advances in visual computing - gbv
TRANSCRIPT
George Bebis Richard BoyleBahram Parvin Darko KoracinYoshinori Kuno Junxian WangRenato PaJarola Peter LindstromAndre 'Hinkel1jann Miguel L. Encama~äoChiudio T.Silva Daniel Coming (Eds.)
Advances inVisual Computing
5th International Symposium, ISVC 2009Las Vegas, NV, USA, November 30 - December 2, 2009Proceedings, Part II
~ Springer
Table of Contents - Part 11
Computer Graphics 111
Layered Volume Splatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Philipp Schlegel and Renato Pojarola
Real-Time Soft Shadows Using Temporal Coherenee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:3Dan'iel ScherzeT', Michael Schwärzler, Oliver Matta'usch, aT/dMichael Wimmer
Real-Time Dynamie Wrinkles of Faee for Animated Skinned Mesh 25L. Dutreve, A. Meyer, aT/d S. Bouakaz
Proteeted Progressivc Meshes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Michael Gschwandtner and Andreas Uhl
Bilateral Filtered Shadow Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Jinwook KiTT! and Soojae Kim
LightShop: An Interaetive Lighting Systcm Ineorporating the 2D ImageEditing Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Youngh:U'i KiTT! and Junyong Noh
Visualization 11
Progressive Presentation of Large Hierarehies Using TI'eemaps . . . . . . . . . 71Rene Rosenbaum and Bernd Hamo/nn
Reaetion Centrie Layout for Metabolie Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81M'uhieddine EI Kaissi, Ming Jia, Dirk Reiners, .Tulie DickersoT/, andEve Wv,ertele
Diverging Color Maps for Scientifie Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92K enneth Moreland
GPU-Based Ray Casting of Multiple Multi-resolution VolllmeDatascts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Christopher Dux and Bernd Fröhlich
Dynamie Chunking for Out-of-Core Volume VisualizationApplieations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Dan R. Dipsa, R. Daniel BeTgeron. Ted M. Sparr, amiRobert S. LaraTT!ee
XXVl Table of Contents - Part II
Visualization of the Moleeular Dynamies of Polymers and CarbonNanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Sidha1'th Thakw', Syamal Tallury, Mel'io505a A. Pao5qu.inelli, andThere.m- Marie Rhyne
Deteetion and Tracking
Propagation of Pixel Hypotheses for :t'vfultiple Objeets Traeking ... , . . . . 140Haris Baltzakis and Antonis A. Argy1'oo5
Visibility-Based Observation Model for 3D Tracking withNon-parametrie 3D Particle Filters .. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Rll'lli Mohedano and Narcio5o Garda
Effieient Hypothesis Generation through Sub-eategorization forMultiple Objeet Deteetion 160
Dipanka1' Da8, Y08hinor'i Kobayashi, and Yoo5hinori Kuno
Object Deteetion and Loealization in Clutter Range Images Using EdgeFeatures , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Dipanka1' Da8, Y08hinori Kobayao5hi, and Yoshinori Kuno
Learning Higher-Order Markov Models for Objeet Traeking in ImageSequcnees , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
M'iclwel Fel8berg and Fredrik La1'so5on
Analysis of Numerieal Methods for Level Set Based ImageSegmentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Björn Scheu.ermann and Bodo Rosenhahn
Reconstruetion II
Foeused Volumetrie Visual Hull with Color Extraetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Dan'iel Knoblauch and Falko Kuester
Graph Cut Based Point-Cloud Segmentation for PolygonalReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
David Sedlacek and .hri Zarn
Dense Depth Maps from Low Resolution Time-of-Flight Depth andHigh Resolution Color Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Bogwnil Bartczak and Reinhar'd Koch
Residcntial Building Reconstruetion Based on the Data Fusion ofSparse LiDAR Data and Satellite Imagery 240
Ye Y71, B'ill P. B71ckle8. and Xiaoping Diu
Adaptive Samplc Consensus for Efficient Random Optimization . . . . . . . . 252LiJ:in Fan and Tirno Pylvänäinen
293
Table of Contents .- Part II XXVII
Feature Matching under Rcgion-Based Constraints for Robust EpipolarGeometry Estiulfltion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
~Vei Xu and Jane Mulligan
Applications
Lossless Compression Using Joint Predictor for Astronomical Images 274Bo-Zong Wu and Angela Chih- Wei Tang
~1etric Rectification to Estimate the Aspect Ratio of Camera-CapturedDocument Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Junhee Pm'k and Byunq- Uk Lee
Active Learning Image Spam HunLerYan Gao and Alok Choudhary
