Legal framework Guidelines of the cement & limeindustry Calculation basis for alternative fuels Types of alternative fuels (biomass, waste-based fuels, solids/liquids) Influences on the clinker production process Treatment technologies: crushing, screening, classifying, removal of pollutants Reception, dosing, storage, sampling techniques Flame control, burner technologies, fire protection Impact on CO2 emissions Purchase management Logistics Quality control/quality management Trials organization Analysis procedures Information about origin, composition and availability Chemical and physical parameters, such as bulk density, flow behavior and burning behavior Specific influences on the clinker production process Economic and technical conditions for treatment, storage and dosage possibilities Specific legal requirements Safety at work Environmental aspects Country-specific information Legal framework Guidelines of the cement & limeindustry Calculation basis for alternative fuels Types of alternative fuels (biomass, waste-based fuels, solids/liquids) Influences on the clinker production process Treatment technologies: crushing, screening, classifying, removal of pollutants Reception, dosing, storage, sampling techniques Flame control, burner technologies, fire protection Impact on CO2 emissions Purchase management

YOUR EXPERT IN ALTERNATIVE FUELSPRESENTS

Solinger Strasse 19, D- 45481 Mlheim an der Ruhr, GermanyTel: +49 (0) 208-94 16 87 0 Fax: +49 (0) 208-94 16 87 50 info@lechtenberg-partner.de www.lechtenberg-partner.de

The most comprehensive compendium of alternative fuels and raw materials for the cement and lime industry

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Preface 5

List of Abbreviations 17

List of Chemical Formulae 23

PART IChapter: 1 History and overview of alternative raw materials and fuels 271.1 Alternative raw materials 27

1.1.1 Definition 271.1.2 History and utilisation of alternative raw

materials 281.1.3 Types of alternative raw materials 281.1.4 Characteristics of alternative raw materials 301.1.5 Principles when using alternative raw materials 331.1.6 Utilisation of alternative raw materials 341.1.7 Transport and storage of alternative raw

materials 391.1.8 Conditioning and dosing of alternative raw

materials 391.1.9 Quality assurance 411.1.10 Outlook 44

1.2 Alternative fuels 451.2.1 Definition 451.2.2 History of alternative fuels 461.2.3 Types of alternative fuels 501.2.4 Waste as raw material for alternative fuels 521.2.5 Identification of wastes 53

Chapter: 2 Waste evaluation 632.1 Defining waste generating sectors 652.2 Collecting the required information 662.3 Quantification and characterisation of the mixed

waste 672.4 Quantification of waste from generators 702.5 Fuel-technical properties 722.6 Basic principles for the use of alternative fuels 73

Chapter: 3 Key issues for investments in RDF production technologies and alternative fuel usage 773.1 Basic economic considerations 773.2 Criteria influencing the production of

waste-derived fuels 80

Chapter: 4 Production of RDF 834.1 Separation technologies impurities 854.2 Screening technology 86

4.2.1 Drum screens/trommel 864.2.2 Ballistic separation 904.2.3 Oscillating or vibrating screen 91

4.3 Air classification 934.4 Hard/rigid material classifier 954.5 Manual separation/hand picking 974.6 Optical sorting systems 984.7 Metal separation 100

4.7.1 Separation of ferrous materials 1004.7.2 Non-ferrous separation 101

4.8 Shredding 1034.8.1 Preshredding 1034.8.2 Final shredding 107

4.9 Pelletising 1134.10 Drying technologies 117

4.10.1 Solar drying 1184.10.2 Belt dryers 1204.10.3 Drum dryers 1224.10.4 Notes on dryer systems 124

4.11 Examples of RDF production plants 1254.12 Economic evaluation of RDF production plants 129

Chapter: 5 Quality management for alternative fuels 1335.1 Environmentally relevant elements 1335.2 Contaminant sources in alternative fuels 1345.3 Investigation of alternative fuels declaration

analysis 1385.4 Evaluation of waste and alternative fuels in an

RDF production plant 1435.5 Evaluation of AF in the cement/lime plant

sampling 1475.6 Sample preparation 1495.7 Analysis of alternative fuels 152

5.7.1 Preliminary notes 1525.7.2 Moisture 1545.7.3 Volatiles and ash 1565.7.4 Calorific value 1565.7.5 Chlorine 1595.7.6 Sulphur 1605.7.7 Trace elements 161

