Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, 21A

Design ofComputing Systems:Cognitive Considerations

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer

Interaction, (HCI International '97), San Francisco, California, USA

August 24-29, 1997

Volume 1

Edited by

Gavriel SalvendyPurdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Michael J. SmithUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wl 53706, USA

Richard J. KoubekPurdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

UNIVERSITATS8IBLIOTHEK IHANNOVER I

TECHN'SCHE IINFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEKJ

1997ELSEVIERAmsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Tokyo

ix

CONTENTS

Organizational and Social Issues 1

"Desktop Videoconferencing in a Cooperative Discussion Task: Video Quality and 3Telepresence Aspect"

G. Matarazzo

"Shared Space: Collaborative Information Spaces" 7M. Billinghurst, S. Baldis, E. Miller, and S. Weghorst

"Show Actions in TV Conferencing" 11R. Zhang, H. Tamura, and Y. Shibuya

"Helen: A Shared Chalkboard for Low-Bandwidth Networks" 15T. Sakairi and M. Shinozaki

"VEMA: Multi-Agent System for Electronic Commerce on Internet" 19J.G. Lee and E.S. Lee

"Adaptable Information Clipping Service Supported by Evolving User Profile^and 23Multiple Ontologies"

T. Ikeda, A. Okumura, and K. Muraki

"Tele-Consultation System Supporting Asymmetrical Communications Between 27Customers and Expert Staff in Distributed Environment"

T. Tanaka, H. Mizuno, H. Tsuji, H. Kojima, and H. Yajima

"Communicating about Reactive Behaviors" 31V.G. Dabija

"Building Cyber-Community—Learning from CyberCampus™ Experiment" 35T. Nishimura

"Post Agreement Utterance: Communications Specific to Media Conferences" 41K. Takada, H. Tamura and Y. Shibuya

"Visualized Information Sharing for Negotiation" 45T. Teraoka and M. Akiyoshi

"Communication Model in Emergency Which Considers Competence, Duty and 49Responsibility"

T. Koiso, N. Saiwaki, T. Yoshida and S. Nishida

"Groupware: What You See Is What You Need?" 53S.S. Salim and L.A. Macaulay

"Cooperative Work: Towards a Conceptual Foundation for CSCW Systems Design" 57K. Schmidt

"An Integration Framework for Software Development Environments to Incorporate 61Task, Team and Tool Perspectives"

Y.Yang

"Role-Oriented Organization Model and its Implementation with Agent System" 65H. Enoki, Y. Kanda, K. Nakamura, T. Etani, Y. Shimoji, and S. Kitamura

"A Cognitive Engineering Approach to Cross Disciplinary Exploration of Work 69Domains and Semantic Information Retrieval in Communication Networks"

A.M. Pejtersen

"Coordinating Effective Work Routines with Groupware: Intra- and Intergroup 73Conventions"

G. Mark and V. Wulf

"A User-Centred Approach to Groupwork Systems Development" 77R.A. Steele, G. Osgurthorpe, and J.I. Siddiqi

"Information Sharing Accelerated by Work History Based Contribution Management, 81Leads to Knowhow Sharing"

K. Muraki, N. Nomura, K. Satoh, and N. Ochiai

"Design of Train Control System Centre" 85S. Karlsson

"REDUCE: A Prototypical Cooperative Editing System" 89C. Sun, X. Jia, Y. Yang, and Y. Zhang

"Combining Multiple Abstraction Mechanisms in Communication Modeling" 93P. Holm and J. Ljungberg

XI

"Using Cooperative Design to Introduce ORDBMS-Driven Intranet Applications to 97Collaborating Social Service Agencies"

J.E. Jasper, R.D. Ellis, T.B. Jankowski, R. Nagarajan, and S. Wajahath

"Towards Computer Support for Cooperation in Time-Critical Work Settings" 101P.H. Carstensen & M. Nielsen

"Psychological and Ergonomics Peculiarities of Cross-Cultural Interaction of 105Computer Users"

V.M. Bondarovskaia

"Integration of Ukraine into Informational World Space: WWW Presentation 109Systems"

