aeration of landfills - lth · aeration of landfills r. stegmann, ... leachate quality in...

© TUHH, Institut für AbfallRessourcenWirtschaftwww.tu-harburg.de/aws/

abfallressourcenwirtschaft

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Consultants for Waste Management, Hamburg

Aeration of LandfillsAeration of Landfills

R. Stegmann, M. Ritzkowski*, K.-U. Heyer, K. Hupe

Consultants for Waste Management, Prof. R. Stegmann and Partner Schellerdamm 19-21, 21079 Hamburg, Germany (www.ifas-hamburg.de)

*Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology & Energy EconomicsBioconversion and emission control group

Harburger Schloßstr. 36, 21079 Hamburg, Germany (www.tuhh.de)

Introduction AEROflott®-system Performance Results Summary



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Initial situation: Initial situation: Old landfills & landfills in the closure phaseOld landfills & landfills in the closure phase

More than 100,000 old landfills in Germany; many large More than 100,000 old landfills in Germany; many large landfills in the closure phase since June, 1landfills in the closure phase since June, 1stst 20052005

Old landfills (mainly Old landfills (mainly smallsmall landfills):landfills):As a rule no top cover and/or base sealing As a rule no top cover and/or base sealing no LFG and leachate collection no LFG and leachate collection

Predominant disposal of untreated MSW showing significant organiPredominant disposal of untreated MSW showing significant organic contentsc contents

Many of these Landfills can be still considered as Many of these Landfills can be still considered as „„BioreactorsBioreactors““

Landfills under closure (mainly Landfills under closure (mainly largelarge landfills):landfills):After the completion of LFG utilization cost intensive lean gas After the completion of LFG utilization cost intensive lean gas & & leachate treatment is expected over very long periods of time leachate treatment is expected over very long periods of time




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Legal situation Legal situation

According to the German legislation (German Landfill According to the German legislation (German Landfill Ordinance) landfill emissions have to be controlled during Ordinance) landfill emissions have to be controlled during both, closure and aftercare phase.both, closure and aftercare phase.

Release from the aftercare (by the competent authority) only Release from the aftercare (by the competent authority) only if the landfill does not pose a threat to the environment:if the landfill does not pose a threat to the environment:

Insignificant biodegradation processesInsignificant biodegradation processes

Leachate quality in accordance with the water regulation for dirLeachate quality in accordance with the water regulation for direct ect discharge discharge

etc.etc.

Unpredictable duration of aftercare, high costsUnpredictable duration of aftercare, high costs




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Method of resolution: Method of resolution:

In situ reduction (controlled and accelerated) of the In situ reduction (controlled and accelerated) of the biodegradable organic fraction (emission potential) of the biodegradable organic fraction (emission potential) of the landfilled wastelandfilled waste

Widely reduction of the landfill gas formation potentialWidely reduction of the landfill gas formation potential

Acceleration and completion of the main landfill settlementsAcceleration and completion of the main landfill settlements

Improvement of the leachate quality (organic pollutants, ammoniaImprovement of the leachate quality (organic pollutants, ammonia--nitrogen)nitrogen)

Creation of a Creation of a biostabilizedbiostabilized landfill which allows the installation of an landfill which allows the installation of an „„adaptedadapted““ (e.g. only one liner) final surface cover, requiring less (e.g. only one liner) final surface cover, requiring less intensive and probably shorter aftercareintensive and probably shorter aftercare




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Operation scheme for closed landfillsOperation scheme for closed landfills

leachate treatmentleachate treatmentgas gas collectioncollection

/ / utilizationutilizationif need be irrigationirrigation

Approx. 10 – 20 yearsafter closure

in situin situ--

aerationaeration(leachte

re-circulation)leachate treatmentleachate treatment

Approx. 3 - 8 years

surface surface cappingcappingpassive aerationpassive aeration

coco--

treatment treatment withwith

sewagesewage

oror

„„

naturalnatural““

treatmenttreatmentsupervisionsupervision

/ / monitoringmonitoringLong term

at low gas production

at low biological activity




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The project:The project:Aerobic in situ stabilization of the Old Kuhstedt LandfillAerobic in situ stabilization of the Old Kuhstedt Landfill

Overall duration: 8.5 yearsOverall duration: 8.5 years

Start: 1999; Completion: End of 2007Start: 1999; Completion: End of 2007

Aeration period (net): Approx. 5 yearsAeration period (net): Approx. 5 years

Method applied: AEROMethod applied: AEROflottflott®

Low pressure aeration (continuous operation)

