after kkv - new methodology of qualitative research

7/28/2019 After KKV - New Methodology of Qualitative Research

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World Politicshttp://journals.cambridge.org/WPO

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After KKV: The New Methodology of QualitativeResearch

James Mahoney

World Politics / Volume 62 / Issue 01 / January 2010, pp 120 - 147DOI: 10.1017/S0043887109990220, Published online: 18 December 2009

Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0043887109990220

How to cite this article:James Mahoney (2010). After KKV: The New Methodology of Qualitative Research.World Politics, 62, pp 120-147 doi:10.1017/S0043887109990220

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Review Articles

Ater KKV

t Nw Mdlg Qualiaiv rac

B JAMes MAhoNey*

hn e. Bad and David Clli, d. 2004. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse

Tools, Shared Standards. Lanam: rwman and Lilld, 362 pp.Alxand L. Gg and Andw Bnn. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Devel-opment in the Social Sciences. Cambidg: mit P, 331 pp.

Jn Ging. 2007. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambidg:Cambidg Univi P, 265 pp.

Ga Gz. 2006. Social Science Concepts: A Users Guide. Pincn: PincnUnivi P, 296 pp.

Cal ragin. 2008. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond. Cicag:Univi Cicag P, 225 pp.

DESIGNING Social Inquiry: Scientifc Inerence in Qualitative Re-search, b Ga King, rb o. Kan, and sidn Vba,and a n m widl ad bk in cnmpa pliicalcinc.1 Nal all lading pliical cini a a la mwaamilia wi i, pap knwing wk a impl kkv, a labl aacknwldg (ug al pibl i) i pminn au. Nn can dn a Designing Social Inquirya ad a lag impac in diciplin. I ppulaizd man mdlgical m and ida

dcipiv and caual innc, bvabl implicain, uni mg-ni, lcin bia, and man caual c. And i amp cdiac p in ac dignm mulaing quin, pci-ing abl i, cing bvain, ing i,

*I wuld lik ddica i aicl David Clli, und qualiaiv and mulimdac mvmn in cnmpa pliical cinc. t annmu viw and P A. hallpvidd lpul cmmn.

1 King, Kan, and Vba 1994, cid a a kkv.

World Politics62, n. 1 (Janua 2010), 12047

Cpig 2010 tu Pincn Univi

di: 10.1017/s0043887109990220


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af terkkv 121

2 llwing Bad, Clli, and sawig, mainam quaniaiv ac can b dnd aac bad n gin anali and lad cniqu. s i rcuing Dicuin

Mdlg, in Bad and Clli, Rethinking Social Inquiry, 3.3 t Bad and Clli vlum includ wk (mim in vid m) a wa pviulpublid b La M. Bal, hn e. Bad, David Clli, Jam Man, tim J. McK-wn, Gad L. Munck, Cal C. ragin, rnald rgwki, and sidn taw.

4 ragin 2000.

ping ulimulad dicuin abu nal all apc mdlg. t bk ncuagd mdlgical l-cnciunin pliical cinc, and i lgac can nl b n a bncial.

Designing Social Inquiry pminnc wa al an ugw iau pvcaiv cnal miin: kkv ug impv qualia-iv ac b uing wll-ablid nm dawn m quania-iv ac, in paicula, ida m gin anali. ti aciaumpin wa a mainam quaniaiv ac2 mpl u-pi md and a qualiaiv ac culd bn m adp-ing md xn pibl. Designing Social Inquiryuncuagd qualiaiv cla llw pincipl a paiculaquaniaiv mpla, n bad n nm gin anali.

Man bliv, wv, a i apc bk a indd pgin pliical cinc.

ti dual lgac kkvbnciall incaing mdlgicalawan wil cnviall and pap unpducivl pm-ing a ingula quaniaiv appaccniu an impan back-dp bk und viw. hn e. Bad and David Cllidid bk, Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards,cllc man a a undcd cnibuin and

piall kkv agumn, aing wi viw mpia m mid-1990.3 Bad and Clli in cllabain wi Jan sawigdvlp i wn maj mdlgical amn, pciall in wimpan cap in nal pa bk. Cal C. ragin la- bk, Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond, i imilalca a an alnaiv kkv wk; i i a cllcin mdlgicala n -ic anali a ragin w a publicain i Fuzzy-Set Social Science.4 Case Studies and Theory Developmentin the Social Sciences, b Alxand L. Gg and Andw Bnn,

pn a cmpniv dicuin mdlg ca ud-i and ai i wn iu cncn abu kkv agumn, includ-ing cncn dawn m ppciv pilp cinc.Ga Gz Social Science Concepts: A Users Guideand Jn GingCase Study Research: Principles and Practices ngag kkv l dicl,


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122 worldpolitics

alug , , pp baic alnaiv kkv advic abu d-cipiv innc and ca-ind mdlg.

In n mall pa bcau cnibuin, i m a a

a ld qualiaiv mdlg a nd a p-kkv

a. tb u, Designing Social Inquiryi ill an nial im n an gadu-a llabu cncning qualiaiv md and ac dign.5 Bulading qualiaiv, aiical, and xpimnal mdlgi bliva i advic, a pnd, i n impliic, milading, and inap-ppia a a guid digning cial inqui. ti bli i gunddin a daild ciiqu pcic claim mad bkkvand uppdb inig m b quaniaiv and qualiaiv mdlg. In-dd, val lling ciiqu av cm m aiical mdl-

gi ( xampl, hn e. Bad, La M. Bal, and David A.dman) cnvincd a kkv va ng quaniaivac and undvalu cnibuin qualiaiv ac.6

t ld mdlg a u bnd m kkv vn a ia al mvd bnd i. t i a nw mdlg qualiaivac. ti nw mdlg, wll pnd b bk undviw, ncmpa kkv lpul inig wil aviding i mbviu mip. Qualiaiv ac king advic abu ac

dign will d b un nw mdlg inad ( inaddiin ) Designing Social Inquiry.t nw mdlg cv a bad ang pcdu u-

ing cncp and cmpain gna valid dcipiv and caualinnc. t pup i aicl i pvid an vviw vaiu l and indica w a diinciv vi--vigin anali (ug n cnin wi numicalappac uc a Blan algba and Baian anali). I bampaizing a bginning, wv, a ld qualiaiv

mdlg a n acd a pin ull cnnu. Diagmnxi, including amng m au cnidd , v i-u uc a laiv impanc and apppia plac paiculacniqu.7 In addiin, wil ld a man abl inain

5 I nc id ac m c gadua mina n qualiaiv md a Nwn wiuaigning kkv. t udn l m knw a i ad b n llabu nx im!

6 s hn e. Bad, Ding Gd and Ding B: hw a D Quaniaiv tmplaG U? and La M. Bal, sm Unullld Pmi Quaniaiv Impialim, b in Re-thinking Social Inquiry. Gg and Bnn (cap. 1) an xndd dicuin cpin Designing Social Inquiry. dman 2008 mpaiz diinciv ng qualiaiv ac. an xpimnal ciiqu kkv, Ging juicain ca udi in i cap 6 (icap i caud wi r McDm). s al Gb and Gn 2008.