T.A. Grinchenko, A.A. Stogny, A. Landsman, and V. Matskevitch

"Teleinformatics in a Global Village—From Baking to IT" 113G. Bradley and W. Bradley

"User Needs and Support for Community-Based Information Technology Services" 117B.S. Caldwell

"Cross-Cultural Crisis Management Teams in Cyberspace" 121L. Duffy

"Organizational Culture and Ideology in the Design of Complex Computer System 125Interfaces"

E.A. Kapp and B.S. Caldwell

"Longitudinal Evaluation of Adoption and Use Patterns of Electronic Voice 129Messaging Systems"

B.S. Caldwell and P.V. Paradkar

"Simplified English for Computer Displays" 133J.A. Mills and B.S. Caldwell

"The Cultural Adaptation Versus Localization" 137M.V. Donskoy

"Wind from East: When Will it Blow and How" 141M. Kurosu

"Cultural Diversity for User Interface Design: A Progress Report" 145A. Marcus

xii

"Internationalization and Localization for Cultural Diversity" 149G.V. Prabhu, B. Chen, W. Bubie, and C. Koch

"Homogeneity of Stimuli and Subjects on Recognition of Unfamiliar Swedish and 153Chinese Faces"

Y. Pan, B. Han, and K.W. Sandberg

"Globalization: Meeting the Challenge" 157D.Z. Lehder, M.G. Alvarez, N.M. Aykin, and K. Friedman-Muller

"Do Existing Menu Design Guidelines Work in Chinese?" 161H.M. Shih & R.S. Goonetilleke

"Addressing Cultural Diversity Through Unified Interface Development" 165C. Stephanidis, A. Savidis, and A. Paramythis

"Evaluating Telecom Icons Among Asian Countries" 169D.P. Piamonte, K. Ohlsson, and J.D.A. Abeysekera

"Design of Computer Interfaces for the Chinese Population" 173Y.Y. Choong and G. Salvendy

"The Acceptability of Icons Across Countries" 177J.A. Smith and M.P. Siringo

"Cross Cultural Issues in User Interface Design" 181Y.K. Leung and K. Cox

"Ergonomic Systems Engineering: The Human Interface and the Management of 185International Relations in the 21st Century"

J.H. Smith, A. Derjani Bayeh, M.J. Smith, and G. Al-Fallati

"International User-Interface Standards for Information Superhighways: Some 189Design Issues"

A. Marcus

"Human Computer Interaction: The Year 2000 and Beyond" 193J.L. Alty

"Twenty-Five Years of HCI: Growth Without Progress?" 197J. Long

xiii

"The Convergence Toward a New Sociotechnical System Approach" 201F. Butera and T. Schael

"Knowledge-Based Teams: Technology, Reinvention and Critical Process Redesign" 205T.K. Bikson, J.D. Eveland, S. Cohen, and D. Mankin

"Designing Services with ICT: Problems and Challenges" 209G. De Michelis

"The Quality of Working Life Assessment" 213M. Mariani, O. Parlangeli, and S. Bagnara

"Applying the Sociotechnical Strategy to the Redesign of Organizations: Experiences 217in German Manufacturing and Service Enterprises"

D. Brandt and K. Henning

"Lessons Learned from Using a Computer-Based Tool to Support Sociotechnical 221Systems Design"

A. Majchrzak and B. Borys

"The Qualit Esprit Project on Sociotechnical Systems (STS) Design and Quality of 225Working Life (QWL)"

B. Coppola, F. Butera, and T. Schael

"Software to Support Sociotechnical Design: The Case of Top-Integrator" 229A. Majchrzak

"Partizipative Organisation Design—Integrating the Employee into Structural 233Re-Organisation"

S. Haberl, S.F. Schmelzer, M. Mezger, and T. Forster

"Improving Sociotechnical Systems by Exploiting the Remains of Reengineering" 237J. Taylor

"Sociotechnical Analysis According to the Concept of People, Technology, 241Organization"

O. Strohm and E. Ulich

"Tools for Implementing Socio-Technical Systems: An Australian Case Study and 245the Use of Handbooks"