Parallel aeration / gas extraction

Off-gas treatment by means of either regenerative thermal oxidation (RTO) or bio-scrubber / bio-filter combination (in the later stage of stabilization)




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The principle of AEROThe principle of AEROflottflott ®

Aeration devicesOff-gas

collection

&

treatment

Aquifer

Unsaturated

soil

Land

fill b

ody

Surface cover




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Old Kuhstedt LandfillOld Kuhstedt Landfill

Operation Middle of the 60‘s until 1987:Landfill operation; deposition into a former gravel pit

Deposited kinds of waste: Municipal solid waste, bulky waste, commercial waste similar to household waste, C&D-waste

Total area: approx. 3,2 haLandfill height: approx. 7 mLandfill volume: approx. 220.000 m³

Base liner: noneLFG extraction: not appliedSurface cover: soil and sand

Old Kuhstedt Landfill, overview (1998)Old Kuhstedt Landfill, overview (1998)




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Aerial view on the Old Kuhstedt LandfillAerial view on the Old Kuhstedt Landfill

3 Test fields for long term investigations of adapted surface covers

Container with blowers for aeration and gas extraction

Exhaust treatment by regenerative thermal oxidation (RTO)

Air distribution and gas collection stations




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Civil works and installationsCivil works and installations

Main aeration pipe

Main gas extraction pipe

Northern gas distribution station

Gas distribution station „middle“

Operation area:- Container with blowers for the aeration and gas extraction

- off gas treatment- Workshop, lounge container

15,5016,0016,5017,00

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Southern gas distribution stationSouthern gas distribution station

Gas wells for aeration and gas extraction


Test Test fields

fields



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Aeration equipmentAeration equipment

Blowers for aeration and gas extraction

Gas distribution station and valves for aeration / extraction




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20002000

Operation of the AEROOperation of the AEROflottflott®--SystemSystem15,50

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Gas extraction

during

the first

phase

of remediation; until

CH4

< 30 Vol.-%




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0

2

4

6

8

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12

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1aeration period

Off-

gas

conc

entr

atio

n [%

v/v

]

CH4CO2CO2/CH4O2




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1aeration period

Off-

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conc

entr

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n [%

v/v

]

CH4

CO2

CO2/CH4

O2




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1aeration period

Off-

gas

conc

entr

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n [%

v/v

]

CH4

CO2

CO2/CH4

O2




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Performance (I) Performance (I) ––

CHCH44

--productionproduction

0

1

10

100

1000

0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555

Operation time [d]

CO

2/CH

4 rat

io in

the

extr

acte

d of

rf-g

as [-

]

very low methane concentrations in the extracted off-gas after 4 years of aeration




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Performance (II) Performance (II) ––

OO22

--conversionconversion

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555

Operation time [d]

O2/N

2 rat

io in

the

extr

acte

d of

rf-g

as [-

]

50% conversion of the injected oxygen

0% conversion of the injected oxygen




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Performance (III) Performance (III) --

TemperaturesTemperatures




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3499200 3499250 3499300

5916850

5916900

5916950

5917000

5917050

5917100

-5-2.502.557.51012.51517.52022.52527.53032.53537.54005/2005

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5916850

5916900

5916950

5917000

5917050

5917100

-5-2.502.557.51012.51517.52022.52527.53032.53537.54006/2005

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5916850

5916900

5916950

5917000

5917050

5917100

-5-2.502.557.51012.51517.52022.52527.53032.53537.54007/2005

°C






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5916850

5916900

5916950

5917000

5917050

5917100

-5-2.502.557.51012.51517.52022.52527.53032.53537.54008/2005

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Performance (IV) Performance (IV) --

SettlementsSettlements

September 1999 April 2002 March

2003




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ResultsResultsCarbon conversion & Carbon conversion & stabilisationstabilisation

crtiterioncrtiterion

““CC9090

””

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190

Operation time [d]

Car

bon

disc

harg

e (o

ff-ga

s) [M

g]

total carbon discharge (aerated landfill) total carbon discharge (anaerobic landfill)

increased carbon mobilization due to aeration

Target value C90 for the completion of in situ aeration [= 90% C-mobile]

data based on LFG prognosis (calculated)

data based on online analyses (measured)

15 - 39 years until C90 - value will be reached (acceleration factor = 3 to 7)