7 Mv, md a I idni a n nl inain a all wiin camp qualiaiv mdlg. o banc qualiaiv mdlg, uc a inpiv anali,


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af terkkv 123

and wll-ablid l, i i a am im a apidl dvlpingaa. u nmn and xnin cniqu dcibd in bk will n dub ak plac.

t dicuin i ganizd a cin a wca di-n cmpnn nw mdlg: (1) pc acing andcaual-pc bvain; (2) -ic md and lgic; and(3) agi cmbining qualiaiv and quaniaiv ac. eaccin bgin wi a bi cnidain kkv appac and icming and n dicu nw mdlg.

process tracingand causal-process observations

Pc acing i pap l caual innc a cm mind wn n ink qualiaiv mdlg in pliical cinc.Und vaiu labl, md a bn dicud dcad.8 tgal cn wiing i b mall pci diinciv kind lvag caual innc pvidd b pc acing and guidlin uing pc acing in ubaniv ac.

the kkv approach: summaryand critique

kkv undand pc acing a ac invning vaiabla link an indpndn vaiabl wi a dpndn vaiabl. t viwuncving invning p a pa m undamnalgal imaing caual c (i an) an indpndn vaiabl in. on n and, advca pc acing a pniallv valuabl bcau i culd inca numb icalllvan bvain. on and, ugg a pcacing i unlikl ild ng caual innc and can nl p-m dcipiv gnalizain and ppa wa caual in-

nc (pp. 22728). on pblm wi pc acing i a aan inni numb invning caual p bwn an indpndnand dpndn vaiabl and u appac quickl lad innig (p. 86). In addiin, au agu a pc acing ignall unabl dmin wic mulipl pnial invningmcanim ul link indpndn vaiabl wi dpndn

vaiabl. Givn pblm, i nal cncluin i a pcacing i mainl a dcipiv l and an al p in caual anali.

i wn ciiqu kkv vn a ma and in m nin wi md cnidd. cn a n inpiv anali, yanw and scwaz-sa 2006. s al Jnn2006.

8Campbll 1975; Gg and McKwn 1985.


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124 worldpolitics

ti viw accd nicl wi an vacing appac in wic -gin nm a bai undanding and valuaing qualiaivmd. A c kkv advic i admniin xpand N

qualiaiv udi in d aciv a dmina ac dign.t bliv a qualiaiv ac n lack a ucin numb bvain ima c indpndn vaiabl() in. Pc acing wuld b lpul i i xpandd numb bvain. y kkvpc acing n imulanul inca numb vaiabl and u d n xpand dg dm.Indd, ina a pc acing induc m nw vaiabl annw bvain, i ma b a liabili caual innc.

t nw mdlg, b cna, link pc acing n

gin nm bu a diinciv qualiaiv appac caualanali. Clli, Bad, and sawig dicuin w kind bvain i uul igliging i dinc.9 t auu labl daa- bvain (dso) an bvainin nmal aiical and kkv n. A dso i quivaln a win a cangula daa a i, c a givn ca n allmaud vaiabl. In mainam aiical ac, adding dso ia andad md incaing dg dm. B cna, a

caual-pc bvain (cpo) i an inig pic daa apvid inmain abu cnx, pc, mcanim, and acnibu diinciv lvag in caual innc (p. 277). t in-main cnaind wiin a cpo fc in-dp knwldg n m paicula ca a an daa cllcd a pa a m-aizd aa vaiabl. t lvag gaind caual innc mcpo i cpndingl diinc m ug n incmpaibl widso: A caual-pc bvain mim mbl a mkinggun a cnm caual innc in qualiaiv ac, and i -

qunl viwd a an indipnabl upplmn clain-badinnc in quaniaiv ac a wll (pp. 27778).

Pc acing cnibu caual innc pimail ug dicv cpo. I i n a mdlg w ng divmainl m dso. A Ging bv, pc acing n gn-a nncmpaabl bvain a cann b ambld in a an-dadizd cangula daa bu a a nnl xml uul caual innc. h cnclud a a lag numb andadizd

9 David Clli, hn e. Bad, and Jan sawig, suc Lvag in Caual Innc:twad an Alnaiv Viw Mdlg, in Rethinking Social Inquiry(pp. 22966); al dniin caual-pc bvain in gla win b Jan sawig and David Clli(pp. 27778).


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af terkkv 125

bvain a n alwa upi a ingl nncmpaabl b-vain (p. 183). Likwi, Gg and Bnn n a kkv ini amn pc-acing a impl an man inca-

ing numb bvabl implicain a . In ac, pc-acing i undamnall din m aiical anali bcau icu n qunial pc wiin a paicula iical ca, nn clain daa ac ca (p. 13).

typesofcposfortesting theory

In qu gain lvag caual innc, din kind bvain ma b valuabl. Wa mainam quaniaiv -ac i buil aund dso, qualiaiv ac n l pimail

n cpo. t cpo can v w undamnal ac ak (igu 1). i, can b ud dvlp, laba, pci mpcil a givn pi. ti u cpo theory devel-opmenti widl appciad b b quaniaiv and qualiaiv cl-a. xampl, wn quaniaiv ac u daild knwldgm ca lp wi pcicain i aiical mdl, a dawing n cpo pup dvlpmn. t ami u wn qualiaiv ac n i i n bai

k bvain gad duing ld ac via m inniv daa cllcin.M cu in i cin, wv, i n a cnd and l wll un-

dd u cpo, pcicall, i l in theory testing. Buildingin paicula n bk b Bad and Clli and b Gg andBnn, I diingui p -ing cpo ( tabl 1).