R. Badham and I. McLoughlin

XIV

"Working Conditions as Quality in Design Projects" 249G. Simonsen

"The Process of Organisational Learning—Experiences from a Joint Project" 253P. Brodner

"Further Development of a New Method for Task Allocation in Complex Systems" 257P.E. Waterson, M.T. Older, and C.W. Clegg

"Complementary Function Allocation for Scheduling Tasks" 261T. Wafler, G. Grote, C. Ryser, and A. Windischer

"Joint Optimization of People and Technology—An Example from the Car Industry" 265J. Stahre, A. Johansson, and S. Axelsson

"The Role of Information Support Systems in the Joint Optimization" 269M. Vartiainen, J.J.J. Kasvi, A. Pulkkis, and M. Nieminen

"The Presence of Aftereffects" 273R.B. Welch

"Computer Supported Communication and Cooperation—Building Social Environ- 277ments into Computer Systems"

H. Luczak, J. Springer, and S. Simon

"Privacy and Acting in Groups—Key Concepts in Designing Multimedia-Supported 281Cooperative Work"

H. Paul and S. Dutke

"Communicable Models for Cooperative Processes" 285T. Herrmann

"An Agent-Centered Framework for the Analysis and Diagnosis of Organizational 289Groupware Platforms"

A.A. Angehrn

"The Emergence of Conventions Within Processes of Integrated Organization and 293Technology Development"

V.Wulf and G.Mark

XV

"The Context of Co-operative Working—Generic Issues, and an Evaluation of Some 297Software for Co-operative Working in a Manufacturing Engineering EngineeringEnvironment"

S.M. Joyner, C.E. Siemieniuch, and M.A. Sinclair

"Features of Successful Telecooperation Systems: The Technological Viewpoint" 301K. Sandkuhl

"Investigation of Desktop-Teleconferencing Systems in Automotive Design" 305C. Schlick, D. Herbst, J. Springer, J. Stahl, and M. Wolf

"Integrating Groupware and Workflow in a Public Administration" 309J. Ziegler and T. Barnekow

"A Cooperative Design Approach for CSCW in Ministries" 313K. Klockner, U. Pankoke-Babatz, and W. Prinz

"The Role of Common Information Spaces in CSCW" 317L.J. Bannon

"Intelligent System for Quality Control in Manufacturing," 321A. Hamrol

"Information Management for the Agile Enterprise" 325C.E.R. Wainwright, R. Leonard, and K.D. Barber

"Agility in Case Handling Work" 331J. Gulliksen

"Diagnostic Methodology for Agile Manufacturing System" 335H.S. Jung, Y. Kume, B.G. Lee, and N. Sato

"A Participation of Mental Factors in Agile Manufacturing Systems" 339E. Bamba, W. Nakajima, and R. Liquin

"VDT Task Related Visual Fatigue: Human Aspects of Agile Manufacturing" 343Y. Kume, N. Sato, and H.S. Jung

"IT Cultures Within Industrial Production: Organizational Dilemmas" 347C. Garsten

XVI

"Interactive Creative Environments (ICE)—Strategic Organizational and Psychosocial 351Factors"

G. Bradley

"Competence Development in Ten High Tech Companies in Silicon Valley" 355M. Robertson and G. Bradley

"Longitudinal Studies of Quality of Working Life and Stress Among Computer Users" 361P. Carayon

"Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Life and Work Events on Depressive Symptoms; 365Based on Computer Simulation"

M. Kuwakino and Y. Fujigaki

"Longitudinal Studies of Organizational Change in Administrative Jobs" 369E. Jarvenpaa

"Organizational Support and Employee Weil-Being in the Implementation of New 373VDT Application"

K. Lindstrom, T. Leino and J. Steitsamo

"Improving the Design of Longitudinal Studies on Computerization of Offices" 379P. Huuhtanen

"The "Second Vienna Implementation Study:" I. Contextual Factors Modifying the 383Effects of Continuous Implementations of Information Technology"

