adverbial phrases in edgar allan poe’s tell-tale heart
TRANSCRIPT
ADVERBIAL PHRASES IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S THE
TELL-TALE HEART
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
PIETER SURYA PUTRA
Student Number: 124214030
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2016
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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ADVERBIAL PHRASES IN EDGAR ALLAN POE’S THE TELL-TALE
HEART
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
PIETER SURYA PUTRA
Student Number: 124214030
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2016
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Sostra Undergraduate Thesis
ADYERBIAL PHRASES IN EDGAR ALLAN POE'S THETELL.TALE HEART
August 9,2016
Arina Isti'anah. S.Pd.. M.Hum.Co-Advisor
August 9,2076
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
ADVERBIAL PHRASES IN EDGAR ALLAN POE'S THETELL-TALE HEART
ByPIETER ST]RYA PUTRAStudent Number: 124214030
Board of Examiners
Name
Secretary
Member 1
Member 2
Member 3
lv
Declared
Yogyakarta, August 3 l, 2016Faculty of Letters
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ffi":iI
STATEME}TT OT ORIGINALITY
I certi$, that this trndergradtrae thsis conains no material which has bsen
previousll submitted forthe aunand of any other degue at any university, and thst"
to ttre best of my knowledgg this uudergrduate thsis contains no male,rial
unitten by my other person except urh€re due reference is made in the
text of the rmdergradtrate thesis.
Yogyalarta Augrst 9, 2A16
Pieter Surya hsra
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR "*ffi#il ffiffif,H,{Xil lH^Hffiil KARYA ILMIAH
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharrra
Nama : Pieter SuryaNomorMahasiswa :124214030
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada PerpustakaanUniversitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
ADYERBIAL PHRASES IN EDGAR ALLAht POE'S THETELL-TALE HEART
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada).Dengan demikian saya memberikankepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhanna hak untuk menyimpan,mengalihkan dalam bentuk media laiq mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalandata, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet ataumedia lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada sayamaupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama sayasebagai penulis.
Demikian pemyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuatdi YogyakartaPada tanggal 9 Agustus 2016
Yang menyatakan,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I am grateful to Jesus Christ for if it was not because of His Mercy,
I would not be able to complete this work. Even though I admit that this work is
still far from perfection, I hope this study will enrich people’s knowledge in the
future and be used for good purposes.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for being
my thesis advisor. She always guided me in completing this thesis and gave me
feedback to improve my writing. I remember well the first time I had consultation,
she patiently guided me and I am really grateful to have her as my advisor. I also
would like to thank my Co-Advisor, Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. for her
criticisms and feedback so I can make this work better.
My greatest thanks are for my family, to my mother, Christiana Budiman who
always supported me with a lot of care, my father, Novian Suryo Utomo, who
always gives me motivation and prayer everyday, and also, my brother, Michael
Surya Christabel. I am also grateful to my aunts, Linda Valentina Budiman and
Elizabeth Ika Hesti for giving me a lot of good resources to improve my thesis.
I offer my big thanks to my college friends, Andira, Ami, Wiwid, Agatha,
Eka, Tjia and Doni. I also give my special thanks to Henokh who helped me
collecting the data and Crawford who checked my grammar. It is because all of you
I can finish my undergraduate thesis.
Pieter Surya Putra
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................ii
APPROVAL PAGE ..........................................................................................iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .....................................................................................iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN
PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ............................................v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................x
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................xi
ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................1
A. Background of the Study ....................................................................1
B. Problem Formulation ..........................................................................3
C. Objectives of the Study ......................................................................3
D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ...................................................5
A. Review of Related Studies ..................................................................5
B. Review of Related Theories ...............................................................7
1. Adverb ..........................................................................................7
2. Grammatical Function of Adverbial as Adjunct...........................8
3. Semantic Role of Adverbial .........................................................10
4. Stylistics .......................................................................................11
5. Foregrounding ..............................................................................12
6. Representation ..............................................................................13
C. Theoretical Framework.......................................................................13
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................15
A. Object of the Study .............................................................................15
B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................16
C. Method of the Study ...........................................................................16
1. Data Collection .............................................................................16
2. Data Analysis ................................................................................17
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .............................................................................19
A. The Occurrence of Adverbial Phrases ................................................19
1. Position of Adverbial Phrases ......................................................19
2. Classification of Adverbial Phrases ..............................................22
3. Types of Adverbial Phrases Used in Three Position of Occurrences
......................................................................................................29
B. Significance of Adverbial Phrases in Short Story ..............................31
1. The Settings of Events ..................................................................32
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2. Goal of a Character .......................................................................35
3. Character’s Mood .........................................................................38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................42
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................44
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................46
A. Appendix 1: Distribution of Adjunct Phrases.....................................46
B. Appendix 2: The Text of the Story .....................................................59
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The Distribution of Adverbial Phrases Based on the Position ..............17
Table 2. The Distribution of Adverbial Phrases Based on Types of Adverb ......17
Table 3. Types of Adverbial Phrases and the Occurrences in Three Positions...17
Table 4. The Occurrence of Adjuncts in The Tell-Tale Heart ............................20
Table 5. The Distribution of Adverbs Based on Types in The Tell-Tale Heart .23
Table 6. Types of Adjunct Phrases and Occurrences in The Tell-Tale Heart.....29
Table 7. Distribution of Adjunct Phrases ............................................................46
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ABSTRACT
PUTRA, PIETER SURYA. Adverbial Phrases in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-
Tale Heart. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2016.
Adverbial phrase is one of the most ruled out phrases, despite of its
frequency that quite often appears in many kinds of texts or speeches. This study
specifically discusses one branch of adverbial phrases that is adjunct in a fiction
story. The object used for the research is Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart
which was published in 1843. This story has a lot of adverbial phrases, but the writer
of this study only focused on adjuncts.
This study analyzes the adjuncts in phrase forms. The adjunct may consist of
a word or more. In order to analyze the adjunct phrases, the writer makes focuses
on two problems to be discussed in this study. First is the distribution of adverbial
phrases in the story. Second is the significance of adverbial phrases in the story.
In this study, the writer employs population study to collect the data and
library research to find sources related to style in writing. The writer uses a stylistics
approach to answer the problems.
Findings from the analysis, the writer divides the distribution of adjunct
phrases into their positions and functions. Adjuncts phrases occur 11 times in Initial
Position (IP), 129 in Middle Position (MP), and 51 in Final Position (FP). The
occurrences adjunct phrases are Spatial Position 39 times, Spatial Direction 14
times, Temporal Position 26 times, Temporal Duration 17 times, Temporal
Frequency 9 times, Temporal Relationship 6 times, Process Manner 64 times,
Process Instrument 2 times, Process Mean 3 times, Process Agent 2 times, and
Contingency Purpose 9 times. The adjuncts significantly contribute in developing
the story. Adjuncts can describe the settings of the story, point goals of characters,
and characters’ mood. All of these three help to make the reader realizing the
implicit parts of the story. They help the author to deliver the implied message about
the characters’ purpose and attitude.
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ABSTRAK
PUTRA, PIETER SURYA. Adverbial Phrases in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-
Tale Heart. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2016
Frasa adverbial adalah salah satu kelas kata yang sering dikesampingkan,
meskipun kelas ini yang sering muncul di berbagai teks dan pembicaraan. Skripsi
ini secara spesifik membahas salah satu bagian dari frasa adverbial yang adalah
keterangan dalam cerita fiksi. Data yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah
cerpen yang ditulis oleh Edgar Allan Poe yang berjudul The Tell-Tale Heart yang
dipublikasikan di tahun 1843. Cerpen ini memiliki banyak frasa adverbial, dan
penyusun skripsi ini fokus menganalisis keterangan.
Skripsi ini menganalisis keterangan yang muncul dalam bentuk frasa.
Keterangan tersebut bisa terdiri dari satu kata atau lebih. Untuk menganalisis frasa
keterangan dalam cerita, penyusun skripsi mengusulkan dua buah rumusan masalah
yang akan dibahas. Rumusan masalah yang pertama membahas mengenai distribusi
frasa keterangan dalam cerita. Rumusan masalah yang kedua membahas fungsi
signifikan dari frasa keterangan di cerita.
Dalam skripsi ini, penyusun menggunakan studi populasi untuk
mengumpulkan data dan kajian pustaka untuk mencari sumber-sumber mengenai
gaya penulisan. Penyusun menggunakan pendekatan stilistika untuk menjawab
rumusan masalah.
Hasil dari analisis, penyusun membagi distribusi frasa keterangan
berdasarkan posisi dan fungsi. Frasa keterangan muncul 11 kali di awal kalimat
129 kali di tengah kalimat dan 51 akhir kalimat. Distribusi frasa keterangan
berdasarkan fungsi semantiknya adalah sebagai berikut: Ruang Posisi 39 kali,
Ruang Arah 14 kali, Waktu Posisi 26 kali, Waktu Durasi 17 kali, Waktu Frekuensi
9 kali, Waktu Relasi 6 kali, Proses Secara 64 kali, Proses Alat 2 kali, Proses Cara 3
kali, Proses Agens 2 kali, Kemungkinan Tujuan 9 kali.. Keterangan-keterangan
dalam cerita berkontribusi secara signifikan dalam mengembangkan alur cerita.
Keterangan dapat mendeskripsikan latar di dalam cerita, menunjukan tujuan akhir
dari seorang karakter, dan menjelaskan susasana hati dari karakter. Ketiga hal ini
membantu dalam menyadarkan pembaca tentang bagian implisit sebuah cerita. Hal-
hal ini menunjang penulis cerita dalam menyampaikan pesan tentang tujuan dan
perilaku karakter dalam cerita.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is a way to communicate. It can be written and spoken. In
written language, we can identify it in many things, such as newspaper, timeline
twitter, magazine, novel, or short story. Language can be found every day and
almost everywhere because “we live in a world of language” (Fromklin, et.al, 1991:
2). We are hardly free from words when we are still living, even sometimes in our
dreams, we have conversations. We can also use language to persuade, explain, or
convey experience.
In communicating ideas using language, we have to be able to make a good
sentence in order to communicate well. Thus, several components are needed to
make a good sentence. There are several components of a sentence, such as words,
phrases, and clauses. This study will focus on phrases. There are several types of
phrase such as noun phrase, verb phrase, adverbial phrase, and adjective phrase
(Delahunty & Garvey, 2010: 274), but the writer will only focus on adverbial
phrases.
An adverbial phrase or an adverb often appears in many kinds of text,
whether it is scientific or literary text, but adverbial phrase is often forgotten.
Jackendoff maintains that “perhaps the least studied and most maligned part of
speech has been the adverb” (1972: 47). The role of adverbial phrases is important.