t p a diniad accding w k pic inmain pvidd ing cncn indpndn vai-abl, a mcanim, an auxilia ucm. t llwing dicuin

xamin ac p in un.

independentvariablecpos

on p caual-pc bvainwa can b calld an inde-pendent variablecpopvid inmain abu pnc anindpndn vaiabl ( abu pnc a paicula ang

valu n an indpndn vaiabl). t bvain a nial ing i in man dmain cinic ac w k

iu i w a cau ccud in mann and/ a im p-id b . N uncmmnl, impl xinc cauil i m cnvial an pumd link bwn cauand i ucm. A gd illuain i und, iningl nug, in


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126 worldpolitics

kkv dicuin mi-clliin xincin dinau (pp. 1112).10 A pin u, n bvabl implicain i cncn pnc iidium in a paicula la a cu. t pizd iidium i n an invningmcanim linking mi clliin dinau xincin.ra, i i a pic daa a giv u cndnc a, in ac, a m-i clliin did ccu wn i wa pizd av ccud.11 Ac callng ing mi-clliin invlv mak-ing u a indpndn vaiabl (a maiv mi clliin

a kt bunda) acuall ccud a all. Cnmain x-inc indpndn vaiabl inca ubaniall plauibili. o amu xampl w ac a cnd nnding pic daa cnm ( n) v xinc a pidcau includ Mndl auming alll a a uc pn-p vaiain, gm dia, and big bang cain univ.

10 Waldn 2007 ugg a kkv dcipin w i wa d i n cc. Bad,

Clli, and sawig 2006 al pvid an alnaiv accun, dicuing u b cpo anddso.

11 t pnc iidium i an auxilia ucm indpndn vaiabl (a i, m-i clliin). hwv, a dicud blw, wa I am calling auxilia ucm cpo a ud wicaual ac a a alad knwn xi.

figure 1typesofobservations

obvain

Caual-Pcobvain (cpo) Daa-sobvain (dso)

(kkv cu)

t Dvlpmn t ting

Mcanimcpo

Auxiliaoucm

cpo

IndpndnVaiabl cpo


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af terkkv 127

t am iu al cm up in cial cinc ac. An xampli Nina tannnwald wk12 n nnu nucla wapn, wic

wa ncd b Clli, Bad, and sawig and i nw aud ini nging dba wi Naanil Bck.13 tannnwald agu a xinc a nucla aba nmaiv pibiin againnucla wapn a a igmaizd nucla wapn a unaccp-abl wapn ma ducini a cau nnu nucla

wapn b Unid sa inc Wld Wa II.14 Bck ai cncn a tannnwald analz nl u dso (a i, u iicalpid) and u a nl a in ampl. h u ugg a qualiaiv anali dciin-making pc cang acquin : Wa did dciin mak claim wa impan m?B cna, Clli, Bad, and sawig agu a main lvag

caual innc in tannnwald ud cm m cpo (n u dso) and a anali ign plic dciin making icud n quin w a nucla ab cnibud nu-cla nnu. tannnwald anali call anin paicula pic daa ( xampl, pcic cnvain amng ig-lvl dciinmak) wic ugg a uaind dicuin and vn cnid-ain nucla u wa inibid b pvailing nm. In valuaing agumn, ciical iu i pcil w nucla ab

12 tannnwald 1999.13 s Bck 2006a; Bad, Clli, and sawig 2006; Bck 2006b; Clli, Bad, and sawig

2007.14 tannnwald 1999, 433.

table 1typesofcausal-process observationsfortheorytesting

Type o

Data Observed

Type o

Theory TestedIndpndn

Vaiabl cpo

daa cncning xinc

pid cau

pp a cau w xinc

i cnvial

Mcanim cpo daa cncning pid

invning vn andpc

xpcain abu

invning pc a uld( uld n) ccu i cau all

ac ucm

Auxiliaoucm cpo

daa cncning pidauxilia ucm

xpcain abuucm bid main n

in a uld b pn icau all ac ucm


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acuall xi; i i d, i m qui plauibl a i wuld acdciin making abu nucla wapn. In ac, givn w cncp nucla ab i dnd b tannnwald, i pnc alm b d-

niin ap dciin making cncning nucla u. tannnwaldud can u b n mainl a an u indpndn vaiablcpo in upp ida a a nucla ab did in ac xi a

Wld Wa II.15

mechanismcpos

A cnd kind caual-pc bvaina mechanism cpopvid inmain abu w an invning vn pid b a i pn. I i n pimail b xpanding iz N a

cpo inca lvag. Inad, lvag pvid divm abili individual bvain cnm callng aac pi xpcain abu wa uld ccu.

Gg and Bnn (pp. 175, 219) agu a anali mc-anim invlv a lgic a can b mdld a Baian, a ppd quni lgic a undpin kkv gin-ind ap-pac. A Bnn wi in a ubqun aicl, Wa i impani n numb pic vidnc wiin a ca a n xpla-

nain a an an, bu liklid nding i vidnci alnaiv xplanain a u.16 Wn ngaging in pcacing lca mcanim, qualiaiv ac in c ak wmuc a givn bvain ac i pi ical bli. Mbvain av lil n c n pi bli. Bu ccainall, anw ac will damaicall upp a (muc lik a mking gun) damaicall undmin a (muc lik an ai-ig alibi).

A la anabl cla pi xpcain a ndd mca-nim cpo ca uc wig; wiu ical pi,

xn wic an invning vaiabl i xpcd cann b ad.rul a u niiv iniial bli. Nvl, wi igkind vidnc, vn ac w a u wi v dinpi pbabilii n alnaiv xplanain uld cnvgwad ad xpcain (a pnmnn knwn a waing u

15 I ba mpaizing a abliing xinc a pizd caual ac (wgn a nucla ab) can b acivd ug b cpo and dso. smim aiical

uing a lag numb dso a bai anwing, D pid cau xi? o im,wv, individual pic daa n linkd a cangula daa pvid k upp xinc pid cau. Cmbinain a al pibl. t pii nw mdlg iv muc a b kind daa can b nial ing.

