afro-asian observatoire linguistiquelinguasphere.info/jr/pdf/master/ol-site 1999-2000 master one...

1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 81

1=AFRO-ASIAN phylosector

édition princeps DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000

publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012

foundation edition THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 published online & updated from November 2012

This phylosector covers 43 sets of languages (276 outer languages, comprising 683 inner languages) spoken by communities

across the northern half of the African continent and in western Asia, constituting the "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic"

intercontinental affinity. The component phylozones are numbered in approximate clockwise order, beginning in Northwest Africa.

Zones 10= and 11= cover 2 sets (and nets) of languages spoken or formerly spoken in northern Africa, otherwise known as

"Berber" and "Egyptian". Zone 12= covers one set of languages spoken over an extensive area from northwest Africa to southwest and central Asia and northeast Africa:

10=TAMAZIC 11=COPTIC 12=SEMITIC

Zones 13= to 16= cover 16 sets of languages spoken in northeast Africa, formerly classified together as "Cushitic". There is now evidence to suggest that the languages of Zone 13= (formerly "North Cushitic") and =16 (formerly "West Cushitic"), and probably also Zone 15= (formerly "South Cushitic" or "Paracushitic"), are more safely treated as separate components of the

Afro-Asiatic affinity, and the term "Cushitic" is here restricted to the Central and Eastern languages (in Zone 14=) of a "wider Cushitic" hypothesis:

13=BEJIC phylozone 14=CUSHITIC phylozone 15=EYASIC phylozone

16=OMOTIC phylozone

Zones 17= to 19= cover 24 sets of languages spoken in parts of Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria, constituting three groupings within a wider "Chadic" affinity, which itself forms the most complex component of the Afro-Asiatic intercontinental

affinity:

17=CHARIC phylozone 18=MANDARIC phylozone 19=BAUCHIC phylozone

Languages in zones 11= and 12=, and also 10=, were of particular importance in the early development of writing.

Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One

Les données supplémentaires ou améliorées sur les langues et communautés traitées sous ce secteur seront accueillies

ici : ré[email protected]

Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will

be welcomed here : [email protected]

COLUMN 1 & 2 layers of reference codes and reference-names

COLUMN 3

other nomenclature and notes

COLUMNS 4 & 5

nation-states scale of (+ provinces) and speakers

10= TAMAZIC phylozone

"Tamazic", "Berber" or Tamasheq+Qabaylith set of

languages; part of "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" inter-continental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 4 outer languages) spoken by communities in the highlands, oases and urban areas of Northern Africa:

10-A TAMASHEQ+ QABAYLITH

Forms of the extended cover-name tamazigh or "wider" tamazight are here prefered to the exonym 'berber'.

Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Tunisia; plus migration> France; Israel

7

10-A TAMASHEQ+ QABAYLITH set

BERBER, tamazigh, "wider" tamazight, "tamazic", in [51=] Français: berbère

10-AA TAMASHEQ+ QABAYLITH chain

10-AAA TAMASHEQ+ QABAYLITH net

10-AAA-a Znaga tamazigh-SW., "tamazic"-SW., 'berber'-SW. Mauritania 4

10-AAA-aa znaga zenaga Mauritania (VI region) 4

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

10-AAA-b Tamasheq Tuareg, tamazigh-C., "tamazic"-C., 'berber'-C.; tamahaq, tamachek, tamashekin, tomachek, amazigh; tuareg, touareg community; targi person traditionally Tifinagh script; also Latin script; Arabic script

Algeria; Mali; Niger; Nigeria; Burkina Faso; also Libya

6

10-AAA-ba ta-mahaq mahaq, tamasheq-N. Algeria (Oasis; Saoura); Mali (Gao); also Libya (Awbari)

4

10-AAA-baa ta-masinin masinin, timasinin Zaouia-el-Kahla, Fort Flatters… (Oasis)

10-AAA-bab immidir tadjemout Tadjmout (Oasis; Saoura)

10-AAA-bac ahnet adrar n'ahnet Adrar n'Ahnet massif (Oasis)

10-AAA-bad ta-haggart haggart, tamanrasset, ahaggar-en, ahaggar, hoggar Ahaggar, Hoggar massif

(Oasis)

10-AAA-bae ta-dghaq dghaq, tessalit, kidal Adrar-des-Iforas (Gao); Algeria (Oasis)

10-AAA-baf kel-ajjer ajjer, tassili, ghat, ganet, djanet Tassili-n'-Ajjer plateau … Djanet… Ghat

(Oasis); (Awbari)

10-AAA-bb ta-majeq majeq, ta-mashekin, ta-machek, to-macheck, tamasheq-S. Mali (Gao); Niger (Niamey; Tahoua; Aïr; Agadez); Burkina Faso (Dori); migration> Nigeria

6

10-AAA-bba ta-nslemt nslemt, ta-naslamt, timbuktu Tombouctou+ Goundam (Gao)

10-AAA-bbb ta-wllemmet-W. wllemmet-W., ta-wallammat-tan-ataram, ioullemmeden-W. Niger river-bend

(Gao); (Dori)

10-AAA-bbc ta-wllemmet-E. wllemmet-E., ta-wallammat-tan-dannag, ioullemmeden-E. (Niamey); (Gao)

10-AAA-bbd ta-huwa huwa, ta-houa Tahoua (Tahoua)

10-AAA-bbe ta-yrt yrt, tayart, aïr, agadez Aïr massif (Aïr; Agadez)

10-AAA-bbf ta-nassfarwat nassfarwat, ta-magarast Niger

10-AAA-c Qabaylith+ Tashelhit Kabyle+ Shleuh, tamazigh-N., "tamazic"-N., 'berber'-N. Arabic script; Latin script; recently Tifinagh script

Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt; migration> France; Israel

7

10-AAA-ca ta-shelhit shleuh "proper", shelhit, ta-shlhiyt, ta-chelhait, ta-chel'hit, tachilhit, ta-shilheet, ta-tshalhit, ta-soussit, susiua, shilha "proper", in [51=] Français: chleuh

Morocco (Agadir; Tarfaya; Ouarzazate; Ksar-es-Souk); also Algeria (Saoura)

6

10-AAA-caa oued-dra'a Oued-Dra valley (Agadir; Tarfaya)

10-AAA-cab jbel-bani Jbel-Bani massif (Agadir)

10-AAA-cac 'anti-atlas' Anti-Atlas mountains (Agadir; Ouarzazate)

10-AAA-cad agadir ihaham, "fishermen's" tashelhit Agadir… Ifni coast (Agadir)

10-AAA-cae sus sous Sous plain (Agadir)

10-AAA-caf 'haut-atlas'-W. Haut-Atlas-W. mountains (Ouarzazate)

10-AAA-cb ta-mazight tamazight "proper", mazight, tamazir't, beraber, 'shleuh'-C., 'shilha'-C. Morocco (Ouarzazate; Ksar-es-Souk; Meknès; Fès; Taza-SW.; Oujda-S.); Algeria (Saïda; Saoura)

6

10-AAA-cba meknès Meknès (Meknès)

10-AAA-cbb 'moyen-atlas' Moyen-Atlas mountains (Ksar-es-Souk; Meknès; Fès; Taza-SW.)

10-AAA-cbc 'haut-atlas'-E. Haut-Atlas-E. mountains (Ksar-es-Souk)

10-AAA-cbd dadès Jebel Sahro, Sarre massif… Dadès valley (Ouarzazate)

10-AAA-cbe oranais-C. Tabelbala… Béchar (Saoura)

10-AAA-cbf ksurs Ksour mountains (Oujda-S.); Algeria (Saïda)

10-AAA-cc 'judeo'-tamazight "judeo-berber", "hebraicised berber" influence < [12=] Ivrit (Hebrew) Morocco; exodus> Israel 3

10-AAA-cca 'judeo'-tamazight-W. including Tifnit Morocco

10-AAA-ccb 'judeo'-tamazight-E. "émigré judeo-berber" Tel-Aviv exodus> Israel

10-AAA-cd ghomara ghmara, gmara, part of zenati-NW. Morocco (Tétouan) 3

10-AAA-ce senhaja rif-W., part of zenati-NW., in [51=] Français: senhaja de Srair Rif-W., Riff-W. massif

Morocco (Taza; Oujda) 5

10-AAA-cf ta-rift rift, ta-rifit, ti-rifie, rif, ruafa, rifia, rifi, rifeño, 'shleuh'-N., 'shilha'-N., tamazight-N., part of zenati-NW., in [51=] Français: rifain, rifian Rif, Riff massif ¶the survival and linguistic status of the following communities need to be confirmed

Morocco (Oujda; Al Hoceima; Taza); Algeria (Tlemcen; Oran)

6

10-AAA-cfa aït-amert amert, aït-amar Aït-Amar-ou-Said (Al Hoceima; Taza)

10-AAA-cfb aït-urrighel urrighel, aït-ouriaghel, beni-ouriaghel, beni-ouriarhel (Taza)

10-AAA-cfc ibeqqoyen Morocco

10-AAA-cfd ikebdanen Morocco

10-AAA-cfe iqrâyen Morocco

10-AAA-cff aït-saïd saïd, beni-bou-saïd (Oujda)

10-AAA-cfg temsaman Morocco

10-AAA-cfh aït-tuzin tuzin, aït-touzin Morocco

10-AAA-cfi igeznayen igzennaian Morocco

10-AAA-cfj iznacen beni-iznacen, beni-iznassen Iznassèn mountains… Moulouya valley (Oujda)

10-AAA-cfk djerada Morocco and/or Algeria

10-AAA-cfl lalla-maghnia Lalla Maghnia (Tlemcen)

10-AAA-cfm snus snous, beni-snous (Tlemcen) 3

10-AAA-cfn arzeu Arzeu (Oran)


10-AAA-cg menasser+ metmata menacer+ metmata-W., part of zenati-NW. Algeria (El Asnam) 4

10-AAA-ch tha-qabaylith-C. kabyle, qabaylith, tha-qabayil #from [12=] 'Arabiyya: qabayil =«tribesman» Grande Kabylie massif

Algeria (Tizi-Ouzou; Sétif); migration> France

6

10-AAA-cha zwawa zouaoua, agawawa Djurdjura (Tizi-Ouzou; Sétif)

10-AAA-chb tha-qabaylith-N. Grande Kabylie-N. massif (Tizi-Ouzou)

10-AAA-ci tha-qabaylith-E. qabaylith-E., kabyle-E. Petite Kabylie region Algeria (Sétif); migration> France 6

10-AAA-cj shawiya chaouia, shawia, zenaga, aurès, in [51=] Français: zenati d'Aurès #from [12=] 'Arabiyya: shawia = «shepherds» Aurès massif

Algeria (Batna; Annaba; Constantine; Tébessa); Tunisia (El Kasserine); migration> France

5

10-AAA-cja barika Barika valley (Batna)

10-AAA-cjb batna Batna (Batna)

10-AAA-cjc aïn-beïda beïda Aïn-Beïda (Constantine)

10-AAA-cjd oued-abdi abdi Oued Abdi (Constantine; Tébessa)

10-AAA-cje aurès-W. Aurès-W. (Batna)

10-AAA-cjf aurès-E. Aurès-E. (Batna; Tébessa)

10-AAA-cjg tebéssa Tebéssa mountains (Tébessa)

10-AAA-cjh djerid Djerid region Tunisia (El Kasserine)

10-AAA-ck tugurt tougourt, touggourt, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 4

10-AAA-cka oued-rihr rihr, oued-righ, oued-rir', oued-ghir (Oasis)

10-AAA-ckb tugurt-A. touggourt "proper" Touggourt (Oasis)

10-AAA-ckc témacine Témacine (Oasis)

10-AAA-cl wargla+ ngusa ouargla, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 4

10-AAA-cla wargla ouargla "proper", ouargli Ouargla (Oasis)

10-AAA-clb ngusa ngousa, n'gouça, ngoussi Ngoussi (Oasis)

10-AAA-cm mzab mzabi, part of zenati-sahara, in [51=] Français: mzabite M'zab valley Algeria (Oasis) 4

10-AAA-cma berrian berriane Beriane (Oasis)