S. Zauchner, C. Korunka, O. Vitouch, and A. Weiss

"The "Second Vienna Implementation Study." II. An Integrative Model" 387

C. Korunka, S. Zauchner, and O. Vitouch

Ergonomics and Design for All 392

"Computer Assistive Remote Control for the Motor-Impaired User" 393P.E. Jones

"An Input Interface System Using VEP for the Physically Challenged" 397Y. Arai, Y. Yonezawa, K. Itoh, M. Hashimoto, Y. Ushiyama

"A Drawing Support System for the Visually Impaired Computer User Using a 401Virtual Sound Screen"

K. Itoh, M. Shimizu, and Y. Yonezawa

XVII

"A New Approach to Providing GUI Access for Blind People—Combined Tactile/ 405Voice GUI Access"

T. Ebina and S. Igi

"Interdisciplinary Efforts to Facilitate the Production of Tools to Support the 409Disabled and Elderly in the Information Society"

A.I. Karshmer

"Design of Nonvisual User Interfaces for Use in Education" 413G. Weber

"Cross Disability Access to Touch Screen Kiosks and ATMs" 417G.C. Vanderheiden

"Leadership Issues in the Field of Disability and Technology" 421H.J. Murphy

"Differences of Force Distribution Patterns on Grip Types in Human Grasping 425Motions"

S. Shimizu, M. Shimojo, S. Sato, Y. Seki, A. Takahashi, Y. Inukai, andM. Yoshioka

"Embedding Scanning Techniques Accessible to Motor-Impaired Users in the 429WINDOWS Object Library"

A. Savidis, G. Vernardos, and C. Stephanidis

"Some Experimental Suggestions to Assist the Visually Handicapped End-Users to 433Navigate the Information Space"

N.L. Soong and G. Bangarbale

"Interface Design for Disabled People: Eliciting User-Centred Design Constraints" 437D. Akoumianakis, C. Stephanidis, and G. Salvendy

"The Role of Accessibility in HCI Standards" 441E. Bergman

"MultiModal Multi-Interface Environments for Accessible Ubiquitous Computing" 445E.P. Glinert and R.L. Kline

"Use of a Common Table Architecture for Creating Hands Free, Eyes Free, Noisy 449Environment (Flex-Modal, Flex-Input) Interfaces"

G.C. Vanderheiden

xviii

"Software Architecture for Transformable Interface Implementations: Building 453User-Adapted Interactions"

A. Savidis, D. Akoumianakis, and C. Stephanidis

"Unifying and Merging Toolkits: A Multi-Purpose Toolkit Integration Engine" 457A. Savidis and C. Stephanidis

"Agent Classes for Managing Dialogue Control Specification Complexity: A 461Declarative Language Framework"

A. Savidis and C. Stephanidis

"Abstract Task Definition and Incremental Polymorphic Physical Instantiation: 465The Unified Interface Design Method"

A. Savidis, C. Stephanidis, and P.L. Emiliani

"User Interface Accessibility: A Retrospective of Current Standardisation Efforts" 469C. Stephanidis, D. Akoumianakis, J. Ziegler, and K.P. Fahnrich

"Towards the Next Generation of UIST: Developing for all Users" 473C. Stephanidis

"The Role of Design and Evaluation Principles for User Interfaces for All" 477C. Stary

"Access to Information in the Information Society" 481P.L. Emiliani

"User Interface Software & Technology (UIST) Under ESPRIT: Current Work and 485Future Directions"

G. Metakides, A. Galetsas, and J. Wejchert

"Methodology for Studying Complex Ergonomic Interventions for HCI Work" 489A. Derjani Bayeh, F.B.P. Moro, M.J. Smith, P. Carayon, F. Conway, andP. Allie

"Psychological Stress and Musculoskeletal Health" 493F.T. Conway, M.J. Smith, D. LeGrande, and J. Cahill

"Identifying Areas for Workload Reduction Through System Changes: Why Bother?" 497M.T. Shaffer and H.K. Chandler

"Improving Psychosocial Conditions of Telework" 501P. Huuhtanen

XIX

"Emotional Demands in Musculoskeletal Discomfort: Development of a New 505Questionnaire"