Skin Paths fur Contextual Flagging Adult Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Julian Stöttinger, Allan Hanlrury, Christ'iarl Liensberger, andRehanullah Khan
Grouping and Summarizing Scene Images from Web CollectionsHeng Yang and Qing Wang
315
Robust Registration of Aerial Image Seqllences ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325Glark F. Olson, Adnan 1. Ansar, and Curtis W. Padgett
Color Matching for Metallic Coatings .Ja.yant Si/va and Kristin J. Dana
Video Analysis and Event Recognition
335
A Shape and Energy Based Approach to Vertical People Separation inVideo Surveillance 345
Alessio M. Hr'its and Jnles R. Tapamo
Human Activity Recognition Using the 4D Spatiotemporal ShapeContext Descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Natasha Kholgade and Andreas Savakis
Adaptive Tuboid Shapes for Action Recognition .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Roman Fi/ipovych and Emldo R'ibeiro
Level Set Gait Analysis for Synthesis and Reconstrnction . . . . . . . . . 377Muayed S. Al-Huseiny, Sasan Mahmoodi, and Mark S. Nixon
Poster Session
ReaJ-Time Hand Detection and Gesture Trackiug with C:\;IM andModel Adaptation 387
GabTiel Yoder and L~iun Yin
XXVIII Table of Contents - Part II
Design of Searehablc Commelllorative Coins Image Library . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Radoslav Fa.mga, Petr Kaspar, and Martin Snr-kovsky
Visllal Intention Deteetion for Wheelchair Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407T. Lnhandjnla, E. Monacell'i, Y Hamarn, B.l. von Wyk, andQ. Williarns
An Evaluation of Affine Invariant-Based Classifieation for ImageMatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Danü:l Fleek and ZOTiLn Durie
Asbestos Detection Method with Frequeney Analysis for MieroseopeImage:> 430
Hikaru KlI'fIwgai, Soichiro M orishita, Kuniaki K awabata,Hajime Asmna, and Taketoshi Mishima
Shadow:> Rellloval by Edges Matching 440P. Spagnolo, P.L. Mazzeo. M. Leo, and T. D 'Gmzio
Online Video Texture:> Generation 450Wentao Fan and Nizar Bouguila
Deformable 2D Shape Matching Based on Shape Contexts ami DynamieProgramllling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 460
Iasonas Gikonornidis and Antonis A. Argyros
3D Model Reeon:>truetion from Turntable Sequenee withMultiple-View Triangulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 470
lian Zhang, Fei Maii, YS. Hnng, and G. Chesi
Recognition of Semantie Basketball Events Bascd on Optieal FlowPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Li Di, Ying Chen, Weirning Hu, Wanqing Li, and Xiaoqin Zhang
Action Reeognition Based on Non-parametrie Probability Den:>ityFunction Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 489
Yllta Mirrwm, Kazuhiro Hotta, and Hamhisa Takahashi
Asymlllctry-Based Quality Assesslllent of Face Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Gnangpeng Zhang and Yunhong Wang
Seale Analysis of Several Filter Banks for Color TextureClassifieation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Giga Radadell, PedTO Gar-cZa-Sevilla, and Filiberto Pla
A Novel 3D Segmcntation of Vertebral Bones from Volumetrie CTImages Using Graph Cuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Mel'ilL S. Aslan. Asem Alt. Hmn Rom, Ben Arnold, Aly A. Famg,Rachid Fahrni. and Fing Xiang
TRble of Contcuts- Part II XXIX
Robust 3D Marker Localization Using Multi-spectrurn Sequences. . . . . . . 529Pengcheng Li, Iun Gheng, Ruifeng Yuan, und Wench'uang Zhuo
Measuremellt of Pedestrian Groups USlng SubtractioIl Stereo , 53SKen,ji Temhayashi, Yuki Hashimoto, and Kazunryri Umeda
Vision-Based Oustade Avoidance USillg SIFT FeaturesAaTOn Ghavez und David GustaJson
550
Segmentatioll of Chillese Postal Envclope Images for Address BlockLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Kingh'u'i Donq. Iunyu lJong, and 8hengkf Wang
Recognizahility of Polyhcxes by Tiling and Wang Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 568H. Gfetha, D. G. Thomas. 1. K alyani, and T. Robinson
Unsupervised Video Analysis for Counting of Wood in R.iver duringFloods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Imtiaz ALi and Laure Tougne
Robust Facial Feature Dctectioll and Tfacking for Head PoseEstimatioll in a Novel Mllltimodal Interface far Social Skills Learning. . . 588
Jin.qying Ghen arul Oliver Lemon
High Performance Implernentation of License Plate Recognition inImage Sequellces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Andreas Zweng und Martin KampP!
