aflatoxin mitigation: the zambian case study...aflatoxin b 1 (ppb) at harvest in 2013, eastern...
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Aflatoxin mitigation: The Zambian case study
Sam Njoroge, ICRISAT, Malawi
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Poverty
Stunting
Gnut hseholds
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Limits for Aflatoxin (total) Allowable in Foodstuffs
• Australia 0.02 to 1
• Germany 5
• India 30
• Mexico 20
• UK 10
• USA 20
• Malawi (P_butter) 3
• South Africa 10
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Aflatoxin B1 (ppb) after harvest in 2012, Eastern Zambia
PET NYI CHI MAM
0-4 21 15 43 38
>4 to 20 41 50 32 31
>20 to 100 30 23 23 26
>100 to 1000 7 9 5 -
>1000 1 3 1 -
N 100 100 104 95
Maximum 3,258 4,980 1,077 69
Arithmetic mean 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.7
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Aflatoxin B1 (ppb) at harvest in 2013, Eastern
Zambia (Sorted)
CHIPATA KATETE MAMBWE
0-4 93 8 64
>4 to 20 41 3 24
>20 to 100 5 1 6
>100 to 1000 9 1 1
>1000 0 0 0
N 148 13 95
Maximum 400 506 200
Arithmetic mean 0.55 0.67 0.50
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Aflatoxin B1 (ppb) at harvest in 2013, Eastern
Zambia (Sort-outs)
CHIPATA KATETE MAMBWE
0-4 30 2 34
>4 to 20 40 3 11
>20 to 100 28 3 18
>100 to 1000 43 3 29
>1000 7 2 3
N 148 13 95
Maximum 3,235 1,039 1,900
Arithmetic mean 1.57 1.74 1.33
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Mean aflatoxin B1 in peanut butter, Eastern Zambia
in 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Afl
ato
xin
B1 i
n p
pb
Source
Red: >20 ppbBlack: >10 ≤ 20 ppb
Orange: ≥4 ≤10 ppbGreen: < 4 ppb
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
AF
B1
co
nta
min
ati
on
in
lo
g (
pp
b)
Source
Mean aflatoxin B1 in peanut butter in 2013,
Zambia
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Mean aflatoxin B1 in market groundnut grain in
2012, Eastern Zambia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Afl
ato
xin
B1
in
pp
b
Source
Red: >20 ppb
Black: >10 ≤ 20 ppbOrange: ≥4 ≤10 ppb
Green: < 4 ppb
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
AFB
1 co
nta
min
atio
n in
log
(pp
b)
Source
Mean aflatoxin B1 in market groundnut grain in
2013, Zambia
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On-going work
• Crop rotation (Zambia and Malawi)- Maize, cotton, sunflower, groundnuts, millet, sorghum, pigeonpea
• Amendment (Gypsum, Biochar)
• Modeling (49 to 21 days before harvest)- Zambia and Malawi)
• Sorting/Alternative uses
• Characterize fungi in sect. Flavi
• Dissemination/communication..catalyzi-ng change
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Red: >20 ppb
Black: >10 ≤ 20 ppb
Orange: ≥4 ≤10 ppb
Green: < 4 ppb
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Aflatoxin B1 (ppb) at harvest in 2013, Eastern
Zambia (Sort-outs)
CHIPATA KATETE MAMBWE
0-4 30 2 34
>4 to 20 40 3 11
>20 to 100 28 3 18
>100 to 1000 43 3 29
>1000 7 2 3
N 148 13 95
Maximum 3,235 1,039 1,900
Arithmetic mean 1.57 1.74 1.33
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Fate of contaminated nuts…
• Oil
• Feed
• Fertilizer
• Blending
• Binding (NovaSil clay)
• Blanching
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Aspergillus parasiticus
Czapek
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Aspergillus flavus
Czapek
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Aspergillus nomius
Czapek
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Aspergillus tamarii
Czapek
Czapek
MEA
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Aspergillus oryzae
Czapek
Czapek
MEA
MEA
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ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium