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© Practising Law Institute
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Advanced Licensing Agreements 2017
Volume One
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYCourse Handbook Series
Number G-1307
Co-ChairsMarcelo Halpern
Ira Jay LevyJoseph Yang
© Practising Law Institute
24
Open Source Issues and Opportunities (PowerPoint slides)
David G. Rickerby
Boston Technology Law, PLLC
If you find this article helpful, you can learn more about the subject by going to www.pli.edu to view the on demand program or segment for which it was written.
2-315
© Practising Law Institute
2-316
© Practising Law Institute
Ope
n So
urce
Issu
es a
nd
Opp
ortu
niti
es
Prac
ticin
gLa
wIn
stitu
teA
dvan
ced
Lice
nsin
g A
gree
men
ts 2
017
May
12th
2017
10
:45
AM
-12
:15
PMD
avid
G. R
icke
rby
2-317
© Practising Law Institute
Ove
rvie
w
Intr
oduc
tion
to O
pen
Sour
ce
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
Man
agin
g O
pen
Sour
ce
2-318
© Practising Law Institute
Wha
t is
Ope
n So
urce
?
“Ope
n” “
Sour
ce”
–A
ny s
oftw
are
licen
sing
m
odel
that
mak
es th
e so
urce
ava
ilabl
e to
co
py, d
istr
ibut
e, m
odify
, etc
.
2-319
© Practising Law Institute
Wha
t is
Sour
ce C
ode?
The
hum
an re
adab
le v
ersi
on o
f the
cod
e.
Expo
ses
trad
e se
cret
s, in
terf
aces
, and
logi
c.
2-320
© Practising Law Institute
As
oppo
sed
to O
bjec
t Cod
e…
2-321
© Practising Law Institute
Ope
n So
urce
is B
ig B
usin
ess
AN
DR
OID
-D
ecla
red
licen
se: A
pach
e 2.
0~1
85 c
ompo
nent
s~1
9 di
ffere
nt O
SS
lice
nses
-m
ost r
ecip
roca
l
2-322
© Practising Law Institute
Man
y O
rgan
izat
ions
2-323
© Practising Law Institute
FFina
ncia
l Ser
vice
s
Aut
omot
ive
Mob
ile
Ever
ythi
ng
Hea
lthca
re
Solv
ing
Prob
lem
s in
Man
y In
dust
ries
2-324
© Practising Law Institute
So, w
hat’
s th
e bi
g de
al?
Why
isn’
t thi
s ju
st li
ke a
co
mm
erci
al li
cens
e?
In m
any
way
s th
ey a
re th
e sa
me:
Both
com
mer
cial
and
ope
n so
urce
lice
nses
are
bas
ed
on o
wne
rshi
p of
inte
llect
ual p
rope
rty.
Both
gra
nt c
erta
in r
ight
s an
d re
tain
oth
ers.
Both
are
gov
erne
d by
the
sam
e la
ws.
Both
may
incl
ude
prov
isio
ns w
hich
may
be
inco
mpa
tible
with
the
othe
r ty
pe o
f lic
ense
, and
, in
deed
with
oth
er li
cens
es o
f the
sam
e ty
pe.
2-325
© Practising Law Institute
But…
Ope
n So
urce
Lic
ense
s:
Tend
to h
ave
diff
eren
t goa
ls
Are
usu
ally
wri
tten
by
and
for
deve
lope
rs n
ot la
wye
rs
Enco
urag
e un
cont
rolle
d co
mbi
natio
n an
d re
use
of th
e IP
Form
a c
ontr
act i
n a
diff
eren
t way
than
mos
t com
mer
cial
lic
ense
s (in
fact
som
e ar
gue
they
don
’t fo
rm a
con
trac
t at a
ll –
mer
ely
act a
s a
perm
issi
on)
AN
D Som
eop
en s
ourc
e lic
ense
s im
pose
sha
ring
obl
igat
ions
on
use
rs
2-326
© Practising Law Institute
Two
Bas
ic S
choo
ls o
f Ope
n S
ourc
eFO
SS (F
ree
and
Ope
n So
urce
Sof
twar
e)
–Re
quir
es li
cens
or t
o m
ake
impr
ovem
ents
or
enha
ncem
ents
av
aila
ble
unde
r si
mila
r te
rms
–Pr
imar
y ex
ampl
e is
the
GPL
: Lic
ense
e m
ust d
istr
ibut
e “w
ork
base
d on
the
prog
ram
” an
d ca
use
such
wor
ks to
be
licen
sed
… u
nder
the
term
s of
the
GPL
Aca
dem
ic/P
erm
issi
ve
–M
odifi
catio
ns/e
nhan
cem
ents
may
rem
ain
prop
riet
ary
–D
istr
ibut
ion
in s
ourc
e co
de o
r ob
ject
cod
e pe
rmitt
ed
prov
ided
cop
yrig
ht n
otic
e &
liab
ility
dis
clai
mer
are
incl
uded
an
d co
ntri
buto
rs’ n
ames
are
not
use
d to
end
orse
pro
duct
s–
Prim
ary
exam
ples
: Ber
kele
y So
ftw
are
Dis
trib
utio
n (B
SD),
Apa
che
Soft
war
e Li
cens
e
2-327
© Practising Law Institute
Free
Sof
twar
e D
efin
ition
fro
m th
e Fr
ee S
oftw
are
Foun
datio
n
“Fre
e so
ftw
are”
is a
mat
ter
of li
bert
y, n
ot p
rice
. To
unde
rsta
nd th
e co
ncep
t, y
ou s
houl
d th
ink
of “
free
” as
in “
free
spe
ech,
” no
t as
in “
free
be
er.”