5.8 Monitoring and reporting 163

Content

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Chapter: 6 Logistics and storage of RDF 1656.1 Basic principles 1656.2 Transport, loading of alternative fuels 1656.3 Truck reception 1696.4 Reception systems for bulk solid materials 1756.5 Storage of alternative fuels 176

6.5.1 Basic requirements 1766.5.2 Homogenisation 1776.5.3 Special section: Fire protection 1786.5.4 Fire protection evaluation using the example

of a storage facility 1826.5.5 Verification of infrastructural fire protection 1916.5.6 Explosion protection in secondary fuel storage

facilities 1946.6 Types of storage 195

6.6.1 Storage as bulk material in an enclosed facility 196

6.6.2 Storage in one or several silos 1976.6.3 Moving floor storage 1986.6.4 Storage in a deep bunker with discharge

systems 2006.6.5 Storage in a bunker with crane unloading 2016.6.6 Storage in special storage boxes 203

Chapter: 7 Dosing and feeding of alternative fuels 2077.1 Screening 2077.2 Separation of impurities 2127.3 Conveying technology 212

7.3.1 Pneumatic conveying 2127.3.2 Mechanical conveying 2177.3.3 Pipe conveyors 220

7.4 Weighing 2217.4.1 Fundamentals 2217.4.2 Weigh feeders 2227.4.3 Differential weigh feeders 2227.4.4 Rotor weigh feeder 2237.4.5 Screw weigh feeder 224

7.5 Feeding points for alternative fuels 2257.5.1 Basic considerations 2257.5.2 Main burner 2277.5.3 Kiln inlet 2367.5.4 Dosing of alternative fuels in the calciner 237

Chapter: 8 Influences on clinker and lime production 2398.1 Ash composition 2398.2 Sulphur, chlorine, alkalis 2448.3 Influence on lime production 2508.4 Refractories 2518.5 Grain size of fuels 2548.6 Environmentally relevant trace elements 256

8.6.1 Influence of trace elements on cement properties strength and setting 260

8.6.2 Leaching of trace elements in fresh cement paste and hardened concrete 261

8.7 Impact on fan capacities 2638.7.1 Calculation basics 2638.7.2 Example of a substitution scenario 265

8.8 Specific energy consumption 2668.9 Remarks on quality control of the cement

production process when using alternative fuels 2678.10 Emissions 2698.11 CO2 reduction with alternative fuels 273

8.11.1 Basics 2738.11.2 Biomass content and emission factors of

alternative fuels 2748.11.3 Determination of biogenic content mass

balance 2758.11.4 Determination of biogenic content manual

sorting, selective dissolution, 14C method 2768.11.5 Fossil CO2 savings in the cement and lime

industry 277

Chapter: 9 Contracting alternative fuels 2879.1 Structure for waste sourcing and AFR units 2879.2 Price evaluation and contracting 2899.3 Contract structure 2919.4 Bonus/malus regulations 291

Chapter: 10 Emission limits and permitting issues 29310.1 Monitoring of emissions 29510.2 Monitoring of safe combustion 29610.3 Permitting issues 29810.4 Applying for a permit 29810.5 Trial permit organisation of trials 30210.6 Public discussions stakeholders 305

Chapter: 11 Current developments of the use of alternative fuels 30911.1 Oxy-fuel technology 30911.2 Ultra fine milling of alternative fuels 31211.3 Thermal technologies 31411.4 Pyrolysis of high-calorific residues 318

11.4.1 Fundamentals of pyrolysis technology 31811.4.2 Applications 31911.4.3 Hydrothermal carbonisation 321

Annex I Questionnaire for data collection landfill site 3231. General information on landfill site 3232. General information on the current situation 3243. Waste input 326

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Annex II Quality management Examples of excerpts of process instructions for the processing plant 327Annex II a Process instructions for the processing plant 328

Annex II b Work instructions for sampling waste input and RDF 338

Annex II c Operational procedures for maintenance and r epairs 343

Annex II d Specification for the acceptance of municipal mixed wastes (MMW) 346

Annex II e Company Safety Instructions RDF 349

PART IIFact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Olive residues 3531 Classification according to EWC European

Waste Catalogue 3531.1 AFR description 3531.2 AFR pictures 354

2 AFR source and composition 3542.1 Source 3542.2 Quantity and availability 3562.3 Flow chart of AFR production 3582.4 AFR composition 3582.5 AFR analysis 3592.6 AFR ash composition 360