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ResultsResultsResidual LFGResidual LFG--productionproduction

28,3

9,5

6,7

3,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

prior to aeration after 2 years after 4 years after 6 years (completion)

LFG

-pro

duct

ion

[m³/t

on D

M]




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ResultsResultsReduction of GHG Reduction of GHG --

EmissionsEmissions

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

CO2-equivalents (anaerobic) CO2-equivalents (aerated) CO2-equivalents (aerated+RTO)

CO

2-eq

uiva

lent

s [M

g C

O2]

tota

l gre

enho

use

gas

(GH

G) e

mis

sion

s (C

O2-

equi

vale

nts)

und

er a

naer

obic

land

fill

cond

ition

s

secondary emissions caused

by energy28%

4%

without thermal off-gas treatment:

reduction of GHG-emissions due to the aerobic conditions inside

the landfill body

with thermal off-gas treatment (RTO):

reduction of GHG-emissions inside the landfill and through the RTO




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ResultsResultsWaste characteristicWaste characteristic

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

RI4 GP21 VS TOC TKN

[mg

O2/g

DM

]; [l N

orm

/kg

DM

]; [%

DM

]; [m

g/kg

DM

]

before aeration

after aeration

[mg O2/g DM] [lNorm/kg DM] [% DM] [% DM] [mg/kg DM]

- 83%

- 86%

- 63%

- 52%

- 48%




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ResultsResultsLeachate qualityLeachate quality

Parameter

Leachate (from LSR tests) before aeration (average)

NH4 -N [mg/l] 322

BOD5 [mg/l] 299

TOC [mg/l] 456

Leachate (from LSR tests) after aeration (average)

52

39

114

Variation

-84 %

-87 %

-75 %




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OutlookOutlook

Since June 2007 investigations for the passive long term Since June 2007 investigations for the passive long term aeration of the aeration of the biostabilizedbiostabilized landfill are carried out:landfill are carried out:

10 wind driven aspirators 10 wind driven aspirators (inducing slight negative (inducing slight negative pressures inside the waste mass pressures inside the waste mass air venting)air venting)

2 wind driven air injection pumps 2 wind driven air injection pumps (installed in those landfill (installed in those landfill sections showing an oxygen deficit after completion of aeration)sections showing an oxygen deficit after completion of aeration)

The project will be completed by the end of 2007. The project will be completed by the end of 2007.




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SummarySummary

Aeration period: 5 years (net), 6 years (total)Aeration period: 5 years (net), 6 years (total)

Carbon conversion rate: > 90% (of biodegradable TOC)Carbon conversion rate: > 90% (of biodegradable TOC)

Acceleration factor: > 3 to 7 (in comparison to anaerobic LF)Acceleration factor: > 3 to 7 (in comparison to anaerobic LF)

Minor residual LFGMinor residual LFG--production rates (approx. 3 mproduction rates (approx. 3 m³³/ton DM)/ton DM)

Improved leachate quality (based on LSRImproved leachate quality (based on LSR--tests)tests)

The AEROThe AEROflottflott®

system represents an approved and system represents an approved and reliable method for the accelerated and controlled reliable method for the accelerated and controlled

biostabilizationbiostabilization

of MSW landfills.of MSW landfills.




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Old Kuhstedt landfill, district of Rotenburg (Wuemme) – Lower Saxony, Germany, BMBF project since 2000

Old Amberg-Neumühle landfill – Bavaria since 2001

Milmersdorf landfill, district of Uckermark –Brandenburg since 2002

Aerobic in situ Aerobic in situ stabilisationstabilisation: : Examples of successfully completed projectsExamples of successfully completed projects

Altdeponie Kuhstedt

Altdeponie AmbergAltdeponie Amberg

Altdeponie MilmersdorfAltdeponie Milmersdorf

Landfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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Old Amberg-Neumühle landfill –

BavariaLandfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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Methane Methane concentrationconcentration

beforebefore

aerobic in situ stabilization 2001aerobic in situ stabilization 2001


BavariaLandfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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GM 2

Br. 18

Br. 22

Br. 26

Br. 23

Br. 27

Br. 28

Br. 24

[Br. 29]GKP 31

GKP 30

[S 13]