Free
sof
twar
e is
a m
atte
r of
the
user
s' fr
eedo
m to
run
, cop
y, d
istr
ibut
e,
stud
y, c
hang
e an
d im
prov
e th
e so
ftw
are.
Mor
e pr
ecis
ely,
it m
eans
that
th
e pr
ogra
m's
use
rs h
ave
the
four
ess
entia
l fre
edom
s:
The
free
dom
to r
un th
e pr
ogra
m, f
or a
ny p
urpo
se (f
reed
om 0
).
The
free
dom
to s
tudy
how
the
prog
ram
wor
ks, a
nd c
hang
e it
to m
ake
it do
wha
t you
wis
h (f
reed
om 1
). A
cces
s to
the
sour
ce c
ode
is a
pre
cond
ition
fo
r th
is.
The
free
dom
to r
edis
trib
ute
copi
es s
o yo
u ca
n he
lp y
our
neig
hbor
(f
reed
om 2
).
The
free
dom
to d
istr
ibut
e co
pies
of y
our
mod
ified
ver
sion
s to
oth
ers
(fre
edom
3).
By d
oing
this
you
can
giv
e th
e w
hole
com
mun
ity a
cha
nce
to
bene
fit fr
om y
our
chan
ges.
Acc
ess
to th
e so
urce
cod
e is
a p
reco
nditi
on fo
r th
is.
from
http
://w
ww
.gnu
.org
/phi
loso
phy/
free-
sw.h
tml
2-328
© Practising Law Institute
Prin
cipl
es o
f Ope
n So
urce
Lic
ensi
ng
from
the
Ope
n So
urce
Initi
ativ
e
1.Fr
ee[U
nres
tric
ted]
Redi
stri
butio
n
2.
Prog
ram
mus
t inc
lude
Sou
rce
Code
and
mus
t allo
w
dist
ribu
tion
in s
ourc
e co
de a
s w
ell a
s co
mpi
led
form
.
3.
Mus
t Allo
w M
odifi
catio
ns a
nd D
eriv
ed W
orks
4.
Inte
grity
of t
he A
utho
r's S
ourc
e Co
de
5.
No
Dis
crim
inat
ion
Aga
inst
Per
sons
or
Gro
ups
6.
No
Dis
crim
inat
ion
Aga
inst
Fie
lds
of E
ndea
vor
7.
Dis
trib
utio
n of
Lic
ense
–no
add
ition
al li
cens
e ca
n be
req
uire
d of
oth
ers
who
redi
stri
bute
the
pro
gram
8.
Lice
nse
Mus
t Not
Be
Spec
ific
to a
Pro
duct
9.
Lice
nse
Mus
t Not
Res
tric
t O
ther
Sof
twar
e
10.
Lice
nse
Mus
t Be
Tech
nolo
gy-N
eutr
al –
not p
redi
cate
d on
any
in
divi
dual
tech
nolo
gy from
http
://w
ww
.ope
nsou
rce.
org/
docs
/osd
2-329
© Practising Law Institute
78 C
urre
nt O
SI A
ppro
ved
Lice
nses
(ww
w.o
pens
ourc
e.or
g)
1.A
cade
mic
Fre
e Li
cens
e 3.