TOCSAC: TOpology Constraint SAmpIe Consensus for Fast andRPliable Feature Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Zhoucan He, Qing Wang, and Heng Yang
Ivlultimedia )V·lining on Manycore Architectures: The Case far GPUs 619A1amado'u Diao and Jongman Kim
Humall Ar-tivity Rccognition Based on R Transform and Fourier MellinTransform 631
Pengfei Zh7~, Weim'ing Nil., Li L-i, and Qingdi We'i
Rcconstruction oI Facial Shape from Freehand Multi-viewpointSnapshots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Seiji 8uzuki, Hideo Saito, and Masaak'i Moch'ima:ru
Multiple-view Video eoding USillg Depth Map in Projective Space . . . . . 651Nina Yorozu, Yuko [jemats'a, and H'ideo Sa'ito
Using Subspace Multiple Linear Regression tor 3D Face ShapePrediction frolll a Single Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Mar'io Gaste/an, Gu,stavo A. Paerto-Souza, and Johan Van Horebeck
XXX Table of Contents - Part II
PcdVcd: Pseudo Euclidian Distances für Video Events DetectionMd. Haidar ShaTif and Chabane Djemba
674
Two Algorithms für Measuring Human Breathing RateAutomatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Tornas Larnpo, Javier SierTa, and Carolina Chang
Biometrie Recognition: When Is Evidence Fusion Advantageous? . . . . . . . 698Hngo Proenr;a
Interactive Image Inpainting Using DCT Based Exemplar Matching . . . . 709Tsz-Ho Kwok and Charlie C.L. Wang
Noisc-Rcsiduc Filtering Baseel on Unsupervised Clustering für PhaseUnwrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Jnn .hang, Jnn Cheng, and Xinglin Chen
Adaptive Digital Makeup 728Abhinav Dhall, Ganmv Sharrna, Rajen Bhatt, andGhnlam Mohinddin Khan
An Instability Problem of Region Growing Segmentation AIgürithmsanel Its Set Median Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Lums Fmnek and Xiaoyi Jiang
Distance Learning Based on Convex Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747XingllJei Yang, Longin Jan Latecki, and Ari Gross
Group Action Recognition Using Space-Time Interest Points 757Qingdi Wei. Xiaoq-in Zhang, Ya Kong, Weirning Hu, and Haib-in 1ing
Adaptive Deblurring for Camera-Based Document Image Processing. . . . 767Yibin Tian and Wei Ming
A Probabilistic Model of Visual Attention and Perceptual Organizationfor Constructive Object Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Masayas'IL Atsumi
Gloss ami Normal Map Acquisition of Mesostructures Using GrayCodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Yannick Fmncken, Tom Cnypers, Tom Merten.~, andPhilippe Bekaert
Video Super-Resolution by Adaptive Kernel Regression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799Mohammad Moinnl Islam, Vijayan K. Asari.Moharnrned NazTul Islam, and Mohammad A. Karirn
Unification of Multichannel Motion Feature Using BooleanPolynomial 807
Naoya Ohnishi. Atsushi Irniya, and Tomuya Sakai
Table of Contents Part II XXXI
Rooftop Detection and 3D Building Modeling from Aerial Images. . 817Fanhuai Shi, Yongjian Xi, Xiaaling Li, and Yc Dunn
An Image Registration Approach for Accurate Satellite AttitudeEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Alpssandro Bcvilacqua. L'udovico Camzza, and Alcssandm Gherardi
A Novel Vision-Based Approach fur Autonomous Space NavigationSystems 8:n
Alrssandro BC11ilacquu, Alcssandra Gherardi, and Ludavico Camzza
An Adaptive Cutaway with Volullle Context Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8478. Grau a:nd A. Puig
A 3D Visualisation to Enhance Cognition in Software Product LineEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
Ciaran Cawley, Gaetz Botterweck, Patrick Hmly.Sand Bin Abid, and Steffrn Thiel
A Visual Data Exploration Framework for Complex Problem SolvingBased on Extended Cognitive Fit Thcory ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Ying Zhu, Xiaayuan Suu, and G. S('.ott Owen
Energetic Path Finding across Massive Terrain DataAndrew Tsui und LSap Wood
879
The Impact of Image Choices on the Usability and Security of CliekBased Graphieal Passwords 889
Xiauyuan Suo, Ying Zhu, and C. SeaU Owen
Visual Computing for Seattered Electromagnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S9DShyh-K1wng Ueng and Fu-Sheng Yang
Visualization of Gene Regulatory Networks 909Muhicddine EI Kaissi. Ming .lia, Dirk Rriners, Julie Dickerson, nndEve Wuertele
