Advancing Research onLiving and Fossil Cephalopods

Development and Evolution

Fonn, Construction, and Function

Taphonomy, Palaeoecology,Palaeobiogeography, Biostratigraphy,and Basin Analysis

Advaociog Research 00

Living and Fossil Cephalopods Development and Evolution

F orm, Construction, and Function

Taphonomy, Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography, Biostratigraphy, and Basin Analysis

Edited by

Federico 016riz and

Francisco J. Rodriguez-Tovar University of Granada Granada. Spain

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Advancing research on living and fossil cephalopods: development and evolution: form, con­struction, and function: taphonomy, palaeoecology, palaeobiogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis I edited by Federico Ol6riz and Francisco J. Rodriguez-Thvar.

p. cm. "Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Cephalopods: Present and Past, held

July 14-18, 1996, in Granada, Spain"-T.p. verso. Inc1udes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-7193-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-4837-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4837-9 1. Cephalopoda, Fossil-Congresses. 2. Cephalopoda-Congresses. 1. 0l6riz Sâez, Fed­

erico. II. Rodriguez-Thvar, Francisco J. III. International Symposium on Cephalopods: Pre­sent and Past (4th: 1996: Granada, Spain) QE806.A38 1998 564'.5-dc21

Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Cephalopods: Present and Past, held July 14 - 18, 1996, in Granada, Spain

ISBN 978-1-4613-7193-9

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

98-41749 CIP

Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1999

AU rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written , permission ftom the Publisher

ProfessorAsuncionLinares, Spanishpioneerammonitologist, has belonged to theUniversityofGranada since 1947, where she has been a full professor ofpalaeontology since 1961 andprofessor emeritus from 1987. Asuncion Linares has more than 50 years ofacademic workin Granada, including positions ofVice Rector, Director of the Instituto de Ciencias de laEducacion and Headofthe Direccion de Asistencia Estudiantil at the University ofGranada.In 1960, Asuncion Linares published in Notas y Comunicaciones del Instituto Geologico yMinero de Espana and the Memoire hors-serie de la Societe Geologique de France, inmemory of Professor Paul FaIlot, her fIrst papers on Lower Jurassic ammonites gatherednear Granada. At present, Professor Asuncion Linares continues 38 years of research onammonites with active work in southern Spain on mainly Middle Jurassic ammonites fromthe Betic Cordillera.

PREFACE

Part I: Development and Evolution. S.v. Boletzky uses the reproductive system ofoctopods, the lower beaks of coleoids and ammonites, and the arm crown of the coleoidsto analyse ontogenetic patterns and processes from an evolutionary standpoint. The authorseeks to update paleomorphology to provide historical perspective for the modern biologyof cephalopods. K. Uchiyama and K. Tanabe describe their hatching experiments onNautilus macromphalus in the Toba Aquarium, demonstrating the relationships betweentemperature and the duration of hatching periods, and establishing comparisons with Nau­tilus belauensis. E. Lefkaditou and P. Kaspiris compare analyses of morphologic featuresin two recent species of the genus Sepietta, revealing significant differences in club lengthand tentacle width, the latter expressed as a percentage of body weight.

The monophyly of the Ammonoidea is investigated by S.M. Klofak and collabora­tors through microscopic analyses of sculpture and internal morphology in Lower De­vonian ammonitellas (Agoniatitida) from North America and Africa. These researchersconclude that there was a non-concretionary mode of formation, which they use as evi­dence to support the monophyly of the Ammonoidea. L.A. Doguzhaeva and collaboratorsprovide precise data concerning prismatic and nacreous layers in longiconic spirulidcephalopods from southern mid-continent using ultrastructural studies, and discuss thesignificance of these data for new proposals on systematics and evolution of PalaeozoicSpirulida, as well as for the clarification of problems central to cephalopod evolution.

The rapid diversification of monophyletic clades in restricted areas, "speciesflocks", is identified by M.M. Yacobucci, which recognizes the extreme plasticity in de­velopmental timing in relation to high autapomorphy:synapomorphy ratio and parallelismin Cenomanian ammonites. This author proposes that developmental plasticity rather thansensitivity is a root cause for high speciation rates in ammonites. W.L. Manger and col­laborators interpret gigantism in rich Middle Carboniferous ammonoid assemblages lack­ing embryonic shells. Giant specimens are interpreted as pathological, resulting fromfailures to attain sexual maturity in conspecific assemblages inolved in reproductiveevents.