10-AAA-cmb ghardaïa Ghardaïa (Oasis)

10-AAA-cmc melika Melika (Oasis)

10-AAA-cmd beni-izgen izgen, beni-isguen Beni-Isguen (Oasis)

10-AAA-cn gurara gourara, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Saoura) 4

10-AAA-cna timimun Timimoun oasis (Saoura)

10-AAA-cnb badrian Badriane (Saoura)

10-AAA-co tuat touat, tuwat, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Saoura) 3

10-AAA-coa tementit Tementit oasis (Saoura)

10-AAA-cob tittaf Tittaf oasis (Saoura)

10-AAA-cp tidikelt tidiheit, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 3

10-AAA-cpa tidikelt-A. tidikelt "proper" Tidikelt desert (Oasis)

10-AAA-cpb tit Tit oasis (Oasis)

10-AAA-cq sened part of zenati-E. Tunisia (Gafsa) 3

10-AAA-cqa sened-A. sened "proper" (Gafsa)

10-AAA-cqb tmagurt tmagourt (Gafsa)

10-AAA-cr ta-mezret metmata-E., part of zenati-E. Tunisia (Gabès; Médenine) 4

10-AAA-cra zrawa zraoua, zaoua, zawa, zeraoua Zarawah (Gabès)

10-AAA-crb taujjurt taoujjout, taujjut Taoujout (Gabès)

10-AAA-crc tamezret-A. temzret, temezret, tamazrat, tamezret Tamazrat (Gabès)

10-AAA-crd shanini chnini Shanini (Médenine)

10-AAA-cre duiret douiret (Gabès or Médenine)

10-AAA-cs jerba djerba, part of zenati-E. Djerba-S. island Tunisia (Djerba) 3

10-AAA-ct zuara zuwarah, zwara, zuraa, part of zenati-E. Zuwarah Libya (Az-Zawiyah) 3

10-AAA-cu nefusi part of zenati-E. Libya (Gharyan-N.) 3

10-AAA-cua jebel-nefusa nefusa, nefousa, nefousi, nefusi "proper" Jebel Nefusa, Nafusah (Gharyan-N.)

10-AAA-cub jemmari (Gharyan-N.)

10-AAA-cuc fossato fassato Fasatah (Gharyan-N.)

10-AAA-cv ghudamis ghadamès, part of zenati-E. Ghadamès. Libya (Gharyan-N.); also Algeria; Tunisia

3

10-AAA-cva ayt-waziten (Gharyan-N.)…

10-AAA-cvb elt-ulid (Gharyan-N.)…

10-AAA-d Sokna+ Siwa tamazigh-E., "tamazic"-E., 'berber'-E., 'oasis-berber' Libya (Sabhah-N.; Banghazi); Egypt

4

10-AAA-da sokna sawknah Awknah oasis… Libya (Sabhah-N.) 3

10-AAA-db wajili awjilah, augila, aoudjila, audjelah, aujila Awjilah oasis Libya (Banghazi) 3

10-AAA-dc siwa siwah, siouwa Siwah oasis Egypt (As-Sahra Al-Gharbiyah)


11= COPTIC phylozone

covers the "Egyptian" or "Coptic" set, part of the "Afro-Asiatic"

or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set (= 1 outer language formerly and perhaps still spoken by communities in Northeast Africa, along the River Nile; still in

liturgical use:

11-A 'COPTIC'

Egypt 2*

11-A 'COPTIC' set EGYPTIAN

11-AA 'COPTIC' chain

11-AAA 'COPTIC' net

11-AAA-a 'Coptic' "christian egyptian"; "copt" community, in [12=] 'Arabiyya: qobt #name from [56=] Helleniki: Aiguptos= «Egypt a late form of

"ancient Egyptian", strongly influence < [56=] Helleniki; in general use until progressively submerged from 7

th century by [12=] 'Arabiyya

(Arabic); extinct as spoken language from c.16th century; written by

Christians in Egypt (Coptic church, from c. 3rd

century until modern times), successively in the "Akhimic" and the "Sahidic" ("Thebean") idioms, until submerged < "Bohayric Coptic" from 11

th century

Egyptian written from c.–3000 in Hieroglyphic script; from c.–1600 progressively supplemented and replaced by cursive Hieratic script; from c.–700 to +500 in Demotic script; written from c.200 in Coptic

(Egyptian modified Greek) script

Egypt 2*

11-AAA-aa 'bohairic-coptic' in [51=] Français: bohayrique, boheirique Nile:Western Delta southwards #name from [12=] 'Arabiyya: al-Buhayrah = «maritime province» written in Memphitic, Alexandrian variety of Coptic script

Egypt (Lower Egypt; Upper Egypt) 2*

11-AAA-aaa 'coptic'-L. "liturgical coptic" surviving as liturgical language of Coptic Church (Lower Egypt; Upper Egypt)

11-AAA-aab zeniyah* "revived spoken coptic" ¶reportedly in spoken use among some Coptic Christians (to be confirmed)

(Lower Egypt…) 2*


12= SEMITIC phylozone

covers the "Semitic" or 'Aramita+ Amarinya set, part of the

"Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 24 outer languages) spoken

by communities in Northern and Northeastern Africa and Western Asia, from the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean to the Black Sea and the Indian Ocean:

12-A 'ARAMITA+ AMARINYA

including 1 arterial language: 'Arabiyya Mashriqi with

'Arabiyya Maghribi (Eastern Arabic with Western Arabic)

For certain reference-names in zone 12=, especially in the Arabic net [12=-AAC], diacritics have been used as follows: subscript dot / ţ, ḍ, ş/ for velarised emphatic consonants; / ħ / for the voiceless pharyngeal fricative; and overlining as in / ā / for long vowels.

Afghanistan; Algeria; Bahrein; Chad; Comores; Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kenya; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Malta; Moldova; Morocco; Oman; Palestine; Qatar; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Somalia; Sudan; Syria; Tajikistan; Tanzania; Tunisia; Turkey; Uganda; Ukraine, United Arab Emirates; Uzbekistan; Western Sahara; Yemen; plus worldwide migrations, including France;

Sweden…

8

12-A 'ARAMITA+ AMARINYA set

SEMITIC, "aramaic+ amharic"

12-AA 'ARAMITA+ 'ARABIYYA chain

"semitic"-C., "aramaic+ arabic"

12-AAA 'ARAMITA net ARAMAIC

12-AAA-a 'Aramita lishshana-'aramita, "aramaic", "syriac", "assyrian", "chaldean", in [51=] Français: araméen, syriaque, in Hebrew: 'aramiit; including modern "neo-aramaic", "neo-syriac", "neo-chaldean" #lishshana, lishana, lishan =«language» written from c.–900 in "Aramaic" Hebraic, Targumic script; Samaritan script; Nabatean script; Mandaean script; Melkite, Melchite, Syro-Palestinian script; Palmyrene script; Estranguelo Syriac, Estrangelo, Estranguela, Edessene script; Neo-

Edessene, Peshitta (=«simple») script; Nestorian Syriac script; Latin script

Palestine; Syria; Lebanon; Iran;

Iraq; Turkey; Azerbaidjan.; in Christian use as far as India; Sri Lanka; China

4

12-AAA-aa shamerit-L. "liturgical samaritan", "palestinian-samaritan aramaic", "liturgical old aramaic", in [12=] Ivrit: shomronit; bene-yisrael, shamerim, shomronim, "samaritan" jewish, kutim community Nabulus, Naplouse; Tel Aviv environs: Holon ¶liturgical language – together with [12=] Ivrit - of small Samaritan Jewish community (around 500 in 1970's); ancient spoken language of Samaritan community, replaced

by [12=] 'Arabiyya from 7th century Samaritan script

Palestine; Israel

12-AAA-ab surit-W. "syriac"-W., "liturgical jacobite", "jacobite syriac" Jacobite Syriac, Serto script

12-AAA-ac surit-E. "syriac-E.", "liturgical nestorian", "nestorian syriac" Nestorian Syriac script

12-AAA-ad ma'lula+ jub-'adin ma'lula, maaloula, "neo-aramaic"-W., "arabised neo-aramaic", "maronite", "maronite christian" community #geographical names

influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya Jabal ash-Sharqi, Anti-Lebanon mountains: Ma'lula+ Bakh'a… Jub'Adin

Syria (Dimashq); Lebanon (al-Biqa); also Palestine

4

12-AAA-ada ma'lula Ma'lula+ Bakh'a… (Dimashq); (al-Biqa)

12-AAA-adb jub-'adin Jub-'Adin… (Dimashq); (al-Biqa)

12-AAA-ae tur-oyo t'uroyo, turyoyo, suroyo, suryoyo, syryoyo, syroyo, torani, "jacobite neo-aramaic", "neo-syriac"-W., "mesopotamian", part of "neo-aramaic"-E., in [51=] Français: soureth occidental; "jacobite christian", assorzi community Tigris upper valley: Tur-'Abdin plateau bilingual < [12=] 'Arabiyya and/or [44=]Türkçe

Turkey (Mardin: Mugla; Sirnak); Syria frontier; migration> Sweden

4

12-AAA-af aisor aissor, lishana, khama, mosul+ urmi, "nestorian", "nestorian neo-aramaic", "neo-assyrian", "neo-syriac"-E., "modern assyrian", part of "neo-aramaic"-E., in [51=] Français: soureth occidental, in [53=] Russkiy: aysorskiy; "nestorian", "nestorian christian", 'assurai community ¶plus migration to Russia after Perso-Russian War (1827-28) & from 1918 bilingual < [58=]Farsi, [44=]Türki and/or [12=] 'Arabiyya

Iran (Azarbaijan-Bakhtari…); Iraq (al-Mawsil; Diyala…); Syria (al-Hasakah); Turkey (Van; Hakkari); plus migration>Armenia; Russia (Caucasus; Moskva; St.Petersburg…); Ukraine

5

12-AAA-afa aisor-F. "standard" aisor Urmi model Iran; Iraq; Turkey…;

12-AAA-afb urmi "neo-assyrian"-CW., in [51=] Français: ourmien Urmia, Ourmia lake: Urmi, Reza'iyeh>N.& S.; migration to Tabriz… Teheran… Hamadan…

(Azarbaijan-Bakhtari…)

12-AAA-afc van ashirat; athurai community Kurdistani mountains further dialects to be distinguished

(Van; Hakkari)

12-AAA-afd khabur Khabur upper valley (migrated from Urmia lake in 1930's) (al-Hasakah)

12-AAA-afe ba'quba Al-Mawsil, Mosul… Ba'quba (migrated from region of Urmia lake several centuries ago)

(al-Mawsil; Diyala…)

12-AAA-ag kald-oyo chaldean, "neo-chaldean", kaldani; including bohtan… aradhin… mengesh; including "uniate", "uniate christian" community linguistically closely linked to the Kurdistan Jewish community (see Nas-Didán, below)

originally Iraq (al-Mawsil); Turkey (Siirt; Hakkari); Syria (al-Qamishli)

5

12-AAA-aga alqosh elkoosh, 'fallani', 'fellihi', 'fillihi' al-Mawsil, Mosul originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-agb tel-kepe tall-kayf, tel-kef Tel-Kef originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-agc dehuk dehok, dohuk, dahuk Dihuk, Dahuk originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-agd al-amadiyah amadiya, amadiyah Al-Amadiyah originally (al-Mawsil)


12-AAA-age jezira gzira, cizre Tigris upper valley: Cizre originally (Siirt); (al-Qamishli); (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-agf zakho zakhu migrated from Turkey to Iraq> Khabur valley: Zakho originally (Siirt); (al-Mawsil);

12-AAA-agg nerwa nerva Nerva Zheri, Nerva Zhur originally (al-Mawsil); (Hakkari)

12-AAA-ah nash-didán judeo-aramaic, "hebraicised aramaic", "jewish aramaic", "pseudo" judeo-kurdish, lishana noshan, lishanid noshan, lishana deni, lishan hudaye, lishan hozaye, lishana axni, lishana didán, lishana-shel-imrani, hulani, jbeli, lakhlókhi influence < [12=] Ivrit (Hebrew) #sometimes improperly called 'kurdit' (literally «[58=] Kurdish») in [12=] Ivrit; or 'judeo-kurdish' in [52=] English; linguistically closely linked to the Chaldean Christian community (see Kald-oyo, above)

originally Iraq (al-Mawsil; Diyala; Irbil; as-Sulaymaniyah); Iran (Kermanshahan; Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari; Kordestan); exodus> Israel; {Transcaucasia}; Russia; Ukraine

