP/'rEocene and especially Oligocene in the Aquitaine Basin (Poignant. 1967).in the circummediterranean realm (Fleury, 1980) and in Hungary (Vitali:,­Zilahy, 1971).

Nummltlites striatus minor (Plate II, 1) is considered to he charaett'ristieof the Nummlllites perforatlls horizon (Blondeau, 1972, Schauh, 1981; Kec:,­kemeti, 1982).

40 G. BIGNOT et al.

3. Ostracods (Table I)

They are relatively abundant and varied. Monostori (1975) described,from Gant, 19 species and subspecies. Several of these, the rarer ones, were

not found in the present study. Two species, on the other hand, have beenidentified for the first time. These belong to the genera Schulerida and Pokor­niella, respectively.

The great variability of the assemblages is due to the shallow-water,rapidly changing environment. The changes are of no stratigraphic signif­icance. The Gant profile belongs to one single biozone characterized by thespecies "Echinocythereis" dadayana and Hennanites gantensis.

The former possibly belongs to another genus, it is close to "E." sp. 1Delteil (Ascoli, 1968), common in the Possagno marls. "E." dadayana is themember of a species-group which appears in the Aquitaine Basin only in theupper part of the Middle Eocene. Pokorniella sp., belonging to a punctuatespecies-group, also appears in the Upper Lutetian of the Aquitaine Basin andof the Basse Loire area (Delteil, 1963; Ducasse, 1963; Blondeau, 1971), andin the Auversian of the Paris Basin.

Monostori (1975) observed that Hermanites gantensis and Bradleya- hungarica are close to some species described from the Schonewald Beds of

GDR (Pietzeniuk, 1969).Accordingly, the ostracods of Gant seem to suggest an age younger than

the Lutetian stratotype.Paleoecologically, two assemblages can be distinguished within packet

No. 3.- The almost monospecific "Bradleya" hungarica assemblage, of

normal, or only slightly hypersaline environment;- The Novocypris-Neocyprideis-Cytheridella assemblage, indicative of

a typically brackish water environment, affected by fresh and hyposaline waterinflows, as indicated by the presence of a Darwinulina.

In packets Nos 4 and 5, the members of the genera Xestoleberis, Kritheand, in general, the family Trachyleberididae, are overwhelming, indicatinga shallow-water, normal-saline environment.

4. Calcareous algae

Packet No. 2 partly consists of limestone, which turned out to be ofstromatolitic or oncolitic microfacies (Plate I, 1), due to the cushion-likecyanophytes recalling the recent Rivularia (Plate I, 2). These algae, accom­panied by remains of charophytes (gyrogonites and fragments of vegetativethallus), testify to the lacustrine origin of these limestones.

.4cla Geologica Hungarica 28, 1985

Paccharophy

Gyn(Rasky) ]

Theclay-marlprofile. TPlate III

RasRaskyella(GrambasSpain (AIsian, hec~

level, andfia rohriR. vadaszvalue, thaMarinesia

5. Palyno

Onl­investiga­

TheOpe

to the Stand UpP{

Thespecies. I

- I

with car)

are the Jet Schull(R. Pot.),to the Rl:

ThePolypodi.( Brassaioceae, eyr:Fagaceae

EOCENE TRANSGRESSION AT cANT (VERTES) 41

) described,. ones, were

, have beenand Pokor-

lllow-water,phic signif­'ized by the

"E." sp. 1tyana is theonly in the

a punctuatee Basin and1971), and

d BradleyaaId Beds of

ounger than

tthin packet

~mblage, of

ldicative ofsaline water

Jeris, Krithe;, indicating

ut to be ofcushion-like~ae, accom­f vegetative

Packet No.3 in the back wall of the open pit has yielded numerouschal'ophytes:

Gyrogona ex gr. wrighti (rare), Maedleriella? sp. (rare), Raskyella vadaszi(Rasky) L. and N. Grambast (very common) .

The type specimen of the latter species has been found in the freshwaterclay-marl intersected at 60 m depth by borehole No. XIV, 2 km from thisprofile. The specimens collected are described and figured in Annex 1 andPlate In, 8-11.