16 Bnn 2006, 341. s al Bnn 2008; Gldn 1997; and Van eva 1997.


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af terkkv 129

pi).17 In gnal, a pilp cinc av lng agud,bld pdicin abu unlikl invning pc cun m ana pdicin abu pc a uinl ccu and a culd b

xplaind b mulipl ical amwk ( Gg and Bn-n, cap. 7). B am kn, ailu a mak n impan invning pc a a ail xplaind b amwk cun ubaniall again a .

Gg and Bnn a lng appndix wi man cn x-ampl cial cinc udi a daw n mcanim cpo . A a claic xampln wi wic ad uld b amil-iacnid tda skcpl States and Social Revolutions.18 skcplmula a ucual a ld a idlgicall mivad

vanguad mvmn a n impan cau cial vluin.tu, a, idlgicall mivad vanguad mvmn wpn in all ca cial vluin analzd in bk (and nin val ca nnvluin). Dpi i aciain, agu, mcanim ug wic mvmn a pulad pduc cial vluin a n pn. ti a im-panc vanguad mvmn agu a lp igg and up-p uban and/ ual lw-cla vl. y skcpl w ug

pc acing a vanguad mvmn in ac mg n p-liical cn qui la, nlatermaj vl av ccud (du pi ucual cndiin) and nl nc pvluina a avalad bn dabilizd. tu i i a idlgicall mivad mv-mn ak advanag ci did n ca. Givn i, skcplcnclud qui anabl a a n ciical cau cialvluin und cnidain in bk.

auxiliaryoutcomecpos

ti can al b d wi auxiliary outcomecpos. t cpo ainmain abu paicula ccunc a uld ccu alngid( pap a a ul ) main ucm in i in ac aucm w caud in wa ipulad b und inv-igain. Auxilia ucm a not invning vaiabl cnncing cau ucm in. N d pvid inmainabu existence cau. ra a paa ccunca uld b gnad i wk in pid ain.

Nmall, ccunc will b cll lad ucm

17 Bnn 2006, 710.18 skcpl 1979.


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130 worldpolitics

in and can b viwd a addiinal ac mak l b-ind b am cau a gnad ucm.19

t illua i ida, n can uull daw n map a

ciminal dciv, a map n invkd in dicuin pcacing.20 Ciminal dciv aum a caual pc ma lavbind mulipl ac, and wil dicv a ingl ac man in il b cncluiv, imulanu pnc val ladn ma lnd dciiv upp a givn . xampl, - a cau da wa wk a mud ma b divdm mulipl clu (ign uggl, dicin n wund, bldpla, and upiciu uicid n). Pcu in un agu a i

wuld ak a miacl xplain w i vidnc i pn i a givn

caual pc w n a wk. on can al ink abu pinin m pbabilii. I pbabili ac v vn bingindividuall pn i .25 a a givn im, canc all v bingimulanul pn i nl abu .001.

A an xampl amilia pliical cini, cnid Gg M.Lubb amu bk, Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy.21 Lu-bb piz a an allianc bwn ciali pa and middl paan (a d-gn allianc) wa a k cau cial

dmcac in inwa eup. Wil dvlp i claim in paug mall-N cmpaaiv ac and in pa ug mcanimcpo, build ca b aguing a wll a i a d-gn alli-anc all did cial dmcac, i uld av l bind mak. t includ a lucanc ciali callng di-ibuin wal in cunid; ig lvl wk and uninaunm; and an inabili ciali l n middl paana viabl lcal ba. t pnc auxilia ucm bl- ida a d-gn allianc ad a damaic impac n

ap nainal pliic. Givn i vall lag impac, w avm cndnc a allianc al apd ucu na-inal pliical-cnmic gim il.

m ppciv kkv, uc a b Lubb xpl auxilia ucm a b applaudd, inc xpand bvabl implicain . evn wi bvain,wv, al N Lubb ud i ill qui mall. kkv wk

19

Unlik indpndn vaiabl cpo, auxilia ucm cpo a ud in cnjuncin wi a pn-ial caual ac a i alad knwn xi; auxilia ucm cpo lp abli w ac x caual c n cll lad ucm.

20 xampl, Van eva 1997.21 Lubb 1991.


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af terkkv 131

u lad cncluin a Lubb a nl wak lvag ing. B cna, nw mdlg ugg a Lub-b agumn i buil in pa aund claim a pbabili

val din ucm all ccuing impl bcau canc iqui lw. Wil n n vn i xcdingl upiing in il, Lub-b puad ad a nding all m g i qui un-likl unl d-gn caliin wa a lading caual c divinggim main in inwa cial dmcaic ca.

t cnclud i cin, l m un a w baic pin. P-c acing i a md a u paicula bvain m wiinpcic ca. I i, undamnall, a ca-bad mdlg a canb applid uccull nl wi gd knwldg individual ca.

Wn ud ing , pc acing can pvid inig abu xinc cau, mcanim, auxilia ac pid b und cnidain. I d ug an implici Baianappac innc in wic ingula pic daa ma ca ga

wig. Alug pc acing di apl m mainamquaniaiv anali, i nding can nvl upplmn m quaniaiv ac (and vic va). Pc acing i u bn a a complement md, including quaniaiv md,

n a a cmpi md.

methods using set theoryand logic

s and lgica ppd gin-ind analiun-dpin val c-ca md in nw liau. t mdinclud appac caual innc aciad wi qualiaiv cm-paaiv anali (qca), uc a uzz- anali. t al includmd cncp anali, uc a claical and amil m-

blanc appac. Wi ac cniqu, caual dcipivinnc a mad uing lgical ida abu nca, ucin, and/ inus cndiin.22 And Blan pa uc a lgical andand lgical or a mpld pup agggaing cn-cpual aibu aing caual p. ti cin xplm maj dvlpmn in i and mdlg aav ccud v la w dcad.

22 inuscndiin a pa lag cmbinain ac a a jinl ucin u-

cm. tu, wil an inus cndiin i il ni nca n ucin an ucm, i ipa a lag cmbinain ac a i ucin an ucm. Macki 1965, 246, iginalldnd an inus cndiin a llw: An insufcientbu necessarypa a cndiin wic i ilunnecessarybu sufcient ul. an agumn a link inus cau b qualiaiv andaiical ac, Man 2008.