S.R. Fernandez-Lopez and collaborators apply biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeogra­phy to differentiate behaviour in two species of Tmetoceras colonizing epicontinental andoceanic environments in Iberia during Aalenian times. Precise biostratigraphy is employedby A. Dagys to revise the phylogeny of Triassic Sibiritidae from Siberia and to describe thenew genus Epiboreoceras. On the same basis of bed-by-bed sampling, V.V. Mitta uses shell

vii

viii Preface

structure and sculpture of the inner whorls in Callovian ammonites to revise the phyleticline Cadoceras-Cadochamoussetia-Chamoussetia. to investigate homeomorphy and toidentify the new genus Eckhardites with a probable origin in Arctocephalitinae. A.H. Kingprovides an updated review ofVolkhovian and Kundan nautiloids from Sweden, assigned tothe Ellesmerocerida, Endocerida, Actinocerida, Orthocerida, Tarphycerida and Oncocerida;several of these taxa are considered to be key forms in deciphering the evolution ofOrdovi­cian cephalopods and in providing further evidence for the systematic position of lituitidnautiloids. N. Mariotti and J.S. Pignatti revise the systematics of Xiphoteuthididae on thebasis of diagnostic characters, taxonomic relationships and stratigraphy.

Part II: Form. Construction, and Function. Ultrastructural analyses are developedby S. Lenz to describe cell types in the epidermis of the ventral funnel and mantle of adultOctopus vulgaris, to interpret fine structure and function, and to evaluate the similarity ofthis species with other molluscs. P. Ruth and collaborators investigate cytomorphologicsimilarities in the special cells involved in the haemocyanin synthesis in Sepia and Nauti­lus on the basis of comparative immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical investiga­tions. The authors identified the precise location of these special cells in branchial andmidgut glands in Sepia, as well as in Nautilus where the cells are located in the midgutgland and scattered in the tissue of the ligamentum branchiale in the gill complex.H. Schmidtberg analyses functional morphology of suckers in Eledone moschata andplanktic paralarvae of Octopus vulgaris by ultrastructural analysis, and establishes differ­ences in correlation with developmental types in octopod cephalopods; the author con­cludes that suckers in the taxa studied show significant differences in number andstructure, as well as in the muscular and nervous systems.

Ultrastructural analyses has been also applied to exceptionally preserved Conobelus(Duvaliidae) collected by L.A. Doguzhaeva and collaborators from the Valanginian of theCrimean Peninsula. Their study reveals differences in sublayers in the prismatic proto­conch wall, the thickness of the closing membrane, the structural differences between theprimordial rostrum and the rostrum, the exact location of the replacement of retro- to pro­choanitic septal necks, and favours ultrastructural comparisons of early shells in belemni­tids and bactritoids. C. Kulicki characterizes Mesozoic Phylloceratina by means ofaggregation patterns of needle-like crystals in the outer prismatic layer, and demonstratesthat contemporaneous Lyto- and Ammonitina show a pseudohexagonal trilling which re­sembles nacreous plates in other molluscs. N.H. Landman and collaborators analyseempty shells of Late Carboniferous Glaphyrites to identify typical features of the early on­togeny; the authors find muscle scars and ridges for proseptum attachment to be similar tothose known in Mesozoic ammonoidea and propose that this could indicate similarities intheir embryonic development.

Investigation on the siphuncle in recent and fossil cephalopods, carried out byL.A. Doguzhaeva and collaborators, reveals a similar cicatrix in the apical shell of theLower Carboniferous Rayonnoceras and recent Nautilus, while a cup-shaped and ventrallyflattened shell primordium with a marginal bilobed structure, which is typical in Rayonno­ceras, is unknown in Nautilus; these authors interpreted the observed differences as prob­able signs of special modes of embryonic shell secretion.

Numerical analyses were developed to approach the description of shell features inammonites. Shell shape and sculpture in Lower Jurassic Ammonitina (Harpoceratinae) wereexamined by P. Neige through the application of landmarks and geometrical techniques,which are proposed as useful tools for mapping shell features providing comparative analy­ses in ammonites. Paying attention to assumed main colonized environments, F. Oloriz and

Preface ix

collaborators approach the analysis of relationships between suture complexity and othershell features in Upper Jurassic ammonoids on the basis of fractal and multivariate (PCA)analyses, and evaluate the statistical significance of the relationships investigated. The mor­phology and sculpture of shells in Lower Namurian ammonites from central Asia are inves­tigated by S.Y. Nikolaeva, who identifies five morpho-groups indicating closerrelationships with American midcontinent rather than with Europe; the author proposes thatthe relationships identified were probably not influenced by lithofacies and recognizes thatammonites with low propulsive capability were dominant among the ammonoid assem­blages studied from central Asia.