Rasky (1945) considered these marls to be of Middle Lutetian age.Raskyella vadaszi has been identified in several places of the Paris Basin

(Grambast, 1972; Riveline, in press), in Languedoc (Grambast, 1962), and inSpain (Anadon and Feist, 1981). These occurrences are now dated as Marine­sian, because in some of them mammals were found, indicating the Robiaclevel, and in one locality in Spain, foraminifers characteristic of the Truncorota­lia rohri (= P 14) zone. According to detailed studies (Riveline, in press)R. vadaszi indicates brackish-water environment. It is of such a stratigraphicvalue, that it has been used in Western Europe as the index species of an UpperMarinesian biozone.

5. Palynomorphs (Annex 2 and Plate IV)

Only the samples from packet No. 3 were subjected to palynolygicalinvestigation.

The dynocysts are rare, represented by two species only:Operculodinium tiara, known from the Auversian of the Paris Basin

to the Stampian inclusively, and Areoligera undulata, found in the Middleand Upper Eocene of England and the Priabonian of NE Germany.

The sporopollinic assemblage is very rich, it contains about one hundredspecies. Its characteristics are the following:

- Abundance of Myricaceae;- Considerable role of Juglandaceae pollens (above all Plicatopollis,

with caryoid forms;- Great variety of the tricolpora-type pollens. Especially numerous

are the Araliacea pollens, particularly Scabratricolporites ardliaceoides Rocheet Schuler, S. scheffleroides Roche et Schuler, and Fususpollenites fusus(R. Pot.), ranged into the family Fagaceae, or partly, according to Ziembinska,to the Rutaceae (Ptelea).

The following taxa are presented in Gant: Psilotacea, Selaginellacea,Polypodiaceae, Ptel"idaceae, Sparganiacea, Palmae (Calamus), Araliaceae(Brassaiopsis, Schefflera), Aquifoliaceae (Ilex), Buxaceae (Buxus), ? Celastra­ceae, Cyrillaceae-Clethraceae, ? Eucomiaceae, Euphorbiceae ( Euphorbia type),F agaceae (Castanea, Castanopsis), Icacinaceae, Juglandaceae (Carya, Platy-

Acta Geologica I:Iungarica 28. 1985

42 G. BIGNOT et al.

carya) , Myricaceae, Nyssaceae, Oleaceae (Olea), Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae

(Fagara, Ptelea) , Sapotaceae, Sterculiaceae, Theaceae (Gordonia and Pelli­ciera types), Umbelliferae (Agrocharis, Bupleurum, Hohenackeria, Hydrocotyle,Steganotaenia) .

The absence of Interpollis supplingensis, Nudopollis endangulatus, the

Anacolosidites groups and Alyxia pollens, and the presence of Upper Eoceneindex forms such as Verrutricolporites magnotectaws and V. theaceoides, indicate

a younger age than the type-Lutetian.Pre-Ludian age is indicated by the presence of Dicolpopollis lutecicus,

unknown in the Paris Basin in sediments younger than Marinesian, as wellas by the absence of Ludian arctotertiary elements.

In Gant, of the Ombellifera pollens (Gruas-Cavagnetto and Cerceau­Laval, in press) the most common form is Hohenackeria. This is known tooccur in the Paris Basin and in the bottom of the English Channel mainlyin Marinesian beds (Auffret, Bignot and Gruas-Cavagnetto, in press). Taxaindicating the Ludian cooling (e.g. Pleurospermum, Physospermum) areabsent at Gant.

Accordingly, the Gant assemblage is closest to the Marinesian of theParis Basin (Gruas-Cavagnetto, 1977; Chateauneuf, 1980).

Geochemistry (Fig. 3)

Elemental analysis was made after IN acetic acid dissolution by atomicabsorption, on 22 samples of limestones.

A strong positive correlation was observed, on one hand, between Sr,Mg, Na and less markedly K, and between Fe and Mn, on the other.

To characterize the geochemical evolution of the profile, two geochemicalindices were used (Jaffrezo and Renard, 1979):

[Mg/IO + Na + K + Sr)

Salinity gradient Is = . 4CaCOa content -

(Mn x2 + Fe )

Continental influence gradient le = . 2CaCOa content

The interpretation is as follows.