W. Schmitz, L. Newman, P. Carayon, and M.J. Smith

"Methodological Issues of Measurement of Psychosocial Work Factors in 509Computer/Office Work"

L. Newman, P. Carayon, and W. Schmitz

"Work Organization Interventions on WRMD's in Office/Computer Work" 513M.C. Haims, P. Carayon, H.S. Suh, and N. Swanson

"Perceived Work-Related Risk in Stress and Musculoskeletal Discomfort" 517H.S. Suh, P. Carayon, F. Sainfort, and M.J. Smith

"Psychosocial Work Factors and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office Workers: An 521Examination of the Mediating Role of Stress"

B.T. Karsh

"The Relationship Between Sitting Posture and Musculoskeletal Pain" 525F.B.P. Moro, F.T. Conway, A. Derjani Bayeh, M.J. Smith, and P. Allie

"Predictive Models of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Among Office Personnel" 529A.C. Matias and G. Salvendy

"Analysis of Cursor Movements with a Mouse" 533T.G. Whisenand and H.H. Emurian

"The Measurement of CNV in the Evaluation of Mental Stress" 537S. Yamamoto, H. Hirano, and S. Matsuoka

"Analyzing Qualitative Data with SPROT (Structural Process Chart of a Task 541Oriented Behavior)"

M. Itoh, Y. Mamine, S. Goto, and T. Asano

"Breathing, Psychological Stress, and Musculoskeletal Complaints in VDT Data- 545Entry Work"

L.M. Schleifer, R. Ley, and C.S. Pan

"How to Use Applied Psychophysiology/Biofeedback in the Prevention and 551Assessment of Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders"

E. Peper, R. Harvey, and D. Shumay

XX

"Healthy Computing: A Comprehensive Group Training Approach Using Biofeedback" 555D.M. Shumay and E. Peper

"The Application of Heart Rate Variability Analysis on the Evaluation of Mental 559Strain and its Future Development"

K. Suzuki

"Does the Circadian Rhythm of VDT Operators Cause Fluctuations of CFF Value 563that to Mask Fatigue Variations During Work Load?"

M. Takeda and Y. Hayashi

"Evaluation of Mental Stress During Tracking Tasks Based on the Analysis of 567Electrodermal Activity, Blinks and Blood Pressure"

H. Kazuma, M. Suzuki, Y. Nishio, H. Genno, Y. Oda, and M. Suzuki

"Heart Rate Variability in Eye-Level and Low Monitor Conditions" 571D.R. Ankrum and K. Suzuki

"Discrimination of Living Body Fingers by Using EMG and Finger Pulse Volume" 575S. Fukuzumi

"How Efficient are Combined Tasks for Effective HCI?: An Objective Evaluation 579Through AR Analysis of EEG"

M.F. Funada, Y. Yazu, and S. Ninomija

"Results from the International Cooperative Study: Impact of Ergonomic Inter- 583ventions on Musculoskeletal, Eyestrain, and Psychosocial Stress (MEPS)"

M.J. Dainoff, A. Aaras, G. Horgen, M. Thoresen, and B.G.F. Cohen

"An Ergonomical Study on Computer Interface Using Input Devices" 587M. Aoki

"An Information Kiosk with Asymmetric Collaboration" 591F. Ando, A. Nakajima, and Y. Furui

"Effect of the Field-of-View Against Target Ratio in Haptic Exploration" 595S.Lee

"International Standards on Human-Computer Interaction: What is Out There and 599How Will it be Implemented?"