C. Sarti revisits data from the literature, together with material collected from theTrento Plateau (Italy), to investigate on the significance of the whorl-width:diameter ratioin order to identify dimorphic pairs in ammonites.

Part III: Taphonomy, Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography, Biostratigraphy, andBasin Analysis. Possible prints of the hyponome and crop-content in Lower CampanianPlacenticeratidae are interpreted by H. Summesberger and collaborators in relation torollmarks and clusters of minute brachiopods, respectively. W.L. Manger and collabora­tors interpret the unusual abundance of ammonoids with neither size selection nor evi­dence for significant post-mortem transport, ammonitellas and protoconchs, as thepossible evidence of mass-mortality events following reproduction, which were recordedin both high- and low-energy deposits of Middle Carboniferous age in northern Arkansas.K. Histon uses the combined analysis of taphonomic, palaeoecologic and bathymetricdata gathered from Silurian nautiloids and facies at the Rauchkofel Boden section (CarnicAlps) to interpret changing energy and oxygenation during deposition of Wenlock to Pri­moldi Cephalopod Limestones. Following methods previously developed by Hewitt andWestermann (1988), K. Histon and M. Gnoli work on a bathymetric analysis of 28 spe­cies of nautiloids revealing fluctuating environments for orthocones and cyrtonones pre­served in the "Orthoceras limestones" of the Upper Silurian in Sardinia; the authorsconclude that deeper water conditions prevailed than previously envisaged, depths beingshallower during Wenlock to Ludlow than during Primoli times. S.R. Fernandez-Lopezand collaborators use taphonomy and geographic ranges to interpret biogeographic dy­namics in Tmetoceras and separate the epicontinental species T regleyi and T flex i­costatum from the ubiquitous T scissum; on the basis of biostratigraphic interpretations,these authors identify differences in survival between eastern Pacific and western Tethyspopulations of the ubiquitous species T. scissum.

New records of belemnites in the Neuquen and Austral Basins of Argentina are re­ported by P. Doyle and D. Pirrie, who discuss the significance of these records in the in­terpretation of palaeobiogeographic patterns in belemnites. E. Avram presents are-evaluation of the record ofDeshayesites to restore its geographic distribution along thenorthern slope of the Tethys during the Early Aptian, and proposes the Carpathian area asthe link between West-European and Caspian regions.

F. Oloriz and collaborators revise ammonite biostratigraphy, providing the preciseranges ofKossmatia, Durangites and Substeuroceras in the type-area ofAlamitos in Sierrade Catorce in Mexico, show the discontinuous record of ammonite assemblages in relationto fluctuations in relative sea level, and recognize stratigraphic gaps associated with sig­nificant but laterally variable events of condensed deposition in the Alamitos area.O.K. Bogolepova and A.P. Gubanov interpret mass accumulations of cephalopods in nar­row belts with deposition of black shales as resulting from the weakening of oceanic gyresin outer-shelf margins during events of upwelling affecting the East-Siberian Basin.

x Preface

Lower Carboniferous biostratigraphy in Northern Russia is updated by L.F. Kusinastudying goniatites at the genus level, in terms of the global ammonoid zones proposed byRuzhencev and Bogolovskaya (1971); the author identifies the cosmopolitan character ofa major part of the ammonoids studied, and reports differences in ranges between easternSiberia and northeastern Europe. M.B. Aguirre-Urreta and P.F. Rawson examine therange of Valanginites in the Neuquen Basin (Argentina) and interpret differences in therange of this genus in South America and Europe in relation to differential success duringshort-lived migrations to peripheral regions.