According to the curve of salinity, high values occur in the limestonebeds on the top of packet No. 2 and at the base of packet No. 3, indicatinghypersalinity. This is in apparent contradiction with. t.he ecological characterof several fossils (mainly gastropods) found in them. Euryhaline organisms,however, may tolerate not only lower, but also higher salinity than the normalmarine one. Further upwards from the base the Is values decrease, attaining

Acta C..,logica HUl1{aricc 28, 1985

norma]

to a nDiscoria medi

(limest

(mostIJ'I

from tand 3,Nos 4 :

decrea~

.AAccordLuteti~

or to 1

EOCENE TRANSGRESSION AT GANT (VERTES) 43

5(}() 1000ContiMntalinfluM~gradi.nt

-3----

---

--------------------------

500 1fXX)

Salinitygradi.nt

Packtt 1r2

lutecicus,t, as well

atus, ther Eocene, indicate

Cerceau­~nown to~l mainlyis). Taxaum) are

III of the

Rutaceaend Pelli­'drocotyle,

Fig. 3. Geochemical profile

yatomic

ween Sr,

,chemical

normal marine salinity in the upper part of packet No. 3, and being loweredto a minimum at the base of packet No.4 (limestones with miliolids andDiscorinopsis). Higher up, the gradient becomes stable, oscillating arounda medium value. Negative deviations indicate temporary decrease of salinity(limestones rich in Reussella), while positive ones, temporary hypersalinity

(mostly miliolid-bearing limestones).The curve of continental influence reveals the decrease of this influence

from the base upwards. Especially high Ic values occur in packets No.2and 3, decreasing upwards. Slight increase has been observed in packetsNos 4 and 5, in those samples which are of decreased salinity. Inversely, thedecrease of continental influence coincides with hypersalinity.

imestoneIdicating~haracter

'ganlsms,e normallttaining

Conclusions

All the paleontological data speak for an age of latest Middle Eocene.Accordingly, the formations studied are younger than the stratotype of theLutetian, more or less corresponding to the Marinesian of the Paris Basin,or to the "Bartonian" sensu Cavelier and Pomerol, 1977. In terms of the

A~ Gto~jca. Ifungari<a 28. 1985

44 G. BIGNOT et al.

correlation charts (Bignot and Cavelier, 1981) this would mean P 12/1:1, and

NP 16/17, respectively, with some restraints, because planktoni~ foraminiferswere missing in the samples and the very few coccoliths found are of no strati­graphic value. In the Eocene stratigraphy of Hungary, this is equivalent tothe Nummulites peTforatlL.~ and the Nummulites millecaput horizons (Kecske­meti, 1983, in preparation). Accordingly, the results confirm the age generallyaccepted in Hungary from 1965 on. '

I

Paleogeographically, the Gimt sequence is a fine example: of stepwisetransgression, sketched hy the Hungarian authors and quoted in the Intro­duction of the present paper. Locally, the steps are the following.

- Inundation by continental, partly karstic, waters, sedimentatiollof clays and limestones (packet No. 2). Lacustrine to oligohaline <1llviroumcntis indicated by the fossils, eventual hypersalinity by the geoch~mical data.

- Littoral environment of oscillating salinity. Sedinlelltat'ion in veryshallow water (a few dm only): alternations of charophytic, lignitic clay withforaminiferal marine sediments (miliolids, Nummulites subplanula~us). Abun­dant vegetation and strong continental influence (Packet No. 3). :

- Consolidation of the marine environment. Shallow deptli (a few m),brackish-water and hypersaline episodes, the former with Reussella'populations,the latter with miliolid ones (Packet No. 4). Most probably it was ,a relativelyisolated lagoon, separatedr"'4:om the sea by some incomplete barrier (islands?hydraulic and submarine dunes ?).

- Normal shallow-marine carbonatic sedimentation (with Nummulitesstriatlls minor).

These results are in good agreement with the paleogeographic evolutionof the region established by Dudich and Kopek (1982), and illustrate it locally.

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Cavelier, C.,Paleo~

Chateauneuf,1'00igc

Deak, M. (1~

(In HlDeak, M. (1~

Foldt.DelteiI, B. (l~

ActesDucasse, O.

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Gruas-Cavag:Mem.

Gruas-Cavag:lifCrcsPalae<

Hottinger, LZn. U

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Kcdves, M.,Gant i

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de la '147-11

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Kopek, G., 'j

Bakor51-65.

Kopek, G., 'Gebiq

EOCENE TRANSGRESSION AT GANT (Vl1;RTES) 45

P 12/H. andforaminifersof no strati­

=luivalent toliS (Kecske­ge generally

I

. of stepwisei the Intro-

g.dimcntation~nvironmcnt

~mical data.I:lOn In veryic clay with

:~us). Abun-

~ (a few m),populations,,a relatively

ier (islands?