4

12-AAA-aha zakho-2 Zakho originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-ahb atrush Atrush originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-ahc al-amadiyah-2 amadiya-2, amadiyah-2 Al-'Amadiyah originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-ahd kara Kara originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-ahe nerwa-2 nerva Nerva Zheri, Nerva Zhur originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-ahf dehuk-2 dehok, dohuk, dahuk Dihuk, Dahuk originally (al-Mawsil)

12-AAA-ahg arbil Irbil… originally (Irbil)

12-AAA-ahh rwanduz Rawanduz originally (Irbil)

12-AAA-ahi salamas salmas Urmia lake>NW.: Salmas originally (Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari)

12-AAA-ahj batas Urmia lake>S.: Beytas originally (Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari)

12-AAA-ahk saqiz Saqqez originally (Kordestan)

12-AAA-ahl sanandaj Sirvan valley: Sanandaj originally (Kordestan)

12-AAA-ahm kerend Zagros mountains: Kerend originally (Kermanshahan)

12-AAA-ahn sulaymaniyya* suleimaniya as-Sulaymaniyah originally (as-Sulaymaniyah); (Kordestan)

12-AAA-aho bet-tanure Tannurah* originally (Diyala)

12-AAA-ahp dobe originally Iraq or Iran

12-AAA-ai hartevan Turkey (Siirt)

12-AAA-aj nasoraye nasooraye, "neo-mandaean", "modern mandaean", "modern mandiac", sabaean, "neo-mandaean christian" community Karun valley

Iran (Khuzistan); adjacent Iraq (Amarah, Basrah)

4

12-AAA-aja ahwaz Ahwaz, Ahvaz (Khuzistan)

12-AAA-ajb khorramshahr Khorramshahr (Khuzistan)

12-AAB IVRIT net HEBREW {Mediterranean}

12-AAB-a Ivrit "hebrew", "hebraic", "canaanite", 'ibriit, jehudit (=«Jewish language») from c.–1400: Cuneiform script; Phoenician script; Punic script; from c.–1200: Hebraic script

Israel; {worldwide diaspora} 6

12-AAB-aa ivrit-tanachit-L. leshon-hakkodesh, ivrit-shel-hatanach, sfat-hatanach, "biblical hebrew", "liturgical hebrew" #leshon-hakkodesh =«sacred language»

Israel; {worldwide diaspora}

12-AAB-ab ivrit-modernit "modern hebrew", "revived spoken hebrew" Russia; Ukraine; Slovakia; Poland; Hungary, etc....; migration>A Israel

6

12-AAB-aba ivrit-F. "modern standard hebrew" Israel…

12-AAB-abb ivrit-ashkenazit "generalised israeli hebrew", "ashkenazi spoken hebrew" Israel…

12-AAB-abc ivrit-sefaradit "sefardic spoken hebrew" Israel…

12-AAB-abd ivrit-temanit* "yemenite-hebrew", "arabised hebrew" influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya Yemen; exodus in 1940's > Israel

12-AAC 'ARABIYYA net ARABIC, al-'arabiyya, arabiyya (from c. –1200 in North Arabian scripts: Lihyanitic; Thamudic; Safaitic); from c.+500 in Arabic scripts; also in Latin (Maltese) and Hebrew (Judeo-Arabic) scripts

12-AAC-a 'Arabiyya-A. faşīħ, fasih, "formal written arabic", "classical arabic"+ "neoclassical arabic" based on the written language of the Quran and the Hadith, preserved and used with little fundamental change until modern times, except for the generation and addition of new vocabulary

Morocco; Mauritania; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Egypt; Sudan; Saudi Arabia; Palestine; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Iraq; {Gulf states}; Yemen; Djibouti; Somalia; Ethiopia; Chad

7

12-AAC-aa al-'arabiyya-L. "koranic arabic", "liturgical arabic" {Islamic world}

12-AAC-ab al-'arabiyya-F. al-fusha, "formal modern arabic", "modern standard arabic", "neo-arabic", "neoclassical arabic", lughatu-es-sahafa (=«language of the press»)

A Algeria; A Saudi Arabia; A Bahrain; A Djibouti; A Egypt; A United Arab Emirates; Ethiopia; A Iraq; A Jordan; A Kuwait; A Lebanon; A Libya; A Morocco; A Oman; A Qatar; A Somalia; A Sudan; A Syria; Tanzania; A Chad; A Yemen; A {UN}

12-AAC-aba al-'arabiyya-W. "literary" maghribi, "modern western standard arabic" {Morocco to Libya}

12-AAC-abb al-'arabiyya-E. "literary" mashriqi, "modern eastern standard arabic" {Libya eastwards}


12-AAC-b Maghribī Arabic-W., maghrebi, "western colloquial arabic", "maghribian", "western settled arabic"

Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Mauritania; Senegal; Mali; Niger; migration> France

7

12-AAC-ba maghribī-W. maghribi "proper", maghrebi "proper", part of "settled maghribi-arabic" Morocco (Marrakech; Safi; Fès; Meknès; Kenitra; Rabat; Oujda; Casablanca; el-Jadida; Tanger; Tétouan); Algeria (Tlemcen; Oran)

7

12-AAC-baa maghrībī-G. "general moroccan arabic" Algeria

12-AAC-bab marrakech Marrakech… Safi (Marrakech; Safi…)

12-AAC-bac fez+ meknès Fès, Fez… Meknès (Fès; Meknès…)

12-AAC-bad rabat+ dar-el-beida Rabat… Dar-el-Beida, Casablanca (Kenitra; Rabat; Casablanca …)

12-AAC-bae tanger Tanger… (Tanger…)

12-AAC-baf tétouan Tétouan… (Tétouan…)

12-AAC-bag oujda Oujda… (Oujda…)

12-AAC-bah tlemcen Tlemcen… (Tlemcen)

12-AAC-bai ouahran Ouahran, Oran… (Oran…)

12-AAC-bb maghribī-E. part of "settled maghribi-arabic" Algeria (Tiaret; Médéa; Algiers; Sétif; Constantine; Annaba); Tunisia (Nabeul; Sousse; Sfax; Gabès; Binzert; el-Kairouan; Tunis); Libya (Tripoli)

7

12-AAC-bba jazā'irī-G. "general algerian arabic" Algeria

12-AAC-bbb cherchel Cherchel (Tiaret; Médéa…)

12-AAC-bbc al-jazā'ir "algiers popular urban arabic" Algiers, Alger (Algiers)

12-AAC-bbd bejaïa Bejaïa, Bougie (Sétif)

12-AAC-bbe jijelli Jijelli, Djidjelli (Constantine)

12-AAC-bbf 'constantine' Constantine… (Constantine; Annaba…)

12-AAC-bbg ifrīqī-G. "coastal tunisian", "general tunisian" (Nabeul; Sousse; Sfax; Gabès)

12-AAC-bbh binzert Binzert, Bizerta (Binzert)

12-AAC-bbi tunis-U. "urban tunisian" Tunis (Tunis)

12-AAC-bbj kairouan El Kairouan (el-Kairouan)

12-AAC-bbk sfax Sfax (Sfax)

12-AAC-bbl ţarābulusī "tripolitanian" Tarabulus, Tripoli (Tripoli)

12-AAC-c Malti Maltese, maltija, al-'arabiyya al-maltiya, "maltese arabic" Malta 5

12-AAC-ca malti "sicilianised" maghribi influence < [51=] Napoletano+Siciliano Malta 5

12-AAC-caa malti-F. "standard maltese" Latin script A Malta (Malta; Gozo)

12-AAC-cab valletta "port maltese" Malta island: Valetta (Malta)

12-AAC-cac zurrieq "traditional maltese"-S. Malta island: Zurrieq (Malta)

12-AAC-cad malti-E. "traditional maltese"-E. Malta-E. island: Zejtun… (Malta)

12-AAC-cae malti-C. "traditional maltese"-C. Malta-C. island: Rabat… (Malta)

12-AAC-caf malti-W. "traditional maltese"-W. Malta-W. island: Mellieha… (Malta)

12-AAC-cag gozo Gozo island (Gozo)

12-AAC-d Badawī- Şaħrāwī* Sahara-Bedouin, including "sahel bedouin" ¶largely nomadic or semi-nomadic; dialects, geographical areas & communities to be confirmed

Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; Sudan; CAR; Cameroon; Niger; Mali; Senegal; Mauritania

7

12-AAC-da ma'qilī-N. Algeria (Tiaret; Saïda; Saoura); Morocco (Oujda; Taza; Ksar-es-Souk; Kenitra; Tétouan; Settat; Marrakech; Safi)

6

12-AAC-daa saïda Saïda>SW. (Tiaret; Saïda)

12-AAC-dab béchar Béchar… (Saoura); (Ksar-es-Souk)

12-AAC-dac muluya Moulouya valley & environs (Oujda; Taza…)

12-AAC-dad sebou Sebou valley… Rif-W. highlands (Kenitra; Tétouan…)

12-AAC-dae oum Oum valley & coastal plain (Settat; Marrakech; Safi…)

12-AAC-db ħassāniyya ma'qili-S., klam-el-bidhan (=«speech of the whites»), 'moorish'; sulaka, hasanya, hassani, hassaniya, mauri, 'moor' community, in [51=] Français: 'maure' #community-name dstinct from [12=] Hassaniyya-E.

Morocco (Tarfaya); Western Sahara; Mauritania; Senegal (Fleuve); Mali (Gao)

6

12-AAC-dba ħassāniyya-N. Tarfaya>E. (Tarfaya)

12-AAC-dbb ħassāniyya-W. Villa Cisneros… Nouadhibou… Nouakchott>E. Western Sahara; Mauritania

12-AAC-dbc ħassāniyya-S. Saint-Louis>E. (Fleuve); (Gao)

12-AAC-dc hilālī-W. "hilalite"-W. community Algeria (Constantine; Sétif; Batna; Saoura; Oasis)

6

12-AAC-dca 'constantine'-SW. Constantine>SW. (Constantine)

12-AAC-dcb 'tell-atlas' Tell-Atlas-C. mountains (Sétif; Batna)

12-AAC-dcc 'grand-erg' Grand-Erg desert (Saoura; Oasis)

12-AAC-dd hilālī-E. "hilalite"-E., zhbāliyya community Tunisia (Gafsa; el-Kasserine; el-Kaf); Algeria (Annaba)

6

12-AAC-dda ksur Ksur, Ksour… (el-Kaf…)

12-AAC-ddb aurès-E. Aurès-E. mountains>E. (Annaba); (el-Kasserine)

12-AAC-ddc gafsa Gafsa… (Gafsa…)


12-AAC-de sulaymī sulaimi, "sulaimite", including maraziqi; sulaym community Algeria (Oasis; Annaba); Tunisia (Tunis; el-Kairouan; Gafsa; Gabès; Médenine); Libya (Gharyan; Fazzan; Benghazi); Egypt (Marsa Matruh)

6

12-AAC-dea el-kala el-Kala hinterland (Annaba)

12-AAC-deb mejerda Mejerda, Medjerda lower valley>S. (Tunis; el-Kairouan…)

12-AAC-dec sulaymī-S. (Oasis); (Gafsa; Gabès; Médenine); (Gharyan)

12-AAC-ded sulaymī-E. including fazzani, fezzani Fezzan desert… Sahra al-Gharbiyah+ al-Libiyah deserts…

(Fazzan; Benghazi); (Marsa Matruh)

12-AAC-df shuwa shua community, in [51=] Français: choa, chowa, arabe du Tchad Chad (Guéra; Moyen-Chari; Salamat; Ouaddaï; Batha; Kanem); Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon

6

12-AAC-dfa shuwa-'chad' Chad, Tchad lake… Chad-W.; Niger-SE.; Nigeria-NE.; Cameroon-N.