It can modify verb, adjective, or another adverb. This modification is very
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significant because it can give more detailed information. Adverb describes the
circumstances in certain context (Simpson, 2004: 14). The adverbial phrases also
have a complex distribution because they can appear in the beginning, middle, or
end of a sentence. Consequently, adverbial phrases deserve more attention because
of their significant roles in sentences.
The writer’s focus in this study is adverbial phrases in a short story. A short
story uses a lot of linguistic aspects, just like other literary texts. It needs many
language applications to deliver its message to the readers. In this study, the writer
tries to identify the significance of adverbial phrases in the short story.
The short story discussed in this study was written by Edgar Allan Poe
titled The Tell-Tale Heart. The writer uses this short story because Poe is well-
known with his gothic horror style of writing. This short story has considerable
amount and variation of adverbial phrases to be studied. Adverbial phrases are used
frequently in the horror story to create suitable atmosphere. Poe described the
situation and atmosphere of the story in such a detailed way. Wiratningsih argues
that “when Poe tells the reader what happens, he will describe event in clear,
reportorial style” (2003: 2). In other words, it is important to analyze how adverbial
phrases contribute to modify lexical categories and develop the story.
In analyzing literary works, we cannot forget about the intrinsic elements
of the work, such as settings, plot, and characters. In order to describe these
elements, adverbial phrases may take part in explaining the detail of the elements.
This study will see the connections between adverbial phrases and intrinsic
elements in a short story.
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In consequence, it is worthy to study adverbial phrases in the short story
because it gives readers more knowledge on how adverbial phrases work in literary
works. Moreover, this study also gives more understanding to the readers about the
short story by identifying the relation between adverbial phrases and horror story.
B. Problem Formulation
From the background written above, the writer will discuss two questions
as problem formulation, which are as follows:
1. How are the adverbial phrases distributed in Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart?
2. What is the function of the adverbial phrases in Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation, the writer would like to achieve two
objectives at the end of this study. First, this study determines how adverbial
phrases in the short story are distributed. The study of the distribution also includes
the types and the position of adverbial phrases. This distribution is helpful to
analyze the second problem formulation.
Second, this study aims to understand the contribution of the adverbial
phrases in the short story. By analyzing the semantic features and style of the
adverb, the writer can identify the significance of the adverbial phrases to the story.
Further, the writer will reach conclusion of the distribution of adverbial phrases in
the story and adverbial phrases contribution that gives significance to the story.
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D. Definition of Terms
In this part, the writer clarifies some terminologies used in the study in
order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation. The writer provides the
following definition of terms that frequently appear in the study.
Traditionally, an adverb is defined as “a word used to modify a verb,
adjective, preposition or another adverb” (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010: 178). Thus,
an adverb will never modify a noun. Examples of adverb are very, dreadfully,
slowly, usually, and well. The writer will use this definition in this research.
Phrase is a word or a group of words that is not containing a verb and its
subject and used as a single part of speech (Delahunty & Garvey, 2010: 274).
Therefore, a phrase can consist of a word or more as long as it does not have subject
and verb. Examples of phrase are in my desperately wounded condition, the rays of
numerous candles, and about the closing in of an evening in autumn.
Adverbial phrase is an element of a clause in form of phrase with major
functions: to add circumstantial information about the proposition, to express writer
stance towards the clause, or to link the clause to some other unit (Biber et al., 1999:
762). Therefore, adverbial phrase is very versatile in clauses because it may be used
in different purposes.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
The previous study of adverb is conducted by Jonathan Irene Sartika Dewi
(2011). Her study is about adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking in
a literary work. She studied how the distribution of adverbs ending with –ly modify
verbs of speaking and their significances in a novel titled Confession of a
Shopaholic. The findings of analysis include position, grammatical function, and
semantic roles. The result of her research is that the significance of adverbs ending
with –ly modifying verbs can be seen in terms of developing the elements in the
story. They are character’s personalization, character’s expression and tone in
speaker, characters’ manner management in speaking. Another significance can be
found through the reader’s emotion engagement to the story from major character
point of view.
Another study of adverb is conducted by Thomas Ernst (2003). This study
discusses the distribution of adverbs based on their semantic properties. He uses his
own sentences as examples as the data. This study discusses the distribution of
adverb that depends subtly on lexicosemantic properties. The distribution is related
to the semantic property. It may have a high degree of indeterminacy and context-
dependence. Thus, not all adverbs can adjoin to the right in functional projection,
while other adverbs may. However, the distribution can still be predicted by specific
semantic properties of the adverb.
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There are many studies about Edgar Allan Poe’s works. The writer uses
the previous study by Riah Wiratningsih (2003) in this research to be reviewed. She
conducted a research in Poe’s mystery-themed short stories entitled The Fall of The
House of Usher, The Tell-Tale Heart, and The Black Cat. Wiratningsih discusses
the mystery in the short story. The result of her study is Poe creates the appearances
of mystery through idiosyncrasy of his characters. He makes the creation of
uniqueness and strangeness and his characterization is supported by point of view,
setting, plot, foreshadowing and diction. Those elements of works contribute to the
effect of mystery in Poe’s short story (2003: 1).
Reviewing those studies, there are some similarities and relevance with
this study. Dewi’s study only focuses on adverbs ending with –ly, which are adverbs
of manner. This study covers larger context, that is phrases. This study investigates
adverb of place, adverb of manner, adverb of time, adverb of degree, and adverb of
frequency, and their significances to the story.
This study is relevant to Ernst’s because his study shows the distribution
of adverbs based on their environments that are semantic properties of the adverbs.
This study also discusses the distribution of adverbial phrases in gothic-horror
literary text which should have its own context and semantic property. This study
is also similar to Wiratningsih’s study that is analyzing Poe’s mystery-themed short
story, however, the difference is this study conducts linguistic study to analyze the
significance of adverbial phrases in Poe’s short story. As a result, referring from
those two short studies, this study identifies the distribution of adverbial phrases in
Poe’s short story and their significances.
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B. Review of Related Theories
1. Adverb
Biber, et al. state that an adverb can either be integrated into an element of
the clause or function themselves as an element of the clause (1999: 538). It means
that adverbs may have various occurrences in a clause because they may serve as
modifiers of other elements of the clause. The adverb serving as modifiers also can
also function as adverbials. The difference between adverb and adverbial is an
adverb is a word class label, while an adverbial is a function label. It means that
adverbials are the units that provide the answer for the question such as ‘why did
this occur?’, ‘how did this occur?’, ‘when did this occur?’, and ‘where did this
occur?’.
The forms of adverbs are commonly characterized with ending –ly.
However, Biber et al. categorize adverbs into four major categories (1999: 539).
First is a simple adverb. Simple adverbs are single words that are not formed from
compounds or derivational affixes, e.g. well, quite, here, and soon. Other simple
adverbs are related to other words classes: long and fast can be adjectives; down
and round can be used as preposition; yesterday and tomorrow can be used as
nouns. Second is a compound adverb. Compound adverbs are formed by combining
two or more elements into a single word, e.g. anyway (any + way), and nowhere
(no + where).
Third is an adverb derived by suffixation. Many adverbs are formed by
suffixing –ly to the base form of an adjective, such as slowly formed from the
adjective slow. However, not all adverbs ending in -ly are formed by the addition
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of the suffix to an adjectival form and not all words ending in –ly are adverbs, such
as friendly, lovely, and leisurely. Fourth is fixed phrase. These phrases are invariant
in form, and the component words rarely retain their independent meaning, e.g. of
course, kind of, and at last.
2. Grammatical Function of Adverbial as Adjunct
Quirk divides the grammatical functions of adverbials into four main
divisions. They are Adjunct, Subjunct, Disjunct, and Conjunct (1985: 503).
However, this study focuses more on adjunct because most data found in the story
are in adjunct form.
In sentences, adjuncts resemble other sentence elements, such as Subject,
Object, and Complement (Quirk, 1985: 504). Adjunct can also be the focus of a
cleft sentence. Generally, adverbs as adjuncts have more freedom of position in a
clause than other elements. Adjunct is divided into two subcategories: Predication
(Obligatory and Optional) and Sentence. Adjuncts also have grammatical
realization of their sematic roles. They are as follows:
i. Adjunct of Space
Adjunct of space has two groups related to space or place which are
Position and Direction (1985: 514). In short, it deals with locations and positions of
something. Explanation of Position (in, on, at) or Direction (there, here, ahead) will
complete verbs like live, be, bring, take, and put which take obligatory predication
adjuncts.
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ii. Adjunct of Time
Adjunct of time is the adverb that explains any matter related to time. The
aspects explained by adjunct of time are position, duration/span, and frequency
(1985: 526). Adjunct of time-position usually uses prepositional phrase or noun
phrase, e.g. in 2000, at 10 o’clock. Prepositional phrases help to distinguish the
narrowness or broadness of the time ‘location’. Further, it is divided into two modes
of orientation. First, it denotes a point or period of time, e.g. now ‘at this time’ and
simultaneously ‘at the same time’. Second, it gives additional implication to another
period of time, e.g. later ‘afterward’ and eventually ‘in the end’.
Adjuncts of span and duration are the adverbs that give explanation related
to time as linear dimension. All adjuncts of time have an orientation to the speaker’s
‘now’ (the primary concern to the speaker/writer within a given context), the one
referring to a span in the past, the other to one in the future. Thus, there are three
types of this adjunct. They are Forward Span (e.g. until, till), Backward Span (e.g.
since, lately), and Duration Adjunct. Duration Adjunct is divided into Definite
Frequency and Indefinite Frequency. Definite Frequency is the times by which
frequency can be measured, while Indefinite Frequency is the opposite. It cannot be
measured. Definite Frequency is divided into two, they are Period Frequency (e.g.
weekly, daily, annually) and Occasion Frequency (e.g. twice, once). Indefinite
Frequency has Usual Occurrence (e.g. commonly, usually), Continuous (e.g.
always), High Frequency (e.g. frequently, often), and Low Frequency (e.g. seldom,
rarely).
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iii. Process Adjunct
Process adjunct explains how something is done. All four semantic types
of process adjunct can be realized by prepositional phrase (1985: 556). First type is
Manner Adjunct. It is performed by derivational adjective + suffix –ly which can
be paraphrased by in a … manner or in a … way where the adjective fill the blank
position. This adjunct also answers a How question. It is because how is usually
expected to elicit Manner Adjunct. Second type is Means Adjunct, e.g. You can turn
on this machine by pressing this button. Third type is Instrument Adjunct, e.g. We
cut the tree with this axe. Fourth type is Agentive Adjunct, e.g. She was killed by a
murderer.
iv. Respect Adjunct and Contingency Adjunct
Respect Adjunct is an adverb that show its parasitic character in being
realized formally by expressions whose primary function is to realize other classes
of adjunct (1985: 563). In the other words, it explains the content of the sentence in
its association with certain classes (most of them are adjective) as the related point,
e.g. She’s advising them legally. Legally here means ‘from a legal standpoint’.