0 (A
FL-
3.0)
2.A
ffer
oG
ener
al P
ublic
Lic
ense
3.0
(A
GPL
-3.0
)3.
Ada
ptiv
e Pu
blic
Lic
ense
(APL
-1.0
)4.
Apa
che
Lice
nse
2.0
5.A
pple
Pub
lic S
ourc
e Li
cens
e 6.
Art
istic
lice
nse
2.0
7.A
ttri
butio
n A
ssur
ance
Lic
ense
s (A
AL)
8.BS
D 3
-Cla
use
"New
" or
"Re
vise
d"
Lice
nse
(BSD
-3-C
laus
e)9.
BSD
2-C
laus
e "S
impl
ified
" or
"F
reeB
SD"
Lice
nse
(BSD
-2-C
laus
e)10
.Bo
ost S
oftw
are
Lice
nse
(BSL
-1.0
)11
.Ce
CILL
Lice
nse
2.1
(CEC
ILL-
2.1)
12.
Com
pute
r A
ssoc
iate
s Tr
uste
d O
pen
Sour
ce L
icen
se 1
.1 (C
ATO
SL-
1.1)
13.
Com
mon
Dev
elop
men
t and
D
istr
ibut
ion
Lice
nse
1.0
(CD
DL-
1.0)
14.
Com
mon
Pub
lic A
ttri
butio
n Li
cens
e 1.
0 (C
PAL-
1.0)
15.
CUA
Off
ice
Publ
ic L
icen
se V
ersi
on
1.0
16.
EU D
ataG
rid
Soft
war
e Li
cens
e 17
.Ec
lipse
Pub
lic L
icen
se 1
.0 (E
PL-1
.0)
18.
eCos
Lice
nse
vers
ion
2.0
19.
Educ
atio
nal C
omm
unity
Lic
ense
, Ve
rsio
n 2.
0 (E
CL-2
.0)
20.
Eiff
el F
orum
Lic
ense
V2.
0 (E
FL-2
.0)
21.
Ente
ssa
Publ
ic L
icen
se (E
ntes
sa)
22.
Euro
pean
Uni
on P
ublic
Lic
ense
, Ve
rsio
n 1.
1 (E
UPL
-1.1
) 23
.Fa
ir L
icen
se (F
air)
24.
Fram
ewor
xLi
cens
e (F
ram
ewor
x-1.
0)
25.
Free
Pub
lic L
icen
se 1
.0.0
26.
GN
U A
ffer
oG
ener
al P
ublic
Lic
ense
v3
(AG
PL-3
.0)
27.
GN
U G
ener
al P
ublic
Lic
ense
ve
rsio
n 2.
0 (G
PL-2
.0)
28.
GN
U G
ener
al P
ublic
Lic
ense
ve
rsio
n 3.
0 (G
PL-3
.0)
29.
GN
U L
ibra
ry o
r "L
esse
r" G
ener
al
Publ
ic L
icen
se v
ersi
on 2
.1 (L
GPL
-2.
1)30
.G
NU
Lib
rary
or
"Les
ser"
Gen
eral
Pu
blic
Lic
ense
ver
sion
3.0
(LG
PL-
3.0)
31.
His
tori
cal P
erm
issi
on N
otic
e an
d D
iscl
aim
er (H
PND
)32
.IB
M P
ublic
Lic
ense
1.0
(IPL
-1.0
)33
.IP
A F
ont L
icen
se (I
PA)
34.
ISC
Lice
nse
(ISC)
35.
LaTe
XPr
ojec
t Pub
lic L
icen
se 1
.3c
36.
Lice
nce
Libr
edu
Que
bec
–Pe
rmis
sive
v.1
.1
37.
Lice
nse
Libr
edu
Que
bec
–Re
cipr
ocite
38.
Lice
nse
Libr
ede
Que
bec-
Reci
prio
teFo
rte
39.
Luce
nt P
ublic
Lic
ense
Ver
sion
1.0
2 40
.M
irO
SLi
cenc
e(M
irO
S)41
.M
icro
soft
Pub
lic L
icen
se (M
S-PL
)42
.M
icro
soft
Rec
ipro
cal L
icen
se (M
S-RL
)43
.M
IT li
cens
e (M
IT)
44.
Mot
osot
oLi
cens
e (M
otos
oto)
45.
Moz
illa
Publ
ic L
icen
se 2
.0 (M
PL-
2.0)
46.