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132 worldpolitics

kkvs omissions

kkv wk d n cnid an qualiaiv l aciad wi and lgic, vn ug lading md dcipiv andcaual innc n dpnd n . rgading dcipiv in-nc, kkv nglc -ic appac i linkd i lack an uaind dicuin cncp main. A Bad (p. 62)n in a cap in Rethinking Social Inquiry, kkv cu i mainl ncaual innc, wi ul a pblm cnucin,cncp, and maumn cd in backgund. An adquaamn pblm wuld av quid xplici ngagmn

wi -ic md. M gnall, advic kkv d

abu dcipiv innc fc cncn aiical anal-i, n qualiaiv ac. xampl, kkv ncuag ac avid plgi and claicain xcp a mpa dvic cllcing daa. In cna, a Gg and Bnn , qualiaivmdlgi caull diingui cncpual plgi m x-plana plgi, and aign impan l b dvlpmn and ing.23

rgading caual innc, kkv d n dicu -ic

lgic undpinning lading c-ca qualiaiv md. xam-pl, includ nl a ubcin n ragin wk n qca. tipiin i a qca i ull cmpaibl wi i undanding cauali. t agu a ragin appac cnain n nw au ical quimn (kkv, 87). Cnqunl, kkvnd n a-n dicu qca a a diinciv l caual innc.

y, a a wid pcum mdlgi nw cgniz, c-niqu bad in lgic and a qui diinc m kkv -gin-ind appac. Lading aiician diingui bwn

appac a k ima avag c paicula ind-pndn vaiabl (a i, c cau) m a amp xplain w pcic ca av paicula ucm (a i, cau c).24 expimn and gin-ind cniqu md-l n wic kkv dawmpl c--cau appac; a dignd ima avag c indpndn vaiabl.Bu qualiaiv ca udi n adp a cau--c appac; k xplain w ca av cain ucm. saiical m-

dlgi in pliical cinc w cgniz dinc a a

23 s al Clli, LaP, and sawig 2008; elman 2005.24 xampl, hlland 1986; and Dawid 2000.


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af terkkv 133

appac gundd in an xpimnal mpla a ni innddn wll uid la kind caual anali.25 Bu bcau kkvcu nil n m, nd up laving u a wl adiin

caual analia i, cau--c adiin aciadwi qualiaiv anali.Qualiaiv mdlgi av dvlpd a nw pc-

du idniing and gnalizing abu cau ucm inindividual ca and cmpaabl ca. t pcdu d ndaw n kkv dicuin caual innc bcau d n k ima avag c indpndn vaiabl. Inad, analz lgical p cau, including nca, ucin, and inuscau. And l n -ic md idni p

cau and a i laiv impanc.sinc i adiin anali ma b qui ign cla

aind in mainam aiical md, w lad pin a wmaking b pcding. i, unl cla a amilia wi la wk uing -ic anali, a n in an piin valua md. inanc, i xn n knwl-dg i aving ad ragin The Comparative Method,26 n n impld n av a ng backgund in i and mdlg a

i i cunl mulad. scnd, m cla w a aind ingin-ind anali ma b inclind ac wi kpicim md. Wil i kpicim i in m pc uul, ican al lad cla dimi md pmaul, b ugl undand m. h an analg wi mainam ai-ical md i uul. saiical mdlgi in pliical cincundandabl mim nd i uaing wn i md aciicizd inapppial b kpic w lack al xpi. t ami u cla w pcializ in -ic md; uu-

all av v gd anw kpic w ai bjcin n bai limid knwldg.

methodsofcross-case analysis

M an wn a ag ragin Comparative Method ppdBlan algba a a l xnding lgic ca udi cmpaaiv anali.27 evn ug bk bcam a claic in ld qualiaiv mdlg, i cpin wa nv unquiv-

call piiv. sandad cncn w a Blan algba quid25 Acn 2005; Bad 2008.26 ragin 1987.27 ragin 1987.


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134 worldpolitics

dicmu maumn and dminiic caual lain.28 smqualiaiv cla um l a Blan algba mimickd muc dso-divn appac aiical anali.29 Ciic ug-

gd a Blan u abl w, in c, cangula daa and u a i mdlg wa all a vaiain a md adpnd pimail n dso. Ina a viwd cpon dsoa bai caual innc in ca ud ac, w pn ac guaddl.

subqun wk n qualiaiv cmpaaiv anali (qca) apud dicuin and dba wad in vaiu wa. raginFuzzy-Set Social Scienceand nw bk und viw add ad-n cncn abu dicmu maumn and dminiic

cauain. Wi uzz- anali, all caual ac and ucm acninuul cdd m 0 1. ragin mak i cla a uzz-cding i pabl dicmu cding unl n i daling wipnmna a a innl bina in nau (p. 141). tw capin nw bk a dvd xcluivl iu maumn andcalibain wi cninuu cding. Wn calibaing mau, -ac adju m cnm dpndabl knwn andad, -n ug an iaiv pc nmn nailing mvmn back

and bwn ida and vidnc. Calibain allw ac mak pci cmpain uc a a l vu a lil a ppd impl m vu l. Wil n all will ag wi ragin cnclu-in a uzz- mau b b wld, naml, pciin a i pizd b quaniaiv ac and u ubaniv knwldg caliba mau a i cnal qualia-iv ac (p. 82), n n can dn a nwqca md a piicad appac cninuu maumn.

Likwi, caacizain qca a innl dminiic n

lng mak n. t appac d main cnd n anali nca cau and cmbinain inus cau a a jinlucin ucm. hwv, pbabiliic ciia a nw ud analz cau. xampl, ac can a wa givn cau i nca a alnaiv bncmak ( xampl, .95,.80, .67). t can imilal xpl w cmbinain aca jinl ucin ac din pbabiliic bncmak. sm

will l a ida a cau a i 90 pcn nca wa

dwn cncp a nca cau.30

t kind cau a,28 Libn 1991; smi 1990.29 Mak 1990; al sawig 2005.30 Waldn 2005.