Contingency Adjunct, meanwhile, is realized by the prepositional phrases e.g.
because of (reason), for (purpose), if (condition), and though (concession).
3. Semantic Roles of Adverbial
Quirk distinguishes seven main categories of semantic roles of the
adverbials (1985: 479). First, adverbial roles as Space has three aspects, they are
Position and Direction (which are interrelated with source [from] and goal [to]), and
Distance (e.g. far). Second, adverbial roles as Time has four aspects, they are
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Position and Duration (which are interrelated with forward span [until] and
backward span [since]), Frequency (e.g. often, always) and Relationship (e.g. still,
already). Third, adverbial roles of Process has four aspects, they are Manner (e.g.
loudly, well), Means (e.g. by plane, in mathematics), Instrument (e.g. with a
hammer, using a calculator), and Agentive (e.g. by John Passive Voice).
Fourth is adverbial role of Respect. It has concerned with the use of
adverbial to identify a relevant point of reference in respect of which the clause
concerned derives its truth value (e.g. She helped him a little with his book). Fifth,
adverbial roles of Contingency has Cause (e.g. She died of cancer), Reason (e.g.
He brought his umbrella because today is going to rain), Purpose (e.g. They train
every day to win the championship), Result (e.g. He ran so fast, so he won the
medal), Condition (e.g. I can eat, if I have a job), and Concession (e.g. I still can
eat, though I do not have any job). Sixth, adverbial roles as Modality has Emphasis
(e.g. She will certainly go to the party), Approximation (e.g. She will probably go
to the party), and Restriction (e.g. She will go only to the party). Seventh, adverbial
roles as Degree has Amplification (e.g. I love her so much), and Diminution (e.g. I
like her a little bit).
4. Stylistics
Stylistics analyzes the unique language feature that gives the author’s
message and affects the reader through the text. Verdonk maintains that “stylistics,
the study of style, can be defined as the analysis of distinctive expression in
language and the description of its purposes and effects” (2002: 4). It means that
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the different feature of the author in delivering message or affecting the reader can
be observed through stylistics.
Adverbial phrases are also one of many features that the author uses to
deliver his message. It is meant to give effect to the readers by his style of writing,
and in this case, the adverbial phrases that the author used. An adverb, which is also
known as adjunct, is usually treated as a tool to describe the environment in a clause.
They (adjuncts) basically describe the circumstances that attach to the process
related by the clause and for that reason they can often be removed without affecting
the grammaticality of the clause as a whole (Simpson, 2004: 14).
5. Foregrounding
Foregrounding is “the bringing of particular textual features into
prominence, e.g. distinct patterns or parallelism, repetitions, and deviations from
general linguistic rules or from the style expected in a specific text type, or genre,
or context” (Verdonk, 2002: 118). It is like ‘throwing into relief’ of linguistic sign
from common norms of ordinary language. It is the particularly noticeable features
to show the relationship with other features of style in order to awaken the reader’s
emotions or interest. In the story, one of many features used by the author is
adverbial phrases. It can be observed that adverbial phrases are used in many
varieties. Some of them distinguish themselves from ordinary language. It can be
said that they violating grammatical norms. Later, it will be proved that adverbial
phrases can trigger the reader’s emotions and interest.
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6. Representation
Representation is the use of language to create a context of reality rather
than to identify aspects of an existing one; projection though language of an
alternative world. “The people, places, and times in the story act on readers as cues
to imagine them as participating in the situation of the fictional world of the
discourse” (Verdonk, 2002: 34) in order to make the readers can engage to the story.
It makes the reader be like in the world or situation of the story, escapes from reality
to feel the conflicting emotion in the story. Adverbial phrases work as the feature
to create the projection of the world of the story. It will be analyzed how adverbial
phrase signifying to the context of reality in the story.
C. Theoretical Framework
The theories above are used to answer the problem formulation of this
study. The theory of syntactic function of adverb and semantic roles of adverb are
used to find out the distribution of the adverbial phrase. The grammatical function
of adverbials is used to identify what certain adverbs explain. It gives clear
explanation about the function of adverbs grammatically in sentences. It also helps
to classify the distribution of adverbs in the short story. The semantic roles of
adverb help to analyze what aspects are described by the adverbial phrases.
Considering that an adverb is a content word that carries certain meaning, the
semantic roles of adverb is the perfect guideline to identify the meaning of the
adverb. Several semantic roles that can be assigned in certain adverbs are Space,
Time, Process, Respect, Contingency, Modality, and Degree.
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The theory of foregrounding and representation help to study the
prominent feature of adverbial phrases which have significances. In foregrounding,
the writer will highlight that certain adverbs may be included in a form of distinct
patterns, repetitions, and deviations from general rules in language. In
representation, the writer will relate that the representation may help the readers to
engage themselves to the short story written by Edgar Allan Poe. All these theories
will be elaborated to identify the significance of adverbial phrases to the story.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe. The
tittle of the work is The Tell-Tale Heart published in 1843. It first appeared in the
inaugural issue of the Boston magazine, The Pioneer. Though this story is favorite
with today’s readers, The Tell-Tale Heart was rejected the first time Poe tried to
publish it.
The linguistic element that the writer will analyze is an adverbial phrase.
An adverbial phrase may be in form of a word or a phrase. The adverb might modify
other part of speech such as verb, adjective, or even another adverb. However, the
most common part of speech that adverbs modify is verb. Adverbs may be optional
in matter of use in a sentence. They are often omitted by some writers to make their
sentences shorter. Even though adverbs are optional, they can still give significance
when they are used in completing a sentence because adverbs add some details to
the sentence. Thus, the writer here is trying to explain the significance of the
adverbs in story.
In the story, there are a lot of adverbial phrases used. It is because the
author has unique and dark way of writing. This style of writing appeals to emotion
and drama. This style makes the readers invited to the environment and situation of
the story. This later will be proved by analyzing the significance and distribution of
adverbial phrases that the author used.
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B. Approach of the Study
In order to identify the distribution of adverbial phrases and the
significance of them to the story, the writer used stylistic approach. Stylistics is the
study of style in language. Leech states that “literary stylistics has, implicitly or
explicitly, the goal of explaining the relation between language and artistic
function” (1981: 13). Thus, stylistics can be used to identify the linguistic
expression and description to find out why the author here describe his story in this
certain way. This approach is used to analyze the data from the short story. The data
is the adverbial phrases in the short story. Foregrounding and representation theory
are appropriate to conduct this study to ascertain the importance of the adverbial
phrases in the story.
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
In this study, the writer employs population study for collecting the data.
Population study is the most suitable method in collecting the data in Poe’s The
Tell-Tale Hear. Population study here means the data collected share similar
characteristics, and in this study, the population are adverbial phrases. However,
the population is too wide, thus the writer narrows this study and take adjunct
phrases as the sample population. Population study is the most suitable because this
method can be used to draw conclusions that will apply to the entire population.
The thorough reading is essential in order to identify the adverbial phrases attached
in the story. After reading the whole story, the writer collected all adverbs in forms
of words and phrases. After that, the writer chose the adverbs to be analyzed based
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on grammatical function that most often occurs in the story. Based on the
occurrences, the adjunct outnumbered another grammatical function, such as
disjunct and conjunct. After that, the writer classified the adverbial phrases based
on their distribution. After that, the writer preceded the analysis on all of the
adverbial phrases.
2. Data Analysis
In order to understand the distribution, the writer classified the adverbial
phrases in the story based on the theories mentioned above. The purpose of this
analysis was to identify the distribution of adverbial phrases used by the author.
The grammatical function of adverbs and semantic roles of adverb can be used to
classify the distribution of adverbial phrases used in the story. The results of this
analysis are presented in tables based on their position and types of adverb. The
followings are examples of the tables that will be used in analysis:
Table 1. The Distribution of Adverbial Phrases Based on the Position
Initial Position Middle Position Final Position Total
Table 2. The Distribution of Adverbial Phrases Based on Types of Adverb
Grammatical Function & Semantic
Role Total
Table 3. Types of Adverbial Phrases and the Occurrences in Three Positions
Position
Types Initial
Position
Middle
Position
Final
Position
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In order to reveal the significance of the adverbial phrases, stylistics
theories are used to understand. Foregrounding and representation were used to find
out the significance of adverbial phrases to the plot of the story. Foregrounding was
used to identify the roles and significances of adverbial phrases to the readers,
especially the reader’s emotions and interests. Representation was used to explain
that all of description in the story can be brought to the readers’ imagination through
the adverbial phrases used by the author. Thus, the significance of adverbial phrases
to the story can be seen through the way they represent the reality (to help
improving the reader’s imagination).
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
A. The Occurrence of Adverbial Phrases
1. Position of Adverbial Phrases
After reading The Tell-Tale Heart, the writer realized that adverbial
phrases often occur in the sentences. This shows the prominence of adverbs as a
feature of language. There are nearly two hundred occurrences of adverbs in form
of adjunct. Based on the position, most of the adverbs occur in the middle of
sentences. Even though adverbs generally have greater freedom of position in the
clause, the choice of word order may be a matter of focus or emphasis in case of
adverbs of manner. In addition, initial position of adverbs is used for sequence of
adverbials to avoid confusion at the end (Wales, 2001: 9). Thus, the position of
adverbs may give hint about what the author wants to make the attention more in
the story. In the short story, adjunct of manner is the most type of adverb that occur
in the middle position and final position. The position of adverb is important if
there are several adverbs in a clause. For instance, in the sentence (1), the adverb of
time appears in the beginning of a clause, so it can drag the attention of the readers
to the certain time that the narrator mention in the story.
(1) Now this is the point. (p. 277) Initial Position
(2) And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the
chamber, and spoke courageously to him … (p. 278) Middle Position
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(3) …As the bell sounded the hour, there came a knocking at the street
door. (p. 280) Final Position
Those are some examples of adjunct of space in three different
occurrences. When the adjunct appears in the initial position, it immediately points
out the manner or situation before the action is described in the sentence. When the
adjunct appears in the middle or final position, it may modify or be the complement
of the verb. The narrator mentions now in the beginning to give the clear
explanation of time before the reader confused with when the action takes place.
In the second example, the narrator tells about where he went to, thus the
adjunct works as complement because the verb needs complement, but not only
that, it still gives the border of the setting. While still on the same page, adjuncts of
time and adjuncts of manner are less often to be complements, but more likely to
be modifiers. The third example shows that the adjunct of place modifies the noun.
The adjunct explains where the knock came from. The occurrences are the same
with the other adjuncts, such as adjunct of time, adjunct of manner, and adjunct of
respect.