Federico 0I6rizFrancisco 1. Rodriguez-Tovar

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The editors are especially indebted to the reviewers who contributed to this volumewith a generous and valuable work concerning the selection and improving of the submit­ted papers: K. BANDEL (Geol.-Paliiont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg); R.T. BECKER (Inst.Paliiont., Humboldt-Univ., Berlin); S.v. BOLETZKY (CNRS Observ. Ocean. de Banyuls,Lab.Arago, Banyuls-sur-mer); R. BUSNARDO (Univ. Claude Bernard, Lyon); lH. CAL­LOMON (University College, London); E. CARIOU (Univ. Poitiers); lA. CHAMBER­LAIN, Jr. (Dept. Geology, Brooklyn College, NY); R. COMBEMORELL (Univ. ClaudeBernard, Lyon); l COPE (Dept. Geology, Univ. Wales); G. DIETL (Staat. Mus. Naturk.,Stuttgart); l-L. DOMMERGUES (Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon); S. ELMI (Univ. Claude Ber­nard, Lyon); R. ENAY (Univ. Claude Bernard, Lyon); T. ENGESER (Geol.-PaHiont. lost.Univ. Hamburg); S. FERNANDEZ-LOPEZ (Univ. Complutense, Madrid); W.M. FUR­NISH (Dept. Geology, Univ. Iowa); J. GUEX (lnst. Geol., Univ. Laussane); P. HAN­TZPERGUE (Univ. Claude Bernard, Lyon); R. HEWITT, Ph. HOEDEMAKER (Nat.Museum, Leiden); M.R. HOUSE (Dept. Geology, Univ. Hull); D.K. JACOBS (Dept. ofBiology, Univ. California at Los Angeles); D. KORN (Geol.-PaHiont. Inst., Tiibingen); lKULLMANN (Geol.-PaHiont. Inst., Tiibingen); N.H. LANDMAN (Dept. of Invertebrates,Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., NY); D. MARCHAND (Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon); l MUTTER­LOSE (Inst. Geol. Paliiont., Univ. Hannover); T. OKAMOTO (Dept. Earth Sci., EhimeUniv.); RAUP (Dept. Geophysical Sci., Univ. Chicago); G.R. STEVENS (New ZealandGeol. Survey); P.F. RAWSON (Dept. Geol. Sci., Univ. College London); A. RICCARDI(Univ. Nac. La Plata, Buenos Aires); A. SALVADOR (Dept. Geol. Sci., Univ. Texas atAustin); A. SEILACHER (Geol.-PaHiont. Inst., Tiibingen); K. TANABE (Geol. Inst. Univ.Tokyo); J. THIERRY (Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon); E.T. TOZER (Geological Survey ofCan­ada); G.E.G. WESTERMANN (McMaster Univ., Hamilton); and A. ZEISS (Inst. Palaont.,Friedrich-Alexander-Univ., Erlangen).

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CONTENTS

Part I: Development and Evolution

I. Cephalopod Development and Evolution: Biological Insight into Ontogenesis asa Guide to Paleomorphology 3

S. v. Boletzky

2. Hatching ofNautilus macromphalus in the Toba Aquarium, Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . 13Kimio Uchiyama and Kazushige Tanabe

3. Comparative Analysis of Some Morphometric Characters in Two Sepiolids:Sepietta neglecta (Naef, 1916) and Sepietta oweniana (Orbigny, 1840) . . . -17

E. Lefkaditou and P. Kaspiris

4. Embryonic Development of Primitive Ammonoids and the Monophyly of theAmmonoidea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

S. M. Klofak, N. H. Landman, and R. H. Mapes

5. A Late Carboniferous Spirulid Coleoid from the Southern Mid-Continent(USA): Shell Wall Ultrastructure and Evolutionary Implications 47

Larisa A. Doguzhaeva, Royal H. Mapes, and Harry Mutvei

6. Plasticity ofDevelopmental Timing as the Underlying Cause ofHigh SpeciationRates in Ammonoids: An Example from the Cenomanian Western InteriorSeaway ofNorth America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Margaret M. Yacobucci

7. Pathologic Gigantism in Middle Carboniferous Cephalopods, SouthernMidcontinent, United States 77

Walter L. Manger, Lisa K. Meeks, and Daniel A. Stephen

8. Aalenian Tmetoceras (Ammonoidea) from Iberia: Taxonomy, Habitats, andEvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

S. R. Fernandez-Lopez, M. H. Henriques, A. Linares, 1. Sandoval, andM. S. Ureta

xiii

xiv Contents

9. Evolution of the Family Sibiritidae and Detailed Biostratigraphy of the SiberianUpper Olenekian (Triassic) .

Algirdas Dagys

10. The Genus Cadochamoussetia in the Phylogeny of the Jurassic Cardioceratidae(Ammonoidea) .

Vasilii V. Mitta

II. A Review ofVolkhovian and Kundan (Arenig-Llanvirn) Nautiloids from SwedenAndrew H. King

12. The Xiphoteuthididae Bather, 1892 (Aulacocerida, Coleoidea): An OutlineClassification .

Nino Mariotti and Johannes S. Pignatti

Part II: Form, Construction, and Function

109

125

137

161

13. Ultrastructural Studies on the Epidermis ofAdult Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 173Sabine Lenz

14. Comparative Immunohistochemical and Immunocytochemical Investigations onthe Location ofHaemocyanin Synthesis in Dibranchiate andTetrabranchiate Cephalopods (Sepia and Nautilus) 189

