AFRICAJambo - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUrVeRGo5IM&feature=related Lion Sleeps - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNXRn8d9jlk&feature=related Zimbabwe - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDTyfm7Rp1g

1

LOGISTICS - Field TripsLOGISTICS - Field Trips

- travel in two rental vans- 10 participants in each van- lottery next Monday morning for all three trips (Nov 5, 12, 19)

- bring sack lunch (drinks provided) - $15 for transport & drinksXX 2

Monday, November 5Monday, November 5thth - 9:00am-5:00pm - by bus - 50 participants - $ ?? Inclusive

““Amazing Geology of Georgetown”Amazing Geology of Georgetown” - visit local geologic sites with Dr. ‘D’ - lunch at the French Quarter Grill - afternoon tour of Inner Space Caverns

LOGISTICS - Field TripLOGISTICS - Field Trips

3

Please . . . .

4

Vagabonds TrampingVagabonds TrampingThroughThrough

East AfricaEast Africa

5

SOUTH SOUTH AFRICAAFRICA

ANGOLAANGOLA

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

Week 1: living in AfricaWeek 1: living in Africa

EAST AFRICAEAST AFRICA

Vagabonds TrampingVagabonds TrampingThroughThrough

East AfricaEast AfricaWeek 2: ZimbabweWeek 2: Zimbabwe

Week 3: Tanzania (1)Week 3: Tanzania (1)

Week 4: Tanzania (2)Week 4: Tanzania (2)

Week 5: KenyaWeek 5: Kenya

Week 6: EgyptWeek 6: Egypt

TANZANIATANZANIA

KENYAKENYA

EGYPTEGYPT

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

6

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Overview

Hwange National Park

ZimbabweGeography & Statistics

7

Zambezi River & Victoria

Falls

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

Series Notes Africa Overview

OVERVIEWOVERVIEWZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

8

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

9

Series Notes

- My slides violate the normMy slides violate the norm- Vagabond’s RoleVagabond’s Role- Geologic Study & Extra MaterialGeologic Study & Extra Material- Hidden AgendaHidden Agenda

THE VAGABOND’S ROLETHE VAGABOND’S ROLE

• Our role in these classes is to introduce GEOLOGY not just as an academic study but to show how pervasive GEOLOGY is, particularly, how it relates to most if not all of your travels

• It’s processes have formed most of what we go to see & do

• Geology Rocks!

OUR HIDDEN AGENDAOUR HIDDEN AGENDA

• To show you how interesting science, and in particular, geology, can be in the hopes that you will spread the word to your grandchildren & great-grand-children!

• Our future will have a high demand for science & math oriented graduates!

GEOLOGIC STUDYGEOLOGIC STUDY

• The following chart shows the topics of geology study

•We will cover, to varying depths, most of the topics shown on this chart

• As time permits, we will develop additional material on some topics to provide added depth of study

SLIDES SLIDES

• I include more text on each slide than what is the norm in the business of presentations

• I do that so that if you want to review something, the text of most of what I talk about is there

• To help during the class, I underline the important points on the slide

10

Africa Overview

VAGABONDS TRAMP THRU EAST AFRICAVAGABONDS TRAMP THRU EAST AFRICA

11

AFRICA OVERVIEWAFRICA OVERVIEW1. 54 fully recognized sovereign states

("countries") and 9 territories2. World’s largest international aid

recipient3. Although it has abundant natural

resources, Africa remains the world's poorest and most underdeveloped continent

3. Causes for this dismal situation may include: Endemic spread of deadly diseases Repeated corrupt governments and failed central planning All to frequent tribal and military conflicts Seemingly unchangeable high levels of illiteracy Lack of access to foreign capital And lastly, geography (as Dr. D will explain later) 12

XX

AFRICA GEOGRAPHYAFRICA GEOGRAPHY1. Continent is 4550 miles wide by 4900

miles long2. Only continent to stretch from the

northern temperate to southern temperate zones

3. Covers 20.4 percent of the Earth's total land area

4. Contains the world’s longest river: The Nile5. Contains the world’s largest desert: The Sahara6. Highest point on the continent is: Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania)7. Lowest point on the continent is Lake Assal (Djibouti)8. Africa is the hottest continent on earth (Libya 136 deg F);

drylands and deserts comprise 60% of the continent’s land surface9. Deforestation is affecting Africa at twice the world rate

4550 miles4550 miles

4900 4900 milesmiles

Northern Temperate ZoneNorthern Temperate Zone

Southern Temperate ZoneSouthern Temperate Zone

S A H A R AS A H A R A

13

AFRICA POPULATIONAFRICA POPULATION1. World's second-most-populous

continent behind Asia

ASIAASIA

AFRICAAFRICA

EUROPEEUROPE

AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA

NORTH AMERICANORTH

AMERICA

SOUTHAMERICASOUTH

AMERICA

ANARCTICAANARCTICA

Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop.