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 361

4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 3614.1 Collection and transport 3614.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 3614.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 3624.3.1 Economic value of the waste in a cement or

lime plant 3624.3.2 AFR pre-processing 3634.3.3 Storage at the plant site 3644.3.4 Dosing and feeding systems 3644.3.5 Quality influence on clinker and lime 365

5 Recommendations 3676 References 367

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Poultry litter 3691 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 3691.1 AFR description 3691.2 AFR pictures 370

2 AFR source and composition 3712.1 Source 3712.2 Quantity and availability 3712.3 Flow chart of AFR production 3732.4 AFR composition 3742.5 AFR analysis 3742.6 AFR ash composition 375

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 375

4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 3764.1 Collection and transport 3764.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 3774.3 Use as alternative fuels in a cement plant 377

4.3.1 Economic value of the waste in a cement plant 377

4.3.2 AFR pre-processing 3784.3.3 Storage in the plant site 3784.3.4 Dosing and feeding systems 3784.3.5 Quality influence on clinker 379

5 Recommendations 3796 References 379

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Scrap tyres 3811 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 3811.1 AFR description 3811.2 AFR pictures 382

2 AFR source and composition 3832.1 Source 3832.2 Quantity and availability 3832.3 Flow chart of AFR production 3852.4 AFR composition 3862.5 AFR analysis 3872.6 Thermal properties 389

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 389

4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 3904.1 Collection and transport 3904.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 3904.3 Use as alternative fuels in a cement plant 391

4.3.1 Economic value of the AFR in a cement plant 391

4.3.2 AFR pre-processing 3924.3.3 Storage at the plant site 3924.3.4 Dosing and feeding systems 393

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

4.3.5 Quality influence on clinker 3955 Recommendations 3956 References 396

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Sewage sludge 3991 Classification according to European Waste

catalogue EWC 3991.1 AFR description 3991.2 AFR picture 400

2 AFR source and composition 4002.1 Source 4002.2 Quantity and availability 4022.3 Flow chart of AFR production 4032.4 AFR composition 4042.5 AFR analysis 4052.6 AFR ash composition 406

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 407

4 Collection, recycling and disposal 4084.1 Collection and transport 4084.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 4094.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement plant 410

4.3.1 Economic value of the AFR in a cement plant 411

4.3.2 AFR pre-processing 4124.3.3 Storage at the plant site 4154.3.4 Dosing and feeding systems 4164.3.5 Quality influence on clinker 417

5 Recommendations 4186 References 418

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Straw 4231 Classification according to European waste

Catalogue EWC 4231.1 AFR description 4231.2 AFR pictures 424

2 AFR source and composition 4242.1 Source 4242.2 Quantity and availability 4252.3 Flow chart of AFR production 4252.4 AFR composition 4262.5 AFR analysis 4272.6 AFR ash composition 428

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 428

4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 4294.1 Collection and transport 4294.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 4304.3 Use as alternative fuels in a cement plant 431

4.3.1 Economic value of the waste in a cement plant 431

4.3.2 AFR pre-processing 4324.3.3 Storage at the plant site 4324.3.4 Dosing and feeding systems 4334.3.5 Quality influence on clinker 433

5 Recommendations 4356 References 436

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Used oils 4391 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 4391.1 AFR description 4401.2 AFR pictures 440

2 AFR source and composition 4412.1 Source 4412.2 Quantity and availability 4422.3 Flow chart of AFR production 4442.4 AFR composition 4452.5 AFR analysis 4452.6 AFR ash composition 447

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 447

4 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 4484.1 Collection and transport 4484.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 4494.3 Use as alternative fuels in cement or lime

plants 4504.3.1 Economic value of the AFR in cement

or lime plants 4514.3.2 AFR pre-processing 4524.3.3 Storage at the plant site 4534.3.4 Dosing and feeding systems 4534.3.5 Quality influence on products 453