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af terkkv 135

a all, all inus cau.31 y inmain abu pbabiliicallnca and pbabiliicall ucin cau can b xml valu-abl. inanc, nding a nndmcac i pbabiliicall

nca cial vluin and a a ig lvl cnmic d-vlpmn i pbabiliicall ucin dmcac pn im-pan and uul inmain. And a man mdlgibqualiaiv and quaniaivav cgnizd, andad gin-ind cniqu a n dignd dicv cau.32

rcn innvain al includ md aing laivimpanc cau and caual cmbinain. Baumll and G-z dvlpd l mauing xn wic (pbabiliic dminiic) nca cau a ivial.33 A ivial nca cau

i a nca cau a i alwa pn, ipciv pnc/abnc ucm. Gz n xndd ida a laiv impanc b nca and ucin cau (includ-ing wn cninuul cdd).34 ragin nw bk imila c-niqu buil aund ida cvag and cninc wiin a- amwk (cap. 3). An nw md u qunca bai lgicall aing laiv impanc cau iniical xplanain, including wn N=1.35 In addiin, i nw

wk bginning xpl wa in wic gin-ind nd-ing can b d uing qca cniqu (and vic va).36 t anw xbk cving b pacic and m cnical guidlin uing qca md and aciad wa.37 ovall, qcam-d a incaingl piicad and incaingl immun m ali ciicim a mdlgi aid abu Blan algba.

Cainl, qca md ma nvl ill ai cncn a div lvag lagl m dso (a i, w in a cangula daa). Man nw cniqu qui a la a mda numb

ca (alm alwa m an ju u); a n m-dium-N md. t avid dang vl mcanical applica-in qca, ragin a padl ugd a md n b ud

wiu xniv ca knwldg. In i viw, uzz- qualiaivcmpaaiv anali i b undd a an xpla/inpivcniqu (p. 190). hi viin qca wk i m an impl ga-

31 Man 2008.32 xampl, Gz and sa 2003; and Clak, Gilligan, and Gld 2006.33

Baumll and Gz 2000.34 Gz 2006.35 Man, Kivu, and Kimball 2009.36 elian and sk cming.37 riux and ragin 2008; scnid and Wagmann 2007.


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136 worldpolitics

ing dso a uggd b a pxiing , ning inma-in in a wa packag, and iing a bun a gna ul.Inad, qca i uppd mdia lainip bwn and

vidnc in a ac dign a au an nging xcang bwnxplana ppiin and ac abu paicula ca.qca md ma b ud a din pin in anali.38 t

can lp ac iniiall dvlp p a a n x-pld u ug ca-ind ac. h ul qca a viwd a plimina nding a nd b upplmnd

wi caual-pc bvain m ca-ind ac. Alna-ivl, qca cniqu can v a l ummaizing and lgicallccking nding a av alad bn divd m ca udi. In

m wn cn ac n clnialim and dvlpmn, xampl, I a gnal uing vidnc m n in-dp ca udi.39

t ca udi l avil n bvain gad via pc ac-ing. uzz- anali i n mpld a a md ccking nding and dmnaing a agumn ld wn vaiabl anumicall cdd and ppiin a xamind lgical cnc.

In um, qca l wk wll nl wiin cnx a badmulimd ac dign a includ ca-ud anali. Wil

i nw mig m dianing w k a ingl, l-p c-ca mdlg, i will av bn anicipad b w aum mulipl uc lvag a dinail ndd ackling quin in cial cinc.

conceptualizationand concept analysis

Wiin ld maumn, nw qualiaiv mdlgcu cnall n iu cncpualizain and cncp anali.Cncp undli all vaiabl and i, including in quaniaiv

ac, and nd b dnd b an indica calingmd can b ud. Bu unil cnl, cncp av civd cananin m mdlgi, wi nl a w nabl xcpin, -pciall Givanni sai and David Clli.40

Gz Social Science Conceptsbing g man b in-ig m i mging liau and add nw ida in m guidlin cncp u. h add quin uc a: Waagi a availabl dning m k cncp? hw uld m

dniinal aibu b ucud and agggad? hw d a-38 riux and ragin 2008.39 Man 2010.40 on cnibuin sai, Clli and Ging 2009.


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af terkkv 137

ibu la m indica? hw d m dciin abu cncpu-alizain infunc m nding abu caual pan?

Gz diingui w appac cncpualizain. t

claical n aciad wi Givanni sai ucu cncp baing dniinal aibu a individuall nca and jinlucin mmbip in a cncp. h aibu a cnncd

wi lgical and. xampl, i cncp pliical dmc-ac i dnd b (1) lcin, (2) bad uag, and(3) xnivcivil ig and libi, n wi claical appac ac aibu i nca pliical dmcac and g aucin. I ba mpaizing a lgical and can b ud wii dicmu uzz- maumn. Wi dicmu

maumn, dmcac i pn nl i all dning aibua pn (a i, abnc vn n nca cndiin p-clud mmbip in cncp). Wi uzz- maumn, bcna, dg cncpual mmbip a ca cpnd minimum valu a ca ac dning aibu. xampl, i a ca uzz- c (anging m 0 1) ac dning aibu a .75, .25, and .50, n a ca -civ a mmbip valu .25 vacing cncp plii-

cal dmcac, inc i i i lw (minimum) c. obviul, iuzz- appac qui (and aum) pp calibain cninuum ud maumn.41

t amil mblanc appac aciad wi Ludwig Wi-gnin ucu cncp qui dinl.42 I aum a an nca cndiin mmbip in a cncp (a i, n inglai i ad b all mmb). t a inad din cmbina-in aibu a a ac ucin mmbip. t ak anxampl ud b Gz, Alxand hick43 dn wla a

cica 1930 a pnc an u claic wla pgam:(1) wkman cmpnain, (2) al inuanc, (3) ld-ag pn-in, and (4) unmplmn cmpnain. N aibu i quid,and a in ac v din cmbinain aibu a aac ucin mmbip in cncp. ti appac cn-cp i buil aund lgical or, a pin a can b illuad wia impl Blan quain.44 Wn ud wi uzz- maumn,

41 ragin 2000.42

Clli and Man 1993.43 hick 1999.44 y = ABCD v ABC v ABD v ACD v BCD, w v and lgical or, = and u-

cinc, y i wla a, A i wkman cmpnain, B i al inuanc, C i ld-ag pnin,and D i unmplmn cmpnain.


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138 worldpolitics

lgical or dic ac a ca maximum valu acaibu ( ac cmbinain aibu a a ucin) apning i dg mmbip in vacing cncp. t

agggain pcdu ud wi amil mblanc appac i,in i n, ppi claical appac, an ugw cnaing main lgical pa (a i, and vu or) ud ucu cncp in ac appac.

