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Page 1: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

AERONAUTICSAERONAUTICS

Page 2: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

ClassificationsClassifications

Lighter-Than-AirLighter-Than-AirFree BalloonsFree BalloonsAirshipsAirships

SpecializedSpecializedKite-BalloonsKite-BalloonsKitesKitesParachutes ???Parachutes ???

Heavier-Than-AirHeavier-Than-AirOrnithoptersOrnithoptersHelicoptersHelicoptersGlidersGlidersAeroplanesAeroplanesBallistic RocketsBallistic Rockets

Page 3: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

OutlineOutline Early OriginsEarly Origins First Balloon AscentsFirst Balloon Ascents Kite Balloons, Kites & ParachutesKite Balloons, Kites & Parachutes Epoch Of The AirshipEpoch Of The Airship OrnithoptersOrnithopters Fixed Wing Flight - GlidersFixed Wing Flight - Gliders Powered AeroplanePowered Aeroplane Jet PowerJet Power RocketsRockets HelicoptersHelicopters

Page 4: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Early OriginsEarly OriginsDaedalus & His Son, IcarusDaedalus & His Son, Icarus

Escaped Imprisonment From Crete With Wings Made From Feathers & Wax. Flew Too Close To Sun.

Archytas Of Tarentum (4th Century BC)Archytas Of Tarentum (4th Century BC)Made Wooden Pigeon Which Flew

Roger Bacon & Albert The Great (1200s)Roger Bacon & Albert The Great (1200s)Albert Of Saxony (1300s)Albert Of Saxony (1300s)Leonardo da Vinci (1400s)Leonardo da Vinci (1400s)

Parachutes, Helicopters, Ornithopters (Bird Flight)

Robert Hooke (Late 1600s)Robert Hooke (Late 1600s)Experiments With Flying Machines - Records LostExperiments With Flying Machines - Records Lost

Page 5: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

First Balloon AscentsFirst Balloon Ascents Bartholomeu Lourenco de Gusmao (1709)Bartholomeu Lourenco de Gusmao (1709)

Hot-Air Model - No PassengersHot-Air Model - No PassengersDemonstrated Before King Of PortugalDemonstrated Before King Of Portugal

Joseph & Etienne MontgolfiereJoseph & Etienne MontgolfiereMan-Carrying Hot-Air Model (1782)Man-Carrying Hot-Air Model (1782)

J.F. Pilatre de Rozier & Marquis d’ArlandesJ.F. Pilatre de Rozier & Marquis d’ArlandesFirst Free-Flight By Man (1783)First Free-Flight By Man (1783)““Montgolfiere” BalloonMontgolfiere” Balloon

7.5 Miles, 26 Minutes3000 ft78000 ft3

Page 6: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

First Balloon AscentsFirst Balloon AscentsJ.A.C. Charles (1746-1823)J.A.C. Charles (1746-1823)

Hydrogen Would Be More Efficient Than Hot AirHydrogen Would Be More Efficient Than Hot Air Isolated By Henry Cavendish (1766)

““Charliere” Made First Flight 10 Days After de Charliere” Made First Flight 10 Days After de Rozier & d’ArlandesRozier & d’Arlandes27 Miles, 2 Hours9000 ft

Page 7: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

First Balloon AscentsFirst Balloon Ascents

CharliereCharliereMontgolfiereMontgolfiere

Page 8: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Kite BalloonsKite Balloons Military Development Of Free BalloonMilitary Development Of Free Balloon Used For Observation - WW IUsed For Observation - WW I First Practical Kite Balloon - German “Drachen”First Practical Kite Balloon - German “Drachen”

Elongated Gas-Filled Balloon (1896)Elongated Gas-Filled Balloon (1896)Led To Zeppelin DevelopmentLed To Zeppelin Development

Page 9: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

KitesKites Chinese (1000 BC)Chinese (1000 BC)

Man-Lifting Purposes ?Man-Lifting Purposes ?

Europe - Romans (1400s)Europe - Romans (1400s) Single Monoplane Lifting SurfacesSingle Monoplane Lifting Surfaces Box-Kite (1893)Box-Kite (1893)

HargraveHargraveMore EfficientMore EfficientTandem Biplane Lifting SurfacesTandem Biplane Lifting SurfacesMan-Lifting !Man-Lifting !