Autonomous Lighting Agents in Photon Mapping .A. Hcrubel, V. Hiri, and S. Deverly
919
Data Vases: 2D and 3D Plots far Visualizing Multiple Time Series 929Sidharth l'hakuT and Thcrc8a-A1aTie Rhyne
A Morse-Theory Based i\Iethocl for Segmentatioll of Triangulatedl:<reefarm Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
.Iun Wang and Zeyun }Cu
A Lattice Boltzmann Model for Rotationally Invariant DitllPring . . . . . . . 949Kai Hagenburg, Afichael Bre'ujl, Oliver \lugei,Juachirn Wrickert, and Martin l'Velk
XXXII Table uf Contents - Part II
Parallel 3D Image Segmentation of Large Data Sets on a GPUCluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 960
AaTOn Hagan and Ye Zhao
A Practical Guide to Large Tiled Displays 970Paul A. Navnitil, Bmndt Westing, Gregory P. Johnson,Ashwini Athalye, Jose Garreno, and Freddy Rajas
Fast Spherical Mapping for Genus-O Meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982Shuhua Lai, Fuhua (Fmnk) Gheng, and Fengtao Fan
Rendering Virtual Objects with High Dynamic Range LightingExtracted Automatically from Unardered Photo Colleetions . . . . . . . . . .. 992
Konrad Kölzer, Frank Nagl, Bastian Birnbach, and Paul Grimm
Effeetive Adaptation to Experience of Different-Sized Hand 1002Kenji Terabayashi, Natsuki Miyata, Jun Gta, and Kazunori Umeda
Image Processing Methods Applied in Mapping of LubricationParameter:s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1011
Radek Poli.'icuk
An Active Contour Approach far a Mumfard-Shah Model in X-RayTomography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1021
Elena Hoetzl and Wolfqang Ring
An Integral Active Contour Model far Convex Hull and BoundaryExtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1031
Nikolay Metodiev Simkov and Karthik Ushkala
Cornparison of Segmentation Algarithrns far the Zebrafish Heart inFluaresccnt Microscopy Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1041
P. Krämer, F. Boto, D. Wald, F. Bessy, G. Paloc, G. Gallol,A. Letamendia, I. Ibarbia, G. Halgado, (!nd J.M. Virto
A Quality Pre-proccssar far Biological Cell Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1051Adele P. Peskin, Karen Kafadar, and Alden Dima
Fast Reconstruetion Method for Diffraction Irnaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1063Eliyahu GsheTOvich, Michael Zibulevsky, and Imd Yavneh
Evaluation of Cardiac Ultrasound Data by Bayesian ProbabilityMaps. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1073
Mattias Hansson, Sami Bmndt, Petri Gudmundsson, andPinn Lindgren
Anirnated Classic Mosaics from Video. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1085Yn Liu and Glga Veksler'
Table uf Contents - Part lJ XXXIII
Comparison of Optimisation Algorithrns for Deforrnable TemvlateMatching , 1097
VW3ileios Zogmfos
Two Step Variational Method for Subpixel Optical FlowComplltation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 09
Yosh'ihiko Mrwhiz11ki, Yus'Uke Karncda, Ats7Lshi Imiya.Tornoya Sakai, and Takashi {maiZ'Umi
A Variational Approach to Semiautomatic Generation of DigitalTerrain Models , , , 1119
A1ark'us Ungcr, Thornas Pock. "~1arkus Gmbner, Andreas Klml..s, andHorst Bischof
Real-Time Articulated Hand Detection and Pose EstimationGiorgia Panin. Sebastian Klosc, and Alois Knall
1131
Background SlIhtraction in Video Using Recursive Mixture Models,Spatio-Temporal Filtering and Shadow Removal 1141
Zczhi ehen, Nick Pears, Michael Freemrm, and Jirn A'ustin
A Genera.lizatioll of Moment Invariants on 2D Vector Fields to TensorFields of Arbitrary Order am! Dimension 1151
Ma:r Langbein and Hans Hagen
A Real-Time Road Sign Detection Using Bilateral ChineseTransform 1161
Rachid Belamussi and Jean-Philippe Tarel
Probabilistic Facial Feature Extraetion Using Joint Distribution ofLocation and Texture Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1171
A1ustafa Berkay Yilrnaz. Hakan Er'dogan, and Mustoja Unel
Common Motion Map Based on Codebooks .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1181{onel Pop, Scut1t.rici Mihaela, and SC'lge Miguet
Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1191
Table of Contents - Part I
ST: Object Recognition
Whidl Sltapc Rcprescntatlon Is the Best far Real-Time Hand InterfaceSystem'? .