Gz al dvlp mall man sai inig abu cn-cpual cing and mving up and dwn ladd gnali.45h w, inanc, a sai ppd ad- bwn innin a cncp (a i, numb dning aibu) and ixnin (a i, numb mpiical inanc) aum a cn-

cp i ucud uing claical appac (a i, ac aibu inca and g a ucin).46 B cna, wi am-il mblanc appac, w a n nca cndiin, ad- can wk in ppi wa: xnin ma inca wiinnin.

ti dicuin ma ai ida unamilia cla w inkabu maumn iu a invlving indica and caling and wu addiiv pcdu and cnal ndnci (n lgical pa)

wn cding ca. Indd, wiin ld maumn, qualia-iv wk n cncp and quaniaiv wk n indica av bnlagl divcd m n an.47 ti in pa fc i dinlinag: quaniaiv wk n maumn gw u pclgand ducain aiic, wa qualiaiv liau i d inpilpical lgic. Givn i dinc, m cmmunicain andanlain diculi will inviabl ai, bu i n an wmdlgi cann wk bidg dinc and aciv ab dialgu. Gz Social Science Concepts, wic i win

b qualiaiv and quaniaiv cla, i a maj p wad inmaking i dialgu a ali.

combining qualitativeand quantitative research

Mulimd ac a cmbin qualiaiv and quaniaiv anal-i i incaingl cmmn in cnmpa pliical cinc. And

45

sai 1970 acuall a ladd abacin. Bu I llw David Clli in ing a ladd gnali.46 Clli and Lvik (1997) impan wk n diminid ubp i an innvaiv xn-

in i claical amwk.47 An xcpin i Adcck and Clli 2001.


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af terkkv 139

pcdu linking nding m qualiaiv and quaniaiv -ac a nw n a an impan pa mdlg.48 ti c-in xamin linkag b bif cniding kkv viw and n

uning anin la cniqu mulimd ac.a singularquantitative templateversus multimethod

research

kkv caaciz i bk a, abv all, an link qualiaivand quaniaiv ac. A wi a u: ou main gali cnnc adiin wa a cnvninall dnd quani-aiv and qualiaiv ac b appling a unid lgic innc b (p. 3). y unid lgic wic i divd

alm nil m gin-ind anali. A a ul, i ap-pac cnncing w adiin nail ncuaging qualiaivac llw nm a a pacicd in gin ac. An pin d kkv includ a uaind dicuin w diincivac md ud in qualiaiv ac mig b incpadin and impv quaniaiv ac.

B cna, nw mdlg xpl qui xplicil w di-n qualiaiv and quaniaiv l can b ud g in wa

a pv i pciv ng wil vcming i pc-iv limiain. ti liau ugg a qualiaiv wk can lpquaniaiv ac wi inviabl callng cncning cncpand maumn, ca mgni, and juiing k aumpinuc a cndiinal indpndnc. I likwi aum a qualiaivanal can bn m quaniaiv ac wn lcing ca,mulaing p, and gnalizing ul.

using qualitative researchto supplement quantitative

findingson and nw liau xamin w qualiaiv anali canupplmn nding divd m quaniaiv anali. Libmancn wk n nd anali i an impan in i gad.49Nd anali, a ppd b Libman, invlv aing wi aplimina gin anali and n cnducing a ubqunmall-N anali a gin nding. t mall-N anal-i can b ud model buildingb dawing n ca udi impv

pcicain and mau gin mdl. Alnaivl,

48 s, xampl, smpium 2007.49 Libman 2005.


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140 worldpolitics

mall-N anali can b ud model testingb mpling pcacing and cpo gin nding. Wi mdl-buildingmall-N anali, Libman cmmnd lcing a la n ca

a i n wll pdicd b plimina gin mdl (ai, an fin ca). ouli ca a cmmndd bcau iuili xping miing vaiabl a can n b bug in aubqun und gin anali. Wi mdl-ing mall-Nanali, b cna, cmmnd ca a a wll pdicd b aiical mdl (a i, nlin ca). t an pingnlin ca i a uld llw caual pan in g-in anali i mdl i ccl pcid.

o ida uing ca udi a a upplmn lag-N -

ac a dvlpd in Ging Case Study Research. In n impancap, caud wi Jan sawig, nin din cniqu ca lcin a idnid: pical, div, xm, dvian, infu-nial, cucial, pawa, m-imila, and m-din ca. tiimpiv plg g bnd pviu dicuin p caudi.50 Accding Ging and sawig, cniqu ww ca-lcin pcdu , a la implicil, upn an anal-i a lag ppulain pnial ca. t ca() idnid

inniv ud i cn m a ppulain, and an icic ing upn wa in wic i i iuad wiin a ppula-in (pp. 8890). t au dicu w ac p ca can bud ing and/ building, a wll a aiicalcniqu ndd idniing i wiin a lag ppulain.

t md will b pciall appaling cla w baicinain ac i lag N bu w wi u ca udi upplmna pup. In n n, in ac, b Libman and G-ing a wi kkv a aiicall ind appac cial cinc.

Libman ulimal mall-N ac a a man impvinggin nding; m Ging cniqu ca lcin d-pnd n c-ca aiical md. Unlik kkv, wv, Libmanand Ging a cnvincd a ca udi bing diinciv uc lvag a a impl n und in quaniaiv ac. ti i wLibman mpaiz a ag dcibd i qui diincm mag ulind in King, Kan, and Vba. ra anadvcaing a a ln qualiaiv ac a can b

gland m lgic aiical anali . . . I w a apcic bn b gaind b dpling b analical l imul-

50 xampl, eckin 1975.


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af terkkv 141

anul, and I mpaiz bn diinc cmplmnaiia an advcaing a ingl l ac.51 Likwi, Gingg lng iglig diinciv cnibuin ca-ud

ac, and pn an xndd dicuin laiv ngand wakn uc ac wn cmpad wi lag-N ac.t b u, m mdlgi will n b ull aid wi

mulimd pcdu. Wi pc Libman ndappac, xampl, rlng agu a i i inapppia u idual an unaiac gin mdl a bai calcin in mall-N ac.52 h an a i mdl i unai-ac, n cann b cndn a a dvian ca i n all a pi-cal ca ( vic va). Likwi, wn ing a gin mdl wi

mall-N anali, rlng cnnd a n uld n impl xam-in vaiabl alad includd in gin; a, n mual lk xcludd vaiabl and mipcid lainip. Mgnall, ina a mall-N ac bliv a aumpin uca cndiinal indpndnc cann b juid in a gin anali, will b kpical aming i ac aund nding ma anali.