Table 4. The Occurrence of Adjuncts in The Tell-Tale Heart
Initial Position Middle Position Final Position Total
11 129 51 191
Table 4 shows the occurrence of adverbial phrases in the short story. Most
of them appear in the middle of a sentence. It has many occurrences in number
which are 129 data. Adverbs in middle position help to invite the reader’s attention
to the more detailed information, such as how, where, or when the action takes
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place. It is because the adverbs’ position occurs near the verbs, which are the core
of every sentence.
The adjuncts that occur in the final position are the next adverbial phrases
that often appear in the story. There are 51 adjuncts in final position found in the
short story. Some adjuncts are repeated in the middle of a sentence, but it is counted
as one adjunct (if the adjunct is same). The adjuncts that appear in the final position
usually give the extra information to the sentence. However, they can also be the
main focus of the sentence. Geoffrey Leech states that “The principle that 'last is
most important' means that the nuclear tone's neutral position is at the end of the
tone unit, specifically, on the last lexical item, or 'content word'” (1981: 212). In the
other words, the reader would take the adjunct in the end of a sentence as something
essential to the story. It is not only as a modifier of a sentence, but it may have
special context to the story.
The least adjunct occurrence in the story is the adjunct occurrence in the
initial position. There are 11 data found in the short story. The difference is quite
high compared to the other position. This is because the types of adverb that usually
appear in initial position are conjunct, disjunct, and subjunct. Adjunct is less
common to be in initial position, thus, the amount of adjunct in The Tell-Tale Heart
is relatively little. Adverbs in the initial position draw the reader’s attention about
the situation in a sentence first before the reader understand the action or the whole
sentence.
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2. Classification of Adverbial Phrases
In this study, the classification of adverbial phrases is conducted based on
classification of Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvit on grammatical function
of adverbials. Based on the grammatical function, adverbial phrases can be divided
into four, they are adjunct, disjunct, subjunct, and conjunct. From the four of this,
adjunct is the type that most often occur in The Tell-Tale. Thus, the study will only
focus on the adjunct to represent the distribution and significance of adverbial
phrases. The other grammatical function may have different significance. The data
taken are only a few to represent each category. The rest of the classification is in
the appendix. The data is collected based on the order of appearance.
There are four types of adjunct that occur in the story. They are Adjunct of
Space (AoS), Adjunct of Time (AoT), Adjunct of Process (AoP), and Adjunct of
Contingency (AoC). In addition, the semantic roles that occur in the story are Space
(Position, Direction), Time (Position, Duration, Frequency, Relationship), Process
(Manner, Instrument, Agent), and Contingency (Purpose and Result). There should
be Adjunct of Respect in this classification, however, there is no data of it found in
The Tell-Tale Heart. Thus, the writer will only focus on these four types of
grammatical function.
The type of adjunct and its semantic roles are presented in a column to
make it easier to read. Here are some presentations of each grammatical function
complemented by the semantic roles taken from the short story:
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Table 5. The Distribution of Adverbial Phrases Based on Types in The
Tell-Tale Heart
Here are the adjuncts and some examples of their clauses taken from the
story with explanation of their functions.
a. Spatial Position
(4) I had my head in, and was about to open the lantern, when my thumb
slipped upon the tin fastening, and the old man sprang up in bed, crying
out --"Who's there?" (p. 278)
(5) I swung the chair upon which I had been sitting, and grated it upon the
boards, but the noise arose over all and continually increased. (p. 281)
In sentence (4), there are three adjuncts of space with position semantic
roles. Three of them point out three different positions. First is in. This adjunct
explains the position of the narrator’s head in which was in the room. Second is
upon the tin fastening. This adjunct explains the position where the narrator’s thumb
slipped, the exact position was on the tin fastening. Third is in the bed. This adjunct
Grammatical Function & Semantic Role Total
Spatial Position 39
Spatial Direction 14
Temporal Position 26
Temporal Duration 17
Temporal Frequency 9
Temporal Relationship 6
Process Manner 64
Process Instrument 2
Process Mean 3
Process Agent 2
Contingency Purpose 9
Total 191
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explains the position of the old man who woke up as the result of the narrator’s
action. It is the same for sentence (5). The adjunct upon the boards explains the
position of the narrator’s action.
b. Spatial Direction
(6) I proceeded with what caution --with what foresight --with what
dissimulation I went to work! (p. 277)
(7) …, for I had directed the ray as if by instinct, precisely upon the
damned spot. (p. 279)
In sentence (6), the adjunct of space with direction as sematic of role is the
complement for the action verb went. They define the direction where the narrator
went. In the sentence (7), the adjunct is upon the damned spot. Even though the
preposition of the adjunct is upon which is same as in sentence (4) and (5), however,
the verb makes the difference of the adjunct. The verb directed is complemented by
the adjunct with the preposition upon.
c. Temporal Position
(8) And now at the dead hour of the night, amid the dreadful silence of
that old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to uncontrollable
terror. (p. 279)
(9) Presently I heard a slight groan, and I knew it was the groan of mortal
terror. (p. 278)
(10) I then took up three planks from the flooring of the chamber, and
deposited all between the scantlings. (p. 280)
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Sentence (8), (9) and (10) are examples of sentences with adjunct of time
and position as the semantic role. In sentence (8) and (9), the adjuncts show the
position when the action occurred in narrator’s ‘present’ point of view. In sentence
(10), the adjunct then points out a certain time from the narrator’s ‘future’ time
position point of view.
d. Temporal Duration
(11) His fears had been ever since growing upon him. (p. 279)
(12) So I opened it --you cannot imagine how stealthily, stealthily–until,
at length a single dim ray, like the thread of the spider, shot from out the
crevice and fell full upon the vulture eye. (p. 279)
(13) I placed my hand upon the heart and held it there many minutes.
(p.280)
(14) Yet, for some minutes longer I refrained and stood still. (p.279)
In contrast to the previous type of adjunct which time is conceived as fixed
point, this type of adjunct relates to time as a linear dimension (past, now, future).
In this type, the adjuncts may have orientation to the speaker’s ‘now’ or they can
be more general temporal issue, thus not requiring orientation to the speaker’s
‘now’. Sentence (11) is an example of backward span adjunct. Adjunct since
explains the action from certain past time going to narrator’s now. Sentence (12) is
a forward span. It is because the time that is explained starts from the narrator’s
present and goes until a certain time in future when a certain action is completed.
Sentence (13) and (14) are the examples for the latter type which showing duration.
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e. Time + Frequency
(15) He had never given me insult. (p. 277)
(16) …, but I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do
the work; … (p.278)
(17) And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the
chamber, and spoke courageously to him, … (p. 278)
Adjunct of time with frequency as a semantic role is the type of adjunct
that responds to ‘How often?’. Sentence (15) is the example the frequency that the
action not once ever happened. However, still, it is included to the definite
frequency because of its clearness. In sentence (16) and (17), the adjuncts do not
clarify how many times an action occurs, therefore the reader cannot identify the
exact number. If a clause using a more definite word, such as twice, or four times,
the reader can distinguish the frequency more clearly.
f. Temporal Relationship
(18) He was still sitting up in the bed listening; … (p. 278)
(19) If still you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe
the wise precautions I took for the concealment of the body. (p. 280)
This type of adjunct indicates “a relationship between two times position
that are both being considered in utterance are realized by forms that serve more
than one function” (Biber et al., 1999: 550). It means that the adjuncts connect
another utterance in time’s related perspective. The adjunct still in sentence (18)
and (19) explain the time position that are related from another utterance in the
story. For sentence (18), this adjunct relates to the previous sentence which
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mentions the old man had not lied down. Still in sentence (19) also relates time in
the sentence with the story.
g. Process Manner
(20) And then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern
cautiously --oh, so cautiously --cautiously (for the hinges creaked) … (p.
278)
(21) … and so I knew that he could not see the opening of the door, and I
kept pushing it on steadily, steadily. (p. 278)
(22) The night waned, and I worked hastily, but in silence. (p. 280)
(23) I then replaced the boards so cleverly, so cunningly, that no human
eye -- not even his --could have detected any thing wrong. (p. 280)
This type of adjunct is the type that occurs the most often in the story. The
function of this type is simply to describe the way in which something is done. The
adjuncts modify the verb and give the quality about how the action is performed. In
the examples of this type above, all of them explain how the narrator did his action.
h. Process Instrument
(24) –now, I say, there came to my ears a low, dull, quick sound, such as
a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. (p. 279)
(25) It was a low, dull, quick sound --much such a sound as a watch makes
when enveloped in cotton. (p. 281)
Both sentences are similar and have same the Instrument that is cotton.
This instrument explains the comparison of the sound that the narrator heard that is
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the sound of a watch when enveloped in cotton. It makes the reader easier to
imagine the sound.
i. Process Mean
(26) Yes, he had been trying to comfort himself with these suppositions:
but he had found all in vain. (p. 279)
(27) I paced the floor to and fro with heavy strides, as if excited to fury by
the observations of the men -- but the noise steadily increased. (p. 281)
This type of adjunct may be similar to the previous type. However, there
is a difference between them. While Instrument explains the item used to
accomplish the action, Mean explains the methods or means by which the action
was accomplished. Therefore, it is clear that in sentence (26) and (27), the adjuncts
of Process + Mean describe the way how the doer did his action.
j. Process Agent
(28) And now a new anxiety seized me --the sound would be heard by a
neighbor! (p. 279)
(29) A shriek had been heard by a neighbor during the night; suspicion of
foul play had been aroused; … (p. 280)
There are two data found for this type and both are the same, that is by a
neighbor. The neighbor is the agent of the verb heard and included in this kind of
type because the statement is in form of passive construction.
k. Contingency Purpose
(30) … --I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, … (p. 277)
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(31) … information had been lodged at the police office, and they (the
officers) had been deputed to search the premises. (p. 280)
(32) In the enthusiasm of my confidence, I brought chairs into the room,
and desired them here to rest from their fatigues …(p. 280)
This kind of adjunct is quite easy to find in the data because all of them
start with the preposition of to. Adjunct of Contingency + Purpose explains can be
paraphrased to ‘for the purpose of’. Therefore, it describes what the speaker want
to achieve by his action.
3. Types of Adverbial Phrases Used in Three Position of Occurrences
This part discusses whether the position of adjunct has an influence to the
types of adjuncts in the story or vice versa. This discussion is answering the first
problem formulation in this study, the distribution of adverbial phrases (adjuncts)
in The Tell-Tale Heart.