Page 10: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

ParachutesParachutes

Known To Ancient ChineseKnown To Ancient ChineseLeonardo da Vinci (1400s-1500s)Leonardo da Vinci (1400s-1500s)Early ExperimentersEarly Experimenters

Blanchard (1777) - dropped AnimalsBlanchard (1777) - dropped AnimalsMontgolfiere (1779)Montgolfiere (1779)

A.J. Garnerin (1797) - First Human JumpA.J. Garnerin (1797) - First Human JumpA. Berry (1912) - First Aeroplane JumpA. Berry (1912) - First Aeroplane JumpE.M. Maitland (1913) - First Airship JumpE.M. Maitland (1913) - First Airship Jump1920s - First Free-Fall Packed Parachutes1920s - First Free-Fall Packed Parachutes

Page 11: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Balloons - ProblemsBalloons - ProblemsNavigation - Paddles, Oars, PropellersNavigation - Paddles, Oars, PropellersElongated Workable Dirigible BalloonElongated Workable Dirigible Balloon

Helped Navigation

Light & Powerful Means Of PropulsionLight & Powerful Means Of Propulsion Charles (1784)Charles (1784)

Elongated A Hydrogen BalloonElongated A Hydrogen BalloonAir-Filled Ballonet Contained Within Main EnvelopeAir-Filled Ballonet Contained Within Main Envelope

T. Monck Mason (1843) - 6 mphT. Monck Mason (1843) - 6 mph Le Berrier (1844) - Steam PoweredLe Berrier (1844) - Steam Powered

Epoch Of The AirshipEpoch Of The Airship

Page 12: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Epoch Of The AirshipEpoch Of The Airship

H. Giffard (1852) - ShownH. Giffard (1852) - ShownFirst Man-Carrying AirshipFirst Man-Carrying Airship17 Miles At 5 mph17 Miles At 5 mph3 hp Steam Engine3 hp Steam Engine3 Bladed Propeller3 Bladed Propeller

First Pratical ModelFirst Pratical ModelRenard & KrebsRenard & Krebs188418849 hp Electric Motor9 hp Electric Motor5 Miles At 14 mph5 Miles At 14 mph

Page 13: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Epoch Of The AirshipEpoch Of The Airship Rigid Airship - HydrogenRigid Airship - Hydrogen

D. Schwarz (1897) - UnsuccessfulD. Schwarz (1897) - UnsuccessfulCount F. von Zeppelin (1900)Count F. von Zeppelin (1900)

Page 14: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Royal Naval Air ServiceRoyal Naval Air Service““Coastal” ClassCoastal” ClassWW I (1914-1918)WW I (1914-1918)Non-RigidNon-RigidHydrogenHydrogenTwo 112 kW EnginesTwo 112 kW Engines

British Airship R101British Airship R10119291929Passenger ServicePassenger ServiceWater BallastWater Ballast

Epoch Of The AirshipEpoch Of The Airship

Page 15: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

OrnithoptersOrnithopters Flapping-Wing Flying-MachinesFlapping-Wing Flying-Machines Leonardo da Vinci - ShownLeonardo da Vinci - Shown Marey (1892) - Flight Of Pigeons RecordedMarey (1892) - Flight Of Pigeons Recorded Current Aerodynamic & Physics TheoryCurrent Aerodynamic & Physics Theory

Possible ?????Possible ?????

Page 16: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Fixed Wing Flight - GlidersFixed Wing Flight - Gliders Hooke (1655) - Thought About Fixed-Wing FlightHooke (1655) - Thought About Fixed-Wing Flight Sir George CaylaySir George Caylay

““Father Of Aerial Navigation”Father Of Aerial Navigation”Aerodynamic Lift & Drag Forces (1799)Aerodynamic Lift & Drag Forces (1799)Experimental Gliders (1804)Experimental Gliders (1804)Full Size Man Carrying Glider (1852/53)Full Size Man Carrying Glider (1852/53)

No Complete Records Survive

Page 17: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Otto Lilienthal Otto Lilienthal Applied Principles Of CaylayApplied Principles Of CaylayContol & StabilityContol & StabilityFlew GlidersFlew GlidersOver 1000 FightsOver 1000 FightsDied In Crash (1896)Died In Crash (1896)Worked On PowerWorked On Power

P.S. PilcherP.S. PilcherFollowed LilienthalFollowed LilienthalDied In Crash (1899)Died In Crash (1899)

Both Would Have Beaten Both Would Have Beaten Wright Bros.Wright Bros.

