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Agricultural Biotechnology ForAgricultural Revival: A Perspective

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What is alarming is that India is againfacing Yield Barrier

State Of Indian Agriculture

1

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-Food grain index - 169.80 in 2000 & 164.70in 2004-05.-All commodities index suffered marginal

decline.-Yield of food grains 1704 in 2000 remainedat same level even in 2004-05.-Food grains Yield Index Numbers stagnatedat same level of 160 in 2000 & 2004-05

Per Capita Food Availability : Inadequate

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21 November 2008

AEBM Deptt. F/ O Agricultural

Sciences 5

1999-00 2004-05

Food grains 169.7 164.7

All Commodities 176.9 179.2

Agricultural Production (Base : Triennium ending 1981-82 = 100)

Food grain index - 169.80 in 2000 & 164.70 in 2004-05

All commodities index suffered marginal decline

21 November 2008 AEBM Deptt. F/ O Agricultural

Sciences 6

1999-00 2004-05*

Food Grains 1704 1703

Yield (Kg. / h.)

Yield Of Food Grains 1704 in 2000 remained atsame level even in 2004-05.

21 November 2008

AEBM Deptt. F/ O Agricultural

Sciences 7

1999-00 2004-05*



Yield -Index Numbers (Base: Triennium ending 1981-82 = 100)

Food grains Yield Index Numbers stagnated at samelevel of 160 in 2000 & 2004-05

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1999-00 2004-05



Agricultural Production (Base : Triennium ending 1981-82 = 100)

Food grain index - 169.80 in 2000 & 164.70 in 2004-05

All commodities index suffered marginal decline

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1999-00 2004-05*

Food Grains 1704 1703

Yield (Kg. / h.)

Yield Of Food Grains 1704 in 2000 remained atsame level even in 2004-05.

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1999-00 2004-05*



Yield -Index Numbers (Base: Triennium ending 1981-82 = 100)

Food grains Yield Index Numbers stagnated at samelevel of 160 in 2000 & 2004-05

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Productivity of most crops: below worldaverages.

International Comparisons of Yield

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Yield of Rice , 2004-05

9.8

7.83

6.73 6.42

2.9 2.63 2.43

3.96

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Egypt USA Korea Japan India Thailand Myanmar World

Countries and World Average

R i c e

Y i e l d ( M e t r i c

t o n n e s

/ h a )

Source: Government of India, 2007c.

Rice: 2.9 m.t./h. 1-4th

of Egypt, 1-3rd

of Japan, below world av. of 3.96

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Wheat 2004-05

7.77 7.58

4.25

2.71 2.37 2.061.64

2.87

0123456789

UK France China India Pakistan Iran A ustralia World


W h e a t

Y i e l d ( M e t r i c t o n n e s

/ h a )


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1.18 - a quarter of Chinas & one tenth of USA at 9.15metric t./h.

Yield of Maize

9.15

7.566.69

4.9

2.11.18

3.38

0123456789

10

USA France Germany China Phillipines India World

Counties and World Average

M a i z e Y i e l d ( M e t r i c

t o n n e s / h e c t a r e )


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21 November 2008

Productivity of most crops: below world

averages.

International Comparisons of Yield

21 November 2008

Yield of Rice , 2004-05

9.8

7.83

6.73 6.42

2.9 2.63 2.43

3.96

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Egypt USA Korea Japan India Thai land Myanmar Wor ld


R i c e

Y i e l d ( M e

t r i c t o n n e s

/ h a

)


Rice: 2.9 m.t./h. 1-4 th of Egypt, 1-3 rd of Japan, below world av. of 3.96

21 November 2008

Wheat 2004-05

7.77 7.58

4.25

2.71 2.37 2.061.64

2.87

0123456

789

UK France Ch ina India Pakis tan Ir an Aus tralia World


W h e a t

Y i e l d ( M e t r i c

t o n n e s

/ h a )


21 November 2008

1.18 - a quarter of Chinas & one tenth of USA at 9.15metric t./h.