Table 6. Types of Adjunct Phrases and Occurrences in The Tell-Tale Heart (in %)
Position
Types
Initial
Position
Middle
Position
Final
Position
Spatial Position 0% 46% 54%
Spatial Direction 0% 71% 29%
Temporal Position 31% 58% 11%
Temporal Duration 12% 65% 23%
Temporal Frequency 0% 88% 11%
Temporal Relationship 0% 100% 0
Process Manner 2% 76% 22%
Process Instrument 0% 0% 100%
Process Mean 0% 100% 0%
Process Agent 0% 50% 50%
Contingency Purpose 0% 89% 11%
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These are the occurrence of adjunct phrases in the story. Adjuncts of process
dominate by number the appearance of adjunct in the story. It means that the author
gives more attention to the verbs because adjunct of process is used to add details
or modify the verb. The second adjunct that often appears is adjunct of time. They
are to convey the time-related meanings. It can deal with the position in time,
duration about how long an event lasted, and frequency of an event.
The third adjunct that quite often appears is adjunct of space. This kind of
adjunct is used to explain the position, source, or direction of an action. The spaces
are not limited only in reality space, but also abstract space. The last adjunct that
infrequently appears is adjunct of contingency. This adjunct covers “circumstance
adverbials that shows how one event or state is contingent upon another” (Biber et
al., 1999: 779). It means that the adjunct must be related or connected to another
element in a sentence, and in this case, adjunct of contingency is related to purpose
and result.
From the table above, the distribution of adjuncts can be comprehended
more clearly. From all types of adjunct, the types appearing in the Middle Position
are one of the most frequent in the story. Its average is more than types of adjunct
in Initial Position and Final Position. Types of adjunct occur in the Final Position
is the second type that quite frequent occur. Types of adjunct in Initial Position
rarely occur in the story. They only occur in three types of adverbial phrases with
low percentages.
Thus, it can be seen that adjuncts in Middle Position are the types that
regularly appear in the story. With this positioning, adjuncts in Middle Position
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usually modify or give explanation about how, when and where the action
happened. The flexibility of adjuncts in Middle Position can be placed before or
after the verb. It may give more information in the middle of sentence for the reader.
The information from the adjuncts around the verb summon the reader’s
imagination about the manner, time, and place of an event at once because they are
still in the middle of sentence. Therefore, it can be concluded that adjuncts in
Middle Position are contributing in igniting the reader’s imagination to the
situations or event in the story.
B. Significance of Adverbial Phrases in the Short Story
From the data collected of adverbial phrases in the stories, the type of
adverbial which most frequently appears based on grammatical function is adjunct.
This type represents the analysis of the adverbials. Thus, the other grammatical
function such as disjunct, subjunct, and conjunct is not discussed in this study.
Adjuncts, in all kind of texts, can answer the questions How? When?
Where? Why?. These answers are received by the readers’ mind subconsciously
because before them asking this question to the text, adjuncts have already given
explanation about it. They give more detailed description to a text. However, unlike
adjectives that only give description to a noun, adjuncts do not merely serve the
function of qualifying only one type of lexical category. They are more flexible to
modify another lexical category. Adjunct’s capability to give various description in
various forms can be the primary style of the author in telling his stories. When the
author masters the usage of adverbials, he can give more impact to his story. The
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story may convey a hidden or symbolic message in the adverbials, and make invite
the reader’s attention to understand deeper the adjuncts used by the author.
Therefore, their stylistic significance may vary according to their function in the
clause, but still the description of adjuncts used by author is observable.
In this analysis, the writer discovered some findings about the significance
of the adverbial phrases to the story. It is found how something is being clarified or
modified by other features. Here are some results from analyzing the adjunct
phrases in The Tell-Tale Heart.
1. The Settings of Events
This is a common knowledge that an adverb of place and an adverb of time
describe the setting of space and time of an event. The description of the setting
makes the reader imagine the situation or even feel the atmosphere of the setting.
The example below shows how the setting is described.
It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I
could see him as he lay upon his bed. Ha! --would a madman have been so
wise as this? (And then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the
lantern cautiously --oh, so cautiously --cautiously (for the hinges creaked)
--I undid it just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye.
And this I did for seven long nights --every night just at midnight --but I
found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for
it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye. And every morning,
when the day broke, I went boldly into the chamber, and spoke
courageously to him, calling him by name in a hearty tone, and inquiring
how he has passed the night. So you see he would have been a very
profound old man, indeed, to suspect that every night, just at twelve, I
looked in upon him while he slept. (p. 278)
The italic phrases above are the adjuncts showing the settings of time and
place of the story. They mostly have the semantic roles of position of space,
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33
duration of time, and frequency of time. The adjunct in the room refers to the old
man’s room. The description of the room is explained in another sentence. It is
described that the room was as black as pitch with the thick darkness and the
shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers. This adjunct explains the
space position of the event. In this place, the narrator stalked and killed the old man.
Next adjunct that shows the setting of the event is adjuncts of time. The
adjunct for seven long nights --every night just at midnight and that every night, just
at twelve indicates the action was always done in midnight for seven days straight.
This description of time is the typical of horror story, where something bad or scary
would happen. Rarely authors write the setting of a murder in the morning or noon.
Poe took this setting to make the readers feel the atmosphere of the murder setting.
The second adjunct is adjunct of time every morning. This time frequency
is different from before and the action is also different. In every morning, the
narrator tried to provoke the old man. The writer is certain the narrator cannot kill
the old man in the day because he was afraid of what he did was heard by neighbors.
Then, on the midday, the narrator provoked him intentionally to resolve himself to
kill the old man.
Adjunct of time with a semantic role of position can also describe the
setting of the action. In this story, we have to follow the time from the narrator’s
perspective to understand the time.
And now at the dead hour of the night, amid the dreadful silence of that
old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to uncontrollable terror.
Yet, for some minutes longer I refrained and stood still. But the beating
grew louder, louder! I thought the heart must burst. And now a new anxiety
seized me --the sound would be heard by a neighbor! The old man's hour
had come! With a loud yell, I threw open the lantern and leaped into the
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room. He shrieked once --once only. In an instant I dragged him to the
floor, and pulled the heavy bed over him. I then smiled gaily, to find the
deed so far done. (p.279)
The adjunct now at the dead hour of the night clearly points out a certain
time position. If we take a look at the meaning, dead hour means the time when the
most people die in their sleep in hospital, around 3 a.m. until 4 a.m. Relating to the
story, this is the time when people are generally sleeping deepest, so things are
quietest. Therefore, the author used this adjunct to increase the tension of the
narrator’s murder intent to the readers by creating the atmosphere of time that is
scary.
The next adjunct is another adjunct of space that shows the setting where
the characters are.
I smiled, --for what had I to fear? I bade the gentlemen welcome. The
shriek, I said, was my own in a dream. The old man, I mentioned, was
absent in the country. I took my visitors all over the house. I bade them
search --search well. I led them, at length, to his chamber. I showed them
his treasures, secure, undisturbed. In the enthusiasm of my confidence, I
brought chairs into the room, and desired them here to rest from their
fatigues, while I myself, in the wild audacity of my perfect triumph, placed
my own seat upon the very spot beneath which reposed the corpse of the
victim. (p. 280)
The adjuncts in this paragraph are used to describe the position of the
characters. The narrator and the officers were in the old man’s house. The narrator
shows several places in the house. The most specific location in that paragraph is
upon the very spot beneath which reposed the corpse of the victim. This adjunct
describes the exact location of the narrator and it makes the reader can imagine it
more clearly.
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From Table 6, the distribution of adjuncts of space and adjuncts of time
mostly appear in Middle Position and Final Position. The adjuncts in Middle
Position invite the reader’s attention to the modifier of the verb because of the
position of the adjuncts which near with the position of the verb. The percentage
domination shows that Poe uses a lot of adverb in Middle Position to make the
reader aware with what situation described with the adjuncts around the verbs.
While the adjuncts in Final Position have quite high number of appearance, because
Poe sometimes uses them as the main focus of the description of the text, as content
word in the last position can be the most important (Leech, 1981: 212).
Data above has proved that adjuncts of time and space are used to explain
the settings are able to inform the reader about the environment and situation of the
story. Both adjunct of time or adjunct of space contribute for making the setting
suitable to atmosphere of the story, that is murder story. Thus it can be concluded
that these adjuncts significantly affect the story.
2. Goal of a Character
In a story, there must be a certain goal that wanted to be achieved. The
plots are inseparable from characters in minimal sense of agency or purposive
human action. They are explicable by reference of happiness goals (Jannidis, Lauer,
Martínez, & Winko, 2010: 137). The goals of characters may be various, depending
on how the character sees his happiness (personal or social). Personal happiness is
a kind of happiness which only one person that can feel it, e.g. the narrator’s
happiness is when he could get rid of the old man’s vulture eyes forever. Social
happiness is a kind of happiness which can be shared or felt to others. This kind of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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happiness is pursued for the sake of the others, e.g. when the officers arrested the
killer, it makes not only the officers happy, but also the neighbor who reported the
case. If there is more than one happy individual, then social happiness is achieved.
In the story both kind of goals exist.
In The Tell-Tale Heart, some characters also have their own goals. The
first character is the main character in the story that is the narrator. He used I-
narrator in telling his story.
It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but once
conceived, it haunted me day and night. Object there was none. Passion
there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had
never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye!
yes, it was this! He had the eye of a vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film
over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees -
- very gradually – I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and
thus rid myself of the eye forever. (p. 277)
From the adjunct of purpose above, it is clear that the narrator was
disturbed by the eye and the only way to free from it was by killing the old man.
This is a personal goal because the narrator wanted to achieve his goal for himself.
The statement of the goal is mentioned by the narrator, which is also the character,
it increases the anticipation of the reader. It creates the expectation on the reader
whether the narrator would successfully kill the old man or not. This is the main
point of adjunct of process, increasing the expectation of the story plot.
Another character that has goal in the story is the officers. The goal of the
officers is the opposite of the narrator. It can be said that the officers’ goal is the
anti-climax for the narrator.
When I had made an end of these labors, it was four o'clock --still dark as
midnight. As the bell sounded the hour, there came a knocking at the street
door. I went down to open it with a light heart, --for what had I now to
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37
fear? There entered three men, who introduced themselves, with perfect
suavity, as officers of the police. A shriek had been heard by a neighbor
during the night; suspicion of foul play had been aroused; information had
been lodged at the police office, and they (the officers) had been deputed
to search the premises. (p. 280)
The adjunct to search the premises is the goal of the officers. They were
asked to find clues about the report from the neighbor. This is a social goal. The
officers wanted to achieve the goal for someone’s else good, in the story that is the
neighbor. The goal is to counter the narrator’s action. This adjunct is also significant
to develop the complexity of the story. Without the officers’ goal and action, the
story would be boring because there would be no anti-hero. The officers’ goal also
adds the expectation to the reader about “Will they capture the culprit?” or “how
they will arrest the narrator”.