H.E. Blanchard

XXI

"An Ergonomic Rendering System for Industrial Design" 603S. Cak, E.N. Dizdar, and A. Ersak

"The Effect of Mouse Location on Seated Posture" 607W.R. Dowell and G. Gscheidle

"Keyboard Operations in a Negative Slope Design" 611I. Gilad and S. Harel

"Ergonomic Evaluation of a Wrist Rest for VDU Work via Electromyographic 615Methods"

H. Strasser and E. Keller

"A New Way to Overcome the Uneasy Operation of Touch-Sensitive Displays by 619Incorporating "Click" Mechanism CC Switch"

M. Mamiya, H. Haseagwa, Y. Sekino, M. Kawakami, T. Nishiki, Y. Tsuji,A. Okamoto, and T. Fujita

"Ergonomics Knowledge Pyramid: A Computer Based Training Game" 623R. Granot

"Field Studies of Possible Health Effects Related to VDU Work—Epidemiological 627Design Options and Requirements"

H. Kjuus

"A Three Years Follow-up Multidisciplinary Ergonomic Interventions. Overview" 631A. Aaras, G. Horgen, H.H. BJ0rset, O. Ro, and M. Thoresen

"Work Posture and Musculoskeletal Pain" 635A. Aaras, O. Ro, and M. Thoresen

"Ergonomic Aspects of Flat Panel Display and Large-Size CRT Screen" 639S. Saito, H. Jonai, M.B.G. Villaneuva, and M. Sotoyama

"Fundamental Study on Optimum Working Posture of VDT Workers from the 643View Point of EMG"

Y. Horie

"Visual and Lighting Conditions" 647H.H. Bjorset and A. Aaras

"Optometric Examination and Correction of VDU Workers" 651G. Horgen and A. Aaras

XXII

"Electric Fields, Dust and Health Problems Among VDU-Users in an Office 655Environment: An Intervention Program"

K. Skyberg, K. Skulberg, W. Eduard, A.I. Vistnes, and L.O. Goffeng

"The American Computer Plague: Musculo-Skeletal, Visual, Radiation and 659Psychoneuroimmunological Stress Pandemics at U.S. Computer Workstations"

H. Sackman

"Survey of U.S. Optometrist's Regarding Prevalence and Treatment of Visual Stress 663Symptoms"

E. Nilsen and C. Salibello

"Decision Process of the Current Ergonomic Renewal of Production Systems" 667B.E. Mateja and L.M. Pacholski

"Ergonomic Decision Optimalization in Production System Development" 671K.L. Rogalinski and S.R. Trinchera

"Ergonomic Information for Design of Manufacturing Systems" 675A.E. Jasiak

"A Flexible Computer System for Ergonomic Diagnosis" 679E. Gorska and J.M. Zurada

"Barriers and Breakdowns of Computer Integrated Management" 683M. Wyrwicka

"Ergonomic Assessments of Workstands as the Basic Information for the Work 687Conditions Management in Plants"

W. Grzybowski

"Computer in Shaping of Human Habitat" 691J. Charytonowicz

"Application of Ergonomics in Creating of Workplace of Computer's Operator in 695Manufacturing"

J. Olszewski

"Ergonomics Aspects of Enterprises" 699J. Lewandowski and E. Gorska

"Method of Assessment of Occupational Safety" 703J. Lewandowski and C. Kowalczyk

XXIII

"Application of Ergonomics Principles Within the Semiconductor Industry' 707J.A. Schaab and M.R. Harralson

"The Effects of Task Variability on Mouse Performance" 711

K. Radle, S. Batra, and I. Man

System Integration 715

"Apoptosis: A Regulatory Model of Interaction" 717A.R.F. da Silva

"An Experimental Study on User Interpretation of Icons" 721K. Siau and F.H. Nah

"4 Super-Events to Tame the Daunting Image-Selections" 725A. Biancardi and M. Pini

"Computer Based Engineering Systems Assistance for Manufacturing Industry Re- 729Engineering"

K. Cheng and D. Kirkwood

"Adaptive Pilot Modeling Within Cockpit Crew Assistance" 733P. StUtz and R. Onken

"Human Factors Techniques for Designing the Virtual Mission Operations Center" 737J.A. Fox, J. Breed, R. Bane, P. Baker, and M. Baitinger

"Designing the Information Cooperative for Harmonizing, Coordinating, and 741Promoting Earth Observation Business Processes"

A. Rizzo, M. Mariani, A. Zenie, and S. Bagnara

"Towards a Framework for Managing Interface Delay" 745C.R. Roast and J.I. Siddiqi