Yield of Maize

9.15

7.566.69

4.9

2.11.18

3.38

0123456789

10

US A Fr an ce Ge rma ny Ch in a Ph il li pi ne s In di a Wor ld

Counties and World Average

M a i z e Y i e l d ( M e t r i c

t o n n e s / h e c t a r e )


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Between 1970 & 1990: 2.1 % per annum.3.4 % - Pakistan, 3.7 % - Indonesia, 3.9 %-Thailand, 4.7%- Malaysia.

Agriculture: Growth Rates

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Agricultural output plateauing.Public investment in agriculture decliningintense input use degraded environment.Decline in agricultural productivity is a matter ofserious concern.if current trends continue, can not meet food

demand. Even today

State Of Indian Agriculture

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-Pressure on Environment & Resource Base

- Decline in Capital Formation in IndianAgriculture 1.92 % in early 1990s to 1.28% in early 2000s is a

matter of concern

Reasons for Deceleration

ce

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Fig-4: Gross Capital Formation In Agriculture (At 1993-94 Prices) (Rs Crore)

1.92

1.57 1.51 1.431.26

1.37 1.28 1.24 1.27 1.31

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1990-91 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Year

I n v e s

t m e n

t i n A g r i c u

l t u r e a s p e r c e

Source: Central Statistical Organization ; Economic Survey 2004-05

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Year Total geographicalarea (m. h.)

Total Population (m.) 2/Col 3

1951 329 361 0.92

1981 329 685 0.432000 329 986 0.332007(estimated) 329 1096 0.36

Declining Per Capita Availability of Land (Land-man ratio)

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Targets / need

2

Assessing challenges before India s food system.

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Studies Food Grain Requirements (Mt)

Indian Council of MedicalResearch

375(for ensuring marginal foodsecurity)

Bansil, 1998 283.88

Kumar(IFPRI-IARI) 293.4 Sinha 1999 150(for direct human

consumption) Parikh & Dev, 1995 259 Bhalla & Hazel 296(cereal demand)

Demand Projections for Food Grain in 2020.

Source: Sinha 1999, Bansil 1998, Bhalla & Hazel 1999.

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-260 to 296 m.t. (1300 to 1622)demand for cereals will exceed

domestic production by 23 m.t. by2020-livestock - cereal gap 36 to 64 m.t.

Demand for Food Grains By 2020

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Higher yields per unit of land, water &time.Need technologies that increaseproductivity, stability, resilience of

production systems

Need of the time

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Option: Ag. Biotech.

3

With increasing demand for food and limiting resources...

we need better & more efficient ways to produce food

one option is through iotechnology

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What is biotechnology?

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A collection of scientific techniques, including genetic engineering.Used to improve plants, animals and microorganisms.Can modify crops and livestock more precisely than traditional breedingmethods.

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It involves cutting andmoving snippets of DNA(genes for specific desirabletraits) from one plant, animalor microbe to another.

What is genetic engineering?

Unlike traditionalcrossbreeding techniques,only one or a few genesare introduced into the hostspecies. Therefore,unwanted traits usually areavoided.

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When? Why? Who? In 2001, an estimated 5.5

million farmers grewbiotech crops on 130million acres in 15countries (led by theUnited States, Canadaand Argentina).

Soybeans, cotton, canolaand corn are the majorbiotech crops planted.

Cheese was the first foodproduct of biotechnology.The enzyme Chymosin(bioengineered rennin)appeared on the market in1990.

By 1995, other crops weredeveloped to delay ripeningor reduce crop damage byweeds, diseases and insects.

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Foods made from biotech crops Biotech disease-

resistant papaya andsquash are available.

Biotech varieties ofpotato, tomato, rice,flax, sugar beet,

sweet corn, melonand radicchio areapproved for use inthe U.S. but currentlyare not on the market.