5 Recommendations 4546 References 455

Clinker Formulae 457

Bibliography 459

Table of Figures 475

Table of Pictures 479

Table of Tables 485

Advertisement Index 489

Index 495

Legal framework Guidelines of the cement & limeindustry Calculation basis for alternative fuels Types of alternative fuels (biomass, waste-based fuels, solids/liquids) Influences on the clinker production process Treatment technologies: crushing, screening, classifying, removal of pollutants Reception, dosing, storage, sampling techniques Flame control, burner technologies, fire protection Impact on CO2 emissions Purchase management Logistics Quality control/quality management Trials organization Analysis procedures Information about origin, composition and availability Chemical and physical parameters, such as bulk density, flow behavior and burning behavior Specific influences on the clinker production process Economic and technical conditions for treatment, storage and dosage possibilities Specific legal requirements Safety at work Environmental aspects Country-specific information Legal framework Guidelines of the cement & limeindustry Calculation basis for alternative fuels Types of alternative fuels (biomass, waste-based fuels, solids/liquids) Influences on the clinker production process Treatment technologies: crushing, screening, classifying, removal of pollutants Reception, dosing, storage, sampling techniques Flame control, burner technologies, fire protection Impact on CO2 emissions Purchase management

YOUR EXPERT IN ALTERNATIVE FUELSPRESENTS

Solinger Strasse 19, D- 45481 Mlheim an der Ruhr, GermanyTel: +49 (0) 208-94 16 87 0 Fax: +49 (0) 208-94 16 87 50 info@lechtenberg-partner.de www.lechtenberg-partner.de

The most comprehensive compendium of alternative fuels and raw materials for the cement and lime industry

Content Preface 5

List of Abbreviations 21

List of Chemical Formulae 33

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Agriculture films1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 371.1 AFR description 371.2 AFR pictures 39

2 AFR source and composition 392.1 Source 392.2 Quantity and availability 412.3 Flow chart of AFR production 432.4 AFR composition 432.5 AFR analysis 442.6 AFR ash composition 44

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 454 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 45

4.1 Collection and transport 454.2 Recycling, current use and disposal of the AFR 464.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime plant 47

5 Recommendations 506 References 51

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Bagasse 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 551.1 AFR description 551.2 AFR pictures 56

2 AFR source and composition 562.1 Source 562.2 Quantity and availability 572.3 Flow chart of AFR production 582.4 AFR composition 592.5 AFR analysis 602.6 AFR ash composition 61

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 614 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 62

4.1 Collection and transport 624.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 624.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime plant 63

5 Recommendations 656 References 65

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Bamboo 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 691.1 AFR description 691.2 AFR pictures 70

2 AFR source and composition 712.1 Source 712.2 Quantity and availability 722.3 Flow chart of AFR production 742.4 AFR composition 752.5 AFR analysis 752.6 AFR ash composition 76

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 764 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 77

4.1 Collection and transport 774.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 774.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime plant 79

5 Recommendations 826 References 82

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Calcium fluoride sludge1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 851.1 AFR description 851.2 AFR pictures 86

2 AFR source and composition 862.1 Source 862.2 Quantity and availability 912.3 Flow chart of AFR production 922.4 AFR composition and analysis 93

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 944 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 94

4.1 Collection and transport 944.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 944.3 Use as alternative raw material in

a cement plant 965 Recommendations 996 References 99

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Carpets and rugs 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 1031.1 AFR description 1031.2 AFR pictures 104

2 AFR source and composition 105

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

2.1 Source 1052.2 Quantity and availability 1072.3 Flow chart of AFR production 1082.4 AFR composition 1092.5 AFR analysis 1112.6 AFR ash composition 112

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 1124 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 113

4.1 Collection and transport 1134.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 1144.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 1155 Recommendations 1206 References 121

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Coconut shells 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 127

1.1 AFR description 1271.2 AFR pictures 128

2 AFR source and composition 1292.1 Source 1292.2 Quantity and availability 1292.3 Flow chart of AFR production 1332.4 AFR composition 1332.5 AFR analysis 1342.6 AFR ash composition 135

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 1354 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 136

4.1 Collection and transport 1364.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 1364.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 1375 Recommendations 1406 References 140

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Coffee bean husks1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 1431.1 AFR description 1431.2 AFR pictures 144

2 AFR source and composition 1452.1 Source 1452.2 Quantity and availability 1462.3 Flow chart of AFR production 1512.4 AFR composition 1512.5 AFR analysis 1522.6 AFR ash composition 152

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 1534 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 153

4.1 Collection and transport 153

4.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 1534.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 1545 Recommendations 1556 References 156