Scd:an Gcn(: and Volkan Atalay
M\llti-target and M1l1ti-cmnera Ohject Detection with :l\Iontc-CarloSampling 12
Gioryio Panin. Sebast'ian Klose., and Alais Knoll
Spatial Configuration of Local Shape Features für Disc:riminativeOhjcet Dctection 22
Lech 8z'IImilas and Horst IVildenancr
A Bag 0/ Fcatnres Approach far 3D Shape Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :34Junis Fchr, Alc:callder StreicheT, and Hans JJnrkhoTdt
Efficictl( Ohjeet Pixel-Level Categarization lhiing Bag of Feat\lres . . . . . . 44Daioid Aldauert. Arnan Ramisa, Ricordo Toledo, andRarrwn Lopez de A1antaras
Computer Graphics I
Rdightillg Forcst Ecosystellls .Jay E. Steele and Robert Geist
55
C'artooll Animation Style Renderillg of \VatC'r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G7Mi Y()"{L, Jinho Pm '1-,:, Byangknk Choi, and Jnnyong Nah
Dcfonllahle Proximity Queries alld Their Application in :VlobileMalliplllatioll Plannillg .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
M. GissleT, C. Dornhege. B. Nebel. and M. Tcschner
Spcech-Drivell Facial Animation Using a Shared Gaussiall ProcessLatent Variable Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S9
Salü De(~na and Aphrodite Galata
Extl'ading Principal Curvaturc Ridges from B-Splim' Surfaces withDcficient Srnootlmess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Samj Mllsnvathy and Elaine Cohen
Adaptive Partitionillg of Vertex Shader for Low Power HighPcrfonnance GcolTlctry Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
ß. v,N. Silpa, Kumar S.S. Vemuri. and Preeti RaT/jan Panda
XXXVI Table of Contents - Part I
Visualization I
Visualized Index-ßased Seareh far Digital Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Jon Seott, Beomjin Kim, and Sanyogita Chhabada
Generation of an Impürtanee Map for Visualized Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Akira Egawa and Susumu Shimyama
Drawing Motion without Understanding It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Vinccnzo Caglioti, Alessandro Giusti, Andrea Riva, and MaTeo Uberti
Image Compression ßased on Visual Salieney at Individual Seales. . . . . . 157Stella X. Ya and DirnitTi A. Lisin
Fast Oeclusion Sweeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Mayank Singh, Cem Yuksel, and Donald House
An Empirieal Study of Categarieal Dataset Visualization Using aSimulated ßee Colony Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
James D. MeCaIJrey
ST: Visual Computing for Robotics
Real-Time Feature Aequisition and Integration für Vision-ßased MobileRobots ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Tho1llas Hübner and Renato Pajarola
Matehing Plmmr Features for Robot Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Baptistc ChaTmette. Erie Royer, and Fniderie Chaasse
Fast amI Aeeurate Strueture and Motion Estimation 211Johan Hedborg, Per-Erik Forssen, and Michael Felsberg
Optieal Flow Based Deteetion in Mixed Human Robot Environments. . . 223Dario Figueira, Plinio Moreno, Alexandre Bernardino,JOS(' Gaspar. and Jose Santos- Victor
Using a Virtual \Vorld to Design a Simulation Platform für Vision andRobotie Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Gm K. Gapta and Ray A. Jarvis
Feature Extraction and Matching
Aceurate amI Effieient Computation of Gabor Features in Real-TimeApplieations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
GholamTeza Amayeh, Alireza Tavakkoli. and George Bebis
Region Graph Speetra as Geometrie Global Image FeaturesQirong Ho, Weimiao Yu, and Hwee Kaan Lee
253
Table of Contents - Part [ XXXVII
Robust Harris-Laplace Detector by Scale Multiplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265Fanhuai Sh:i, Xixia Huo:ng, and Ye Duan
Spatial-Temporal Junction Extraction ami Semantic Interpretation. . . . . 275Kasper Bmegaard Simonsen. Mads Thorsted Nielsen, Fl07·Ül.ll. Pilz.Norbert KT11ger, and Nicolas Pllgeault
Cross-Correlation and Rotation Est.imation of LOCH1 :3D Veetor FieldPat.ches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Janis Fehr. lvlarco ReiseTt, and Hans Bur'khardt
Scene Categorizat.ion by Introducing Contextual Information to theVisual Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 297
.Iir1.7lzhao Qin and Nelson H.C Yung
Edge-Preserving Laplacian Pyramid .Stella X. Yu
Medical Imaging