In order to achieve a goal, a certain action has to be done. Van Dijk points
out that “an analysis of action sequences requires a concept of
SUCCESSFULNESS, and an action is FULLY SUCCESSFUL if the final result of
the action is identical with the purpose” (1977: 175). It means in a story, a
completed purpose has a certain degree of accomplishment, and if a character did
his action and met his expectation, it is called fully successful. In sentence (30), it
shows that the narrator’s purpose was to kill the old man, and he did it. Thus, it is a
fully successful action.
… His fears had been ever since growing upon him. He had been trying to
fancy them causeless, but could not. He had been saying to himself --"It is
nothing but the wind in the chimney --it is only a mouse crossing the floor,"
or "It is merely a cricket which has made a single chirp." Yes, he had been
trying to comfort himself with these suppositions: but he had found all in
vain… (p. 279)
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The example above is the opposite of the previous. The adjunct shows that
the old man wanted to comfort himself, but it was futile. When the action was
conducted and the result did not meet the purpose, thus it is an unsuccessful action.
Adjunct of purpose in The Tell-Tale Heart can give significant effect to
the reader. The effect is to increase the anticipation of the story plot. It describes
what the characters want to achieve in the story. Contrast goals between two
characters usually are the things that make a story interesting. Additionally, it leads
to the readers’ presumption about how the story will flow. Thus, if the adjuncts are
success in inviting the reader to make expectation, then the story plot will be easy
to be followed by anyone.
3. Character’s Mood
There are some character’s moods in the story that can be observed from
the adjunct used by the author. One of the characters is the narrator. The author may
not write as himself in his story, but he can act as other person or even just act as
an observer. Poe uses I-narrator to tell about his story. It is used to distinguish
between him and the narrator in his work. Leech states the I-narrator as a primary
character creates a personal relationship with the reader which tends to bias the
reader in favor of the narrator/character (1981: 265). It means that the source could
be not reliable.
The narrator in The Tell-Tale Heart is an unreliable narrator. It is because
he is telling the whole story himself without any objective narration to back up his
statements. All of his statements are said from his own perspective which makes
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the reliability is questionable. However, still it is worthwhile to study his mood
from his own perspective by observing the adjunct that he used.
…I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in
hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily -- how
calmly I can tell you the whole story. (p. 277)
There are two adjuncts of process in the first paragraph describing that he
was not mad, which are healthily and calmly. Both are explaining that he was fine
and not disturbed by anything. They invite the reader to believe that his mood was
calm when telling his story. They could be more convincing if they are stated by a
third person.
After the beginning of the story, the narrator shows another mood by his
manner. When he was stalking the old man, some adjunct of process are mentioned
in the story.
Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you
should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded --with
what caution --with what foresight --with what dissimulation I went to
work! I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before
I killed him. And every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door
and opened it --oh so gently! And then, when I had made an opening
sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no
light shone out, and then I thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed
to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it slowly --very, very slowly, so
that I might not disturb the old man's sleep. It took me an hour to place my
whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon
his bed. Ha! --would a madman have been so wise as this? And then, when
my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern cautiously --oh, so
cautiously --cautiously (for the hinges creaked) --I undid it just so much
that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long
nights --every night just at midnight --but I found the eye always closed;
and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who
vexed me, but his Evil Eye. And every morning, when the day broke, I
went boldly into the chamber, and spoke courageously to him, calling him
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40
by name in a hearty tone, and inquiring how he has passed the night. So
you see he would have been a very profound old man, indeed, to suspect
that every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him while he slept. (p.
277-278)
The adjuncts above show how the narrator did his action. The first adjunct
in this paragraph is wisely. It is quite similar to the previous mood that stated the
narrator was sane and astute. Next adjuncts are --with what caution --with what
foresight --with what dissimulation which modify verb went. They all add details
about what the narrator can do when accomplishing his intention. It creates a serious
mood. It is because the narrator did everything he could to kill the old man. Further,
adjunct gently, slowly and cautiously explain that the narrator did every action
carefully. When the reader read every adjuncts of process above, he would
understand that the narrator’s mood was very cautious. The adjunct slowly is
repeated twice and cautiously is repeated three times. It is repeated because there is
a prominence that the author wants to deliver to the reader.
In order to drill the emotions of the narrator and apply it to the reader, the
author foregrounded this part by repeating the adjunct. Thus, when the repetition
adjuncts successfully invite the reader’s attention, the character’s mood, which in
this context is being cautious, can be seen obviously.
When I had made an end of these labors, it was four o'clock --still dark as
midnight. As the bell sounded the hour, there came a knocking at the street
door. I went down to open it with a light heart, --for what had I now to
fear? There entered three men, who introduced themselves, with perfect
suavity, as officers of the police. A shriek had been heard by a neighbor
during the night; suspicion of foul play had been aroused; information had
been lodged at the police office, and they (the officers) had been deputed
to search the premises. (p. 280)
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In this part, when the narrator had dismembered and hid the corpse, he
heard a knock at the door. Then, he opened it with a light heart. This adjunct of
process clearly describes that the narrator was in good mood. With a light heart
gives opposite impression from the other adjuncts that the narrator told before. It
gives a bright impression to his action. Adjunct calmly or healthily gives neutral
impression. The narrator was fine and good. The adjunct cautiously which gives a
rather dark impression. It is because someone who does something cautiously
usually is up to something that he does not want the others to know about it or to
prevent something bad happen if he does it carelessly. Adjunct cautiously also
increases the tension of the action when the reader read the story.
To summarize, adjuncts give hint about the implicit elements in the story,
where the reader’s senses (vision) in the story are depending on how the narrator
tells his story. From the findings, it is proved that the adjuncts in the story contribute
to help author to develop the settings, set a certain goal of the character, and
describe the character’s mood.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story written by a famous American author,
Edgar Allan Poe. It was published in 1843 in a Boston magazine, The Pioneer. The
story is about an anonymous narrator who killed an old man because the narrator
was disturbed by the old man’s eyes. The narrator tried to act unsuspiciously when
the officers came to check, but in the end, the narrator confessed his crime. Poe uses
I-narrator point of view to tell the story. Poe gives the narrator authority to tell his
story from the narrator’s point of view. The way author tells the story by using
adjunct adverbial phrases.
The adjuncts’ position determines the contribution to the story. When an
adjunct appears in the initial position, it immediately points out the manner or
situation before the action is described in the sentence. When the adjunct appears
in the middle or final position, it may modify or complement the verb. The
grammatical function that is discussed is Adjunct, which covers Space, Time,
Process, and Contingency. The semantic roles of adjunct in the story are Position,
Direction, Frequency, Relationship, Manner, Instrument, Mean, Agent, and
Purpose. Thus, these roles give different explanations throughout the story.
The adjuncts have some significances in the story. First, they help to create
the setting of the story. It is obvious that adjuncts of space and adjuncts of time
describe the environment, so that the reader can imagine where and when the action
happens. Second, the adjuncts describe the goals of the characters. Each character
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43
in a story must have a certain goal, thus, a Contingency adjunct with a semantic role
of purpose will explain the goal. Third, adjuncts give details about the characters’
moods. The moods can be clearly seen in their manner of action. If the adjunct of
process is studied, the mood can be revealed.
The points above show that the author’s style of writing affects his works
of literature. The choice of words in the narration eventually will influence the
reader’s emotion towards the story. How the setting is illustrated and how the action
is described can be the bridge for the readers to enter the story, and in here the
adjuncts work as the bridge. In the end, the writer could say that the adjuncts used
by the Poe successfully make the reader imagine the vision or the position of the
narrator in the story.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Biber, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, Edward Finegan. Longman
Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Edinburgh: Pearson Education,
1999.
Delahunty, Gerald and James Garvey. The English Language from Sound to
Sense. Indiana: Parlor Press, 2010.
Ernst, Thomas. Semantic Features and the Distribution of Adverbs. Berlin, New
York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003.
Fromklin, Victoria, David Blair, Peter Collins. An Introduction to Language.
Sydney: Harcourt, 2000.
Jackendoff, Ray. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1972.
Janidis, Gerhard Lauer, Matías Martínez, Simone Winko. Characters in Fictional
Worlds. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2010.
Jonathan, Irene. Significances from The Use of Adverbs Ending with –ly
Modifying Verbs of Speaking in Sophie Kinsella’s Confession of a
Shopaholic. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2011.
Leech, Geoffrey N. Style in Fiction. London: Longman, 1981.
Poe, Edgar Allan. Tales, Poems, Essays. London: Collins Clear-Type Press, 1952
Quirk, Randolph. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London:
Longman, 1985.
Simpson, Paul. Stylistics a Resource Book for Students. New York: Routledge,
2004.
Van Dijk, T. Text and Context: Explorations in The Semantics and Pragmatics of
Discourse. London: Longman, 1977.
Verdonk, Peter. Stylistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Wales, Katie. A Dictionary of Stylistics Second Edition. Edinburgh: Pearson
Education, 2001.
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Wiratningsih, Riah. Mystery as Seen in Edgar Allan Poe’s Short Story The Fall of
The House Usher, The Tell-Tale Heart, The Black Cat. Thesis. Solo:
Sebelas Maret University, 2013.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Table 7. Distribution of Adjunct Phrases
Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
277
I heard all things in the
heaven and in the earth. Final Space Position
I heard many things in
hell. Final Space Position
How, then, am I mad? Middle Time Position
.., and observe how
healthily... Middle Process Manner
… how calmly I can tell
you the whole story. Middle Process Manner
It is impossible to say
how first.. Middle Time Relationship
... entered my brain;… Middle Space Position
…but once conceived, … Middle Time Frequency
…,it haunted me day and
night. Final Time Position
He had never wronged
me. Middle Time Frequency
He had never given me
an insult. Middle Time Frequency
Whenever it fell upon
me, my blood ran cold… Middle Space Position
and so by degrees -- very
gradually… Middle Process Manner
I made up my mind to
take the life of the old
man…
Middle Contingency Purpose
…, and thus rid myself of
the eye forever. Final Time Duration
Now this is the point. Initial Time Position
You should have seen
how wisely I proceeded… Middle Process Manner
… I proceeded with what
caution-- with what
foresight -- with what
dissimulation…
Middle Process Manner
… I went to work! Final Space Direction
I was never kinder to the
oldman… Middle Time Frequency
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
277
.. To the old man than
during the whole week… Middle Time Position
And every night, about
midnight, … Middle Time Frequency
… I turned the latch of
his door and opened it ---
oh so gently!
Final Process Manner
And then, when I had
made an opening
sufficient for my head…
Middle Time Position
… so that no light shone
out, and then I thrust in
my head.
Middle Time Position
Oh, you would have
laughed to see how
cunningly I thrust it in!