Mul
tics
Lice
nse
(Mul
tics)
47.
NA
SA O
pen
Sour
ce A
gree
men
t 1.3
48
.N
TP L
icen
se (N
TP)
49.
Nau
men
Publ
ic L
icen
se (N
aum
en)
50.
Net
hack
Gen
eral
Pub
lic L
icen
se
51.
Nok
ia O
pen
Sour
ce L
icen
se (N
okia
)52
.N
on-P
rofit
Ope
n So
ftw
are
Lice
nse
3.0
53.
OCL
C Re
sear
ch P
ublic
Lic
ense
2.0
54
.O
pen
Gro
up T
est S
uite
Lic
ense
55
.O
pen
Soft
war
e Li
cens
e 3.
0 (O
SL-
3.0)
56.
OSE
T Pu
blic
Lic
ense
ver
sion
2.1
57
.PH
P Li
cens
e 3.
0 (P
HP-
3.0)
58.
The
Post
greS
QL
Lice
nse
(Pos
tgre
SQL)
59.
Pyth
on L
icen
se (P
ytho
n-2.
0)
60.
CNRI
Pyt
hon
licen
se (C
NRI
-Pyt
hon)
(C
NRI
por
tion
of P
ytho
n Li
cens
e)61
.Q
Pub
lic L
icen
se (Q
PL-1
.0)
62.
Real
Net
wor
ksPu
blic
Sou
rce
Lice
nse
V1.0
(RPS
L-1.
0)63
.Re
cipr
ocal
Pub
lic L
icen
se 1
.5
64.
Rico
h So
urce
Cod
e Pu
blic
Lic
ense
65
.Si
mpl
e Pu
blic
Lic
ense
2.0
(Sim
PL-
2.0)
66.
Slee
pyca
tLic
ense
(Sle
epyc
at)
67.
Sun
Publ
ic L
icen
se 1
.0 (S
PL-1
.0)
68.
Syba
se O
pen
Wat
com
Publ
ic
Lice
nse
1.0
(Wat
com
-1.0
)69
.U
nive
rsity
of I
llino
is/N
CSA
Ope
n So
urce
Lic
ense
(NCS
A)
70.
Uni
vers
al P
erm
issi
ve L
icen
se (U
PL)
71.
Vovi
daSo
ftw
are
Lice
nse
v. 1
.0
72.
W3C
Lic
ense
(W3C
)73
.w
xWin
dow
sLi
brar
y Li
cens
e (W
Xwin
dow
s)74
.X.
Net
Lice
nse
(Xne
t)75
.Ze
ro C
laus
e BS
D L
icen
se76
.Zo
pePu
blic
Lic
ense
2.0
(ZPL
-2.0
)77
.zl
ib/l
ibpn
glic
ense
(Zlib
)
2-330
© Practising Law Institute
10 M
ost
Com
mon
Ope
n So
urce
Lic
ense
s
Note
: The
table
above
lis
ts t
he
top lic
ense
s th
at a
re u
sed in o
pen
sourc
e pro
ject
s ra
nke
d b
y num
ber
of
pro
ject
s usi
ng t
he
licen
se,
acco
rdin
g t
o t
he
Bla
ck D
uck
Soft
war
e Know
ledgeB
ase.
This
dat
a w
as p
ulle
d o
n
Oct
ob
er
20
, 2
01
6.
1.M
IT L
icen
se28
%
2.G
NU
Gen
eral
Pub
lic L
icen
se (G
PL)
2.0
20
%3.
Apa
che
Lice
nse
2.0
16%
4.G
NU
Gen
eral
Pub
lic L
icen
se (G
PL)
3.0
8%
5.B
SD
Lic
ense
2.0
(3-c
laus
e, N
ew o
r Rev
ised
) Lic
ense
6%
6.A
rtist
ic L
icen
se (P
erl)
4%
7.G
NU
Les
ser G
ener
al P
ublic
Lic
ense
(LG
PL)
2.1
4%
8.IS
C L
icen
se4%
9.G
NU
Les
ser G
ener
al P
ublic
Lic
ense
(LG
PL)
3.0
2%
10.
Mic
roso
ft P
ublic
Lic
ense
2%
2-331
© Practising Law Institute
An
over
sim
plifi
ed s
umm
ary:
FOSS
Lic
ense
s (G
PL2,
GPL
3, A
ffer
oG
PL, L
GPL
) are
goi
ng
to r
equi
re y
ou to
mak
e th
e so
urce
cod
e av
aila
ble
unde
r th
e sa
me
licen
sefo
r the
ope
n so
urce
pro
gram
and
for
any
wor
k yo
u di
stri
bute
whi
ch is
bas
ed o
n th
e pr
ogra
m.