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Foams1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 1591.1 AFR description 1601.2 AFR pictures 160

2 AFR source and composition 1612.1 Source 1612.2 Quantity and availability 1632.3 Flow chart of AFR production 1642.4 AFR composition 1652.5 AFR analysis 1652.6 AFR ash composition 166

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 1664 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 166

4.1 Collection and transport 1664.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 1684.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 1695 Recommendations 1726 References 172

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Glycerine from biodiesel production1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 1751.1 AFR description 1751.2 AFR pictures 176

2 AFR source and composition 1762.1 Source 1762.2 Quantity and availability 1772.3 Flow chart of AFR production 1812.4 AFR composition 1812.5 AFR analysis 1822.6 AFR ash composition 183

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 1834 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 184

4.1 Collection and transport 1844.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 1844.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 1855 Recommendations 1886 References 188

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Labels 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 1911.1 AFR description 1911.2 AFR pictures 192

2 AFR source and composition 1932.1 Source 1932.2 Quantity and availability 1942.3 Flow chart of AFR production 1952.4 AFR composition 1962.5 AFR analysis 1962.6 AFR ash composition 197

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 1984 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 198

4.1 Collection and transport 1984.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 1984.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 1995 Recommendations 2026 References 202

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Lime residues1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 2051.1 AFR description 2061.2 AFR pictures 206

2 AFR source and composition 2072.1 Source 2072.2 Quantity and availability 2152.3 Flow chart of AFR production 2192.4 AFR composition and analysis 220

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 2244 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 225

4.1 Collection and transport 2254.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 2254.3 Use as alternative raw material in a

cement or lime plant 2275 Recommendations 2336 References 233

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Meat and bone meal1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 2391.1 AFR description 2391.2 AFR pictures 240

2 AFR source and composition 2402.1 Source 2402.2 Quantity and availability 2432.3 Flow chart of AFR production 2462.4 AFR composition 246

2.5 AFR analysis 2472.6 AFR ash composition 248

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 2484 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 248

4.1 Collection and transport 2484.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 2494.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 2505 Recommendations 2536 References 254

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Municipal solid waste1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 2591.1 AFR description 2591.2 AFR pictures 260

2 AFR source and composition 2602.1 Source 2602.2 Quantity and availability 2612.3 Flow chart of AFR production 2632.4 AFR composition 2632.5 AFR analysis 2662.6 AFR ash composition 268

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 2684 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 269

4.1 Collection and transport 2694.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 2704.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 2725 Recommendations 2806 References 280

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Nappies1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 2831.1 AFR description 2831.2 AFR pictures 284

2 AFR source and composition 2842.1 Source 2842.2 Quantity and availability 2842.3 Flow chart of AFR production 2902.4 AFR composition 2902.5 AFR analysis 2922.6 AFR ash composition 293

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 2934 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 293

4.1 Collection and transport 2934.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 2944.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 2945 Recommendations 2976 References 297

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Oil mud drillings 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 3031.1 AFR description 3031.2 AFR pictures 304

2 AFR source and composition 3042.1 Source 3042.2 Quantity and availability 3062.3 Flow chart of AFR production 3082.4 AFR composition 3092.5 AFR analysis 3102.6 AFR ash composition 312

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 3134 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 315

4.1 Collection and transport 3154.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 3164.3 Use as alternative raw material in a

cement plant 3165 Recommendations 3206 References 320

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Packaging materials 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 3231.1 AFR description 3231.2 AFR pictures 324

2 AFR source and composition 3252.1 Source 3252.2 Quantity and availability 3262.3 Flow chart of AFR production 3312.4 AFR composition 3322.5 AFR analysis 3332.6 AFR ash composition 335

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 3364 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 336

4.1 Collection and transport 3364.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 3364.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 3385 Recommendations 3406 References 340

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Paper fly ashes1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 3431.1 AFR description 3431.2 AFR pictures 343

2 AFR source and composition 3442.1 Source 3442.2 Quantity and availability 344

2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 3472.4 AFR composition 348

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 3494 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 349

4.1 Collection and transport 3494.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 3494.3 Use as alternative raw material in a

cement plant 3495 Recommendations 3526 References 352

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Plastics1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 3551.1 AFR description 3561.2 AFR pictures 358

2 AFR source and composition 3592.1 Source 3592.2 Quantity and availability 3602.3 Flow chart of AFR production 3662.4 AFR composition 3672.5 AFR analysis 3682.6 AFR ash composition 368

