advanced placement human geography session 2. two conflicting theories have guided social scientists...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit Six:INDUSTRIALIZATION
Advanced Placement Human Geography
Session 2
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THEORIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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What factors explain differences in levels of economic development?
• Two conflicting theories have guided social scientists in the 20th century in answering the question.
• Those theories are:• THE MODERNIZATION MODEL
AND
• DEPENDENCY THEORY
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The Modernization Model
• According to this theory, Britain was the FIRST country to begin to develop its industry.• The Industrial Revolution was
spurred by a combination of:• prosperity• trade connections• inventions• natural resources
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The Modernization Model
• Max Weber asserted that Western Europe had a cultural environment that favored change.• The growing importance of individualism steadily replaced the traditional emphasis on community.
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The Modernization Model
• The British model spread to other European nations and the U.S., which prospered because they built on British ingenuity and economic practices.
• By extension, any country that wants to improve its economy should follow the British model and enjoy modernization, or “westernization.”
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The Modernization Model
• Modernization theory identifies tradition as the greatest barrier to economic development.
• In societies with strong family systems and a reverence for the past, the culture discourages people from adopting new technologies.• As a result, standards of living are not raised.
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Dependency Theory
• Dependency theory puts the primary responsibility for global poverty on rich nations.• The theory also holds that economic development is blocked by industrialized nations that exploit the poor countries.
A favela in Rio de Janeiro
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Dependency Theory
How can a country develop when its natural and human
resources are controlled by a handful of prosperous
industrialized countries?
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Dependency Theory
Inequality has its roots in the colonial era when European nations exploited resources in
various parts of the world.
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Dependency Theory
• Although many countries gained independence in the 20th century, they have not gained economic
wealth.• This theory is an outgrowth of
Marxism, which emphasizes exploitation of one social class of the
other.
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Reaction to Dependency Theory
• Many LDCs have experimented with various forms of socialism.• Their intent is to nationalize industry and narrow the gap between rich and poor.
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Modernization Theory: Rostow’s Stages
Modernization Theory holds that economic prosperity is open to all countries.
According to W.W. Rostow, modernization occurs in four stages.
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• People in traditional societies build their lives around:• families• local communities• religious beliefs
• Wealth is generally limited.• Most people are subsistence farmers.
Traditional Stage
Stage One
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• Political leaders encourage people to produce goods for their own consumption AND for trade.• Sustained growth
takes hold.• Urbanization
increases.
Take-off Stage
Stage Two
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• Technological and production breakthroughs occur.• Individualism
flourishes, often at the expense of families and traditional customs.
Take-off Stage
Stage Two
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• Economic growth is widely accepted.• People focus on higher living standards and can afford more luxuries.• Poverty is reduced and material goods are much more common.
Drive to Technological Maturity
Stage Three
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• Cities grow as more people leave farms.• Modernization is
evident in the country’s core.• Population growth decreases.• International trade
expands.
Drive to Technological Maturity
Stage Three
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• Economic development raises living standards.• Mass production
encourages consumption of industrial products.• Items that have been
luxuries in earlier stages of development now become necessities (e.g. automobiles).
High Mass Consumption
Stage Four
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• This stage is marked by high incomes.• A majority of the workers are involved in the tertiary (service) sector of the economy.
High Mass Consumption
Stage Four
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Modernization Theory
• This theory claims that high-income countries can help poorer countries by encouraging them to:
• control population growth• increase food production• take advantage of industrial
technology
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Modernization Theory
High income countries also help poorer countries with foreign aid.
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Criticisms of Modernization Theory
• Socialist countries believe that modernization theory provides justification for capitalist systems to continue to exploit non-capitalist countries.• Others believe that modernization simply
cannot occur in many poor countries.
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Criticisms of Modernization Theory
• Critics also assert that rich nations, which benefit from the status quo, often block paths to development for poor countries.• Another criticism is that the theory
suggests that the causes of poverty lie in the poor countries themselves, which means that it blames victims for their own plight.
Criticisms of Modernization Theory
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Dependency Theory: Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy
• In 1974, Wallerstein explained economic development using a model of the capitalist world economy, a global economic system that is based on high-income nations with market economies.• He traced economic inequality among nations to the colonial era when Europeans first took advantage of the rest of the world.
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Dependency Theory: Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy
• Wallerstein divided today’s countries into three types, according to how they fit into the global economy:•Core countries•Countries of the periphery•Countries of the semiperiphery
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• This category includes the rich countries of the world that fuel the global economy by taking raw materials and channeling wealth, through multinational corporations, to:• North America• Europe• Australia• Japan
Core Countri
es
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• This category includes low-income countries that were exploited during the colonial era.• These countries
continue to support rich countries today by providing inexpensive labor.• Countries of the
periphery are also a large market for industrial products.
Countries of the Periphery
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• The remaining countries of the world have characteristics that place them somewhere between the core and the periphery.• Countries of the
semiperiphery exert more power than peripheral countries but are dominated to some extent by the core.
Countries of the Semiperiphery
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According to Wallerstein…
• The world economy benefits rich societies and harms other countries by making them dependent on the core.
• Dependency is perpetuated by narrow, export-oriented products such as oil, coffee, and fruit.
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According to Wallerstein…
• Poorer countries lack industrial capacity so they are caught in a cycle of selling inexpensive raw materials and buying expensive manufactured goods.• As a result, foreign debt cripples
poorer countries even further.
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Dependency theory emphasizes the idea that NO COUNTRY develops in isolation because the global economy shapes the destiny of all nations.
Important note about Dependency Theory
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Criticisms of Dependency Theory
• Critics disagree that wealth is a zero-sum commodity, as if no one gets richer without someone getting poorer.• They believe that new wealth is
created through:• ambition• hard work• new uses of technology
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Criticisms of Dependency Theory
• Critics also believe that the theory places blame on rich countries that have a long history of supporting economies of nations such as:• India• South Korea• Japan
• The poorer countries have been supported through foreign investments that foster economic growth.
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Criticisms of Dependency Theory
• Dependency theorists are also criticized for ignoring cultural factors in poor countries that discourage economic growth.
• Corrupt leaders may contribute to poor economic health in a country that lacks a strong rule of law, since the country’s wealth is monopolized by the elite.
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The Self-Sufficiency Model
This model encourages LDCs to isolate newer
businesses from competition from large international
corporations.
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The Self-Sufficiency Model
How can LDCs escape global inequalities?The government can:• Shield local businesses from
trade in international markets
• Encourage internal growth• Limit imports from other
places
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The Self-Sufficiency Model
Another approach to protecting local markets:• Require international
companies to purchase expensive licenses that discourage them from selling within the newly industrialized country’s borders.
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The Self-Sufficiency Model
Example: India• India has used all of
the methods described to encourage internal economic development.• However, problems
persisted.
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The Self-Sufficiency Model
Problems in India• Inefficiency• Little incentive for
businesses in India to develop better products
• Complex bureaucracy that hampered development
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Key Terms and Concepts to Review for this Session
• Modernization Model
• Dependency Theory• Industrial
Revolution• Individualism• Westernization• Modernization• Marxism• Socialism• Sustained growth
• Mass consumption• Core• Semiperiphery• Periphery• Status quo• Foreign debt• Foreign
investments• Self sufficiency
theory