ASIA AFRICA N.A. S.A. ANT- ARCTIC

EUROPE AUSTR.

Land Area

Population

14

AFRICA POPULATIONAFRICA POPULATION1. World's second-most-populous

continent behind Asia

2. Population grew from 221 million in 1950 to 1 billion in 2009;

a 2.6% annual compound rate

3. Accounts for 14.8% of the world's human population

4. World’s most fertile continent; 5 children per woman

5. World’s highest infant mortality rate

6. World’s highest AIDS rate

7. 80.5% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population was living on less than $2.50 a day in 2005

8. By some counts, over 3000 languages are spoken natively in Africa15

AFRICAN MINERALSAFRICAN MINERALS1. Continent is believed to hold

2. The DRC also has more than 30% of the world’s diamond reserves 3. Guinea is the world’s largest exporter of bauxite

- 98% of world’s chromium- 90% of its platinum- 90% of its cobalt- 64% of its manganese - 50% of its gold- 33% of its uranium

16

AFRICA AFRICA SOURCE: ORIGINS OF MANSOURCE: ORIGINS OF MAN

1. Widely regarded within the scientific community to be the origin of humans and the earliest hominids and their ancestors

2. Earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago

17

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Overview

Hwange National Park

ZimbabweGeography & Statistics

18

Zambezi River & Victoria

Falls

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

ZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHY

& POLITICS

19

ZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHYZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHY

Landlocked and surrounded by

4 countries

20

ZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHYZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHY

ZambiaZambia

BotswanaBotswana

MMoozzaammbibiqquuee

440 miles

440 miles530 miles

530 miles151,000 sq. miles151,000 sq. miles

(1/2 that of Texas)(1/2 that of Texas)

South AfricaSouth Africa 21

ZIMBABWE HIGHLIGHTSZIMBABWE HIGHLIGHTS

ZambiaZambia

BotswanaBotswana

MMoozzaammbibiqquuee

South AfricaSouth Africa 22

ZIMBABWE HIGHLIGHTSZIMBABWE HIGHLIGHTS

23

ZIMBABWE POLITICALZIMBABWE POLITICAL• The name “Zimbabwe” based

on a Shona name for a famous ruined ancient city (UNESCO World Heritage Site)• Predominantly white minority

govt of Rhodesia, unilaterally declared independence from Britain in 1965• Zimbabwe achieved

recognised independence in April 1980

• Robert Mugabe, former leader of the Zimbabwean African National Union from 1975, won a landslide victory in 1980• Tribal unrest between 1981 & 1990 killed an estimated 20,000+

Zimbabweans 24

ZIMBABWE POLITICALZIMBABWE POLITICAL• Robert Mugabe, 88; President 4 times

•widely accused of ethnic cleansing, rigging elections, terrorizing opposition, controlling media and presiding over a collapsed economy

• He’s been named one of the world’s “worst dictators” for having a questionable human rights record

• Supported killing of white, Zimbabwean farmers & gave their farms to his supporters

• He is banned from traveling to Europe but can & has traveled to the USA• In an odd announcement, United Nations recently endorsed Mugabe

and his regime as a “leader for tourism” 25

ZIMBABWE DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMIC

STATISTICS26

ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 people/sq mile 25 104 57 indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% european extraction 2% 9% <1% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 life expectancy (2012 (est) 50.7 years 52 years 51.8 years life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years 60 years

LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11 official (Eng) 3 official (Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% Tribal 7% 15% 14% Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none 5% 5% 1% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9,000 $10,100 $500 GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- GDP: tourism -- 12% 9% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8%

oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 --

gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 0.32 --

diamond reserves (billion ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3

coal reserves (billion tons) -- 54 30

other fish,coffee platium, gold platium

ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

27

ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 people/sq mile 25 104 57 indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% european extraction 2% 9% <1% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 life expectancy (2008) 38.2 years 50 years 45.7 years life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years 60 years

LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11 official (Eng) 3 official (Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% Tribal 7% 15% 14% Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none 5% 5% 1% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9,000 $10,100 $500 GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- GDP: tourism -- 12% 9% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8%

oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 --

gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 0.32 --

diamond reserves (billion ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3

coal reserves (billion tons) -- 54 30

other fish,coffee platium, gold platium

ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

Mugabe takes over,Internal Fighting

Mugabe dictatorship rule/

support of DRC war

War ended

28

ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 people/sq mile 25 104 57 indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% european extraction 2% 9% 1% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 life expectancy (2007) 38 years 50 years 38 life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years 60

LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11 official 3 official (Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% Tribal 7% 15% 14% Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none 5% 5% 1% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9,000 $10,100 $500 GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- GDP: tourism -- 12% 9% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8%

oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 --

gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 0.32 --

diamond reserves (billion ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3

coal reserves (billion tons) -- 54 30

other fish,coffee platium, gold platium

ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE

ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 people/sq mile 25 104 57 indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% european extraction 2% 9% 1% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 life expectancy (2008) 38.7 years 50 years 45.7 years life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years 60 years

LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11 official 3 official (Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% Tribal 7% 15% Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none 5% 5% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9,000 $10,100 $500 GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- GDP: tourism 0 12% 9% NATURAL RESOURCES 19 arable land 3% 12% 8% oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 --

gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 0.32 -- diamond reserves (billion ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3 coal reserves (billion tons) -- 54 30 other fish,coffee platium, gold platium

ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

29

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

EnglishEnglish

diamonds diamonds

& COAL& COAL

mining: mining:

38.7 yrs 45.7 yrs

30

OTHER ECONOMIC DATAOTHER ECONOMIC DATA• After the start of Mugabe’s reign, inflation slowly started

to get out of control

• Zimbabwe’s participation in tribal fighting in DRC and in 2000 started printing money to finance that effort which lead to HYPERINFLATION

• The peak month of hyperinflation occurred in mid-November 2008 with a rate of inflation estimated at

79,600,000% per month• The worst of the inflation occurred in 2008, lead to the

abandonment of the Zimbabwean currency

• USD and South African RAND are now used as trading currencies 31

OTHER ECONOMIC DATAOTHER ECONOMIC DATA

This finishes our statistical comparison but stay tuned!

32

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Overview

Hwange National Park

ZimbabweGeography & Statistics

33

Zambezi River & Victoria

Falls

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK

34

ZAMBIA

Zambezi River

Zambezi River

Victoria FallsVictoria Falls

HWANGE NATIONAL PARK

The HideThe Hide

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK

35

ZAMBIA

Zambezi River

Zambezi River

Victoria FallsVictoria Falls

HWANGE NATIONAL PARK

The HideThe Hide

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK

36

• It is the largest game reserve in Zimbabwe

• 100 mammal• 400 bird species• 19 large

herbivores • 8 large carnivores

• Park has over:

• It was royal hunting grounds to the Ndebele warrior-king Mzilikazi in the early 19 th Century and was set aside in 1929• population of African wild dogs in Hwange is thought to be of one

of the larger surviving groups in Africa today • Hwange is about 1 hour south of Victoria Falls• This area is a malarial area; dry season is July to September

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK

Hwange National Park includes many diverse habitats including teak forests, palm islands, Kalahari savannah and acacia woodlands.

GEOLOGY SOILS PLANT LIFE ANIMALSGEOLOGY SOILS PLANT LIFE ANIMALS

37

The HideThe Hide

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK2003

38

2012

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK

39

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK

40

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK

41

HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK

42

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Overview

Hwange National Park

ZimbabweGeography & Statistics

43

Zambezi River & Victoria

Falls

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

ZAMBEZIRIVER

44

ZAMBEZI RIVERZAMBEZI RIVER• River source is in Zambia at

4,900 ft above sea level• Fourth-longest river in Africa

at 1,700 miles• Largest river flowing into the

Indian Ocean from Africa • Drainage basin 540,000 sq mi • two main hydroelectric dams;

Kariba Dam between Zambia & Zimbabwe & Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique

45

ZAMBEZI RIVERZAMBEZI RIVER• River source is in Zambia at

4,900 ft above sea level• Fourth-longest river in Africa

at 2,200 miles• Largest river flowing into the

Indian Ocean from Africa • Drainage basin 540,000 sq mi • two main hydroelectric dams;

Kariba Dam between Zambia & Zimbabwe & Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique

46

• Starts in Zambia, flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses that country to empty into the Indian Ocean 47

PALEO-ZAMBEZI ROUTE

BUT,The Zambezi didn’t

always flow this way…

Let’s look at it’s route 15 million yrs ago!