12-AAC-dfb guéra+ chari (Guéra; Moyen-Chari…)

12-AAC-dfc salāmāt-W. (Salamat…)

12-AAC-dfd waddai-baţa Abéché… Batha valley (Ouaddaï; Batha)

12-AAC-dfe kanem tubu "arabic" (Kanem…)

12-AAC-dff shuwa-V. shuwa "vehicular" Chad; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon

12-AAC-dg rizaygāt+ felaita baggara; baggaara, baqqarah communities; including salamat-E. #baqqarah, baggara =«cattle-men» ¶cattle-herders ; inter-marriage < [90=] Fulfulde-speaking cattle-herding nomads from West Africa

Sudan (Darfur-S.; Kurdufan-S.&-W.; also nomadic into Bahr-el-Ghazal); Chad

5

12-AAC-dga ta'aysha #community-name Sudan; Chad adjacent; Central African Rep. adjacent

12-AAC-dgb ħabbāniya habaniya #community-name Sudan and/or Chad

12-AAC-dgc rizaygāt rizeigat #community-name (Darfur-S.)

12-AAC-dgd felaita part of misseria-humr, messiriyya-humr #community-name Dar-al-Humr country: el-Fula… #name inherited < [90=] Fulfulde-speaking cattle-keeping nomads from West Africa ; possible influence < [90=] Fulfulde-E. (Fellata)

Sudan (Kurdufan-W.)

12-AAC-dge 'ajaira part of misseria-humr, messiriyya-humr #community-name Dar-al-

Humr country

Sudan (Kurdufan-W.)

12-AAC-dgf messiriyya-zurug misseria-zurug #community-name Sudan (Kurdufan-S.)

12-AAC-dgg baggārī-V. dar-fur "vehicular arabic" Sudan (Darfur-S.); Chad adjacent; Central African Rep. adjacent

12-AAC-dh hawāzma+ sālima kurdufani-SE. Sudan (Kurdufan) 5

12-AAC-dha hawāzma #community-name Nuba hills & environs (Kurdufan)

12-AAC-dhb sālima #community-name between White Nile valley… Nuba hills (Kurdufan)

12-AAC-di kabābīsh+ hawāwīr kurdufani-N. Sudan (Kurdufan; ash-Shamaliya) 5

12-AAC-dia ħamar #community-name Dar-Hamar country (Kurdufan)

12-AAC-dib ħāmid #community-name Dar-Hamid country (Kurdufan)

12-AAC-dic kabābīsh #community-name Kagmar>N. (Kurdufan)

12-AAC-did hawāwīr #community-name ad-Dabbah>S. (Kurdufan; ash-Shamaliya)

12-AAC-die ħassāniyya-E. #community-name Nile bend: Baiyuda desert distinct from [12=] Hassaniyya (North, West & South)

(ash-Shamaliya)

12-AAC-dj juhayna guhayna "proper" community Sudan (An-Nil al-Azraq)

12-AAC-dk shukrī shukriyya community Sudan (Kassala)

12-AAC-e Mashriqī Arabic-E., "eastern colloquial arabic" Libya; Egypt; Sudan; Jordan; Israel & Palestine; Lebanon; Syria; Saudi Arabia; Yemen; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Kuwait; Bahrain; Qatar; Iraq; Iran; Djibouti; Somalia; Comoros

8

12-AAC-ea maşrī-N. "lower egyptian arabic" Egypt ("Lower Egypt": el-Qâhira…); also Libya (Cyrenaica); migration> Iraq; Jordan; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen

7

12-AAC-eaa cairene-F. "formal cairo arabic", in [51=] Français: cairote el-Qahira, Cairo, Caïre…

(el-Qâhira)

12-AAC-eab ħalebī "popular urban cairo arabic", "popular cairene", in [51=] Français: cairote populaire el-Qahira, Cairo, Caïre

(el-Qâhira)

12-AAC-eac 'delta'-E. al-Mansurah… Dumyat… Bur-Sa'id… al-Isma'iliyah… (ad-Daqahliyah; Dumyat; Bur-Sa'id; al-Isma'iliyah…)

12-AAC-ead 'delta'-C. Banha… Tanta… Kafr-ash-Shaykh… (al-Minufiyah; al-Gharbiyah; Kafr-ash-Shaykh…)

12-AAC-eae al-iskandariyya Al-Iskandariyah, Alexandria>W. (al-Iskandariyah…)

12-AAC-eaf barqī "cyrenaican arabic" Banghazi>E. transition < [12=] Maghribi & Badawi-Sahrawi

Libya (Cyrenaica: Banghazi; al-Bayda; Darnah)

12-AAC-eag al-fayyūm faiyuum al-Fayyum (al-Fayyum)

12-AAC-eah banū-suwayf beni-suef, "lower nile arabic" Beni-Suef, Banu Suwayf… (Banu Suwayf)

12-AAC-eai minyā+ asyūţ #geographical names el-Minya… Asyut (Minya; Asyut)


12-AAC-eb şa'idī "upper egyptian arabic", masri-SE. Nile upper Egyptian valley Egypt ("Upper Egypt"); Sudan (ash-Shamaliya)

6

12-AAC-eba qinā Qina, Gina ("Upper Egypt")

12-AAC-ebb al-ba'irāt al-Ba'irat+ al-Uqsur, Luxor… Aswan ("Upper Egypt")

12-AAC-ebc wādī-alfā Wadi-Halfa (ash-Shamaliya)

12-AAC-ebd al-fayyūm faiyuum Al-Fayyum (al-Fayyum)

12-AAC-ec maşrī-SW. "egyptian oases arabic" Egypt ("Upper Egypt")

12-AAC-eca baħriyya bahariyya, bahriyaal-Wahat-al-Bahriyah oasis… ("Upper Egypt")

12-AAC-ecb farāfira Qasr-al-Farafirah oasis ("Upper Egypt")

12-AAC-ecc dākhila dakhlaal-Wahat-ad-Dakhilah oasis & highlands ("Upper Egypt")

12-AAC-ecd khārija khargaal-Kharijah oasis ("Upper Egypt")

12-AAC-ed sūdānī sudani, "sudan nile arabic"; in [51=] Français: arabe du Nil soudanais Sudan; migration> Egypt; Ethiopia 7

12-AAC-eda shayqiyya shaygiyya #community-name west of Nile river-bend (ash-Shamaliya)

12-AAC-edb rubātāb #community-name east of Nile river-bend (ash-Shamaliya)

12-AAC-edc mirāfāb #community-name Atbara downstream (ash-Shamaliya)

12-AAC-edd ja'alī ga'aliyyin #community-name Atbara upstream (ash-Shamaliya)

12-AAC-ede umm-durmān part of kawahla Umm-Durmān, Omdurman (al-Khurtum)

12-AAC-edf al-khurţūm part of kawahla al-Khurtūm, Khartoum (al-Khurtum)

12-AAC-edg kurdufān-V. part of kawahla, "kordofanic settled arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe sédentaire du Kordofan#geographical name

(Kurdufan)

12-AAC-edh rufa'a Blue Nile lower valley: Rufa'a… (an-Nil-al-Azraq)

12-AAC-edi sūdānī-S. "sudan-S. vehicular arabic" (a'Ali-an-Nil…)

12-AAC-ee badawī-maşrī egyptian-bedouin Egypt; also Sudan

12-AAC-eea badawī-maşrī-W. "western desert bedouin" nomadic communities, including mareoti transition < [12=] 'Arabiyya (Mashriqi) several varieties to be identified (Egyptian) Western Desert

(al-Fayyum; Marsa Matruh)

12-AAC-eeb ma'aza part of "eastern desert bedouin" Jabal-Jalalah, Gebel-el-Galala highlands>S.

(al-Bahr-al-Ahmar)

12-AAC-eec 'abābda part of "eastern desert bedouin" #community-name Jabal-as-Siba'i… Jabal-Is… Jabal-Abadab, Red Sea west coast & highlands… Nile right-bank

Egypt ("Upper Egypt"); Sudan (Kassala-N.; ash-Shamaliyah-NE.)

12-AAC-ef badawī-sīnaī sinaï-bedouin, sinaitic arabic" #community-name Suez canal… Sinaï+ Negev deserts… Gaza coast

Egypt (Sina'; Sharqiyah); Palestine (Gaza); Israel (Hanegev)

12-AAC-efa sharqāwī-W. "western" sharqiyya nomadic community west of Suez canal (Sharqiyah)

12-AAC-efb sharqāwī-E. "eastern" sharqiyya nomadic community east of Suez canal (Sina')

12-AAC-efc axrasī axarsa nomadic community (Sina')

12-AAC-efd biyyāḍī biyyadiyya community Bir-al-Abd… Rāb'a… Naghila… Khirba… (Sina') 4

12-AAC-efe dwēgrī dawagra fishing community az-Zugba peninsula… Bardawil lagoon (Sina') 3

12-AAC-eff gaţāwiyya nomadic community-name (Sina')

12-AAC-efg 'alawiyya #community-name Bir-al-Abd district: Gatya oasis (Sina')

12-AAC-efh smē'nī sama'na community Bir-al-Abd district: Gatya oasis (Sina') 4

12-AAC-efi 'gēlī 'agayla community Mediterranean coast: al-Hmesa… Naqid… Bir-al-Kteb…

(Sina')

12-AAC-efj mas'ūdī masa'id nomadic community (Sina')

12-AAC-efk 'ayyādī 'ayayda semi-nomadic community (Sina')

12-AAC-efl turbānī tarabin nomadic community (Sina')

12-AAC-efm swērkī sawarkah nomadic community (Sina')

12-AAC-efn aaywī ahaywat nomadic community (Sina')

12-AAC-efo balawī bili semi-nomadic community (Sina')

12-AAC-efp malālħa #community-name Wadi-al-Arish water-course (Sina')

12-AAC-efq dullām "negev bedouin" #community-name Negev, Néguev desert Israel (Hanegev)

12-AAC-eg ħijāzī "arabian"-W., in [51=] Français: arabique occidentale Saudi Arabia; Jordan; Sudan; Eritrea

6

12-AAC-ega riyāshāt #community-name nomadic community-name Egypt; Palestine; Jordan; Saudi Arabia; Yemen

12-AAC-egb hadarīb #community-name Red-Sea west coast Sudan; Eritrea

12-AAC-egc tanūma "coastal" tihamah community #community-name Red-Sea east coast Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-egd mţēr #community-name Hufuf>N. Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-ege naghdī Naghran

12-AAC-egf 'asīr "valley" tihamah community #community-name Asir mountains Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-egg janādla Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-egh al-madīna Madina, in [51=] Français: Médine Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-egi makka Makkah, Meccala, in [51=] Français: la Mecque Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-egj jedda Jidda, in [51=] Français: Djeddah Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-egk juhaynā #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-egl balī #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-egm mawāhib #community-name Saudi Arabia


12-AAC-egn banu-'aţiyya #community-name Saudi Arabia; also Jordan

12-AAC-ego huwaytāt #community-name Jordan; Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-eh 'syro-palestinian' "arabian-NW.", "levantine-arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe levantin Egypt (Sina'); Palestine (Gaza); Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Cyprus

7

12-AAC-eha 'arāyshī al-Arish (Sina')

12-AAC-ehb gazzāwī Gaza, Gazzah (Gaza)

12-AAC-ehc badawī 'jordan' "jordanian bedouin" several idioms; transition < Badawi-Sinai Jordan

12-AAC-ehd 'transjordanian' "settled transjordanian" Jordan; Palestine; Israel

12-AAC-ehe 'ammanī Amman Jordan

12-AAC-ehf al-khalīl al-Khalil, Hebron Palestine

12-AAC-ehg jerusalem Jerusalem Israel; Palestine

12-AAC-ehh nābulus Nabulus Palestine

12-AAC-ehi jaffa Jaffa, Yafo Israel

12-AAC-ehj haifa Haifa Israel

12-AAC-ehk libnān-'maronite'-S. "christian lebanese"-S.; part of "maronite", "maronite christian" community

Lebanon-S.

12-AAC-ehl libnān-druze druze "lebanese", druze "muslim" community Lebanon-S.