S 3

S 2

GKP 28GKP 27

GKP 26

GKP 25

Br. 16

S 5

S 4

K 2S 12

Br. 21

GKP 24

Br. 25

K 1

Br. 19Br. 17

GKP 19

Br. 14GKP 21

S 6

S 7

Br. 12

Br. 13

GKP 20GKP 17

GKP 18

GKP 9

GKP 7

Br. 8

Br. 9GKP 15

GKP 16

GKP 14

S 8VZA 2 K 3

Br. 10

GKP 13

[Br. 11] GKP 12

GKP 11

[Br. 7]

S 9

Br. 3

VZA 3

GKP 4Br. 6GKP 10

S 11

GKP 8Br. 5

GKP 3

GKP 2

GKP 1

[GKP 5]Br. 1

Br. 2

[Br. 4]

S 10

Br. 15

GM 4

GM 1

GM 3

GKP 32

VZA 1

KP 5-3m

KP 1

KP 12

S 1

KP 5-5m

KP 6

Br. 20

Methane Methane concentrationconcentration

afterafter

aerobic in situ stabilization 2007aerobic in situ stabilization 2007


BavariaLandfill

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Aeration: Further

Examples



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Old Kuhstedt landfill, district of Rotenburg (Wuemme) – Lower Saxony, Germany, BMBF project since 2000

Old Amberg-Neumühle landfill – Bavaria since 2001

Milmersdorf landfill, district of Uckermark –Brandenburg since 2002

Now:

TASi II: Doerentrup landfill, ABG Lippe, district of Lemgo, Northrhine-Westphalia, start October 2007

Old deposit: Schwalbach-Griesborn, Saarland, start 2007/2008

Aerobic in situ stabilisation at Aerobic in situ stabilisation at several MSWseveral MSWlandfills and old deposits: landfills and old deposits: Further examplesFurther examples

Altdeponie Kuhstedt

Altdeponie AmbergAltdeponie Amberg

Altdeponie MilmersdorfAltdeponie Milmersdorf

Landfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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1. HVA

2. HVA

TASi II Dörentrup Landfill, NRW, Germany

Landfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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Mains Exhausts Collection

Gas wells for aeration and collection

of exhausts

Operating

Area:- Gas booster station- Exhausts purification

Mains Air Supply

Distribution Station

Landfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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Gas wells for aeration and collection

of exhausts

Landfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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Gas Distribution Station

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Aeration: Further

Examples



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Mains Pipes and Gas Booster Station

Landfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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Blower

Gas Booster Station

Landfill

in situ

Aeration: Further

Examples



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Costs

of low pressure

aeration

• site specific

(e.g. size, volume)• technical demands, duration

and intensity of aeration

• available

infrastructure

TASi II landfills -

good conditions: ca. 0,5 -

1 EURO/m3

medium

conditions: ca. 1

-

2

EURO/m3

(old deposits) difficult

conditions: ca. 2

-

4

EURO/m3

• Cost reduction: Aerobic in situ stabilization as external service (renting of technical equipment, know-how etc.)

Landfill

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Aeration: Further

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Cost saving potentials applying the aerobic in situ stabilisation (Landfill section ≈ 2,1 Mio. Mg Waste, ≈ 6 ha)

Costs for conventional closure and aftercare

(without in situ stabilization)

Costs using aerobic in situ stabilization in the

closure period Total costs in situ stabilization over 3 – 5 years (e.g. 2007 – 2011)

- 1.5 – 2.0 Mio. €

Leachate treatment 2011 - 2035 10.0 Mio. € 8.0 Mio. €

Gas extraction and treatment (2007 – 2035) 5.1 Mio. € 2.6 Mio. €

Final surface sealing 3.0 Mio. € (in 2009)

2.0 Mio. € (in 2012)

Costs 18.1 Mio. € 14.1 – 14.6 Mio. €

Cost-saving potential (at least) 3.5 – 4.0 Mio. €

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Aeration: Further

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ConclusionsConclusionsaerobic in situ stabilization leads to an improved emission behavior

results of three different landfills confirm the positive impactof the low pressure aeration on the leachate, gas emissions with accelerated carbon discharge and settlements

technical implementation on several landfills was successful, now plannings and implementation for large TASi II landfills

the low pressure aeration is cheap and offers many cost-saving potentials in the closure and aftercare

aerobic in situ stabilization will probably be taken up in the new German „Integrated Landfill Ordinance“ (2009) as a suitable method to reduce the demand and duration for aftercare

Landfill

in situ Aeration: Further

Examples

aeration of landfills - lth · aeration of landfills r. stegmann, ... leachate quality in...

Documents