Nummulites

lie evolutionte it locally.

:ieur du bassin

and Brendola

ture du bassin

uperieur et dem. Trav. Lab.

sep tentrionale

:rol, Ch. (Ed.),, 2, 8-9.

1S de Campbon

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Gruas-Cavagnetto, C. Cerceau-Larrival (to be published): Apport des pollens fossiles d'Ombel­lifercs a la connaissance paleoecologique et palCoclirnatique de l'Eocene fran«;ais. Rev.Palaeobot. Palyn., 4, 3-4.

Hottinger, L, K. Drobne (1980): Early Tertiary conical imperforate Foraminifera. Slov. Ak.Zn. Urn., Prirod. Vede, Diss. xxn, 3, 90 p.

Jaffrezo, M., M. Renard (1979): Elements en traces de calcaires a Dasycladales et Charophytes.Bull. Centr. Rech. ExpI., Prod. Elf-Aquitainc, 3, 2, 639-649.

Karoly, Gy., J. Oravecz, G. Kopek, E. Dudich (1970): Stratigraphic hprizoy.s of the footwall andhangingwall formations of bauxite deposits in Hungary. MAFI Evk., 53, 3, Conf. onBauxite Geology, Budapest, 95-109.

Kecskerneti, T. (1982): Beitrage zu den phylogenetischen Beziehungen der Numrnuliten-Arten.Foldt. Kozl., H2, 4, 415-433 (In Hungarian with German abstract).

Kecskerneti, T. (1983): Stratigraphie des Nummulites de la Montagne de Bakony. C. D. Thesis(In Hungarian), to be published.

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Kopek, G. (1969): Observations relatives au Biarritzien. Mem. B. R. G. M., 69, 441.Kopek,.G., E. Dudich, T. Kecs~emeti (1971): L'Eocene de la Montagne du Bakony. l\IAFI

Evk., 54, 4, CoIl. strat. Eoc., 1969, 201-231.Kopek, G., E. Dudich, T. Kecskemcti (1972): Essai cornparatif sur la paleogeographie cocene

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Kopek, G., T. Kecskerneti (1962): La classification des assises eoccnes de la Montagne duBakony (Transdanubie) d'apres les grands-Foraminiferes. Ann. Mus. Hist.-Nat., 53,51-65.

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Acta Geologica Hungarica 28, 1985

46 G. DIGNOT et ..I.

Kopek, G., T. Kecskemcti, E. Dudich (1965): Stratigraphische ProLleme des Eozans im Tran8­danubischen Mittelgebirge Ungarns. Acta Geo1. Ac. Sci. Hung., 9, 411-426.

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Acla Geologica llunguriw 28, 1985

Gem

Diml

Spin

ApicBasa

Rem

(witl

SporEr-hi,Poly,LactlVcrrV·feMier

Pollc

Sooi)SparPliceMinITriplCom)TrialT. biT. coT. illT.luT.mT. p~

T. siPlicQP. hJP. klP. laP.p!P·P(S1I111)

PentlP.pIArccDieolPo1)'1

PsilQ

)ziins im Trans­426.3assin de Paris.

EOCENE TRANSGRESSION AT GANT (VERTES)

Annex 1Description of Raskyella vad6szi

47

:n du Cotentin.

graphique et de-orientale. Acta

t. Foldt. Kozl.,

nubian Central

the Hungarian19lish abstract).i97-818.L, 33, 2, 55-89.o an Ostracoden

tamment celles

.is, Univ. Paris,

[uz. Term. Tud.

, M.A.FI Evi J el.

bie basee sur les-Iungarian with

'ertiaire (Danien1080.'ope occidentale.

:rs gisements du

[lie, phylogcnese

'on GunL Foldt.

ropoda) aus demiln with German

le formations of

aes des environs

, 9, 320 p.7, 256 p.nordlichen Teile

illichen Bakony-

l Bauxitvorkom-

almatie). Geogr.

3assin de Dorog.

503-2886.

Family: Raskyellaceae Grambast 1957Genus: Raskyella L et N Grambast 1954 emend L. Grambast 1962.Raskyella vadaszi (Rasky) L. et N. Grambast: Plate Ill, 8-11

General shape: broadly ovoid, a little tapered in the basal region or lengthened ovoid orsubglobular; truncated apex, curved base.