Aut.omated Segmentation of Brain Tumors in MRI Dsing Force Dat.aCillstering Algorithrn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Musowneh Kalantari Khandani, Ruzena Bajesy, and Yaser P. Fallah
Top-Down Segmentation of Histological Images USillg a Digit.alDeforrnable Model 327
F. De Vieillevillc, I-O. Lachalld. P. Her/in, O. Lezora:1j, andB. Planco'ulainc
Clo:-;ing Curves with Riemannian Dilation: Applicat.ion t.o Segmentationin Automated Cervical Canccr Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :~37
Patrik Malm Q,ful Anders ßnJn
Lung Nodule Modeling - A Data-Drivcn Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :347Amal Famg, .Iamcs Gmha'/fl, Aly Famg, and Robcrt Falk
Concurrent CT Reconstruction ami Visllal Analy:,üs U:-;ing HybridMlllti-re:-;olution Raycasting in a Cluster Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Bieffen Frcy, Chrisluph Müller, MagnIls StrengeTt, and Thornas Ertl
Handümized Tree Ensembles for Objeet. Detcction in ComputationalPathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Thamas .I. Fuchs, Johannes Haybaeck. Peier J. Wild,AIaihias Heikenwalder, Holger Mach, Adriana Ag'uzzi, andJoachim AI. Buhmann
Human Dnclerstandahle Features for Segmcnt.ation üf Solid Texture 379Ludovic Paulhac, Pascal MakTis, .Ican-Marc Gregoire, (Jnd.Iean- Yves Ramel
XXXVIII Table oI Contents - Part I
Motion
Exploiting Mntual Call1era Vi::;ibility in JVIulti-camera MotionEstimation 0 ••••••••• 0 0 •••••••••• 0 •••••••••• 0 • • • • • • ;{!ll
ChTistian [(nT.3, Th01',sten ThormiihZen, Bodo Rosenhahn, andHans-PdeT Seidel
Oplical Flow COlllputation from an Asynchronised Multil'csolutionImagc Scqucnce ... 0 •••••••••• 0 0 ••••••••• 0 •••••••••• 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • 403
YI/s'll.kc Kamedll, Nlloyo. Ohnishi. Atsllsll'i Irniyn. and TOff/oyn Snkai
ConditiolJs for Scgmcntation of Motion with Affine FundamentalMatrix 0 •••••••••• 0 •••• " •••••••••••••••••••• , 415
Shofrizo. Nislwo Basah, Rezo Hoseinnezhod, andAZiTeza Bab- HodiashaT
Motion-Based Vicw-Invariant Articulated Motion Detcction and PoseEstimatiou Using Sparse Point Feature,.,; 0 • • • • • • • • • • .J25
8hriniva,,~ .1. Pandl'ik and StanZey T. Bin:hfidd
Robust Estimation of Camera Motion Using Optical Flow JVIodds . . . . . . 4:{5JII.7'andy Almcida, l?odrigo Minetto, Tiago A. AZrru;idll.Riclirdo da 8. Torres, and NeUC'lTrWT .1. Leite
Maximllln Likclihood Estimation Sampie Consensus with Validation ofIndividual COf!'espondenccs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 447
Liang Zhan,q. Hownan Rast,qCL'(" Demin Wang, and And7'l; Vincent
Efficient Handom Sampling for Nonrigid Feature Matching .Li:I:in Fan and Timo Pylvijnä'inen
Virtual Reality I
457
RiverLand: An Efficient Procedural Modeling System for CreatingRealistic-Lookillg Terrains 468
Soon Tee Teoh
Heal-Timc 3D Reconstruction for Occlusion-Awarc Intcractions inMixed Reality 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 480
Ale:ca'll.de(' Ladikos and Nassi,. Nlivab
AuglIlcnting Exercise Systems with Vil'tual Exercise Environment. . . . . . 490Wei X'II., Jaeheo'ft Jeong, and Jone Mulligan
Codcboük-Bascd Background Subtractiün to Genel'ate PhotorealisticAvatars in a \Valkthrough Simulator 500
Andin Park, Keech'uZ Jnng. and Takeshi KllnJta
JanusVF: Adaptive Fidllcial SelectionMaleolm Hatson and Dirk Reiners
Table of Contents - Part 1 XXXIX
511
Natural Pose Generation from a Reduced Dimension Motion CapturcData SpaC(~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 521
Reza FeT7'ydiansyah and ChaTles B. Owen
ST: Computational Bioimaging
Segmentation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Nucl(ü within 3-DNeurospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Weimiao Yu, Hwee Knan Lee) STivats Har'ihamn, Shvctha Sankamn.Pascal Vallolton, and Sohail Ahmed
Dcconvolving Active Contours for Fl\lorc~scence Microscopy Images. . . . . 544J 0 A. Helrrmth and Ivo F. Sbalzar'ini
lrnage Registration Guided by Particle Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554EdgaT R. Anx-Santana, Daniel U. Campos-Ddgado, arulA(t'onso Alba
Curve Enlmncement Using Orientation Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564KTistian Sandber:q
Ligltting- Aware Segmentation of Microscopy Images far In VitraFertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
AlessandTO Giusti. Giorg'io Comni) Duca MaTia Gamban/ella,CTistina Magli, (md Duca GianaTOh
