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Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ

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Page 1: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

Africa (8)MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ

Page 2: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

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Page 3: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• 111,369 km2

– Campeche 51 833– Guerrero 63 794

• 3.7 mill. inhabitants. – Oaxaca 3,866,280

3

• GDP: 14/63/183

• GDP PC 63/179/181

Page 4: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

History• 1820: American Colonization Society• First African Repbulic: 1847

– Based on American System: Constitutional republic• Executive, Legislative, Judiciary• Popular election; Two Rounds

• American Liberian population 5%: dominant of economy and politics

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Page 5: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• Colonialist approach: perceived themselves as the builders of Liberia civilization, education, religion to the natives, nation building

• Political development:– One party system: 1877: True Whig Party (1878-1980)– Since 1890s weak formal opposition, just for the

elections, with no continuity and just for a limited number of positions

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Page 6: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

Liberia (1914-1935)• A few families in power distributed political

positions months before the elections– Assimilation and modernization policies for the

natives political and civil rights for just a few– General dissatisfaction with the government– Corruption and bad administration

• Popular Party: electoral frauds between 1915-35– No real ideological differences– Natives not included elite interest

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Page 7: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• 19th century: decline in commerce and agriculture loans from Europe– Difficulty for payment income divided: internal

revenue for the government, import tariffs to pay the debt

– Recollection/administration on foreign hands: International Receivership

• Danger of bankruptcy: more loans from Bank of British West Africa and attempts to get loans from the USA– Forced to introduce measures to stimulate commerce:

revision of tariffs, opening of lands for investment

7

Page 8: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• Gradual improvement of the economy from 1923: foreign investment– Firestone Co. Invests in rubber production main

employer in Liberia• Commercial balance always negative: few funds for

government, continual debt payments no economic or social development

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Page 9: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• Charles D.B. King (1920-1930)

• 1927 most fraudulent elections in history: 234,000 votes,15,000 registered voters

• Thomas J.R. Faulkner talks to the foreign press– Corruption and

exploitation due to lack of salaries

– Forced labor of natives in Fernando Po plantations

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Page 10: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

Foreign intervention

• Constant debt more foreing control from International Receivership, Bank of British West Africa and Firestone through US government por medio de gob. EEUU

• Unfavorable economic, social and administrative conditions

• US and Brittish press report on all this problems and critique the Liberian government

• GB demands to the LoN an improvement or to place Liberian government under European control

– King denies charges and the LoN sends a commission to investigate

– Report:no slavery but forced labor for public works, private use and exportation; dissatisfyng relations with the natives

– Reccomendation: place Liberia under “capable” white administration

• USA suspension of relations until a reform program was enacted

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Page 11: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• 1930: King renounces and Edwin Barclay (1930-1944) begins reform process in 1931 that could not be efficiently implemented

• GB and USA refuse to recognize new administration and ask the LoN to transfer Liberian government to an International Governing Commission

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Page 12: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• Liberia rejects the proposal: rendition of sovereignty and violation of their constitution– Asks assistance of the LoN: experts in economy,

judiciary organization, public health and native administration General

• Principles for Assistance Plan, September 27 1932: foreign specialists as provincial commissioners and a governmental advisor– Not clear how much power the main advisor would

have– Problem with the payment of the experts.

• Plan rejected and a new internal development plan is proposed land reforms = better relations with Firestone US accepts the plan in 1935 and GB in1936

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Page 14: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

14

Office for Emergency Manageme

nt

Office of War

Information

Domestic Operations

Branch

News Bureau

Page 15: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• William Tubman (1944-71)

• More foreign investment, developing economy

• Active role in international relations

• Modernization and “stability” main rubber producer

• Autocratic government• VP William Tolbert (1971-

1980)

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Page 16: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• April 12, 1980: Military Coup– Sgt. Samuel Doe and Krahn Tribe Council of the

People’s Redemption Doe head of government from 1986 to 1990

• Repression to all opposition, favoritism towards Krahn ethnic group• Corruption, repression, reelections• Support from the US Cold War

• Civil War 1989: – Rebel groups rise against

Doe– Charles Taylor invades from

Sierra Leone National

Patriotic Front of Liberia– Doe overthrown in 1990 new factions 16

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• Between 1989 y 1996 + 200,000 deaths and a million displaced– Blood Diamonds and illegal forestry funds to