P. Ruth, R. Schimmelpfennig, and R. Schipp

15. Ultrastructural Studies of the Suckers of Newly Hatched Eledone moschata andOctopus vulgaris (Mollusca; Cephalopoda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203

Henrike Schmidtberg

16. Conch Ultrastructure and Septal Neck Ontogeny of the Belemnite Conobelus(Duvaliidae) from the Valanginian of the Crimea (Black Sea) 223

Larisa A. Doguzhaeva, Harry Mutvei, George K. Kabanov, andDesmond T. Donovan

17. Aggregation ofAragonite in the Outer Prismatic Layer ofMesozoic Ammonoids 233Cyprian Kulicki

18. Internal Features of the Embryonic Shells of Late Carboniferous Goniatitina 243Neil H. Landman, Royal H. Mapes, and Kazushige Tanabe

19. Early Ontogeny of the Siphuncle and Shell in the Early CarboniferousRayonnoceras (Actinocerida) from Arkansas, USA 255

Larisa A. Doguzhaeva, Harry Mutvei, and Royal H. Mapes

20. The Use of Landmarks to Describe Ammonite Shape: Examples from theHarpoceratinae 263

Pascal Neige

Contents xv

21. Recent Advances in Morphometric Approaches to Covariation of Shell Featuresand the Complexity of Suture Lines in Late Jurassic Ammonites, withReference to the Major Environments Colonized 273

Federico Oloriz, Paul Palmqvist, and Juan A. Perez-Claros

22. Morphological Diversity ofAmmonoids from the Lower Namurian ofCentralAsia........ . .. . . .. 295

Svetlana V. Nikolaeva

23. Whorl Width in the Body Chamber ofAmmonites as a Sign ofDimorphism 315Carlo Sarti

Part III: Taphonomy, Palaeoecology, Palaeobiogeography, Biostratigraphy,and Basin Analysis

24. Rollmarks of Soft Parts and a Possible Crop Content of Late CretaceousAmmonites from the Slovenian Karst 335

Herbet Summesberger, Bogdan Jurkovsek, and Tea Kolar-Jurkovsek

25. Possible Cephalopod Reproductive Mass Mortality Reflected by MiddleCarboniferous Assemblages, Arkansas, Southern United States 345

Walter L. Manger, Daniel A. Stephen, and Lisa K. Meeks

26. Silurian Cephalopod Limestone Facies in the Carnic Alps (Rauchkofel BodenSection, Austria): Taphonomy of the Nautiloid Fauna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 365

Kathleen Histon

27. Nautiloid Paleobathymetry from the Silurian 'Orthoceras Limestone' Facies ofSW Sardinia, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Kathleen Histon and Maurizio Gnoli

28. Aalenian Tmetoceras (Ammonoidea) from Iberia: Taphonomy andPalaeobiogeography 395

S. R. Fernandez-Lopez, M. H. Henriques, A. Linares, 1. Sandoval, andM. S. Ureta

29. Belemnite Distribution Patterns: Implications ofNew Data from Argentina 419Peter Doyle and Duncan Pirrie

30. The Deshayesites Kazansky, 1914 (Ammonoidea) Representatives in Romania,a Link between the West-European and Caspian Assemblages of thisGenus.. 437

Emil Avram

31. Ammonite Biostratigraphy and Correlations in the Upper Jurassic-LowermostCretaceous La Caja Formation ofNorth-Central Mexico (Sierra deCatorce, San Luis Potosi) 463

F. Oloriz, A. B. Villasenor, C. Gonzalez-Arreola, and G. E. G. Westermann

xvi Contents

32. Silurian Cephalopod Limestone Biofacies from Eastern Siberia: Fauna, Age, andEnvironments 493

Olga K. Bogolepova and Alexander P. Gubanov

33. Biostratigraphic Distribution ofLower Carboniferous Ammonoids in NorthernRussia 505

Lydia F. Kusina

34.

Index

Stratigraphic Position of Valanginites, Lissonia, and Acantholissonia in theLower Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous) Ammonite Sequence of theNeuquen Basin, Argentina .

Maria B. Aguirre-Urreta and Peter F. Rawson521

531