FHSt 3D Reconstruction of the Spine Using User-Defined Splines and aStatistical Articulated Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Danid C. Nlonm, Jonathan ßoisveTt, Jm~qc G. ßaTbosa, andJoäo Manucl R.S. TalJaTes
Computer Graphics II
High-Qllality Rendering of Varying Isosurfaces with Cubic TrivariatcCl -ContinuOllS Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Thornas Kalbe) Thornas Koch, (md NIichael Gocsele
Visllalizing Ares of Implicit Algcbraic Curves, Exactly and Fast. . . . . . . . 608Pavel Erneliyanenko. ETic BeTiHTich, and Afichael SagmloJJ
Fa:-;t Cube Clltting for Intcradive Volume Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620Trnuis McPhail. Powei Feng, and Joe WaTTen
A Statistical Model for Daylight Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632MaTtyn Willün7ls and William A.P. Srnith
XL Tablc of Contents Part I
Reducing Artifacts between Adjaeent Drieks in Multi-resolution VolumeRcndering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
RhadaTncs Garmona, Gabriel Rodr{gnez, and Bemd Fr6hlich
Height amI Tilt Geometrie Text ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656Vcdmna Andersen, Mathieu DesbnLn, J. And'reas Bcercntzcn, andHenrik: AanCEs
ST: 3D Mapping, Modeling and SurfaceReconstruction
Using Coplanar Circlcs to Perform Calibration-Free PlallaI' SceneAnalysis ullder a Perspective View .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Yisong Ghcn
Parallel POiSSOll Surfaee R.eeonstruetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678Matthcw Bolitho, Michael Kazhdan, Randal Burns, andHv.gues Hoppc
3D Objeet Mapping by Illtegrating Stereo SLAM alld ObjectSegmcntation Using Edge Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
]v[asahiro TOTnono
Photometrie Recovery of Ortho-Images Derived from Apollo 15 MetrieCall1era Irnagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Tacmin Kim, Am V. Nefian. and Michael 1. BTOxton
3D Lunar Terrain Reeonstruetion from Apollo Images 710Michael 1. Broxton, Am V. Ncfian, Zachary Momtto, Taemin KiTn,Michael Lundy, and A lek:sandr V. Segal
Factorization of Correspondcnee and Camera Error for UneonstrainedDem;e Correspolldence Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Daniel Knoblauch. MauriC'io Hcss-Florcs, A[ark Duchaineau, andFalk:o Kacster
Face Processing
Natural Faeial Expression R.eeognition Using Dynamic alld StatieSehemcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Bogdan Raducanu und Fadi Dornaika.
Faeial Shape Recovery from a Single Image with an ArbitraryDircctiollal Light Using Linearly Independent Representation . . . . . . . . . . 740
Minsik Lee and Ghong-Ho Ghoi
Locating Facial Features and Pose Estimation Using a 3D ShapeModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
A ngcla Gaunce, David Gristinacce, Ghris Taylor, and Tim Gootes
Telble of Contents - Part I XLI
A Stochastic Method for Face Image Super-Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762Jun Zhcng und Olac Fuentes
A Framework for Lang Distance Face Recognition Using Dellse- anelSparse-SLereo Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Harn Rara, Sh'ireen Elhab'ian, Asern AN, Travis Gault, l\1ike Müler,Thornas Starr, and Aly Farag
Reconstruction I
Multi-view Reconstruction of Unkllown Objects within a KnownEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
St(jan Kulm and Dorn'in'ik Hcnr-ich
Accurate Real-Time Disparity Estimation with Variational Metltods . . . . 796Sergey Kuso'/!, Thor-sten Thor-mählcn, and Hans-Peter Seidel
Real-Time Parallel Implementation of SSD Stereo Visiun Algorithm onCSX SIMD Architect1ll'e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808
Fouzhan Hossein'i, Arnir- Fijany, Saced Safari. Ryad ChcllaIi. andJean- Guy Fontame
Revisiting the PnP Problem with a GPS. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k19
Timo Pylvänäincn, Li:rin Fan, and Fincerd Lepetd
On Using Projective Relations for Calibration ami Estimation in aStrnctured-Light Scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:31
Da/fit Sin9h Dhillun a:nd Fenu Madhav Govindu
Depth from Encoded Sliding Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84:3Chris Her"mans, Yannick Francken, Tom Cuypers. andPhiJippe Bekac'l'i
ST: Deformable lVlodels: Theory and Applications
A New Aigurithm for Inverse Consistent Image Registration . . . . . . . . . . . 855Xioojing Ye and Ylmmci Chen