12-AAC-ehm ras-beirut part of beiruti #community-name Beirut Lebanon (Beirut)

12-AAC-ehn musaytbeh mousaytbeh, part of beiruti #community-name Beirut Lebanon (Beirut)

12-AAC-eho ashrafiyyeh part of beiruti #community-name Beirut Lebanon (Beirut)

12-AAC-ehp libnān-'maronite'-N. "christian lebanese"-N.; part of maronite, maronite christian community Lebanon-N.

12-AAC-ehq libnān-sunni-N. sunni "lebanese"; part of sunni, sunni muslim community Lebanon-N.

12-AAC-ehr hawran #community-name Syria-SW.

12-AAC-ehs dimishkī "damascene", in [51=] Français: damascène Damascus, Damas Syria

12-AAC-eht suriyya-C. "syrian"-C. Syria-SC.

12-AAC-ehu badawī-suriyya-NE. urfa, part of "syrian bedouin" Urfa Syria-NE.; Turkey

12-AAC-ehv badawī-suriyya-NW. part of "syrian bedouin" Syria-NW.

12-AAC-ehw anţākya Antakya, Antioch Turkey

12-AAC-ehx kormakiti "cypriot arabic"; maronite cypriot community, part of maronite, maronite christian community Kormakiti

Cyprus-N. 3

12-AAC-ei 'syro-mesopotamian' 'shammari', "arabian"-N., najdi-N., "najdi bedouin"-N., in [51=] Français: arabique du nord

Syria; Jordan-E.; Saudi Arabia-N.; Iraq-C.; Turkey (Siirt)

12-AAC-eia ħadīdīn part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-N.

12-AAC-eib n'aym naim, part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-N.

12-AAC-eic fadl fadhl, part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-S.

12-AAC-eid mawālī part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-S.

12-AAC-eie 'umūr part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Syria

12-AAC-eif slūţ part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Syria; Jordan

12-AAC-eig sirħān part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Wadi-as-Sirhan Syria; Jordan

12-AAC-eih bani-sakhr banu-sakhari, bani-sakhar, part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Jordan; Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-eii sardiyya part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Jordan

12-AAC-eij hā'il haayil Ha'il Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-eik sīrt-S. 'shammari'-C.; part of 'shammar', 'sammar' community Iraq; Saudi Arabia; Syria

12-AAC-eil 'abda part of 'shammari'-S., part of 'shammar', 'sammar' community Saudi Arabia; Iraq

12-AAC-eim qaīm part of 'shammari'-S., al-qasim, al-qasiim #community-name transition < 'Anazi-N.

Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-ein dħafir part of 'shammari'-S., dafiir #community-name transition < 'Anazi-N. Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-eio tayyī part of 'shammari'-N., diyarbekir #community-name Diyarbekir Syria; Turkey

12-AAC-eip sīrt-N. part of 'shammari'-N. Sirt Syria; Turkey (Siirt)

12-AAC-eiq mardin part of iraqi-qeltu Mardin Syria; Turkey

12-AAC-eir basra-NW. part of iraqi-qeltu Syria

12-AAC-eis tadmur palmyra, part of iraqi-qeltu Tadmur, Palmyra Syria

12-AAC-eit tikrīt tikriit, part of iraqi-qeltu Tikriit Iraq

12-AAC-eiu 'anah 'Anah Iraq

12-AAC-eiv hīt hiit Hiit Iraq

12-AAC-eiw mosul Tigris upper valley Iraq

12-AAC-ej 'anazī-NE. "arabian"-NE., in [51=] Français: arabique du nord-est Iraq; Iran (Khuzestan) 6

12-AAC-eja khuzistanī Kaaruun middle & upper valley… Zagros western slopes (Khuzestan)

12-AAC-ejb shaţţ -al-'arab Kaaruun lower valley… Shatt-al-Arab delta (Khuzestan)

12-AAC-ejc bassora basra-SE. Basra Iraq (Basra)

12-AAC-ejd dijlah Dijlah, Tigris lower valley Iraq (Maysaan)

12-AAC-eje furāt al-Furat, Euphrates lower valley Iraq (Dhi-Qaar; al-Muthanna; al-Qaadisiyah; Baabil)

12-AAC-ejf baghdādī including "muslim" baghdadi… "christian" baghdadi… "jewish" baghdadi Baghdad

Iraq (Baghdaad)

12-AAC-ejg kawāwila kawaawila "gipsy", romani-arabic #community-name =«from Kabul» Iraq (Khuzistan)


12-AAC-ek kuwaytī+ qaarī "arabian"-E., in [51=] Français: arabique orientale Persian Gulf west coast

Iraq; Kuwait; Saudi Arabia; Bahrain; Qatar; migration> Egypt

12-AAC-eka zubairi zubair+ fau Zubair… Fau Iraq

12-AAC-ekb kuwaytī kuwaiti, including bani-khalid… sha'a Kuwait

12-AAC-ekc hasāwi Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-ekd baţrainī bahraini, 'arab-baharnah; bahrein sunni community Bahrein

12-AAC-eke qaţari-N. Qatar

12-AAC-ekf qaţari-S. Qatar

12-AAC-ekg abu-dhabī "trucial-coast-arabic" Abu-Dhabi United Arab Emirates

12-AAC-ekh buraimī Al-Buraymi United Arab Emirates-E.; Oman-N.

12-AAC-el 'anazī-N. "arabian"-CN., najdi-C., "central najdi bedouin" Saudi Arabia; Jordan; Syria.; Iraq 6

12-AAC-ela sba'a #community-name Syria

12-AAC-elb ħsana hasana #community-name Syria

12-AAC-elc fid'ān #community-name Syria; Iraq

12-AAC-eld wild-'alī #community-name Saudi Arabia; Syria; Iraq

12-AAC-ele rwala #community-name Saudi Arabia; Iraq; Jordan

12-AAC-elf 'amārāt #community-name Iraq

12-AAC-elg sharārāt #community-name Saudi Arabia; Jordan

12-AAC-elh bani-wahb #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-eli wild-sulaymān #community-name Sulayman Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-elj hutaym #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-em 'anazī-C. arabian-C., najdi-S., najdi-S. bedouin, in [51=] Français: arabique central

Saudi Arabia; Bahrein; United Arab Emirates

6

12-AAC-ema arb #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emb muţayr mutair #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emc 'awāzim #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emd bani-khālid #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-eme bani-hājir #community-name Hajar Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emf baarnah shi'I-bahraini #community-name Bahrein

12-AAC-emg 'ijmān 'ajman #community-name 'Ajman United Arab Emirates

12-AAC-emh sbay' #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emi hufūf hofuf al-Hufuf Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emj riyādh riyadh Riyadh Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emk 'utayba 'utaiba #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-eml dawāsir #community-name Wadi-al-Dawasir valley Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emm gāhtān qahtan #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emn banu-yāim yaim, yam #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emo āl-murra #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emp manāsīr #community-name Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates

12-AAC-emq shiu al-shihuh #community-name United Arab Emirates

12-AAC-emr sudair #community-name Sudair Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-ems bīshah #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emt najrān #community-name Najran… Najran desert Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-emu rashāyda #community-name Saudi Arabia

12-AAC-en omanī "settled-arabian"-SE., hadar, hadari, hadari omani, "settled" omani, in [51=] Français: arabique sédentaire du sud-est

Oman 6

12-AAC-ena sharqiyya #community-name Oman

12-AAC-enb masqaţī Masqat, Muscat port Oman

12-AAC-enc batina #community-name Oman

12-AAC-end hajar-W. #community-name Oman

12-AAC-ene jabal-akhar banu-kharus Jabal-al-Akhadar mountains Oman

12-AAC-eo omanī-badawī "bedouin-arabian"-SE., omani bedouin, in [51=] Français: arabique bédouin du sud-est

Oman

12-AAC-eoa janabah #community-name Oman-C.

12-AAC-eob dufār dhofar, zufar Dhufar massif Oman-W

12-AAC-ep yemenī "arabian"-SW., "yemenite arabic", in [51=] Français: arabique du sud-ouest

Yemen 6

12-AAC-epa mahra-bedawī Yemen

12-AAC-epb hadramī "settled" hadramawti Hadramawt region Yemen

12-AAC-epc hadramī-bedawī hadramawti 2, hadramawti bedouin Hadramawt region Yemen

12-AAC-epd dathīna Dathina massif Yemen

12-AAC-epe musaymir Misaymir massif Yemen

12-AAC-epf mukalla+ shuqra' #geographical names Mukalla… Shuqra' Yemen

12-AAC-epg 'adanī adeni Aden Yemen


12-AAC-eph tihāmī-S. hujariyah, hojeria Tihaama coastal plain, Mukha Yemen

12-AAC-epi tihāmī-SC. Tihaama coastal plain, Zabid Yemen

12-AAC-epj tihāmī-NC. Tihaama coastal plain, Hudaydah Yemen

12-AAC-epk tihāmī-N. Tihaama coastal plain, Luhayyah Yemen

12-AAC-epl hujariyya-S. hojeria-S., ta'iz #community-name Ta'izz mountains Yemen

12-AAC-epm hujariyya-C. hojeria-C. #community-name Tariifah massif Yemen

12-AAC-epn hujariyya-N. hojeria-N. #community-name Manaakhah mountain Yemen

12-AAC-epo awd #community-name Ibb-Qa'tabah… Yemen plateaux-SW. Yemen

12-AAC-epp 'ammar #community-name Yemen plateaux-SE. Yemen

12-AAC-epq dhamaar-yariim #community-name Yemen plateaux-CS. Yemen

12-AAC-epr san'ānī san'a'i, "yemeni-N. vehicular" San'aa Yemen

12-AAC-eps wadi-al-jawf Yemen-NE. plateaux Yemen

12-AAC-ept arhab #community-name Yemen-NE. plateaux Yemen

12-AAC-epu husayn #community-name Yemen-NE. plains Yemen

12-AAC-epv dahm #community-name Yemen-NE. plains Yemen

12-AAC-epw sa'da #community-name Yemen plateaux Yemen

12-AAC-epx jibla #community-name Yemen

12-AAC-epy el-odein #community-name Yemen

12-AAC-eq 'perso-arabic' fars, 'anazi-E., "persianised arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe persisé influence < [58=] Farsi Persian Gulf east coast

Iran 5

12-AAC-er zanjī "african coastal arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe maritime africain Djibouti; Somalia; Ethiopia (Ogaden); Kenya (Coast); Tanzania (Zanzibar); Comores

6

12-AAC-era jibutī djibouti Jibuti, Djibouti Djibouti

12-AAC-erb somalia-N. "somalian-N. maritime arabic" #geographical name Somalia

12-AAC-erc somalia-C. "somalian-C. inland arabic" #geographical name Somalia; (Ogaden)

12-AAC-erd somalia-S. "somalian-S. maritime arabic" #geographical name Somalia

12-AAC-ere kenyanī "kenyan maritime arabic" (Coast)

12-AAC-erf zanzibarī zanzibari, "zanzibar arabic" Zanzibar island (Zanzibar)

12-AAC-erg komorī "comorian arabic"; in [51=] Français: arabe comorien Comores islands

Comores

12-AAC-f 'Arabo-Creole' "african arabic creoles" Chad; Sudan; Uganda; Kenya 6

12-AAC-fa babaliya babalia, bubalia, "chadian arabic creole" Chad-S. 5

12-AAC-fb juba juba "arabic", "sudanese arabic creole" Juba environs, White-Nile upper valley

Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal; (Equatoria)

5

12-AAC-fc ki-nubi nubi, noubi, "east-african arabic creole" Uganda (Kampala); Kenya (Nairobi)

4

12-AAC-fca nubi-kampala Kampala (Kampala)

12-AAC-fcb nubi-kibera Nairobi-Kibera (Nairobi)

12-AAC-g 'Judeo-Arabic'

"hebraicised arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe hébraïcisé influence < [12=] Ivrit (Hebrew) Hebraic script

Morocco; Tunisia; Libya; Iraq; migration> Israel; France; Italy

5

12-AAC-ga 'judeo-moroccan' in [51=] Français: judéo-marocain Morocco; migration> Israel 5