Man
y ot
her O
pen
Sour
ce li
cens
es (M
ozill
a, C
PL) a
re
goin
g to
requ
ire
you
to m
ake
avai
labl
e m
odifi
catio
ns y
ou
mak
e to
the
open
sou
rce
prog
ram
, but
not
wor
ks w
hich
in
terf
ace
with
it.
A fe
w o
pen
sour
ce li
cens
es (A
pach
e, B
SD) a
re g
oing
to
let y
ou d
o pr
etty
muc
h w
hate
ver y
ou w
ant w
ith th
e co
de
as lo
ng a
s yo
u gi
ve a
ppro
pria
te c
redi
t and
dis
clai
m a
ll w
arra
ntie
s an
d lia
bilit
y (t
here
is n
o su
ch th
ing
as a
free
lu
nch)
.
2-332
© Practising Law Institute
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
: GPL
v2
“[T]
he in
tent
is to
exe
rcis
e th
e ri
ght t
o co
ntro
l the
di
stri
butio
n of
der
ivat
ive
or c
olle
ctiv
ew
orks
bas
ed o
n th
e Pr
ogra
m.”
“You
mus
t cau
se a
ny w
ork
that
you
dis
trib
ute
or
publ
ish,
that
in w
hole
or i
n pa
rt c
onta
ins
or is
de
rive
dfr
om th
e Pr
ogra
m o
r an
y pa
rt th
ereo
f, to
be
licen
sed
as a
who
le a
t no
cha
rge
to a
ll th
ird
part
ies
unde
r th
e te
rms
of th
is L
icen
se.”
http
://w
ww.
gnu.
org/
licen
ses/
gpl.h
tml
2-333
© Practising Law Institute
Enf
orce
d S
harin
g: L
GP
L
5.A
pro
gram
that
con
tain
s no
der
ivat
ive
of a
ny p
ortio
n of
the
Libr
ary,
but
is d
esig
ned
to w
ork
with
the
Libr
ary
by b
eing
co
mpi
led
or li
nked
with
it, i
s ca
lled
a "w
ork
that
use
s th
e Li
brar
y". S
uch
a w
ork,
in is
olat
ion,
is n
ot a
der
ivat
ive
wor
k of
th
e Li
brar
y, a
nd th
eref
ore
falls
out
side
the
scop
e of
this
Lic
ense
.
How
ever
, lin
king
a "
wor
k th
at u
ses
the
Libr
ary"
wit
h th
e Li
brar
y cr
eate
s an
exe
cuta
ble
that
is a
der
ivat
ive
of th
e Li
brar
y (b
ecau
se it
con
tain
s po
rtio
ns o
f the
Lib
rary
), ra
ther
than
a
"wor
k th
at u
ses
the
libra
ry".
The
exe
cuta
ble
is th
eref
ore
cove
red
by th
is L
icen
se. S
ecti
on 6
sta
tes
term
s fo
r di
stri
buti
on
of s
uch
exec
utab
les.
http
://w
ww
.gnu
.org
/lice
nses
/lgpl
.htm
l
2-334
© Practising Law Institute
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
: LG
PL
http
://w
ww
.gnu
.org
/lice
nses
/lgpl
.htm
l
6.A
s an
exc
eptio
n to
the
Sect
ions
abo
ve, y
ou m
ay a
lso
com
bine
or l
ink
a "w
ork
that
us
es th
e Li
brar
y" w
ith th
e Li
brar
y to
pro
duce
a w
ork
cont
aini
ng p
ortio
ns o
f the
Li
brar
y, a
nd d
istr
ibut
e th
at w
ork
unde
r ter
ms
of y
our c
hoic
e, p
rovi
ded
that
the
te
rms
perm
it m
odifi
cati
on o
f the
wor
k fo
r th
e cu
stom
er's
ow
n us
e an
d re
vers
e en
gine
erin
g fo
r de
bugg
ing
such
mod
ifica
tion
s.
You
mus
t giv
e pr
omin
ent n
otic
e w
ith e
ach
copy
of t
he w
ork
that
the
Libr
ary
is u
sed
in it
and
that
the
Libr
ary
and
its u
se a
re c
over
ed b
y th
is L
icen
se. Y
ou m
ust s
uppl
y a
copy
of t
his
Lice
nse.