A 3D Active Surface Model for the Accurate Segmentatioll ofDTOsophila Schneider Cell Nuclci amI NIldeoli , 86G
Jl1mgrct Keuper, Jan Parü'.ken, Patr-ick Heun, Hans ß'urkhardt, antiOl~f Ronneberger
\Veight, Sex, anel Facird Expressions: On the l\Ianipulatioll of Attrihutesin Generative 3D Face Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87S
BTian Amberg, Pascal Paysan, and Thomas Vetter
Contrast Constraineel Local I3inary Fitting for Image Scgmentation 886Xiaujing Bai, Chvnmi.ng Li, Qa.ansen S71n, and Deshen Xia
XLI I Table uf Contcnts - Part I
Modding amI Rendering Physically-Baseel \"Ioml CombllstiOll. . . . . . . . . . 8%RodeTick M. Ricusche und Rohert R. Lewis
A Ulli(yillg Vicw of Contour Lcngth Bias Correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90GChTistiua Pavlopu'Ulull aUd Stella X. Yu
ST: Visualizatiün Enhanced Data Analysis für HealthApplicatiüns
A Novd Mcthod for Enhanecd Nccdle Localization UsingUJtl'aSollllel-Guidanee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
Bin Donq, Eric Savitsky, and Stanley Osher
Woolz HP: A Tilcel Ou-the-Fly Seetioning Server for :~D VolumetrieAtlascs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 924
Zsolt L. Hn8z, Thornas P. Perry, Bill Hill, and RühaTd A. Balduck
Ncw Scalar .Measurcs for Diffusion- \Vcighted MRI Visualization . . . . . . . . 934Tim McGTaw, ToJ,:arn'itsn Kawa'i, lnas Yassine, and Lierong Zhu
AlltolIlatic Data-Driven Parameterization for Phase-Daseel DoneLocalization in US Using Log-Gabor Filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 944
lllwI' Hacihaliloqlu, Rafeef A bnqharbieh, A ntony Hodg8on, andTlolJCrt Rohling
Wavdet-Dased Reprcscntation of Biologieal Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955Bin Donq, Yu lvfao, lvu D. D'inov, Zhnowen Tu, Yonggang Sh'i,Yalin Wang, and A rthl/T W. Toga
Dctcdion of Ullllsual Ohjeets and Temporal Patterns in EEG VideoHc('onlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96r>
Kostud'in KOf'(ndchev, Elka Km"utchcva, Kamen Kanev,ApohnuT RodT7rj'uez AlbuTiiw, J08e Lni8 Mv,IIiz GutierTez, andFCTnundo FO,f"iTiaz ßal.w;if'()
Virtual Reality 11
DTIONE: A Flexible Framework for Distrihnted Rcndering audDisplay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 975
Afü;/w,el Repplingcr, Ale:r:undeT Lö:ffieT, Dm'itri Rubin8te'in. andPhilipp Slusullek
Effieicnt Strategies for Acceleration Structure Updates in InteractiveRay Tracing Applieations on the Cell Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 987
Mo:rUn WeieT, ThoTsten Roth, and Andn; Hinkcnjann
luteractive Assembly Guide Using Augmented Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999J1,[. Anderscn, R. Ander.~en, C. Lar8en, T.ß. Moc81und, andO. Madsen
Tahle of Cout<'lIts Part I XLIU
V- Vokano: AdLln':-i:-iing Stlldent:-i' J\lisconceptiolJs in Earth Scicllce"LeHming througlt Virtlwl I{pality Siu11l1atiOll:-i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I (J()D
HoLhe ßO/1,dTf:(/.u:r. PanI HibLe) Car-olino C,.uz-Neim,ThoT/las Parhmn, Oinzia CerIJato, Wülimrl Gallvs. ondPete Stelliny
A Franwwork for Objcct-Oriented Shal!cr DesignRoland Kuck and Gcmlrl Wesehe
1010
Ray Traced Virt1lill I{calit,v. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. lO:nChristian N.S. OdoTn, Nikhil J. Shctty, (lnd Dirk Reiners
ST: Optimization for Vision, Graphics and MedicalImaging: Theory and Applications
Stochastic Optimizatiol1 fOT" Rigid Point Set Registratioll. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104:1Chaudor l'apazo'IJ (l'IId Dm'ins n'll'o;chka
Mnlti-Iahd NInF Opblllizatioll Via a Least Square" ,~ - I (;111 lOGSGlw,.,saJI ]Iwnu/7/eh
Combillatorial Pl"I'("olldibOIlers a1l d 1\ r111t ilevd SoIver" f(n P robkllJ" iuCOllllnltC'r Vision aud Imagc Pn)('l's"illg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I()(i7
]o(lnnis Kmdis, CaT'U L. Mille,.. (lnd DU/lid Tollimo,.
Optimal \Vcights for COllvex FmwtiOlmls iu M<'dinll Tlll'\[.!;<'Se[.!;lllclltatioll .
ehris !Ilefntm}/ and (i!lossan Hanuu'nehJ (J7~)
Adaptive COlltextuaJ Ellergy Pnrmud.eriimtioll tür Aut olllated [mageSegllH'ntation " J()K~)
Josno Ruo. Gh(lS8011 Hamm·neh, and Rafi'ef Abnglw,rbieh
Approxinmted Cmvaturl' Pl'lIaH" in NOIl-rigid RC!!,istrat ion USillgPairwisl' MRF" . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 1101
nell GZod.:Ct, Niko., Kol!I,o(/u,kis, Nikos Panu/,lOs. and Nussil" Navab
Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. J J J I