Sierra Leone– ECOWAS(Economic Community of West African

States) ECOMOG: multilateral armed force for intervention

– 1993: UNOMIL to organize elections• Cease Fire and elections in 1997: National Patriotic

Party wins with 75% votes (Taylor’s party)• 1999: Second Civil War

– Liberians for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) from Guinea

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Page 19: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• 2003: Taylor resigns control of just 1/3 of the country – UNMIL established to monitor peace– Special Court of Sierra Leone: accused for his

collaboration with the RUF April 2012 guitly of 11 charges, including murder, rape and terrorism: sentenced to 50 years in prison

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Page 20: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• 2005 Election: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, first woman President in Africa– Over 20 registered parties: bad organization, few capacities

• Corruption perception index: 87 of 178 countries; 11 of 47 in sub-Saharan Africa

• Global Corruption Barometer, 2010: 89% of the population declared to have to obtain a service

• USAID and other programs: millions of dollars for social programs and peacekeeping:– 70% of the population works on subsistence

agriculture– 85% of the population living under poverty line

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Page 21: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• UNDP: over 250,000 deaths (1/14)– 1/3 Liberians displaced to neighboring countries– 51% under 18 — many orphans; 40% of children

under 5 years with malnutrition• UN troops deployed: September 2012 UNMIL begins

demobilization of military personnel in 3 phases (August 2012 to July 2015) augment police

• Ruined economy, without basic infrastructure or services

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• Carolyn Cole23

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Page 26: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• 1,100,000 Km2• Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nayarit,

Nuevo León, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas,

Zacatecas

• 84,320,987

habs. (14/11)• GDP

14/81/183• GDP PC

63/177/181

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Page 27: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• Zagwe Dinasty 1137-1270 Solomonic restoration

• Monarchy central institution to unify the Amhara elite

• Menelik II (1889-1913)– Orthodox church bound to the

State: legitimacy in exchange for benefits—land concessions

– + territorial expansion = ethnic diversity language and culture as domination tool

• Calendar, religion, clothes,

Ethiopia

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Page 28: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• Power concentrated in the Amhara-Tigre group– A few noble families

armies for expansion and conquest colonial approach and feudalism

• Italy: Treaty of Wichale guns and recognition in exchange for territory Battle of Adwa 1896

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• Menelik dies in 1913: vacuum of power political intrigue of the different factions of Ethiopian nobility colonial powers eager to interfere: propaganda

• Iyasu V 1913-1916

• Oposition bad domestic policy; closeness to Muslim population; FP supporting Germany and its allies

Page 30: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• Nobles, the Church and the Europeans conspire to depose him in September 1916

– His aunt Zawditu is crowned empress and Tafari Makonnen regent

• Segmented society many social classes and groups

– Slaves, peasants, intellectuals and merchants favored reforms, a strong central government and the Regent

– Conservative group, most of the noble families and the high clergy constituted center of socio-cultural system, favored regional autonomy and empress Zauditu

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Page 31: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• Regent extends his power over the public sector– Main promoter of economic and social change

• Advantage of the LoN and collective security system joins the league in 1923 with the support of FR and IT

• He asks IT, FR and GB for a port in one of their neighboring colonies– Rejection: more interested in keeping Ethioìa isolated

• March 1930: the Empress dies and Tafari Makonen becomes Emperor Haile Sellassie I (“King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Lion conqueror of the tribe of Judah”)

• Modernization of political system: written constitution, 1931 more power to the government and less to the nobility– Bicameral parliament selected by the emperor until

the people “was in a position to choose”31

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• Few changes and little political development, no real or structural change– Strengthening of the Emperor and

centralization constitution keeps absolute powers of the emperor and keeps privileged position of the nobles, just less power for them and the church

• Characteristics of the empire: – Social separatism, cultural regionalism, ethnic

superiority no real national integration– Few economic and social changes too limited

to alter an essentially feudal economy and conservative society

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• Foreign interventionism Tripartite Convention (1906): divided Ethiopia in 3 spheres of influence—GB, FR, IT

– 1913-1919: Italy enacts program of mayor African colonization attempts to control red sea and make Ethiopia an exclusive sphere of influence

– Treaty of Versailles prevents them to do it

• Italy supports Ethiopia’s access to the LoN and signs a friendship and mediation agreement for 20 years

• Justification for invasion: Wal Wal incident (1934)—160km from the unmarked border with Italian Somaliland