If th
e w
ork
durin
g ex
ecut
ion
disp
lays
cop
yrig
ht n
otic
es, y
ou
mus
t inc
lude
the
copy
right
not
ice
for t
he L
ibra
ry a
mon
g th
em, a
s w
ell a
s a
refe
renc
e di
rect
ing
the
user
to th
e co
py o
f thi
s Li
cens
e. A
lso,
you
mus
t do
one
of
thes
e th
ings
:
a)A
ccom
pany
the
wor
k w
ith th
e co
mpl
ete
corr
espo
ndin
g m
achi
ne-r
eada
ble
sour
ce
code
for t
he L
ibra
ry in
clud
ing
wha
teve
r cha
nges
wer
e us
ed in
the
wor
k …
b)U
se a
sui
tabl
e sh
ared
libr
ary
mec
hani
sm fo
r lin
king
with
the
Libr
ary.
…
c)A
ccom
pany
the
wor
k w
ith a
writ
ten
offe
r, va
lid fo
r at l
east
thre
e ye
ars,
to g
ive
the
sam
e us
er th
e m
ater
ials
spe
cifie
d in
Sub
sect
ion
6a, a
bove
, for
a c
harg
e no
mor
e th
an th
e co
st o
f per
form
ing
this
dis
trib
utio
n. …
2-335
© Practising Law Institute
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
: GPL
v3
You
may
con
vey
a co
vere
d w
ork
in o
bjec
t cod
e fo
rm u
nder
the
term
s of
se
ctio
ns 4
and
5, p
rovi
ded
that
you
als
o co
nvey
the
mac
hine
-rea
dabl
e Co
rres
pond
ing
Sour
ce u
nder
the
term
s of
this
Lic
ense
…
A “
cove
red
wor
k” m
eans
eith
er th
e un
mod
ified
Pro
gram
or a
wor
k ba
sed
on th
e Pr
ogra
m.
To “
prop
agat
e” a
wor
k m
eans
to d
o an
ythi
ng w
ith it
that
, with
out
perm
issi
on, w
ould
mak
e yo
u di
rect
ly o
r sec
onda
rily
liabl
e fo
r inf
ringe
men
t un
der a
pplic
able
cop
yrig
ht la
w, e
xcep
t exe
cutin
g it
on a
com
pute
r or
mod
ifyin
g a
priv
ate
copy
. Pro
paga
tion
incl
udes
cop
ying
, dis
trib
utio
n (w
ith
or w
ithou
t mod
ifica
tion)
, mak
ing
avai
labl
e to
the
publ
ic, a
nd in
som
e co
untr
ies
othe
r act
iviti
es a
s w
ell.
To “
conv
ey”
a w
ork
mea
ns a
ny k
ind
of p
ropa
gatio
n th
at e
nabl
es o
ther
pa
rtie
s to
mak
e or
rece
ive
copi
es. M
ere
inte
ract
ion
with
a u
ser t
hrou
gh a
co
mpu
ter n
etw
ork,
with
no
tran
sfer
of a
cop
y, is
not
con
veyi
ng.
2-336
© Practising Law Institute
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
: Wha
t is
a D
eriv
ativ
e W
ork?
The
Copy
righ
t Act
doe
sn’t
rea
lly h
elp
for
Soft
war
e:
§10
1,
A “
deri
vativ
e w
ork”
is a
wor
k ba
sed
upon
one
or
mor
e pr
eexi
stin
g w
orks
, suc
h as
a tr
ansl
atio
n, m
usic
al a
rran
gem
ent,
dr
amat
izat
ion,
fict
iona
lizat
ion,
mot
ion
pict
ure
vers
ion,
sou
nd
reco
rdin
g, a
rt r
epro
duct
ion,
abr
idgm
ent,
con
dens
atio
n, o
r an
y ot
her
form
in w
hich
a w
ork
may
be
reca
st, t
rans
form
ed, o
r ad
apte
d.
A w
ork
cons
istin
g of
edi
tori
al r
evis
ions
, ann
otat
ions
, ela
bora
tions
, or
oth
er m
odifi
catio
ns w
hich
, as
a w
hole
, rep
rese
nt a
n or
igin
al w
ork
of a
utho
rshi
p, is
a “
deri
vativ
e w
ork.