12-AAC-gaa fès Fès, Fez Morocco

12-AAC-gab dar-el-beida Casablanca, Dar-el-Beida Morocco

12-AAC-gac 'judeo-moroccan'-E. Tel-Aviv migration> Israel

12-AAC-gb 'judeo-tunisian' in [51=] Français: judéo-tunisien Tunis Tunisia; migration> France; Israel…

12-AAC-gc yudī "judeo-libyan" Libya; migration> Italy

12-AAC-gd yahudī yahudic, "judeo-iraqi" Iraq; migration> Israel 5

12-AAC-h Jugarī "central-asian arabic", "turko-persianised arabic", in [51=] Français: arabe turco-persisé #use of name jugari to be confirmed

Afghanistan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan 4

12-AAC-ha jugarī influence < [58=] Farsi (Persian) and [44=]Türkçe Afghanistan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan 4

12-AAC-haa balkh balkh "arabic" Balkh region Afghanistan-N. 3

12-AAC-hab bukhara bukhara "arabic" Bukhara… Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; also

Afghanistan

3

12-AAC-hac kaska-darya uzbek "arabic", kashka-darya "arabic" Kashka-Darya ; influenced also by [42=] Oghuz ¶spoken by elderly villagers in 1940's; perhaps extinct

Uzbekistan 2*

12-AAC-i Jakatī* jat; jati; jatu, kayani, musali; jakati semi-nomadic community ¶apparently originating in Afghanistan, Pakistan or India, but all information on this community and their language remains to be confirmed #name perhaps related to that of [59=] Jad-gali (Jat) in Pakistan

Moldova; Ukraine; Russia; Afghanistan; Uzbekistan; Tadjikistan

5

12-AAC-ia jakatī-W. "european jakati" Moldova; Ukraine; Russia (Europe)

12-AAC-ib jakatī-E. "asian jakati" Russia (Asia); Afghanistan; Uzbekistan; Tadjikistan


12-AB MAHRI+ SQATRI chain

SOUTH-ARABIAN, "meso-semitic", in [51=] Français: sudarabique from c.–750: epigraphic South Arabian scripts (Minean; Sabaean; Qatabanian; Awsanite; Harani)

12-ABA MAHRI+ JIBBALI net

12-ABA-a Mahri+ Jibbali mahri+ shahari, mahri+ shehri Oman; Yemen; migration> Kuwait 4

12-ABA-aa mahri mehri Oman; Yemen; migration> Kuwait 4

12-ABA-aaa mahra mahra community Mahra Oman; Yemen

12-ABA-aab biljaf biljaf, bil-haf community Oman

12-ABA-aac nagdi Oman

12-ABA-aad bait-kathir #community-name submerged < [12=] 'Arabiyya Oman 0

12-ABA-ab arsusi harsuusi Oman-C. 2

12-ABA-aba harsusi harsuusi, harusi, harasis, harsusi community Oman-C.

12-ABA-abb aforit afar community Oman-C.

12-ABA-ac bautahari botahari, bathari, bathara Batahirah region Oman; Yemen

12-ABA-ad jibbali jibbaali, gablet Oman

12-ABA-ada shehri shahari, shauri, sahri, shawri, shero, shahara, shehri community, jibbali-E.

Oman

12-ABA-adb qarawi kharawi, grawi, qara, qarawi community Oman

12-ABA-adc ahkali ahklo, ehkili, ehkali, hakili, ahkali, ash community Oman

12-ABA-add bajahama bajahama, barahama community Oman

12-ABA-ade shaikin shaikin community Oman

12-ABA-adf hallaniyi hallanyi, kuria-muria, khuryan-muryan Khuryan-Muryan islands:

Hallanyi island

Oman

12-ABA-ae habyot hobyot, jibbali-W. Oman; Yemen

12-ABB SQATRI net SOCOTRAN, "insular south-arabian", in [51=] Français: sudarabique insulaire

12-ABB-a Sqatri Latin script Yemen (Socotra) 4

12-ABB-aa sqatri skatri, soqotri, sokotri, socotri Yemen (Socotra) 4

12-ABB-aaa socotra Suqutra, Socotra, Socotora island (Socotra)

12-ABB-aab abd-el-kuri Abd-el-kuri, Abd-el-kouri island (Socotra)

12-AC AMARINYA+ GE'EZ chain

ETHIO-SEMITIC, "ethiopian semitic", "ethiopian", in [51=] Français: sémitique éthiopien

12-ACA GE'EZ+ TIGRE net

12-ACA-a Ge'ez Ethiopic from c.250: South Arabian script pre-Ethiopic script Ethiopic script

Ethiopia 3*

12-ACA-aa ge'ez giiz, lisane-ge'ez, lisane-sehuf, "ethiopic", "classical ethiopian", in [51=] Français: guèze, ghèze, ghez, éthiopique; including "liturgical" ge'ez… "archival" ge'ez… qine, "modern poetic" ge'ez # ge'ez =«free»; lisane-ge'ez =«language of the free»; lisane-sehuf =«literary language» Aksum empire… ¶flourished from c.350; translation of Bible and liturgy of Ethiopian church from c.450; still in liturgical and poetic use

(Qine poetry)

Ethiopia (Tigre…)

12-ACA-b Tigre Ethiopic script Ethiopia; Eritrea; Sudan 5

12-ACA-ba tigre tigré, khasa Ethiopia (Tigre); Eritrea-N.; Sudan (Kassala)

5

12-ACA-baa khasa khasa "proper", xasa, khasy, el hasa (Tigre); Eritrea-N.; (Kasssala)

12-ACA-bab habaab (Tigre)

12-ACA-bac mensa mansa (Tigre)

12-ACA-bad mesewa masawa, massawa; massaoua, massaua, messawa Mesewa Eritrea

12-ACA-bae lobot lobot community, part of beni-'aamir, beni-amir, beni-amer community Eritrea

12-ACA-baf dahlak Dahlak archipelago Eritrea

12-ACA-c Tigray Tigrinya Ethiopic script Eritrea; Ethiopia; migration> Israel 6

12-ACA-ca tigray habesha, in [12=] Amarinya: tigrinya, tigrinja, tigrinia A Eritrea; Ethiopia (Tigre; Gonder). 6

12-ACA-caa khamasen tigray-N., hamasen Eritrea-C.

12-ACA-cab tigray-S. (Tigre; also Gonder)

12-ACB AMARINYA+ ARGOBBINYA net

"WIDER"-AMHARIC

12-ACB-a Amarinya amaharinya, amharic, abyssinian, "modern ethiopian", lisane-nigus from c.1400: Ethiopic script #lisane-nigus (=«language of the king»)

Ethiopia; migration> Israel 7

12-ACB-aa amarinya-F. "formal standard amharic" A Ethiopia 7

12-ACB-ab amarinya-G. "general spoken amharic" Ethiopia (Shewa, Gonder, Gojam, Welega, Wello, Harerge, Arusi, Gemu Gofa); also Sudan

12-ACB-aba addis-ababa Addis-Ababa, Addis-Abéba (Shewa)

12-ACB-abb gonder Gonder (Gonder)

12-ACB-abc gojjam Derbre-Marqos (Gojam)

12-ACB-abd welega-W. wellegga-W. (Welega); Sudan adjacent

12-ACB-abe welega-N. wellegga-N. (Welega)


12-ACB-abf wello (Wello)

12-ACB-abg shewa-NE. Menz (Shewa)

12-ACB-abh shewa-E. (Shewa)

12-ACB-abi ahmar Ahmar-C. mountains (Harerge)

12-ACB-abj arusi Arusi mountains (Arusi)

12-ACB-abk boneya Shamo-S. lake: Boneya (Gemu Gofa)

12-ACB-b Argobbinya argobba Ethiopia (Shewa, Harerge) 3

12-ACB-ba ankober argobbinya-N. Ankober-N. massif (Shewa) 3

12-ACB-bb argobbinya-S. argobbinya-harar Harar, Harer massif-SW. (Harerge) 0

12-ACC GESINAN+ SILTI net HARARI

12-ACC-a GESINAN Arabic script Ethiopia (Harerge) 4

12-ACC-aa ge-sinan harari, harer, adare, adari, in [12=] Amarinya: aderinya Harar ville Ethiopia (Harerge) 4

12-ACC-b Silti+ Zway gurage-E. Gurage mountains Ethiopia (Shewa) 5

12-ACC-ba zway ziway, gelilla, laqi community Ziway lake: Gelilla island Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACC-bb walane wolane, weleni Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACC-bc silti selti, gurage-E. "standard" Silti #gurage is otherwise a cover-term for languages of the [12=] Gura+ Gogot net Ethiopic script

Ethiopia (Shewa) 5

12-ACC-bca silti-A. silti "proper", (Shewa)

12-ACC-bcb inneqor enneqor (Shewa)

12-ACC-bcc urbareg (Shewa)

12-ACC-bd mesmes Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACD GAFAT net X 12-ACD-a Gafat formerly Ethiopia (Gojam) 0

12-ACD-aa gafat in [12=] Amarinya: gafatinya Blue Nile upper right-bank ¶extinct Ethiopia (Gojam) 0

12-ACE GURA+ GOGOT net "WIDER"-GURAGE #the term gurage is also applied to Silti (Gurage-E.) in the adjacent [12=] Gesinan+Silti net

12-ACE-a Gogot+ Soddo gurage-N. Gurage mountains Ethiopia (Shewa) 5

12-ACE-aa soddo Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACE-aaa soddo-A. Sodo (Shewa)

12-ACE-aab aymallel aymellel, gelilla 2 #distinct from [12=] Zway /Gelilla (Shewa)

12-ACE-ab gogot Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACE-aba gogot-A. goggot (Shewa)

12-ACE-abb dobi Dobi (Shewa)

12-ACE-ac kistane kestane Kistana Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACE-ad muxir muher, muxer transition < [12=] Gurage-C. Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACE-b Gura+ Innamor gurage-C. Gurage mountains Ethiopic script Ethiopia (Shewa) 5

12-ACE-ba misqan mesqan, masqan, maskan Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACE-bb gura guragie, gouraghie, gurague, gurage "proper", guraage-C. "standard" Ethiopia (Shewa) 5

12-ACE-bba gura-A. Welqite (Shewa)

12-ACE-bbb izha ezha, eza (Shewa)

12-ACE-bbc gumer gwemara Gumer (Shewa)

12-ACE-bbd chaha caha, cheha (Shewa)

12-ACE-bbe muher muxer (Shewa)

12-ACE-bc innamor ennemor, ennamor Innamora Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACE-bca innamor-A. innamor "proper" (Shewa)

12-ACE-bcb ener enor, inor (Shewa)

12-ACE-bcc meger (Shewa)

12-ACE-bd geto gieta, gyeto, gyeta Geto Ethiopia (Shewa)

12-ACE-c Indiagegn gurage-SW. Gurage mountains Ethiopia (Shewa) 5

12-ACE-ca indiagegn indageny, indiagegne, endegen, indagen, endagany, enedegeny Ethiopia (Shewa) 5


13= BEJIC phylozone

covers the Beja, Bedauye or "North Cushitic" set within the

"Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity (and part of the former "wider Cushitic" hypothesis within that

intercontinental affinity); comprising 1 set (= 1 outer-language) spoken by nomadic communities in Northeast Africa, inland from the Red Sea coast:

13-A BEDAUYE

Egypt; Eritrea; Sudan 6

13-A BEDAUYE set BEJA, "cushitic"-N.

13-AA BEDAUYE chain

13-AAA BEDAUYE net

13-AAA-a Bedauye Sudan (Kassala); Eritrea.; also Egypt

6*

13-AAA-aa ti-bedauye ti-bedaauye, ti-bedawye, tu-bedawie, to-bedawye, bedja, bedawiye, bedawi, bedwi, bedya, beja, "wider" hadareb bilingual < [12=] 'Arabiyya and/or [12=] Tigre

Sudan (Kassala); Eritrea-W.; also Egypt-SE.