– Troops clash and Ethiopia calls upon the friendship treaty

– Italy rejects mediation and demands payment and recognition of Italian Sovereignty

• FR and GB counsel Ethiopia to accept to avoid conflict

– Haile Sellasie fears more expansionism and calls upon the LoN on December 14

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– LoN: a committee analyzes the problem and proposes a commitment to place Ethiopia under international control to avoid placing the Italian colonies

“at Risk” – October 2 1935:

Mussolini orders the army to move and crosses the border without a war declaration

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• LoN Assembly gathers on October 9limited economic sanctions in 4 separate (ineffective) embargoes to avoid offending Mussolini and pushing him towards Hitler

• Mussolini orders the use of poison gas world demands to extend sanctions but FR and GB didn’t allow it.

• Addis Ababa taken on May 6 1936: 5 years of Italian occupation and

resistance from

groups of patriots• Ethiopia on the

news: becomes the

symbol of anti-

colonialism and

arguments in favor

of collective security37

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• 1941 Haile Selassie returns to a different Ethiopia

• Resistance fighters expected rewards, and the nobility and others that collaborated with the Italians become a resistance

Page 39: Africa (8) MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ. 2 111,369 km 2 –Campeche 51 833 –Guerrero 63 794 3.7 mill. inhabitants. –Oaxaca 3,866,280 3 GDP: 14/63/183 GDP

• 1955: constitutional changes popular election of the lower house of parliament

• 1960 while abroad the army attempts a Military coup he keeps power but more political demands arise more reforms to stop student movements by 1974 open revolts

• Derg Military Committee deposes the Emperor and takes power from 1974-1987– Lieutenant Coronel Mengistu Haile Mariam, leader of

the Dergs, assumes power by himself from 1987-1991

• Military coups, armed movements• Droughts, hunger and refugees Forced deportations• Red Terror White Terror

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• 1980s: hunger in Ethiopia affected over 8 million people 1 million dead

• Insurrection started in 1989 USSR stops support to Ethiopian government Mengitsu’s end

• Mengistu found guilty of genocide (in absentia) in 2006 • Transition government 1992 new constitution in 1994

Federal Republic– bicameral parliament– Symbolic presidency selected by the parliament

• PM Meles Zenawi: 1991 until 2012 accusations of electoral fraud

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Madagascar

– Presencia humana tardía: distintas hipótesis

– Mestizaje en diversos grados: asiáticos y africanos negros

– Todos los grupos étnicos características afroasiáticas en diversos grados, proporciones y formas

– Mestizaje antiguo: desarrollo de caracteres originales

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• Variedad de razas malgaches pero unidad lingüística clara emparentada con rama indonesia de lenguas malayo-polinesias– Técnicas tradicionales relacionadas con técnicas

indonesias; otras costumbres de África• Situación geográfica: tampoco permite información

definitiva– Más cerca de África pero no son pueblos navegantes– Indonesios navegantes expertos– fusión de elementos indonesios y africanos antes de

llegar a Madagascar (posible)– Elemento africano posiblemente reforzado por la

cercanía a África e importación de esclavos.– Migración lenta y extensa: no se puede poner fecha

exacta a llegada de los primeros hombres 44

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• Población primero en la costa; poca densidad: organización a escala familiar o familia ampliada– Suficientemente

sólidos/numerosos para asimilar migraciones/aportaciones posteriores

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• Poca presencia europea y árabe: piratería y trata de esclavos

• Sakalavas:– Reinos con orígenes poco claros (clanes u

organizaciones políticas con origen en un individuo)– Monopolio de superioridad técnica: armas de fuego y

saqueo para establecer autoridad– Primeras unidades políticas en la costa– Dominación que se extiende aprox. 1/3 de la isla.