”
§10
2(b)
, In
no
case
doe
s co
pyri
ght p
rote
ctio
n fo
r an
ori
gina
l wor
k of
aut
hors
hip
exte
nd to
any
idea
, pro
cedu
re, p
roce
ss, s
yste
m,
met
hod
of o
pera
tion,
con
cept
, pri
ncip
le, o
r di
scov
ery,
reg
ardl
ess
of
the
form
in w
hich
it is
des
crib
ed, e
xpla
ined
, illu
stra
ted,
or
embo
died
in s
uch
wor
k.
2-337
© Practising Law Institute
Abs
trac
tion,
Filt
ratio
n, C
ompa
riso
n Te
st
–2nd
, 5th
, 10th
and
11th
Circ
uit,
Com
pute
r A
ssoc
iate
s In
tl., I
nc.
v. A
ltai,
Inc.
, 982
F.2
d 69
3 (2
nd C
ir. 1
992)
;
Abs
trac
t fr
om th
e or
igin
al p
rogr
am it
s co
nstit
uent
st
ruct
ural
par
ts.
Filte
r un
prot
ecte
d po
rtio
ns (i
ncor
pora
ted
idea
s,
expr
essi
on n
eces
sary
to th
ose
idea
s, a
nd p
ublic
dom
ain
elem
ents
).
Com
pare
any
and
all
rem
aini
ng c
reat
ive
expr
essi
on w
ith
stru
ctur
e of
2nd
prog
ram
to d
eter
min
e w
heth
er
deri
vativ
e.
–1st
Circ
uit h
as a
mod
ified
ver
sion
that
app
lies
the
test
onl
y af
ter
filte
ring
out
§10
2(b)
unp
rote
cted
ele
men
ts –
part
icul
arly
met
hods
of o
pera
tion
or c
ontr
ol.
(Lot
us
Dev
elop
men
t Cor
p. v
. Bor
land
Int’
l., In
c., 4
9 F.
3d 8
07 (1
st C
ir.
1995
)).
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
: Wha
t is
a D
eriv
ativ
e W
ork?
2-338
© Practising Law Institute
Ana
lytic
Dis
sect
ion
Test
9th
Circ
uit h
as a
dopt
ed th
e an
alyt
ic d
isse
ctio
n te
st (A
pple
Co
mpu
ter,
Inc.
v. M
icro
soft
Cor
p., 3
5 F.
3d 1
435
(9th
Cir
. 199
4))
Are
ther
e su
bsta
ntia
l sim
ilari
ties
in b
oth
the
idea
s an
d ex
pres
sion
s of
the
wor
ks?
Are
the
sim
ilar
feat
ures
(if a
ny) p
rote
cted
by
copy
righ
t?
“Thi
n” p
rote
ctio
n is
giv
en to
non
-cop
yrig
htab
le fa
cts
or id
eas
that
ar
e pr
otec
tabl
e be
caus
e of
how
they
are
com
bine
d/pr
esen
ted.
“B
road
” pr
otec
tion
is g
iven
to c
opyr
ight
able
exp
ress
ion.
Dep
endi
ng o
n th
e de
gree
of p
rote
ctio
n, c
ourt
set
s st
anda
rd fo
r co
mpa
riso
n of
wor
ks a
s a
who
le to
det
erm
ine
if de
riva
tive.
“Th
in”
prot
ectio
n re
quir
es v
irtu
ally
iden
tical
; “br
oad”
pro
tect
ion
requ
ires
on
ly a
“su
bsta
ntia
l sim
ilari
ty.”
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
: Wha
t is
a D
eriv
ativ
e W
ork?
2-339
© Practising Law Institute
Ora
cle
v. G
oogl
e –
prot
ectio
n of
API
s
In 2
012,
Dis
tric
t Co
urt d
ecid
ed th
at th
e co
mm
and
stru
ctur
e an
d ta
xono
my
of th
e A
PIs
wer
e no
t pro
tect
able
und
er c
opyr
ight
law
.
On
May
9, 2
014,
the
Fede
ral C
ircu
it pa
rtia
lly r
ever
sed
the
dist
rict
co
urt r
ulin
g, r
ulin
g in
Ora
cle'
s fa
vor
on th
e co
pyri
ghta
bilit
yis
sue,
an
d re
man
ded
the
issu
e of
fair
use
to th
e di
stri
ct c
ourt
.
A p
etiti
on fo
r ce
rtio
rari
was
den
ied
by th
e U
nite
d St
ates
Su
prem
e Co
urt o
n Ju
ne 2
9, 2
015.