6*

13-AAA-aaa 'ababde bedauye-N. ¶Bedauye-speaking in early 19th cent ; now submerged <

[12=] 'Arabiyya (Kassala); also Egypt 0*

13-AAA-aab bishari bisariab, bisharin-umm-ali, bisharin community, bedauye-CN. (Kassala) 4

13-AAA-aac halenga halanga (Kassala)

13-AAA-aad arteiga (Kassala)

13-AAA-aae amarar bedauye-CS.; part of beni-'aamir, beni-amir, beni-amer community ; partially submerged < [12=] Tigre

(Kassala); Eritrea-W.

13-AAA-aaf hadareb hadaareb, hadareb community #the term hadareb is also applied to all Bedauye-speakers in Eritrea

Eritrea-W.; also (Kassala)

13-AAA-aag hadendiwa hadendoa, hadendowa community, bedauye-SW. (Kassala-S.) 4


14= CUSHITIC phylozone

covers the "Central & East Cushitic" grouping, within the

"Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity (and part of the former "wider Cushitic" hypothesis within that inter-continental affinity); comprising 7 sets of languages (= 25

outer languages) spoken by communities in Northeast and East Africa, from the southeastern Sahara through the Horn of Africa to the East African coast:

14-A BILIN+ AWNGI 14-B SAHO+ 'AFAR

14-C SIDAAMO+ BURJI 14-D WAZE+ TSAMAKULA

14-E YAAKU 14-F BORENA+ DIRASHAT

14-G SOOMAALI+ DASENACH

Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Somalia

7

14-A BILIN+ AWNGI set AGAW, "highland cushitic"-N., "cushitic"-C.

14-AA BILIN+ KEMANTENAY chain

14-AAA BILIN net agaw-N.

14-AAA-a Bilin Keren environs Eritrea (Keren); also Ethiopia (Tigre)

5

14-AAA-aa bilin bileyn, bilayn, bilein, bilen, belen, balen, beleni, bileno, bogo, bogos, agaw-N., in [12=] Amarinya: bileninya

Eritrea (Keren); also Ethiopia (Tigre)

5

14-AAA-aaa senhit tarqe, tarqeqwer, bet-tarqe (Keren)

14-AAA-aab halhal taqwer; bet-taqwe community Halhal (Keren)

14-AAB KEMANTENAY+ KWARA net

agaw-W.

14-AAB-a Kemantenay+ Kwara Tana lake… Aykel>N. Ethiopia 4

14-AAB-aa kemantenay+ Kwara qimanteney, qimant, kimant, kimanta, kemant, kamant, kemanat, kimanteney, qemant, chemant, 'agaw'-W., in [12=] Amarinya: kimantinya

Ethiopia (Gonder) 4

14-AAB-aaa ci'elga (Gonder)

14-AAB-aab karkar (Gonder)

14-AAB-ab dembiya dämbiya, dembya Dembiya ¶extinct language Ethiopia (Gonder) 0

14-AAB-ac kwara quara, qwera, quarasa, quarina, koura, kara, falashi, falasha, felasha, yihudi, 'kayla'; black jewish, jews of falasha community ¶perhaps extinct

Ethiopia (Gonder); migration> Israel

0*

14-AAB-aca tana Tana lake>N. (Gonder)

14-AAB-acb kwara-addis Addis Ababa ¶émigré community (Shewa)

14-AAC XAMTANGA+ XAMIR net

agaw-E.

14-AAC-a Xamtanga+ Xamir Ethiopia 3

14-AAC-aa xamtanga xamtinga, hamtonga, khamtanga Wello-NW. mountains Ethiopia (Wello; Tigre) 3

14-AAC-ab xamta hamta, khamta ¶extinct formerly Ethiopia (Tigre) 0

14-AAC-ac xamir khamir, khamit, kamir, chamir, xamin, chamin, khamara, hamara, hamra ¶extinct

formerly Ethiopia 0

14-AAC-aca waag xamir-N. Ethiopia

14-AAC-acb soqota xamir-S. Ethiopia

14-AAC-ad abergelle-agaw chiracha-agaw, tcheratz-agaw, lasta-agaw Abergelle, Avergelle ¶extinct

formerly Ethiopia (Tigre) 0

14-AB AWNGI+ KUNFEL chain

agaw-S.

14-ABA AWNGI+ KUNFEL net

14-ABA-a Awngi+ Kunfel Ethiopia (Gojam; Gonder); Eritrea 4

14-ABA-aa awngi awawar, agau, agaw, awi, awiya, agew, agow, agaw-S. ¶spoken by scattered agricultural communities bilingual < [12=] Amarinya and/or [12=] Tigray

Ethiopia (Gojam; Gonder); Eritrea 4

14-ABA-aaa dangla Dangla, Dangila (Gojam)

14-ABA-aab damot (Gojam)

14-ABA-aac metekkel Ethiopia and/or Eritrea

14-ABA-aad agew-midir #agew-midir=«Agaw country» (Gojam)

14-ABA-ab kunfel kunfäl, kunfal, kumfel, kwallanyoc, kwollanyoch Tana lake>W. (Gonder)

14-B SAHO+ 'AFAR set "lowland cushitic"-N.; part of "cushitic"-E.

14-BA SAHO+ 'AFAR chain

14-BAA SAHO+ 'AFAR net

14-BAA-a Saho Eritrea; Ethiopia (Tigre) 5

14-BAA-aa saho sao, shaho, shoho, shiho Eritrea; (Tigre) 5

14-BAA-aaa assaorta 'assaorta Eritrea

14-BAA-aab miniferi Eritrea; (Tigre)

14-BAA-aac irob agame (Tigre)

14-BAA-aad hazu hadu ; transitional dialect to [14=] 'Afar (Tigre)


14-BAA-b 'Afar Danakil plain… Red Sea coast Ethiopia; Eritrea; Djibouti 5

14-BAA-ba 'afar-af 'afar, qafar, adal, in [12=] 'Arabiyya: danakil, denkel #'afar-af =«mouth of afar»

Ethiopia (Tigre; Wello; Harerge; Shewa); Eritrea; Djibouti

5

14-BAA-baa afar-NW. Danakil plain (Tigre, Wello)

14-BAA-bab afar-NE. Red Sea coast: Djibouti… Amarti Eritrea; Djibouti

14-BAA-bac ba'adu baadu, afar-SW. (Wello, Shewa)

14-BAA-bad aussa afar-S. Aussa (Wello. Harerge)

14-C SIDAAMO+ BURJI set

"highland cushitic"-C.; part of "cushitic"-E.

14-CA SIDAAMO+ HADIYYA chain

14-CAA HADIYYA+ LIBIDO net

14-CAA-a Hadiyya+ Libido Ethiopia 6

14-CAA-aa hadiyya hadiya, hadia, hadya, adiye, adea, 'gudeilla', 'gudella' Ethiopia (Shewa) 6

14-CAA-aaa leemo Omo valley (Shewa)

14-CAA-aab shashago (Shewa)

14-CAA-aac soro (Shewa)

14-CAA-ab libido Ziway lake>W. Ethiopia (Shewa) 5

14-CAA-aba libido-A. (Shewa)

14-CAA-abb maroqo maroko (Shewa)

14-CAB KEMBAATA+ ALABA net

14-CAB-a Kembaata+ Alaba Omo valley… Zway lake Ethiopia 6

14-CAB-aa timbara+ qebena Omo left-bank Ethiopia (Shewa)

14-CAB-aaa timbara timbaro, timbaaro, tambaro (Shewa)

14-CAB-aab qebena qabena, kebena, k'abena (Shewa)

14-CAB-ab kembaata kambatta, kabata, kembatta, kembata, kemata, kambara, donga, in [12=] Amarinya: kembatinya

Ethiopia (Shewa) 6

14-CAB-ac alaba halaba, allaaba west of Shala lake Ethiopia (Shewa) 4

14-CAC SIDAAMO net

14-CAC-a Sidaamo Abaya lake>NE. Ethiopia 6

14-CAC-aa sidaamo-'afo sidaamo, sidamo, sidama, sidamo-k'ale, in [12=] Amarinya: sidaminya #sidaamo-'afo =«mouth of sidamo»

Ethiopia (Sidamo) 6

14-CAC-aaa sidaamo-N. (Sidamo)

14-CAC-aab sidaamo-SW. (Sidamo)

14-CAC-aac sidaamo-E. (Sidamo)

14-CAD GEDE-INKE net deresa

14-CAD-a GEDE-INKE Abaya lake Ethiopia 5

14-CAD-aa gede-inke-afa'o gede, gede-inke, gede'o, geddeo, deresa, derasa, darasa, darassa, derasanya #gede-inke-afa'o =«mouth of gede-inke»

Ethiopia (Sidamo) 5

14-CAD-aaa gede'o-N. (Sidamo)

14-CAD-aab gede'o-S. (Sidamo)

14-CB BURJI chain DAASHE

14-CBA BURJI net

14-CBA-a Burji Ethiopia; migration> Kenya 4

14-CBA-aa burji daashe, daash, dashe, bambala, bambara, bembala Ethiopia (Sidamo); also Kenya 4

14-CBA-aaa burji-A. in [12=] Amarinya: burjinya Burji (Sidamo)

14-CBA-aab hagere-maryam Hagere-Maryam escarpment (Sidamo)

14-CBA-aac burji-marsabit Turkana, Rudolf lake>E. migration> Kenya

14-D WAZE+ TSAMAKULA set

werize+ tsamai, dullay, "highland cushitic"-CS., 'werizoid'; part of "cushitic"-E.

14-DA WAZE+ TSAMAKULA chain

14-DAA WAZE+ TSAMAKULA net

14-DAA-a Waze+ Beze werize, ala Shamo+ Stefanie lakes… Dullay valley Ethiopia 5

14-DAA-aa go-waze waze, go-wase, goraze, orase, werize "proper", warase, warazi, werize"proper"

Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 5

14-DAA-ab go-beze beze, do-base, ko-pase, d'oopace, d'opaasunte Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4

14-DAA-aba mashili "upper" mashile, michile, mashelle, masholle, mosiye, musiye

distinct from neighbouring [14=] Mashile ("lower" Mashile)

(Gemu Gofa)

14-DAA-abb bussa-E. Bussa (Gemu Gofa)

14-DAA-abc lohu (Gemu Gofa)

14-DAA-ac harso innxarsi Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3


14-DAA-ad go-lango lango, we-lango, gollango, kollanko Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3

14-DAA-ae go-rose rose, o-rase, gorrose, korrose Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3

14-DAA-af dihina tihina, tihinte Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3

14-DAA-ag gaba kaapo, kaapa Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3

14-DAA-ah gergere k'ark'arte Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3

14-DAA-ai ko-kawwate kawwate, pa-ko-kawwa-diko, pa-ko-gawwada, gawata, gauwada, kawwada, kawwad'a


14-DAA-aia dalpena dalpeene (Gemu Gofa)

14-DAA-aib isharkuta (Gemu Gofa)

14-DAA-b Tsamakula tsamai Stefanie-N. lake Ethiopia 3

14-DAA-ba go-tsamakula tsamakula, ba-go-tsamakula, ba-go-s'aamakkulo, tsamakko, tsamay, tsamako, ts'amay, s'amai, tamaha, tamaka


14-DAA-baa dume (Gemu Gofa)

14-DAA-bab kuwile kuile, kule, cule (Gemu Gofa)

14-E YAAKU set MUKOGODO, "highland cushitic"-S.; part of "cushitic"-E.

14-EA YAAKU chain

14-EAA YAAKU net

14-EAA-a Yaaku Balingo+ Hannington-E. lakes Kenya (Rift) 1

14-EAA-aa yaaku yaakua, siegu, sieku, mukogodo, mokogodo, mogogodo, mukoquodo, part of 'dorobo', 'n-dorobo'

Kenya (Rift) 1

14-F BORENA+ DIRASHAT set

"lowland cushitic"-S.; part of "cushitic"-E.