M wn viw, wic i pap a mini piin in cnmpa

pliical cinc, a m ida a ca ud ac and a-iical ac a dignd d v din ing. Ca udik ll u w paicula ucm appnd in pcic ca; a-iical udi ima avag c vaiabl in.B a impan iu, and a lad n an, bu m pic n cann puu m a am im. Wn clangag in mulimd ac, , n puu pimaili cmpniv xplanain pcic ucm i-main avag c vaiabl in. In ca Li-

bman md, main gal i ima avag c and u ca udi in vic i lag nd. In ac, wv, main gal i xplain pcic ca and u aiical md invic a lag nd. t nx pa cnid i appac.

using quantitative researchto supplement qualitativefindings

t ida a quaniaiv anali mig upplmn nding divd

m an iniial qualiaiv anali i n nw. Ging back Lijpa,53

51 Libman 2005, 436.52 Libman 2005; rlng 2008.53 Lijpa 1971.


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142 worldpolitics

cla av ppd a ca ud and mall-N ul b valuadwi ubqun lag-N aiical . t aumpin i a qualiaiv anali developsa pi , wa quani-

aiv anali acualltests pi .t nw mdlgical liau, wv, d n aum iic diviin lab. ra, i ugg a b dvlp-mn and ing ma ak plac duing ac pa a qual-iaiv-quaniaiv iain. An iniial qualiaiv ud mig bpp a and u pc acing a . A ub-qun aiical ud mig n u a and imulanw mdicain . An xampl i iain i -ac n dmcaic pac, wic i dicud a lng b Gg

and Bnn. t pi a dmcaci d n g wawi n an, ac av ud b ca udi and lag-N aiical dign. t m udi av pciall valuad al-naiv p abu caual mcanim undpinning dmcaic pac, wa la udi av xpld w nding abu dmcaic pac ill ld up wn cnlling c numu vaiabl. B kind dign al avcnibud gnain: iginal mgd in quali-

aiv ac daing back Kan, bu i cun vin, wic m-paiz abnc wa amng dmcaic dad, a bn nglinfuncd b aiical wk.

N d nw mdlgical liau aum a pi-ma wa in wic aiical anali upplmn qualiaiv aci ug gnalizain mall-N nding a lag numb ca. ra, i mpaiz a aiical anali ma b ud bvabl implicain an agumn a innl appli nl n ca nl a mall numb ca. xampl, in

i wll-knwn ac n vluin, Gldn cnid -pi a cang in ppulain caud inca in gain pic inign-cnu anc, wic in un cnibud maivpaan vl a nd cnu.54 A mulad, p-i appli a ingl caa i, anc. y pi p-p a cnncin bwn cang in ppulain and cang in ual

wag/pic a pa ac man a. t pi,n, Gldn mpl a im-i gin anali ppula-

in cang and wag/pic in anc m 1650 1789. ti lag-N anali upplmn vacing agumn abu a ingl ca.

54 Gldn 1991, 18789.


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af terkkv 143

In , pc acing in an individual ca can lad a ac u gin anali. t pup gin anali, w-v, i n ncail gnaliz a nding abu n ca a

bad ang ca. ra, i pup ma b inca lvag validl anwing a quin abu a n pcic ca.

conclusion

t nw mdlgical liau, a xmplid b bk undviw, b advic qualiaiv ac an kkv De-signing Social Inquiry. ta aid, main pup i aicl an bn dniga Designing Social Inquiry. ra, i a ug

u kkv mip a a pin dpau dicuing pi-iv cnibuin cn wk in qualiaiv mdlg. B wa cncluin, I un aa mdlg xamind abvcaual-pc bvain, cncp, and mulimd acandcnid m ac ni uggd b nw liau.

i, xciing ac awai mdlgi w xpl cnncin bwn din lgical p cau, n n and,and alnaiv u caual-pc bvain (cpo), n .

C-ca qualiaiv md dinail a cau a lgical p, xampl, nca cau, ucin cau, and inus cau. y lainip bwn alnaiv p cau and di-n kind cpo i n wll undd. xampl, i a givn caui ad a nca an ucm, a ppd bing an inuscau a ucm, wa a implicain pc acing?I pc acing m aigwad nca cau an inuscau? Alng am lin, xn wic a cpo can indica pnc a paicula lgical p cau il mi u

xplain. xampl, i idnicain a mking gun cpolad dicv a ucin cau? I dicv a cpoa ul u a pibl xplanain lad dicv ab-nc a nca cau? Anw quin lik will advanc mdlg pc acing and caual-pc bvain.

scnd, nw ac bckn b dn n implicain alaiv appac cncp caual innc. xampl, ia cla adp amil mblanc appac cncpualizing

an ucm vaiabl, uc a a din wa cniuingi ucm, will caual pan b gnu wn xplaining ucm? t inuiin i a din caual ac mab ndd xplain ac pcic wa cniuing u-


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144 worldpolitics

cm. Likwi, i a caual ac i cncpualizd uing amilmblanc appac, i i apppia aum mgni in c i caual ac? uzz- maumn ai imila

quin vn wn uing claical appac cncpualizain. inanc, vn i w ca av am uzz- c anucm, ill ma av din c n undling cn-iuiv dimnin a dn i ucm. Qualiaiv acnd b pn pibili a dinc n cniuivdimnin av cnqunc caual anali.

inall, baic quin w and xacl w qualiaivand quaniaiv appac can b cmbind ill nd b -lvd. ti callng invlv n nl pacical pblm bu al

pilpical n.55 Wa i lainip bwn udi ak dvlp cmpniv xplanain ucm in paiculakind ca vu udi a k ima avag c paicula indpndn vaiabl ac a lag numb ca? Canappac gundd in and lgic b cmbind wi ap-pac gundd in pbabili and aiic? Wa i lainip bwn an inus cau and a man caual c? D vai-abl a x ubanivl ignican man caual c in aii-

cal mdl av i c bcau a acuall pbabiliicallnca and/ ucin cau?Man quin cann b anwd ( vn ull cmp-

ndd and appciad) unl cla av a lid backgund in nw qualiaiv mdlg. t bk dicud in i aiclpvid a bai abliing a backgund.

references

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