Middle Process Manner
I moved it slowly… Middle Process Manner
… --very, very slowly… Middle Process Manner
278
It took me an hour… Middle Time Duration
… to place my whole
head within the
opening…
Middle Contingency Purpose
... that I could see him as
he lay upon his bed. Final Space Position
And then, when my head
was well in the room,… Middle Space Position
I undid the lantern
cautiously --oh, so
cautiously --cautiously…
Middle Process Manner
… --I undid it just so
much that a single thin
ray fell upon the vulture
eye
Final Space Position
And this I did for seven
long nights --every night
just at midnight...
Middle Time Duration
… --but I found the eye
always closed;… Middle Time Frequency
…; ; and so it was
impossible to do the
work…
Middle Contingency Purpose
And every morning,
when the day broke,… Middle Time Frequency
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
278
…, I went boldly into the
chamber… Middle Process Manner
…, I went boldly into the
chamber… Middle Space Direction
…, and spoke
courageously to him,… Middle Process Manner
…, calling him by name
in a hearty tone… Middle Process Manner
…, indeed, to suspect
that every night, just at
twelve,…
Middle Time Frequency
Upon the eighth night I
was more than usually
cautious, …
Initial Time Position
… I was more than
usually cautious in
opening the door.
Middle Process Manner
A watch's minute hand
moves more quickly than
did mine.
Middle Process Manner
Never before that night
had I felt the extent of my
own powers,…
Initial Time Position
I could scarcely contain
my feelings of triumph. Middle Process Manner
To think that there I was,
opening the door, little by
little…
Middle Process Manner
I fairly chuckled at the
idea;... Middle Process Manner
…; and perhaps he heard
me; for he moved on the
bed suddenly...
Middle Space Position
…; and perhaps he heard
me; for he moved on the
bed suddenly…
Middle Process Manner
Now you may think that I
drew back --but no. Initial Time Position
…, and so I knew that he
could not see the opening
of the door, and I kept
pushing it on steadily,
steadily.
Final Process Manner
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
278
I had my head in,… Middle Space Position
…, and was about to
open the lantern, when
my thumb slipped upon
the tin fastening…
Middle Space Position
…, , and the old man
sprang up in bed, crying
out --"Who's there?"
Middle Space Position
I kept quite still and said
nothing. Middle Process Manner
For a whole hour I did
not move a muscle,... Initial Time Duration
…, , and in the meantime
I did not hear him lie
down.
Middle Time Position
He was still sitting up in
the bed listening;… Middle Time Relationship
He was still sitting up in
the bed listening;… Middle Space Position
… --just as I have done,
night after night,
hearkening to the death
watches in the wall.
Middle Time Duration
… --just as I have done,
night after night,
hearkening to the death
watches in the wall.
Middle Space Position
Presently I heard a slight
groan, and I knew it was
the groan of mortal terror.
Initial Time Position
… it was the low stifled
sound that arises from the
bottom of the soul when
overcharged with awe.
Middle Space Direction
… it was the low stifled
sound that arises from the
bottom of the soul when
overcharged with awe.
Final Time Position
I knew the sound well. Final Process Manner
Many a night, just at
midnight, when all the
world slept, …
Initial Time Position
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
278
…, , deepening, with its
dreadful echo, the terrors
that distracted me.
Middle Process manner
I say I knew it well… Final Process Manner
279
I knew what the old man
felt, and pitied him,
although I chuckled at
heart.
Final Space Position
I knew that he had been
lying awake ever since
the first slight noise,…
Middle Time Duration
…, when he had turned
in the bed. Final Space Position
His fears had been ever
since growing upon him. Middle Time Duration
His fears had been ever
since growing upon him. Final Space Position
He had been trying to
fancy them causeless,… Middle Contingency Purpose
He had been saying to
himself --"It is nothing
but the wind in the
chimney"…
Middle Space Position
… --it is only a mouse
crossing the floor,".. Middle Space Position
Yes, he had been trying
to comfort himself with
these suppositions: but he
had found all in vain.
Middle Contingency Purpose
Yes, he had been trying
to comfort himself with
these suppositions; but he
had found all in vain.
Middle Process Mean
…, --although he neither
saw nor heard --to feel
the presence of my head
within the room.
Final Space Position
When I had waited a long
time, very patiently,
without hearing him lie
down, I resolved to open
a little --a very, very little
crevice in the lantern
Middle time Duration
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
279
When I had waited a long
time, very patiently,
without hearing him lie
down,…
Middle Process Manner
… , I resolved to open a
little --a very, very little
crevice in the lantern.
Middle Contingency Purpose
… , I resolved to opena
little --a very, very little
crevice in the lantern.
Final Space Position
So I opened it --you
cannot imagine how
stealthily, stealthily,...
Middle Process Manner
… –until, at length a
single dim ray, like the
thread of the spider, shot
from out the crevice and
fell full upon the vulture
eye.
Middle Time Position
… –until, at length a
single dim ray, like the
thread of the spider, shot
from out the crevice and
fell full upon the vulture
eye.
Middle Space Direction
…shot from out the
crevice and fell full upon
the vulture eye.
Final Space Direction
It was open --wide, wide
open --and I grew furious
as I gazed upon it.
Final Space Position
I saw it with perfect
distinctness--all a dull
blue, with a hideous veil
over it…
Middle Process Manner
… --all a dull blue, with a
hideous veil over it that
chilled the very marrow
in my bones;…
Middle Space Position
… for I had directed the
ray as if by instinct,
precisely upon the
damned spot.
Middle Process mean
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
279
… for I had directed the
ray as if by instinct,
precisely upon the
damned spot.
Middle Process Manner
… for I had directed the
ray as if by instinct,
precisely upon the
damned spot.
Final Space Direction
… –now, I say, there
came to my ears there
came to my ears a low,
dull, quick sound, such as
a watch makes when
enveloped in cotton.
Middle Space Direction
… I say, there came to
my ears a low, dull, quick
sound, such as a watch
makes when enveloped in
cotton.
Middle Space Direction
… I say, there came to
my ears a low, dull, quick
sound, …
Final Process Instrument
I knew that sound well,
too. Middle Process Manner
I scarcely breathed. Middle Process Manner
I held the lantern
motionless. Final Process Manner
I tried how steadily I
could maintain the ray
upon the eye.
Middle Process Manner
I tried how steadily I
could maintain the ray
upon the eye.
Final Space Position
Meantime the hellish
tattoo of the heart
increased.
Initial Time Position
It grew quicker and
quicker, and louder and
louder every instant.
Middle Process Manner
It grew quicker and
quicker, and louder and
louder every instant.
Middle Process Manner
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
279
It grew quicker and
quicker, and louder and
louder every instant.
Final Time Duration
It grew louder, I say,
louder every moment! Middle Process Manner
It grew louder, I say,
louder every moment! Middle Process Manner
It grew louder, I say,
louder every moment! Final Time Duration
… --do you mark me
well? Final Process Manner
And now at the dead
hour of the night, amid
the dreadful silence of
that old house,…
Middle Time Position
Yet, for some minutes
longer I refrained and
stood still.
Middle Time Duration
Yet, for some minutes
longer I refrained and
stood still.
Final Process Manner
But the beating grew
louder, louder! Final Process Manner
And now a new anxiety
seized me... Middle Time Position
… --the sound would be
heard by a neighbor! Final Process Agent
With a loud yell, I threw
open the lantern and
leaped into the room.
Initial Process Manner
280
With a loud yell, I threw
open the lantern and
leaped into the room.
Final Space Direction
He shrieked once --once
only. Final Time Frequency
In an instant I dragged
him to the floor, and
pulled the heavy bed over
him.
Initial Time Duration
In an instant I dragged
him to the floor, and
pulled the heavy bed over
him.
Middle Space Direction
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
280
In an instant I dragged
him to the floor, and
pulled the heavy bed over
him.
Final Space Position
I then smiled gaily, to
find the deed so far done. Final Process Manner
But, for many minutes,
the heart beat on with a
muffled sound.
Middle Time Duration
But, for many minutes,
the heart beat on with a
muffled sound.
Final Process Manner
This, however, did not
vex me; it would not be
heard through the wall.
Final Space Position
At length it ceased. Initial Time Position
I placed my hand upon
the heart and held it there
many minutes.
Middle Space Position
I placed my hand upon
the heart and held it there
many minutes.
Middle Space Position
I placed my hand upon
the heart and held it there
many minutes.
Final Time Duration
If still you think me
mad,... Middle Time Relationship
The night waned, and I
worked hastily, but in
silence.
Middle Process Manner
The night waned, and I
worked hastily, but in
silence.
Final Process Manner
I then took up three
planks from the flooring
of the chamber, and
deposited all between the
scantling.
Middle Time Position
I then took up three
planks from the flooring
of the chamber,and
deposited all between the
scantling.
Middle Space Direction
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55
Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
280
I then took up three
planks from the flooring
of the chamber, and
deposited all between the
scantling.
Final Space Direction
I then replaced the boards
so cleverly, so
cunningly,..
Middle Time Position
I then replaced the boards
so cleverly, so
cunningly,..
Middle Process Manner
I then replaced the boards
so cleverly, so
cunningly,..
Middle Process Manner
When I had made an end
of these labors, it was
four o'clock --still dark as
midnight.
Final Time Position
As the bell sounded the
hour, there came a
knocking at the street
door.
Final Space Position
I went down to open it
with a light heart,… Middle Process Manner
…, --for what had I now
to fear? Middle Time Position
There entered three men,
who introduced
themselves, with perfect
suavity, as officers of the
police.
Middle Process Manner
A shriek had been heard
by a neighbor during the
night;...
Middle Process Agent
A shriek had been heard
by a neighbor during the
night;...
Middle Time Position
…; information had been
lodged at the police
office, and they (the
officers) had been
deputed to search the
premises.
Middle Space Direction
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
56
Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
280
…, and they (the officers)
had been deputed to
search the premises.
Final Contingency Purpose
The shriek, I said, was
my own in a dream. Final Space Position
The old man, I
mentioned, was absent in
the country.
Final Space Position
I took my visitors all over
the house. Final Space Position
I bade them search --
search well. Final Process Manner
I led them, at length, to
his chamber. Middle Time Position
I led them, at length, to
his chamber. Final Space Direction
…, I brought chairs into
the room, and desired
them here to rest from
their fatigues,...
Middle Space Direction
…, I brought chairs into
the room, and desired
them here to rest from
their fatigues,...
Middle Space Position
…, I brought chairs into
the room, and desired
them here to rest from
their fatigues,...
Middle Contingency Purpose
…, placed my own seat
upon the very spot
beneath which reposed
the corpse of the victim.
Final Space Position
They sat, and while I
answered cheerily, they
chatted of familiar things.
Middle Process Manner
But, ere long, I felt
myself getting pale and
wished them gone.
Middle Time Duration
My head ached, and I
fancied a ringing in my
ears: but still they sat and
still chatted.