BUT, THE STORY GETS EVEN BETTER!

Strange, upward forces formed a ridge, Kalahari-Zimbabwe Axis

The Zambezi starting filling the newly created depression

Ancient Lake Makgadikgadi was formed

AncientLakeMakgadikgadi

Lake runoff finally created an outlet near Katombora, creating

the Zambezi’s current route & residual Makgadikgadi Pans48

ZAMBEZI RIVERZAMBEZI RIVER

49

VICTORIAFALLS

50

““MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)

360 FT drop,twice that of Niagara Falls

5840 ft wide 430 ft

apart

In the rainy season, this is the largest “curtain” of water in the world!

51

““MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)

52

BASALT ROCK,CLUE TO THE PAST

53

VICTORIA FALLS ROCKS

BASALT ROCKBASALT ROCK

• Rocks around Vic Falls are BASALT rocks

• Don talked last week about the ROCK CYCLE and the 3 TYPES OF ROCK:

_________, ___________, _________

• BASALT is one type of IGNEOUS rock

• BASALT is a rock composed of low quartz, melted oceanic crust material

• BASALT is “lava” that doesn’t explode onto the surface; it oozes…

Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous

54

A LITTLE GEOLOGIC HISTORY

55

SOURCE OF BASALT• 250 mya, “Pangea” formed,

a “super-continent with all earth’s continents grouped together• Started assembly ~ 300

mya; started breaking apart ~ 180 mya• During breakup, massive

“volcanoes” formed near “RIP” zones •molten mantle poured out,

on and off, for at least a million years

• Basalt is 1,000 ft thick at Victoria Falls & up to 27,000 ft thick at other locations 56

EXTENT OF BASALT

Victoria Falls

120 miles

57

BASALT COOLING,“JOINTS”

58

MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?Zambezi River

Zambezi River

Victoria FallsVictoria Falls

59

1) WHAT ARE THESE THING AND

2) ARE THEY INFLUENCING THE

PATH OF THE ZAMBEZI??

MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?

LET’S PULL BACK AND SEE A MUCH LARGER

VIEW

60

MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF THESE “THINGS”;

WHAT ARE THEY?

ON CLOSER INSPECTION WE CAN SEE THAT THEY ARE

“COOLING CRACKS” (JOINTS) THAT FORMED AS THE

MOLTEN BASALT COOLED

THE “CRACKS” HAVE BEEN FILLED IN WITH EROSIONAL DEBRIS FROM MILLIONS OF YEARS OF EROSION

THE “CRACKS” WERE WIDENED 110MYA

DURING BREAKUP OF GODWANA

61

MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?

62

SEVERAL OTHER FALLS EXISTED!

63

NEXT EROSIONAL CHANNELDEVIL’S CATARACT,

MOST WESTERN PART OF FALLS

• 2 additional joints have been identified behind the main Fall curtain•Within 20,000 yrs, one of

these joints will form the “NEW” Victoria Falls 64

VICTORIA FALLSSAFARI LODGE

65

VICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGE

66

VICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGE

67

VICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGE

68

WHITE WATERRAFTING

69

WHITE WATER RAFTING

70

Oh, Zambezi also has good fishing!

71

BUNGEEJUMP

72

BUNGEE JUMP

73

BUNGEE JUMP

74

““MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)

75

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Overview

Hwange National Park

ZimbabweGeography & Statistics

76

Zambezi River & Victoria

Falls

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

Mt KilamanjaroMt KilamanjaroThe SerengetiThe Serengeti

TanzaniaTanzania

whatever. . .whatever. . .Next week – Session 3Next week – Session 3

78

All class material either is or

will be on 1) the University’s website

and on

2) Our website at:

www.vagabondgeology.comANY QUESTIONS??