Dimensions: (740) 795-1075 Itm long; (690) 770-900 (1000) Ilm wide; length/width ratio0.91-1.11.

Spiral cells: 7-9 convolutions, 100-175 /lm high, ornamented with tubercles of variable ar­rangement: either isolated, larger tubercles looking like little sticks; sometimes almostundeveloped; exceptionally smooth gyrogonite. Ornamentation on all the gyrogoniteor limited to the apical region.

Apical region: opercular cells generally flat; apical hole in rose window shape.Basal region: curved or tapered then curved; superficial basal pore or pore at the bottom of a

funnel.Remark!:;: Compared to the R. vad6szi's diagnosis established by Rusky from five specimens,

the present description shows some differences in dimensions, morphology variabilityand ornamentation. The differences which are observed on the present sample are inthe limits of species variation, in regard of the presence of many specimens whose char­acteristics are the same as those described by Husky.

Aruwx 2

List of the palynomorphs found at G[lnt in a sample of lignitic clay of packet No 3(with mollmcs, Nu.mmulites su.bplanulatus and charophytes (Raskyella vadaszi)

SporesEchinlltisJ'oris transdanllbicus Kdt:. 1973, SeIagincIIaPolypodiaceoisporites microverrucatu.s Sics. 1964, PteridaceaeLaetJ;~ntosfloritl'shnnrdti (R. Pot. et Ven. 1934) Th. et Pr. 1953, PolypodiaceaeVerrucatosporitl's 1Ilil'nlls (H. Pot. 1931 e) Th. et Pr. 1953V.favus (R. Pot. 1931 e) Th. et Pr. 1953, PolypodiaceaelHicrofoveolatosporis pselldodentatus W. Kr. 1959, Psilotaceae

PollensSooipollenites dudarensis Kds. 1974Sparganieceaepollenites sparganioides W. Kr. 1970, SparganiaceaePlicapollis pselldoexcelslls (W. Kr. 1958) W. Kr. 1961 dM inorpollis gallicus Kds. 1969 bTriporopollenitrs megagranifer (R. Pot. 1931 n) Tb. et Pf. 1953Compositoipollenites rhiiophorus (R. Pot. 1934) H. Pot. 1960 Rhizophorus, IcacinaceneTriatriopollenites platycaryoides Roche 1969, PlatycaryaT. bituitus Th. et Pf. 1953, MyricaceaeT. conspicuus (GI. 1965) Kds. 197,i, MyricaceaeT. intermedius (Gl. 1965) Kds. 1974, MyrieaeeacT. lubomirotJae (Gl. 1965) Kds. 1974, MyricaccaeT. microcoryphaeus (R. Pot. 1931) Sontag 1972, MyricaceaeT. pseudogranulatus (Gl. 1965) Kds. 1974, Myricaceae (Plate IV, 20)T. sibiricus (GI. 1965) Kds. 1974, MyricaceaePlicatopollis hungaricus Kds. 1974, J uglandaceaeP. hyalinoides Kds. 1974, JuglandaceaeP. krutzschi Kds. 1974, JuglandaceaeP. laevigatus Kds. 1974, JuglandaceaeP. plicatlls (R. Pot. 19H b) W. Kr. 1962 a, JuglandaceacP. potoniei Kds. 1974, J uglandaceae (Plate IV, 19)SulJtriporopollenites urlmtensis Kds. 1974, Juglandacrac, cf. CaryaPentapollenites laevigatus W. Kr. 1962P. pentangulus prntallgllllls W. Kr. 1962Arecipitrs graTllllatlls (Kds. 1961 a) Kds. 197,\,Dicolpo[!ollis lllteticus (Cr.-Cav. 19(6) Gr.-Cav. 1976, Palmae, Calamus D. fsp., CalamusPolycolpites helmstrdtcnsis \'1/. Kr. 1969Psilatricolporites mcgaexactus (Th. et Pr. 1953) Roche et Sch. 1976, CyriIIaccae-Clethraceae