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 3694 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 372

4.1 Collection and transport 3724.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 3734.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 3755 Recommendations 3816 References 382

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Power plant ashes1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 3851.1 AFR description 3851.2 AFR pictures 386

2 AFR source and composition 3872.1 Sources 3872.2 Quantity and availability 3902.3 Flow chart of AFR production 3912.4 AFR composition 391

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 3944 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 394

4.1 Collection and transport 3944.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 3954.3 Use as alternative raw material in cement

plants 3965 Recommendations 4026 References 402

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Rice husk 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 4051.1 AFR description 4051.2 AFR pictures 406

2 AFR source and composition 4072.1 Source 4072.2 Quantity and availability 4072.3 Flow chart of AFR production 4122.4 AFR composition 4132.5 AFR analysis 4132.6 AFR ash composition 414

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 4144 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 414

4.1 Collection and transport 4144.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 4154.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 4165 Recommendations 4206 References 421

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Roofing felt1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 4231.1 AFR description 4231.2 AFR pictures 424

2 AFR source and composition 4252.1 Source 4252.2 Quantity and availability 4262.3 Flow chart of AFR production 4272.4 AFR composition 4272.5 AFR analysis 4292.6 AFR ash composition 430

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 4304 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 431

4.1 Collection and transport 4314.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 4324.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement plant 432

5 Recommendations 4376 References 437

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Spent cell linings also known as Spent pot linings 1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 4411.1 AFR description 4411.2 AFR pictures 442

2 AFR source and composition 4422.1 Source 4422.2 Quantity and availability 443

2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 4542.4 AFR composition 4542.5 AFR analysis 4552.6 AFR ash composition 456

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 4564 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 457

4.1 Collection and transport 4574.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 4574.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement plant 458

5 Recommendations 4646 References 464

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Spent solvents1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 4671.1 AFR description 4681.2 AFR picture 469

2 AFR source and composition 4692.1 Sources 4692.2 Quantity and availability 4712.3 Flow chart of AFR production 4732.4 AFR composition 4732.5 AFR analysis 4732.6 AFR ash composition 478

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 4784 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 482

4.1 Collection and transport 4824.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 4834.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 4845 Recommendations 4886 References 489

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Synthetic gypsum1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 4911.1 AFR description 4921.2 AFR pictures 492

2 AFR source and composition 4932.1 Source 4932.2 Quantity and availability 4992.3 Flow chart of AFR production 5002.4 AFR composition and analysis 501

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 5024 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 503

4.1 Collection and transport 5034.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 5034.3 Use as alternative raw material in cement

plants 5045 Recommendations 5086 References 509

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Textiles1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 5151.1 AFR description 5161.2 AFR pictures 516

2 AFR source and composition 5162.1 Source 5162.2 Quantity and availability 5172.3 Flow chart of AFR production 5192.4 AFR composition 5192.5 AFR analysis 5202.6 AFR ash composition 521

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 5214 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 522

4.1 Collection and transport 5224.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 5224.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 5235 Recommendations 5266 References 526

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Tobacco waste1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 5311.1 AFR description 5311.2 AFR pictures 532

2 AFR source and composition 5322.1 Source 5322.2 Quantity and availability 5342.3 Flow chart of AFR production 5362.4 AFR composition 5372.5 AFR analysis 5382.6 AFR ash composition 539

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 5394 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 540

4.1 Collection and transport 5404.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 5404.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement plant 540

5 Recommendations 5426 References 543

Fact Sheet: Alternative fuel and raw material (AFR) review Used wood1 Classification according to European Waste

Catalogue EWC 5471.1 AFR description 5481.2 AFR pictures 549

2 AFR source and composition 5492.1 Source 5492.2 Quantity and availability 555

2.3 Flow chart of AFR production 5562.4 AFR composition 5562.5 AFR analysis 5572.6 AFR ash composition 558

3 Harmful substances and hazardous characteristics 5594 Collection, recycling and disposal of the AFR 561

4.1 Collection and transport 5614.2 Recycling, current use and disposal 5624.3 Use as alternative fuel in a cement or lime

plant 5645 Recommendations 5706 References 570

Table of Figures 573

Table of Pictures 578

Table of Tables 584

Advertisement Index 590

Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials Handbook