Middle Space Position
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
280
My head ached, and I
fancied a ringing in my
ears: but still they sat and
still chatted.
Middle time Relationship
My head ached, and I
fancied a ringing in my
ears: but still they sat and
still chatted.
Middle time Relationship
281
... I talked more freely to
get rid of the feeling... Middle Process Manner
... I talked more freely to
get rid of the feeling... Middle Contingency Purpose
...--until, at length, I
found that the noise was
not within my ears,...
Middle Time Position
...--until, at length, I
found that the noise was
not within my ears.
Final Space Position
No doubt I now grew
very pale;… Middle Time Position
… --but I talked more
fluently, and with a
heightened voice.
Middle Process manner
… --but I talked more
fluently, and with a
heightened voice.
Final Process Manner
… --much such a sound
as a watch makes when
enveloped in cotton.
Final Process Instrument
I talked more quickly–
more vehemently; but the
noise steadily increased.
Middle Process Manner
I talked more quickly–
more vehemently; but the
noise steadily increased.
Middle Process Manner
I talked more quickly–
more vehemently; but the
noise steadily increased.
Middle Process Manner
I arose and argued about
trifles, in a high key and
with violent
gesticulations; but the
noise steadily increased.
Middle Process Manner
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Page Adjunct Phrase Position Grammatical
Function
Semantic
Role
281
I arose and argued about
trifles, in a high key and
with violent
gesticulations; but the
noise steadily increased.
Middle Process Manner
I paced the floor to and
fro with heavy strides, as
if excited to fury by the
observations of the men...
Middle Space Direction
I paced the floor to and
fro with heavy strides, as
if excited to fury by the
observations of the men...
Middle Process Manner
I paced the floor to and
fro with heavy strides, as
if excited to fury by the
observations of the men...
Middle Process Mean
… -- but the noise
steadily increased. Middle Process Manner
I swung the chair upon
which I had been sitting,
and grated it upon the
boards,…
Middle Space Position
…, but the noise arose
over all and continually
increased.
Middle Process Manner
It grew louder --louder –
louder! Final Process Manner
And still the men chatted
pleasantly, and smiled. Middle Time Relationship
And still the men chatted
pleasantly, and smiled. Middle Process Manner
I felt that I must scream
or die! --and now--again!
--hark! louder! louder!
louder! louder!
Middle Time Position
I felt that I must scream
or die! --and now--again!
--hark! louder! louder!
louder! louder!
Final Process Manner
…--here, here! --it is the
beating of his hideous
heart!"
Middle Space Position
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Appendix 2: The Text of the Story
The Tell-Tale Heart
TRUE! -- nervous -- very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why
will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses -- not destroyed
-- not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in
the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad?
Hearken! and observe how healthily -- how calmly I can tell you the whole story.
It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but once conceived,
it haunted me day and night. Object there was none. Passion there was none. I
loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For
his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! yes, it was this! He had the eye of a
vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood
ran cold; and so by degrees -- very gradually --I made up my mind to take the life
of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever.
Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you
should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded --with what
caution --with what foresight --with what dissimulation I went to work! I was
never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. And
every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it --oh so
gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a
dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my
head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it
slowly --very, very slowly, so that I might not disturb the old man's sleep. It took
me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him
as he lay upon his bed. Ha! --would a madman have been so wise as this? And
then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern cautiously --oh, so
cautiously --cautiously (for the hinges creaked) --I undid it just so much that a
single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights --
every night just at midnight --but I found the eye always closed; and so it was
impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil
Eye. And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the chamber, and
spoke courageously to him, calling him by name in a hearty tone, and inquiring
how he has passed the night. So you see he would have been a very profound old
man, indeed, to suspect that every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him
while he slept.
Upon the eighth night I was more than usually cautious in opening the door. A
watch's minute hand moves more quickly than did mine. Never before that night
had I felt the extent of my own powers --of my sagacity. I could scarcely contain
my feelings of triumph. To think that there I was, opening the door, little by little,
and he not even to dream of my secret deeds or thoughts. I fairly chuckled at the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
60
idea; and perhaps he heard me; for he moved on the bed suddenly, as if startled.
Now you may think that I drew back --but no. His room was as black as pitch with
the thick darkness, (for the shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers,)
and so I knew that he could not see the opening of the door, and I kept pushing it
on steadily, steadily.
I had my head in, and was about to open the lantern, when my thumb slipped
upon the tin fastening, and the old man sprang up in bed, crying out --"Who's
there?"
I kept quite still and said nothing. For a whole hour I did not move a muscle,
and in the meantime I did not hear him lie down. He was still sitting up in the bed
listening; --just as I have done, night after night, hearkening to the death watches
in the wall.
Presently I heard a slight groan, and I knew it was the groan of mortal terror. It
was not a groan of pain or of grief --oh, no! --it was the low stifled sound that
arises from the bottom of the soul when overcharged with awe. I knew the sound
well. Many a night, just at midnight, when all the world slept, it has welled up
from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that distracted
me. I say I knew it well. I knew what the old man felt, and pitied him, although I
chuckled at heart. I knew that he had been lying awake ever since the first slight
noise, when he had turned in the bed. His fears had been ever since growing upon
him. He had been trying to fancy them causeless, but could not. He had been
saying to himself --"It is nothing but the wind in the chimney --it is only a mouse
crossing the floor," or "It is merely a cricket which has made a single chirp." Yes,
he had been trying to comfort himself with these suppositions: but he had found
all in vain. All in vain; because Death, in approaching him had stalked with his
black shadow before him, and enveloped the victim. And it was the mournful
influence of the unperceived shadow that caused him to feel --although he neither
saw nor heard --to feel the presence of my head within the room.
When I had waited a long time, very patiently, without hearing him lie down, I
resolved to open a little --a very, very little crevice in the lantern. So I opened it --
you cannot imagine how stealthily, stealthily --until, at length a single dim ray,
like the thread of the spider, shot from out the crevice and fell full upon the
vulture eye.
It was open --wide, wide open --and I grew furious as I gazed upon it. I saw it
with perfect distinctness --all a dull blue, with a hideous veil over it that chilled
the very marrow in my bones; but I could see nothing else of the old man's face or
person: for I had directed the ray as if by instinct, precisely upon the damned spot.
And have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but over
acuteness of the senses? --now, I say, there came to my ears a low, dull, quick
sound, such as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. I knew that sound well,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
61
too. It was the beating of the old man's heart. It increased my fury, as the beating
of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage.
But even yet I refrained and kept still. I scarcely breathed. I held the lantern
motionless. I tried how steadily I could maintain the ray upon the eye. Meantime
the hellish tattoo of the heart increased. It grew quicker and quicker, and louder
and louder every instant. The old man's terror must have been extreme! It grew
louder, I say, louder every moment! --do you mark me well? I have told you that I
am nervous: so I am. And now at the dead hour of the night, amid the dreadful
silence of that old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to uncontrollable
terror. Yet, for some minutes longer I refrained and stood still. But the beating
grew louder, louder! I thought the heart must burst. And now a new anxiety seized
me --the sound would be heard by a neighbor! The old man's hour had come!
With a loud yell, I threw open the lantern and leaped into the room. He shrieked
once --once only. In an instant I dragged him to the floor, and pulled the heavy
bed over him. I then smiled gaily, to find the deed so far done. But, for many
minutes, the heart beat on with a muffled sound. This, however, did not vex me; it
would not be heard through the wall. At length it ceased. The old man was dead. I
removed the bed and examined the corpse. Yes, he was stone, stone dead. I placed
my hand upon the heart and held it there many minutes. There was no pulsation.
He was stone dead. His eye would trouble me no more.
If still you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise
precautions I took for the concealment of the body. The night waned, and I
worked hastily, but in silence. First of all I dismembered the corpse. I cut off the
head and the arms and the legs.
I then took up three planks from the flooring of the chamber, and deposited all
between the scantlings. I then replaced the boards so cleverly, so cunningly, that
no human eye -- not even his --could have detected any thing wrong. There was
nothing to wash out --no stain of any kind --no blood-spot whatever. I had been
too wary for that. A tub had caught all --ha! ha!
When I had made an end of these labors, it was four o'clock --still dark as
midnight. As the bell sounded the hour, there came a knocking at the street door. I
went down to open it with a light heart, --for what had I now to fear? There
entered three men, who introduced themselves, with perfect suavity, as officers of
the police. A shriek had been heard by a neighbor during the night; suspicion of
foul play had been aroused; information had been lodged at the police office, and
they (the officers) had been deputed to search the premises.
I smiled, --for what had I to fear? I bade the gentlemen welcome. The shriek, I
said, was my own in a dream. The old man, I mentioned, was absent in the
country. I took my visitors all over the house. I bade them search --search well. I
led them, at length, to his chamber. I showed them his treasures, secure,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
62
undisturbed. In the enthusiasm of my confidence, I brought chairs into the room,
and desired them here to rest from their fatigues, while I myself, in the wild
audacity of my perfect triumph, placed my own seat upon the very spot beneath
which reposed the corpse of the victim.
The officers were satisfied. My manner had convinced them. I was singularly at
ease. They sat, and while I answered cheerily, they chatted of familiar things. But,
ere long, I felt myself getting pale and wished them gone. My head ached, and I
fancied a ringing in my ears: but still they sat and still chatted. The ringing
became more distinct: --it continued and became more distinct: I talked more
freely to get rid of the feeling: but it continued and gained definiteness --until, at
length, I found that the noise was not within my ears.
No doubt I now grew very pale; --but I talked more fluently, and with a
heightened voice. Yet the sound increased --and what could I do? It was a low,
dull, quick sound --much such a sound as a watch makes when enveloped in
cotton. I gasped for breath -- and yet the officers heard it not. I talked more
quickly --more vehemently; but the noise steadily increased. I arose and argued
about trifles, in a high key and with violent gesticulations; but the noise steadily
increased. Why would they not be gone? I paced the floor to and fro with heavy
strides, as if excited to fury by the observations of the men -- but the noise
steadily increased. Oh God! what could I do? I foamed --I raved --I swore! I
swung the chair upon which I had been sitting, and grated it upon the boards, but
the noise arose over all and continually increased. It grew louder --louder --
louder! And still the men chatted pleasantly, and smiled. Was it possible they
heard not? Almighty God! --no, no! They heard! --they suspected! --they knew! --
they were making a mockery of my horror! --this I thought, and this I think. But
anything was better than this agony! Anything was more tolerable than this
derision! I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer! I felt that I must scream
or die! --and now --again! --hark! louder! louder! louder! louder! –
"Villains!" I shrieked, "dissemble no more! I admit the deed! --tear up the
planks! --here, here! --it is the beating of his hideous heart!"
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