"A Human-Oriented Case Study of Office Automation Systems" 749G. Matarazzo and A. Nikov

"Computer-Aided Analysis in Ophthalmological Imaging" 753D. Lepore, F. Molle, G. Minicucci, M.M. Pagliara, S. Trimboli, G. Coppola,M. Turbati

"Visual Access Tool to the Computer-Based Patient Record" 757H. Kindler, D. Densow, H. Mall, and T.M. Fliedner

XXIV

Operatability Evaluation of a Computer Navigation System for Endoscopic Sinus 761Surgery"

M. Mochimaru, J. Yamashita, Y. Yamauchi, Y. Fukui, and K. Yokoyama

"Assessing, Computing and Providing Quality of Care Information to Multiple 765Users: The Nursing Home Industry in the U.S."

F. Sainfort, D. Zimmerman, and S. Karon

"Multi Agents to Provide Adaptivity in an Intelligent Interface to a Medical Database" 769P. Marshall and S. Greenwood

"A Computerised System for Training of Medical Doctors in Pre-hospital Rescuing 773Operation during Emergency Situations"

V. Andersen

"Experiences in the Development of a Medical Expert System" 777E.M. zu Bexten, M. Jager, and J. Hiltner

"Using Psychological Aspects for the Design of Adaptive IT-Tools for Cooperative 781Engineering"

M. Wolber and P. Sachse

"Computer Utilization and Attitude: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia" 785M.A. Al-Khaldi and I.M. Al-Jabri

"Task Adaptive Electronic Manual as Human-Computer Interface for Business 789Performance Improvement Support"

H. Kojima, T. Yamada, Y. Mizuno, and H. Endoh

"Modes of Interaction Between Businesses and R&D Project Teams in Cognitive 793Engineering and Information Systems Development. Success and Failures in theProcess of Field Studies"

G. Westlander, T. Bjorkman, and S. Henriksson

"Floor Control in Collaborative Design Environments" 797H.J. Bullinger, J. Warschat, and O. Schumacher

"Usage of an Integrated Office Information System: Experiences from a Municipal 801Organization"

P. SeppalS

"Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Define the Search Space in Problem Solving" 805K. Perusich and M. McNeese

XXV

"Views on Designing Human-Computer Interface for EIS" 809W. Hu, W. Zhong, and N. Xu

"Soldier-Computer Interactions and Armor Battalion Performance" 813C.W. Lickteig

"From Participation in ISD to Improvements in Organization" 817M. Kirveennummi and A. Tuomisto

"The Computer Use Scale: Four Dimensions of How People Use Computer" 821J.C. Panero, D.M. Lane, and H.A. Napier

"Creating a Source and Target Language Mixed Stage for Integration of Human 825Knowledge into Machine Translation"

S.I. Kamei, K. Muraki, K. Satoh, and K. Hamada

"Psychological Upper and Lower Limits of System Response Time and User's 829Preference on Skill Level"

A. Komatsubara

"Ergodynamics in Analysis and Prediction of Communication Efficiency" 833V.F. Venda

"Ergodynamic Method of Identification of the Cognitive Strategy Used by the 837Human-Operator"

B.S. Dobronets, A.A. Spikov, and V.F. Venda

"Job Adaptation for a Reverse Transformation Dynamics in Pre-Retirement: A Way 841to Health and Longevity"

R.J. Trybus and V.F. Venda

"Ergonomic Design and Industrial Testing of the Televised Assembly and Manual 847Material Handling Workstations with Indirect Observation of Operations"

V.F. Venda

"Safety and Liability in HCI" 851G.A. Peters

"Ergonomic Evaluation of Manual Assembly Operations Using Direct and Indirect 855Observation Workstations in Sitting and Standing Positions"

V. Venda and S.S. Lim

XXVI

"Coherent Ergodynamical Design and Technology Transfer of Complex Dynamic 859Systems"

E.A. Averboukh

"Professional Training and Work: Planning Transformation Dynamics Throughout 863Human Life"

R.J. Trybus and V.F. Venda

Author Index 869

Keyword Index 873