• Reinos de la Costa Este– Costa menos propicia para cría de ganado o

formación de unidades políticas grandes– Pescadores y piratas europeos

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• Reinos de Merina– Mismos orígenes pero mayor proporción de tipos

indonesios (aristocracia)– S. XVI: desarrollo de la utilización del hierro—superioridad

técnica– S. XVII: primera organización del reino—monarquía

absoluta y unidad del Estado: país de Merina.– Feudal, de carácter religioso-popular– Cultivo del arroz y fuerza militar– 1796: Nampoina reunifica el reino y anexa pequeños

reinos vecinos• Sometimiento por diplomacia/fuerza, reconocimiento en

toda la isla

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• Radama II 1862: tratado con Francia lo reconoce como rey de Madagascar y reserva los “derechos de Francia”– Privilegio a compañía francesa – Oligarquía en contra del liberalismo y asesinan al rey

• Sucesores reemplazan privilegios comerciales por tratados con GB, EEUU y FR– Organización tipo europeo sin abolir la costumbre

totalmente; crea administración local, consejos de aldea y emancipa a los esclavos; reorganiza el ejército por temor a intervención francesa

• Colonización: Francia no había abandonado pretensiones sobre Madagastcar—sólo evitado enfrentamiento con GB

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• Colonos franceses en I. Reunión ven salida natural de expansión económica/demográfica en Madagascar; apertura del C. de Suez (1869); leyenda de la riqueza de la isla– 1883: expedición de marina francesa bombardea la costa

oeste y penetra la isla – Tratado de compromiso: 1885—protectorado teórico– Tratado vago y de difícil aplicación: implantar influencia

francesa vs resistencia apoyada por GB– 1890 convención de reparto: Zanzíbar y Madagascar

• Declive del gobierno de merina:– Septiembre 1895: obligados a firmar un Tratado de

Protectorado, moderado, la reina se comprometía a realizar las reformas que FR considerara necesarias

– Insurrecciones: reprimidas por el ejército francés y nuevo tratado reconoce la toma de posesión francesa

• .51

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• Nuevas insurrecciones: 1896 el parlamento declara la isla colonia francesa y envían a Gral. Gallieni a tomar mando militar y civil– Abole la monarquía, exilia a la reina, es nombrado

gobernador general: Francia pasa a política de administración directa

– Reduce la insurrección, organiza y pacifica el territorio, restablece seguridad, administración, economía y escuelas

– Somete al resto de la isla.– Desarrollo de economía agrícola y minera,

reconciliación de las razas para realizar una nueva unidad; se construye infraestructura

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• PGM: voluntarios malgaches y fundación de sociedad secreta (V.V.S)– Movimiento reprimido, pero inicios de movimiento de

emancipación• Jean Ralaimongo: funda Liga Francesa para el acceso

de los indígenas de Madagascar a los derechos del ciudadano francés y en 1922 reclama su transformación en departamento francés.– Ravoahangy (V.V.S) se une y son arrestados tras

manifestación: el movimiento se convierte en reivindicación de la independencia

– Nacionalistas permanecen unidos a FR durante SGM

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• De Gaulle: restauración de la economía, política de colaboración pero excluyendo idea de autonomía– Diputados en asamblea constituyente de 1945: fundan el

Movimiento Democrático de la Renovación Malgache y en Madagascar se crean otros grupos

– Const. 1946: territorio de la R. Francesa y ciudadanos franceses

– Insatisfechos: renace agitación y en marzo de 1947 estalla insurrección

– Represión extrema– MDRM disuelto y sus líderes prisioneros sin pruebas– 1954: indultados; elecciones en 1956-57 y en mayo 1958 se

reúne Congreso de Independencia para negociación con FR• Const. 1959: presidente, asamblea nacional por sufragio

universal, senado• 29 de junio 1960: República malgache, admitido en NU en

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• 4 Repúblicas:• Golpe Militar 1975 Dictadura de Didier

Ratsiraka 1992 presión popular lo obliga a establecer gobierno de transisión– Democracia Constitucional: Semipresidencial, bicameral

– 1993 su partido gana las elecciones parlamentarias, pero pierde la presidencia tensión partidista destitución de Albert Zafy en 1996

– 1997-2001 Ratsiraka regresa al poder

– 2001 fraude electoral y posibilidad de guerra civil intervención internacional y Mark Ravalomanana es reconocido en julio 2002

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• Golpe de Estado 2009 Andry Rajoelina no reconocido por UE– 2010 suspensión de la UA

• Elecciones 2013:– Ravalomanana se lanza y sus opositores juntan 55%

de los votos, pero nadie tiene lo necesario para ganar en la primera vuelta

– Hery Rajaonarimampianina (15%): coalición que obtiene 53%

• 22 millones habs. 90% -$2 USD– PIB: 129 PIB PC: 219

• 587,041 km2 • Chihuaha x 2 + Oaxaca

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República Sudafricana

• 1,219,912 Km2• 53 696 000 habs. (11/25)• PIB 11/26/229• PIB PC

88/108/228

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• 1909, South Africa Act otorga autonomía a la Rep. Sudafricana– Cambios demográficos en la población blanca:

mayor proporción de afrikaanders

• 1910 Ley de la Unión:– Colonias Británicas bajo un solo sistema de

gobierno.• Colonia del Cabo de Buena Esperanza, Natal,

Colonia del Río Orange, Transvaal• PGM y SGM mayor autonomía

– 1930: P. Sudafricano + P. Nacionalista = Partido Unido.