79

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

REMEMBER…REMEMBER…

GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS80

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_continents_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ContinentStatistics.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113249 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html http://www.chamberofminesofzimbabwe.com/geology.htmlhttp://www.chamberofminesofzimbabwe.com/geology.html http://www.zimparks.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=18 http://www.wildcru.org/research/research-detail/?project_id=47 http://www.game-reserve.com/zimbabwe_hwange_np.html http://www.game-reserve.com/african_wildlife_checklist.html http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/W/Wilson_1997_Biodiversity_of_Hwange_National_Park_Zimbabwe.pdf http://tracksofgiants.org/field-notes/through-hwange-and-back-to-botswana http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/hwange-national-park.html http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/the-hide.html http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/victoria-falls-pictures.html http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/map-victoria-falls.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_river http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambo http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.S51F..01N http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRB..10910102H http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa-girl-survives-bungy-cord-snap/story-e6frg12c-1226239389858 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=eFgwuqQXHpE&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=_WqSpHA1uUM&feature=fvwp http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/29/robert-mugabe-un-international-envoy-tourism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Pools http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_kariba http://www.okavangohouseboats.com/reviews/ http://www.botswana-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1171 http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/VolcanoTypes/volcano_types.html http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/africa/zimbabwe/map_of_zimbabwe.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.htmlhttp://www.indexmundi.com/zimbabwe/median_age.htmlhttp://botswana.safari.co.za/Eco-Tourism_In_Botswana-travel/botswana-country-guide-desert-and-delta_p2.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

http://globecrashers.blogspot.com/2011/07/rafting-trip-of-lifetime.html http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln44/milich5.html http://www.wayfaring.info/search/Zambia/page/3/ https://www.google.com/search?q=zambezi+river&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=univ&sa=X&ei=zfRfTbGhLoXZcfuPndYJ&ved=0CEUQsAQ&biw=1229&bih=518&tbm=isch#q=zambezi+river&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&tbm=isch&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=98511af6562d1eea&biw=1138&bih=712 http://www.durangobill.com/AncestralRivers/AncestralRiversAfrica.html http://www.dansadventure.co.uk/2009/09/03/rafting-zambezi-river/ http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jii/4750978.0015.208?rgn=main;view=fulltext http://wiltoday.wordpress.com/2010/08/12/zambezi-river/ http://www.worldisround.com/articles/327034/photo14.html http://www.zambia-mining.com/geologyright.htmlhttp://eprints.jcu.edu.au/4462/ http://vicfalls.zimbabwe.co.za/Climate,_Geology,_Flora-travel/explore-victoria-falls-geology.html http://vicfalls.zimbabwe.co.za/Climate,_Geology,_Flora-travel/explore-victoria-falls-big-picture.html http://vicfalls.zimbabwe.co.za/Climate,_Geology,_Flora-travel/explore-victoria-falls-habitats.html http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/content/63/1-4/162.abstract http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Makgadikgadi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dyke http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoka_Formation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotse_Plain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Mckinney http://geology.com/volcanoes/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/plates/index.htm#movies 81

“PLATES 2006 Atlas of Plate Reconstructions (750 Ma to Present Day)”, L.A. Lawver, I.W.D. Dalziel, and L.M. Gahagan, 2007, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, March 8, 2007

songshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUrVeRGo5IM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUvo6vrIzkg&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNXRn8d9jlk&feature=related

videoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDTyfm7Rp1g http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=r1inueBSwko http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=6Jz5s6YlD2U http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=gvXV17yWNtg

REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25539:tourism- sector-increases-gdp-contribution&catid=44:environment-a-tourism&Itemid=136http://www.thehide.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_craton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufilian_Arc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/content/102/4/363.abstract http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/content/110/4/535.abstract http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/content/110/2-3/367.abstract http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Development_Assistance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid

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Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… and narrow-mindedness…

Broad, wholesome, charitable views of Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by men and things cannot be acquired by

vegetating in one little corner of the vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. earth all one's lifetime.

~Mark Twain~Mark Twain

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““Twenty years from now Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch sail away from the safe harbor. Catch

the trade winds in your sails. the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” Explore. Dream. Discover.”

– – Mark TwainMark Twain

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