Acta Grologica HUlIgarica 28, 1985

48 G. BIGNOT et sI.

P. globus (Deak 1960) Kds. 1978, SapotaeeaeP. glaber (Dcak 1960) Kds. 1978, SapotaeeaeP. laevigatoides Kds. i978P. parmularius (R. Pot. 1934) Kds. 1978, ? EueommiaeeaeCupuliferoipollenites ov~formis (R. Pot. 1931 a) R. Pot. 1960, Fagaeeae, Castanea, CastanopsisC. pusillus (R. Pot. 1934) R. Pot. 1960, idemNyssapollenites kruschi (R. Pot. 1934) Sim. 1969, NyssaeeaeI ntragranlllitrocolporites grambasti Kds. 1978I. microporus Kds. 1978I. trevisanae Kds. 1978 (Plate IV,S)Intrabaculitricolporites andersoni Kds. 1978. (Plate IV, 9)I. circulus Kds. 1978I. deakae Kds. 1978I. zolyomii Kds. 1978Fususpollenites fusus (R. Pot. 1934) Kds. 1978, Fagaeeae ou Rutaeeae (Ptelea) pp (PlateIV, 15)Scabratricolporites aralillceoides Roehe et Seh. 1976, AraliaeeaeS. caheni Roehe et Seh. 1976, AraliaeeaeS. cylindricus Roehe et Seh. 1976S. doubingerae Roehe et Seh. 1976, Araliaeeae (Plate IV. 10)S. huloti Roehe et Seh., RhamnaeeaeS. mulleri Hoehe et Seh. 1976 (Plate IV, 7)S. pseudorugulatus Hoehe et Seh. ] 976, Umbelliferae, type AgrocharisS. reClangulus Chateauneuf 1980 (Plate IV, 18)S. scheffleroides Roehe et Seh. 1976, Araliaeeae (pI. 4, Fig. 11)S. vanschepdaeli Roehe et Seh. 1976, Euphorbiaeeae, type EuphorbiaRhoipites rousi (Nak. 1966) Kds. 1978 .Verrutricolporites magnotectatus Hoche et Seh. 1976, Theaeeae, type GordoniaV. regillus (R. Pot. 1934) ~'lts. 1978 (Plate IV, 1)V. theaceoides Roehe et Seh. 1976, Theaeeae, type GordoniaStriatricolporites sole de portai (Kds. 1965 a) Kds. 1978Bacutricolporites crassimuratus (Trev. 1967) Kds. 1978Ilexpollenites coronatus (PI'. 1953) Kds. 1978, AquifoliaceaeI. erdtmani Kds. 1978, Aquifoliaeeae (Plate IV, 17, 21)I. margaritatus (R. Pot. 1931) Thg. 1937, Aquifoliaeeae, IlexFoveotricolporites gruas-cavagnettoae Kds. 1978Retilricolporites andreanszkyi Kds. 1978R. crllssiexinus (Kr. et Vanh. 1977), Celastraceae ?R. ficifolius (Gr.-Cav. et Bui 1976), Araliaeeae, BrassaiopsisR. nagyae Kds. 1978R. oleoides Hoehe et Seh. 1976, Oleaeeae, type meaR. poloniei Kds. 1978R. thiergarti Kds. 1978 (Plate IV, 12-13)R. wode/lOusei Kds. 1978, Rutaceae, FagaraTricolporopollenites eocaenicus Kds. 1969T. semiglobosus Kds. 1963 b, Stereuliaeeae (Plate IV, 8)T. ventosus (R. Pot. 1931) W. Kr. et Vallh. 1977T. groupe euphorii (11. Pot. 1931) Th. et Pf. 1953T. groupe pseudocingullwl (R. Pot. 1931) Th. et Pf. 1953T. groupe satzveyensis Pf. 1953T. cognitus (H. Pot. 1934) W. Kr. 1961 = Psilatricolporites crassus V. der Hamluen et Wijmstra

1964., Theuceac, PellicieraT. fsp., U1llhellifcrae, Bupleurum (Plute IV, 3)T. fsp., UmLelliferae, IIohenackeria (Plate IV, 2)T. fsp., Umbelliferae, IIydrocotyle vulgarisT. !sp., Umbelliferae, Steganotaenia (Plate IV, 6)Tetracolporopollenites balinkaense Kds. 1978, SapotaeeaeT. halimbaense Kds. 1961 b, SapotaeeaeT. lIlicrorhombus Pf. 1953, SapotaeeaeT. sapotoides Pf. et Th. 1953, SapotaceaeT. llrkutiClls Kds. 1978, SapotaeeaeNagyipollis globus Kds. 1962, Buxus (Plate IV, 16)

DinophyceaeA reoligera undulata Eaton 1976Operculodinium tiara (KI. 1963) Stover et Evitt 1978 .,