About 60-70 percent ofall processed foods nowcontain at least oneingredient from agenetically engineeredplant.

In 2002, more than 70percent of soybeans, 30percent of the corn cropand 70 percent of thecotton crop in the U.S.were engineered for pestcontrol.

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Dairy and meat products More than 70 percent of cheese on the U.S. market is made with a genetically

engineered enzyme (chymosin). Milk commonly is obtained from cows treated with a biotech growth hormone

(rBST) in order to increase milk production. Livestock routinely eat feed made from biotech crops. No genetically engineered fish, cows, pigs, sheep, chickens or other food

animals were on the market as of 2002.

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Other products

Vitamins, minerals and other nutritional supplements Medicines: virtually all insulin is biotech Detergents Textiles Pulp and paper Leather Metals Fuels

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It involves cutting andmoving snippets of DNA(genes for specificdesirable traits) from oneplant, animal or microbeto another.

What is genetic engineering?

Unlike traditionalcrossbreeding techniques,only one or a few genesare introduced into the hostspecies. Therefore,unwanted traits usually areavoided.

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A revolution in biotechnology improving wealth,well-being. Can it also be used to serve food &nutrition needs of Indians?Biotechnology has raised questions aboutopportunities, problems & risks.Question for India becomes: will we get left

behind?

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Genetic Modifications of Crops

In how many ways are crops genetically

modified today?

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How can we get better crops?

11 November 2014

1. Selection2. Breeding

3. Hybridization

4. Cloning

5. Gra f ting

6. Radiation Mutagenesis

7. Chemical Mutagenesis

8. Gene Splicing

9. Genomics/Gene Expression

10.Tissue Culture

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Common Among These:

-One doesnt know exactly what genes are changed

- All these methods may introduce unknown geneticchanges, which could have unanticipatedconsequences.

- No method of generating new plant varieties is 1000% risk-free.

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II

DEFINING BIOTECHNOLOGY

4

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Gene

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- basic physical & functional units ofheredity which carries information forexpression of a particular trait

Doing DNA: DeCode of Life

DNA: Carrier of Genes

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What is Biotechnology?

Definitions Back to 1917 Can include selection, breeding,

fermentation, tissue culture, geneticanalysis, & DNA analysis (genomics) orGene Splicing or Recombinant DNATechnology

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Biotechnology Is it a novel tool?

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Modified from:http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/regpubs/ncr55

2.htm

Somatic genetherapy

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From Recombining DNA to RecombinantDNA Technology

1973 Cohen & Boyer-Gene Pool Becomes a Gene Ocean

-Any Organism on Earth is a Source for Genes forUse by Breeders

-Recombinant DNA Technology is one ofmost powerful tools ever invented.

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Wild Relative Crop Plant Wild Relative Crop Plant

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Conventional reeding

Wild Relative Crop Plant

Genetic Engineering

p

closely related species

undesirable geneslong time

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Products developed through genetic engineering

Genetically ModifiedOrganisms (GMOs)

= Transgenics

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GE of animals

GE to develop animalvaccines

GE of biocontrolagents against plantpest & diseases

Plant protoplast

fusion

Embryo transfer

GE of plants

GE to improvemicroorganisms

Recombinant DNAfor disease

diagnostics

Monoclonal antibody production

Plant tissue culture

Fermentation, Biofertilizers

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Insulin for diabetes

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Interferon for cancer

Hepatitis B vaccine

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BENEFITS OF AGRICULTURAL

BIOTECHNOLOGY

III

5

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Safer food supply for consumers Less impact on the environment Less expensive food production Crops less vulnerable to insects, diseases and weeds Crops with higher/greater nutritional content Crops used for new materials and energy sources Crops developed as production vehicles for medicines and

vaccines to prevent disease

Potential benefits and goals

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Biotechnology and agriculture

Agricultural biotechnology genetic engineering to create,improve, or modify plants,

micro-organisms or domesticanimals.