14-FA DIRASHAT+ KARATTI chain

14-FAA DIRASHAT+ KARATTI net

konsoid, shamo; part of 'oromoid'

14-FAA-a Shamo konso+ gidole Shamo-S. lake Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4

14-FAA-aa mosiya musiya, bussa-W. Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 3

14-FAA-ab kap-dirashat dirashat, dirashta, dirasha, diraasha, diraytat, dirayta, jirati, gardula, gardulla, ghidole, gidole, in [12=] Amarinya: gidolinya Gidole environs


14-FAA-ac mashile "lower" mashile, musile distinct from neighbouring [14=] Go-beze (dialect: Mashili or "upper" Mashile)

Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa)

14-FAA-ad gato Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa)

14-FAA-ae turo duro Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa)

14-FAA-af afa-karatti karatti, af-kareti, karate, kareti, konso, conso, gato, in [12=] Amarinya: komso Kareti country: Ciamo lake>S., Sagan valley


14-FB BORENA+ TULEMA chain

OROMO, 'galla' #the indigenous cover-name oromoo, oromo (=«people») is accepted by most but not all constituent communities; the (Amharic) exonym 'galla' is considered derogatory

14-FBA BORENA+ TULEMA net

part of 'oromoid'

14-FBA-a Borena+ Tulema afan-oromoo, oromo, 'galla', in [12=] Amarinya: 'gallinya' Ethiopic script #afan-oromoo =«mouth of Oromo»

Ethiopia; Kenya 7

14-FBA-aa tulema oromo-C. Ethiopia (Shewa; Welega) 6

14-FBA-aaa tulema-A. tulama, shoa, shewa (Shewa; Welega)

14-FBA-aab kereyu Kereyu (Shewa)

14-FBA-aac selale salale Selale (Shewa; Welega)

14-FBA-ab mecha oromo-W. Ethiopia (Ilubabor; Kefa; Welega) 6

14-FBA-aba mecha-A. maca, macc'a, maccha (Ilubabor; Kefa)

14-FBA-abb wellegga wallaga, wollega (Welega)

14-FBA-ac raya part of oromo-N. Ethiopia (Tigre; Wello)

14-FBA-ad wello wallo, wollo, part of oromo-N. Ethiopia (Wello)

14-FBA-ae qottu harar, harer, argetta-sinan, oromo-E. Ethiopia (Harer) 6

14-FBA-aea qottu-A. quottu, qwottu, kwottu, ittu (Harer)

14-FBA-aeb nole (Harer)

14-FBA-aec jarso Jarso (Harer)

14-FBA-aed ala Ala (Harer)

14-FBA-aee babile Babile (Harer)

14-FBA-aef ania (Harer)

14-FBA-af arusi afan-arsi, arussi, arsi, part of oromo-CS. Ethiopia (Arusi)

14-FBA-ag guji part of oromo-CS. Ethiopia (Sidamo)

14-FBA-aga guji-A. gujji (Sidamo)

14-FBA-agb jemjem Jemjem (Sidamo)


14-FBA-ah borena afan-borena, part of oromo-S. Chew Bahir, Stefanie lake… Djilbabo plain… Highlands of Kenya foothills the linguistic status of the following communities needs to be confirmed

Ethiopia (Sidamo); Kenya (Eastern; North Eastern); also Somalia (Upper Juba)

5

14-FBA-aha borena-A. boran, borana, boraan, booran (Sidamo); (Eastern) 5

14-FBA-ahb garre garreh, gurreh, gari Dawa valley: Mandera district… (North Eastern); (Sidamo); (Upper Juba)

4

14-FBA-ahc gabra gebra, gabbra Marsabit district (Eastern) 4

14-FBA-ahd sakuye saguye Moyale district (Eastern) 3

14-FBA-ahe ajuran ajuuraan-NW., ujuuraan-NW., ajuran-NW. Moyale… Wajir districts (Eastern) 4

14-FBA-ai orma part of oromo-S. Kenya (Eastern; North Eastern; Coast); Ethiopia (Sidamo)

4

14-FBA-aia orma-A. wardey, wardai, uardai, warday, wardei, including barareta, bararetta Tana River… Garissa districts

(Eastern; North Eastern; Coast); also (Sidamo)

14-FBA-aib munyo korokoro Tana mid-valley (North Eastern; Coast)

14-FBA-aic waata waat, wata, wata-bala, 'boni', 'wa-boni', 'bon', langulo, 'ariangulao',

'ariangulu', ogoda, part of 'sanye', 'wa-sanya'

(Coast)

14-G SOMALI+ DASENACH set

omo-tana, "lowland cushitic"-E.; part of "cushitic"-E.

14-GA SOMALI+ DASENACH chain

14-GAA BAYSO net

14-GAA-a Bayso Abaya lacustrine island Ethiopia (Sidamo) 2

14-GAA-aa bayso baiso Ethiopia (Sidamo) 2

14-GAB ARBORE net

14-GAB-a Arbore Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4

14-GAB-aa oho-arbore irbore, harpore, erbore, arbora, marile Stefanie-N. lake Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa) 4

14-GAC DASENACH net

14-GAC-a Dasenach Omo lower valley… Turkana-N., Rudolf-N. lake Ethiopia; Kenya; Sudan 4

14-GAC-aa af-dasenach dathanik, dathanaik, dathanaic, daasenach, daasenech, geleb, geleba, galab, gelab, gheleba, gallab, galuba, gelubba, dama, marille, merile, merille, morille, reshiat, rusia, russia, 'shangilla', in [12=] Amarinya: gelebinya #af-dasenach =«mouth of dasenach» the linguistic status and location of the following communities need to be confirmed

Ethiopia (Gemu Gofa); Kenya (Rift); Sudan

4

14-GAC-aaa inkabelo inkabelo community Ethiopia…

14-GAC-aab inkoria inkoria community Ethiopia…

14-GAC-aac naritch naarich, naritch community Ethiopia…

14-GAC-aad elele elele community Ethiopia…

14-GAC-aae randal randal community Ethiopia…

14-GAC-aaf oro oro community Ethiopia…

14-GAC-aag koro koro community Ethiopia…

14-GAC-aah rele rele community Ethiopia…

14-GAD GURU-PAWA net EL-MOLO

14-GAD-a Guru-Pawa Turkana, Rudolf lake: El Molo bay: lacustrine islands Kenya (Eastern) 1

14-GAD-aa guru-pawa el-molo, guru-paua, fura-pawa, dehes, hereng, part of 'dorobo', 'n-dorobo' #guru-pawa =«lake-community»

Kenya (Eastern) 1

14-GAE RENDILLE net

14-GAE-a Rendille Turkana, Rudolf lake… Marsabit Kenya (Eastern) 4

14-GAE-aa afi-rendille rendille, rendile, randile Kenya (Eastern) 4

14-GAE-aaa rudolf Turkana, Rudolf lake>SE. (Eastern)

14-GAE-aab marsabit Marsabit (Eastern)

14-GAE-aac arial ariaal, rendille-S. (Eastern)

14-GAF AWEERA net

14-GAF-a Aweera Lamu… Juba, Jubba lower valley Kenya (Coast; North Eastern); Somalia (Lower Jubba)

3

14-GAF-aa aweera aweer, 'boni' 2, waata 2, wata 2, wata-bala 2, ogoda 2, part of 'sanye', 'wa-sanya'

Kenya (Coast; North Eastern);

Somalia (Lower Jubba)

3

14-GAF-aaa lamu Lamu hinterland Kenya (Coast; North Eastern)

14-GAF-aab juba jubba Juba, Jubba lower valley Somalia (Lower Jubba)


14-GAG SOOMAALI+ DABARRE net

"WIDER"-SOMALI, somali #af- =«mouth», used to distinguish language-names, as distinct from the sometimes differing coverage of similar ethnic and lineage names

14-GAG-a Soomaali including sab (linguistically but not ethnically) Horn of Africa peninsula: Djibouti coast… Ngangerabeli plain Arabic script; Osmania script; Latin script

Somalia (including Somalia/Somaliland); Djibouti; Ethiopia; Kenya; migration> Yemen; United Arab Emirates; Wales

7

14-GAG-aa af-soomaali-G. soomaali, af-somali, somali, af-maxaad-tiri, "common" somali, in [12=] Amarinya: somalinya

A Somalia; Djibouti; Ethiopia; Kenya

14-GAG-aaa soomaali-F. "standard" somali Somalia…

14-GAG-aab soomaali-V. "vehicular" somali Somalia…

14-GAG-ab af-'iise af-ciise, 'iise, issa, isa, ise Zeila coast… Ahmar foothills (Diredawa) Djibouti; Somalia/Somaliland (Hargeisa); Ethiopia (Harerge)

14-GAG-ac af-geedabuursi geedabuursi, af-gedabursi, gadabursi Durdur valley… Borama environs

Somalia/Somaliland (Hargeisa); Ethiopia (Harerge)

14-GAG-ad af-isaaq isaaq, af-isaq, isxaaq, issaag, is'hak, ishak, ishaak Berbera coast… Ogaden desert

Somalia/Somaliland (Hargeisa); Ethiopia (Harerge)

14-GAG-ae af-daarood daarood, darod, darot Somalia/Somaliland (Burao); Somalia (Migiurtinia; Mudugh); Ethiopia (Harerge; Sidamo); Kenya (North Eastern)

14-GAG-aea af-majeerteen majerten, mijertein Migiurtina, Mijertein region (Migiurtina)

14-GAG-aeb af-warsangeli Las Khoreh & hinterland (Burao)

14-GAG-aec af-dolbohaante dolbohante, dolbohanta Dooxo Nugaaleed, Nogal upper basin (Burao); (Harerge)

14-GAG-aed af-ogadeen ogaden, sab-ogaden, ogaden-harti, part of sab Ogaden plain (Harerge)

14-GAG-aee af-degodiya digodiya, hawiyya-SW. (Sidamo); (Northeastern)

14-GAG-af af-hawiyya hawiyya-NE., hawiya-NE., habar-gidir, habar-gedir Galka'yo>SE.… Obbia coast

Somalia (Mudugh)

14-GAG-ag af-benaadir benadir Somalia (Benadir; Mudugh; Hiran) 5*

14-GAG-aga af-benaadir-A. "coastal" somali Benadir region (Benadir; Mudugh)

14-GAG-agb af-abgaal part of hawiyya-SE. between El Dere… Harardera (Mudugh)

14-GAG-agc af-gaaljaal part of hawiyya-SE. Shabeelle, Shebelle middle right-bank: Balcad, Balad… Bulo Burti opposite bank

(Benadir; Hiran)

14-GAG-ah af-ashraaf muqdisho, mogadisho, "urban" somali Muqdisho, Mogadisho Somalia (Benadir)

14-GAG-ai af-ajuraan ajuraan-SE., ajuran-SE., ujuuraan-SE. Juba, Genale middle left-bank: opposite Weregta

Somalia (Upper Juba)

14-GAG-aj af-digil part of sab Shabeelle, Shebelle lower valley… Dinsor Somalia (Benadir; Upper Juba)

14-GAG-ak af-maay af-maay-tiri, af-may, af-maymay, af-rahanwein, rehamwein, rahanween, rahanweyn, part of sab Shabeelle, Shebelle valley… Juba, Genale valley

Somalia (Lower Juba; Upper Juba) 5

14-GAG-al af-tunni part of sab Shabeelle, Shebelle lower valley… Juba, Genale middle valley

Somalia (Lower Juba) 4

14-GAG-am af-jiddu juba-somali Shabeelle, Shebelle lower valley… Juba, Genale middlevalley

Somalia (Lower Juba) 4

14-GAG-an af-helledi "hunter's" somali; helleda community Bur Hakkaba>N. Somalia (Upper Juba)

14-GAG-b Dabarre+ Iroole Somalia (Lower Juba) 4

14-GAG-ba af-dabarre dabare, dabarre clan Dinsor>S.… Bohol Madagoi valley Somalia (Upper Juba; also Benadir)

14-GAG-bb af-iroole irole, iroole clan inland from Brava: Shabeelle, Shebelle lower right-bank

Somalia (Lower Juba)

14-GAG-c Garre+ Boon Somalia (Upper Juba; Benadir; Hiran)

4

14-GAG-ca af-boon boon, boni Juba middle valley Somalia (Upper Juba) 2

14-GAG-cb af-garre garre, garreh Shabeelle middle & lower valley Somalia (Benadir; Hiran) 4

afro-asian observatoire linguistiquelinguasphere.info/jr/pdf/master/ol-site 1999-2000 master one...

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