Fixed Wing Flight - GlidersFixed Wing Flight - Gliders

Page 18: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Octave ChanuteOctave ChanuteGliding ExperimentsGliding ExperimentsUsed Hargrave’s Box Kites To Develop GlidersUsed Hargrave’s Box Kites To Develop GlidersEncouraged Wright Bros.Encouraged Wright Bros.

Passed On Trussed Biplane Design

Passes Information Between America & EuropePasses Information Between America & Europe Voisin Bros.Voisin Bros.

Two Box Kite Gliders With Pontoons (1905)Two Box Kite Gliders With Pontoons (1905)Towed By Boat

Wright Bros.Wright Bros.Experimented Extensively With GlidersExperimented Extensively With Gliders3 Versions - 1900, 1901, 19023 Versions - 1900, 1901, 1902

Fixed Wing Flight - GlidersFixed Wing Flight - Gliders

Page 19: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Powered AeroplanePowered Aeroplane

Aerodynamic TheoryAerodynamic TheoryCaylay (1799)Caylay (1799)Trial & ErrorTrial & ErrorLanchester (1907 & 1908)Lanchester (1907 & 1908)From Hydrodynamic Theory (Bernoulli, Euler, Etc.)From Hydrodynamic Theory (Bernoulli, Euler, Etc.)

Powered Model AeroplanesPowered Model AeroplanesFirst - de la Croix (1857)First - de la Croix (1857)Steam Powered - S. P. Langley (1896)Steam Powered - S. P. Langley (1896)

0.75 Miles With 16’ Wing Span

Page 20: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Powered AeroplanePowered Aeroplane W.S. Hensen - Patent (1842)W.S. Hensen - Patent (1842) Large Transport Aeroplane - Steam EngineLarge Transport Aeroplane - Steam Engine

Never FlewNever Flew150’ Wing Span150’ Wing Span““Aerial Transit Company”Aerial Transit Company”

Page 21: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Wright Bros.Wright Bros. Orville (Bicycle Manufacturer) & WilburOrville (Bicycle Manufacturer) & Wilbur First Powered, Sustained, & Controlled FlightFirst Powered, Sustained, & Controlled Flight ““Flyer” - Tailless Pusher Biplane (Dec 17, 1903)Flyer” - Tailless Pusher Biplane (Dec 17, 1903)

12 secs, 40 yds Long, 3ft High, 30 mph12 secs, 40 yds Long, 3ft High, 30 mph12 hp Petrol Engine12 hp Petrol EngineKitty Hawk, NCKitty Hawk, NC

Page 22: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Wright Bros.Wright Bros. Am. Press Ignored Their Success For Several YearsAm. Press Ignored Their Success For Several Years Third “Flyer” - 24 Miles In 38 minThird “Flyer” - 24 Miles In 38 min Gov’t Contract - One Biplane (1908)Gov’t Contract - One Biplane (1908) 1908 Wright Biplane (Kitty Hawk Museum)1908 Wright Biplane (Kitty Hawk Museum)

Control By Front Elevators, Wing Warping, Double RudderControl By Front Elevators, Wing Warping, Double Rudder

Page 23: AERONAUTICS. Classifications  Lighter-Than-Air  Free Balloons  Airships  Specialized  Kite-Balloons  Kites  Parachutes ???  Heavier-Than-Air

Santos-Dumont 14 bisSantos-Dumont 14 bis Alberto Santos-DumontAlberto Santos-Dumont

Independently In EuropeIndependently In Europe Powered, Sustained, Controlled Tail First Pusher Biplane - Hargrave Style

Octobe 23, 1906 - 65 yardsOctobe 23, 1906 - 65 yards50 hp Antoinette Petrol Engine50 hp Antoinette Petrol Engine

Wright Bros. Were Quickly Out-Paced Wright Bros. Were Quickly Out-Paced