Genetically modified

organisms or GMOs

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GM Bt corn plants

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Sustainable Benefits Enhanced productivity in drought prone /

saline areas. Reduced storage/transportation losses. Healthier and nutritionally enhanced

foods. Optimise use of chemical pesticides:

Integrated Pest Management.

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How Biotechnology helps?

Benefits of biotechnology : Increased agricultural production Minimize post-harvest losses

Improve nutritional value of food

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Insect resistant plants Better herbicide resistance in plant Higher productivity More tolerant to heavy metals Stress resistance

drought Salinity

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Increased Agricultural ProductionI

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Correct vitamin A deficiencyMore nutritious oils, starch & amino acids

Better fatty acids profiles

Increase iron level

Protein rich wheat & millet

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Improve Nutritional Value Of FoodII

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-Delayed over-ripening of fruits,vegetables

-Minimize post-harvest losses intransport, storage & marketing

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Minimize Post-harvest LossesIII

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Increase grain & fiber yield, Decreased operating costs,Enhanced water conservation, Reduced soil erosionDecreased pesticide spraying

*Source: CLIVE JAMES, GLOBAL REVIEW OF COMMERCIALIZED TRANSGENIC CROPS

Moschini, et al., (Sept. 1999) Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station

Produce More Food On Less Land With FewerInputs

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Benefit

Increasing crop productivity

Increasing crop quality

Environmental adaptation

Broadening stress tolerance

Increasing disease & pest resistance Agrochemical reduction Production of non edible substances

Source: Macer (1997).

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Ag Biotechnology has potential

To significantly contribute towards: Poverty alleviation

Rural Development

Strengthened trade & economiccompetitiveness

Agricultural sustainability &

Nutritionally improved food availability

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0

Adoption

Cost Conventional breeding

Time

Biotechnology

Assessing Benefits of Biotechnology Research

Benef i ts of Biotechnology

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Biotech Expands Frontiers of Production: Produce more from diminishing resourcesAgronomic Improvements: Pest & DiseaseResistance: Minimizing crop loss due to insects &blight.Improved Nitrogen Utilization & Stress Tolerance

Increased Yield

BENEFITS

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Global Adoption

6

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1.7

11

27.8

39.9 44.2

52.658.7

67.7

81

90

102

114.3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.09 0.1 0.5 1.3 3.8 6.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

A r e a

( m h )

Total India

Global Area of Transgenic Crops, 1996 to 2007 (M. H.)

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US, followed by Argentina, Brazil,Canada, India, and China continuedto be principal adopters of biotechcrops globally,

Historically, biotechnology most rapidlyadopted new agricultural technology

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Soybean principal crop in 2007,occupying 58.6 m.h. maize -35.5 m.h.,cotton -15.m.h., canola 5.5 m. h.

Global Adoption Rate

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Out of four major biotech crop soyabean accounts for64% adoption rate.

Global Adoption Rate

64

43

24 27

0

20

40

60

80

Soyabean Cotton Maize Canola

P e r c e n t

( % )

Source: James, 2007.

Rapid Adoption Of Bt Cotton

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Higher profits from Bt cotton Document substantialenvironmental & health benefits.Increased yield by up to 50 %, reduced insecticide

sprays by half, with environmental healthimplications.Social benefits: alleviation poverty.

Rapid Adoption Of Bt Cotton

Impact- Bt cottonReduction in cost per unit of output

Agricultural biotechnology

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Bt-cotton Small compact plant

Many mature bolls ready for harvest -3 sprays for non bollworm pests

Non Bt-cotton Large plant, excessive vegetative growth

Difficult to spray Few bolls to harvest 10 sprays for all insect pests

MR THEMBITSHE JOSEPH BUTHELEZI

Agricultural biotechnology

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Argentina China India Mexico SouthAfrica

Added yield 33 19 26 11 65

Added profit (%) 31 340 47 12 198

Reduced chemical sprays(number)

2.4 - 2.7 2.2 -

Reduced pest managementcosts (%)

47 67 73 77 58

Economic & Environmental Benefits

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Bt. cotton in India

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Growth of Bt. Cotton in India 63% in 2007. Bt. cotton area has soared to 6.2 m.h.