– SGM: P. Nacionalista Alemania = Segregación racial.

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• Nacionalistas afrikaanders fortalecen su poder a partir de elecciones de 1948– Política racial: apartheid “separación”

• Apartheid: “desarrollo” separado de las diferentes razas bajo tutela de la raza blanca superior– Prohibición de mezclas; certificados de identidad

racial– 1950 Group Areas Act: delimitación de zonas

territoriales para cada grupo racial (blancos, negros, indios, mestizos)

– Expulsión de cientos de miles de africanos de las zonas urbanas

• Bantustan Authorities Act: construir territorios para retribalización de los africanos (bajo supervisión de los blancos)– Supuesta autonomía progresiva

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• Control gubernamental: Suppression of Communism Act– Poder a alto funcionario de suprimir toda

publicación/organización considerada con tendencias comunistas

– Cualquier intento de provocar cambios (político, industrial, social, económico)

– Presión sobre cualquier medio de oposición– Encarcelamiento sin juicio permitido (90días,

renovable)• Corona conserva protectorados en Bechuanalandia

(Bostwana), Swazilandia y Basutolandia (Lesotho)– Acceso controlado por la R.S.

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• 1956 Marcha femenina contra los pases y Juicios por Traición: líderes negros y blancos por sus ideas liberales

• 156 arrestos Nelson Mandela

• 21 de marzo 1960: Masacre de Sharpeville • 5,000-7,000 manifestantes 69 muertos

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• 1961, mayoría absoluta a nacionalistas: • Referéndum Unión con Gran Bretaña = 52% en

contra.• República Sudafricana independiente proclamada el 31

de mayo rechazando pertenencia a la Commonwealth• Congreso Nacional Africano - Declarado Ilegal.

– Protestas Pacíficas Protestas Violentas

– Julio, 1963: Nelson Mandela arrestado.

• Levantamiento Estudiantil de Soweto, 16 de junio 1976

– Protestas por introducción de

lengua Afrikáans en las escuelas

– +/- 20,000 estudiantes

cifras “oficiales” 175 muertosestimados 700

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• Protestas numerosas continúan durante década de los 80

• Consecuencias:

– Suspensión de relaciones diplomáticas y comerciales.

– Estado de emergencia, 1985.

– Exclusión de Juegos Olímpicos, Copas Mundiales de Fútbol.

• Presión internacional para dejar a Mandela en libertad.

– 1964 Sentenciado 26 años en prisión– 18 a. Isla Robben negociación– 1982: traslado e inicio de pláticas– 1989 De Klerk sube al poder– 1990 liberación de Mandela:primeras pláticas oficialesentre ANC y el gobierno

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• Desmantelamiento paulatino del sistema de Apartheid• 1992: referéndum “blanco” aprueba proceso de reformas

– 1993 se planea elección y constitución provisional, retorno a Commonwealth

• 27 de abril 1994: primeras elecciones democráticas con sufragio universal

• ANC 62.65% del voto

• 19 partidos politicos

• 22 millones de votantes

• Gobierno de Unidad Nacional:

Nelson Mandela como presidente y

F.W. de Klerk y Thabo Mbeki como

vice-presidentes

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• Gobierno: República parlamentaria– Legislativo:

• Parlamento bicameral: Asamblea Nacional y Consejo Nacional de Provincias

– Ejecutivo: • Presidente. Jefe de Gobierno y de Estado, electo por el

parlamento– Judicial

• Provincias– CNP con poder para proteger intereses regionales, tradiciones

culturales y lingüísticas de las minorías (11 lenguas oficiales)– Capacidad ejecutiva y legislativa: federalismo

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• Problemas actuales:– Protestas y manifestaciones

continuas• Desempleo• Pobreza• Anti inmigración

– Represión política– Inseguridad– VIH-SIDA

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