India: lowest cotton yields in world, now anexporter rather than an importer.

Gandhi Namboodiri report:-yield gain 31%- significant reduction pesticide sprays 39%- 88% increase in profit.

h h d l l

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increased yields & reduced pesticide.- 12%, reaching 114.3 m.h.-Countries- 23.

-half of global biotech crop area- developingcountries12 m.beneficiary biotech farmers: 90 % smallfarmers.

Biotech Crops Achieved Several Milestones

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12 years: met expectations of millions oflarge & small farmers.- High Adoption Rate: Biotech CropsPerformed Well, Delivered SignificantEconomic, Environmental, Health , SocialBenefits.

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KEY ISSUES

7

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Biotechnology is Controversial

It touches on so many fundamentals Our Bodies Our Families Our Land Our Sense of Right & Wrong

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Embracing biotechnology poses:1- political2- financial3- institutional4- social &5- cultural challenges

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Risks & Concerns of Biotechnology

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Economics : Are we changing economicson farm?Environmental : Are we irreversibly

modifying environment?Globalization : Is technology centralized infew hands?

Social : Will we develop a class of geneticoutcasts?Religious : Are w e playing God?

11 November 2014

gy

Social choices

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Social choices Gene manipulation

Changes internal chemistry of organism Build-up resistance in non-modified plants &

organisms Bio-safety

GMO food may cause allergic reactions Bio-diversity

May disturb existing eco-system

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SAFETY

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Criticisms of Recombinant DNA

TechnologyPerversion

PoisonPromiscuityProfitPower

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Perversion

Transfer of genes from one species toanother is an abominationThe realm of God & of God alone

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Poison

-introduced gene itself may be a poison-Introducing new genes may turn on

dangerous genes or turn off beneficial genes

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Promiscuity

-introduced gene may make crop a superweed-introduced gene may flow to wild relatives,

polluting their gene pool-introduced gene may flow to related weeds,making them superweeds.

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P fi

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Profit

Companies are concerned primarilywith making a profit

Food for people, not for profit

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Is Biotechnology Safe?

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Is Biotechnology Safe?

Is there evidence that gene splicing isriskier than other methods of geneticmodification?

Is Biotechnology As Safe As OtherMethods of Genetic Modification?

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no evidence that risks of recombinant DNAtechnology are different from those of other

methods of genetic modification.

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Conclusion & Policy Prescriptions

9

It's Safe For People & Environment

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High adoption rates reflect farmersatisfaction.substantial benefits lower cost ofproduction, higher productivity and/or netreturns per hectare, health & socialbenefits, & a cleaner environment.

It is a solution not without problems, but itis one we cannot afford to ignore.

It s Safe For People & Environment

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A technology with high potential for India.

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We have to have this new technology, tomeet growing food needs.Risk assessment

must also consider consequences & risksof not using transgenics.

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Biotech is delivering on its Promise

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Biotechnology has delivered significant environmental

benefits:- insecticide reduction- soil conservation & enhanced productivity- improved water quality- enhanced sustainability- promotion of reduced risk herbicides & insecticides -

improved feed quality

Many of these benefits consistent with Biotechs

primary goals-Biotech Crops have significantly improved farmcompetitiveness

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For example: Some fundamental issues and concerns 1- who has access and who doesnt?

2- Will marginalized groups (the poor, women, ethnic groups, etc..) alsobenefit from these technological developments?

3- What are the possible implications of biotechnology on the environment(GMOs and bio -safety) and on peoples health (food safety, new diseases)?

4- How does corporate control of the technology affect access and benefitsharing?

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Akram A. KhanAEBM Deptt. F / O Agricultural Sciences,AMU Aligarh

ag.bt. _13.pptx

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