A s
econ
d tr
ial b
egan
on
May
9, 2
016
–O
racl
e re
ques
ted
8.8B
in
dam
ages
.
The
tria
l jur
y si
ded
in fa
vor
of G
oogl
e, r
ulin
g th
e ac
tion
to b
e fa
ir
use.
(May
29,
201
6).
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
: Wha
t is
a D
eriv
ativ
e W
ork?
2-340
© Practising Law Institute
> A
N O
VER
SIM
IPLI
FACT
ION
OF
A C
OM
PLEX
CA
SE
Goo
gle
wro
te it
s ow
n ve
rsio
n of
Java
for
And
roid
usi
ng th
e sa
me
“tax
onom
y of
all
the
nam
es o
f met
hods
, cla
sses
, int
erfa
ces,
and
pa
ckag
es”
as O
racl
e’s
Java
.
Que
stio
n as
to c
opyr
ight
abili
tyof
a ta
xono
my/
API
. Arg
umen
t tha
t thi
s el
emen
t of s
oftw
are
is p
urel
y fu
nctio
nal a
nd n
eces
sary
for
tech
nolo
gy
syst
ems
to s
peak
to o
ne a
noth
er.
Fede
ral C
ircu
it ov
erru
led
Dis
tric
t Cou
rt fi
ndin
g en
ough
cre
ativ
ity fo
r co
pyri
ght p
urpo
ses,
but
sen
t cas
e ba
ck fo
r re
tria
l on
the
ques
tion
of F
air
Use
.
Goo
gle
won
the
retr
ial r
ulin
g th
e ac
tion
to b
e fa
ir u
se.
Broa
d im
plic
atio
ns fo
r us
e op
en s
ourc
e. D
oes
inte
rope
rabi
lity
mak
e ev
eryt
hing
der
ivat
ive?
Enfo
rced
Sha
ring
: Wha
t is
a D
eriv
ativ
e W
ork?
2-341
© Practising Law Institute
Keys
to
Ope
n So
urce
The
key
to a
ny o
pen
sour
ce a
naly
sis
is th
e sa
me:
–Kn
ow a
nd u
nder
stan
d th
e fa
cts
–Re
ad th
e lic
ense
–Kn
ow th
e no
rms
of th
e co
mm
unity
from
whi
ch y
ou
are
taki
ng th
e so
urce
–Pl
ay n
ice
2-342
© Practising Law Institute
GPL
v3,
LG
PL v
3, A
GPL
Oth
er c
omm
erci
al c
once
rns:
–A
nti-D
RM
“No
cove
red
wor
k sh
all b
e de
emed
par
t of a
n ef
fect
ive
tech
nolo
gica
l mea
sure
und
er a
ny a
pplic
able
law
fulfi
lling
ob
ligat
ions
und
er a
rtic
le 1
1 of
the
WIP
O c
opyr
ight
trea
ty
adop
ted
on 2
0 D
ecem
ber
1996
, or
sim
ilar l
aws
proh
ibiti
ng o
r re
stri
ctin
g ci
rcum
vent
ion
of s
uch
mea
sure
s. “
–A
nti-t
ivoi
zatio
nIf
you
conv
ey a
n ob
ject
cod
e w
ork
... in
, or
with
, or
spec
ifica
lly
for
use
in, a
Use
r Pr
oduc
t, a
nd th
e co
nvey
ing
occu
rs a
s pa
rt o
f a
tran
sact
ion
in w
hich
the
righ
t of p
osse
ssio
n an
d us
e of
the
Use
r Pr
oduc
t is
tran
sfer
red
to th
e re
cipi
ent i
n pe
rpet
uity
or
for
a fix
ed te
rm (r
egar
dles
s of
how
the
tran
sact
ion
is c
hara
cter
ized
), th
e Co
rres
pond
ing
Sour
ce ..
. mus
t be
acco
mpa
nied
by
the
Inst
alla
tion
Info
rmat
ion.
–Pa
tent
Lic
ense
Gra
nt /
Pate
nt N
on-A
sser
tion
as L
icen
se C
ondi
tion
–A
GPL
Com
patib
ility
2-343
© Practising Law Institute
Focu
s is
Com
plia
nce
Com
pani
es a
re a
dopt
ing
open
sou
rce
polic
ies
and
proc
esse
s:–
To a
llevi
ate
litig
atio
n co
ncer
ns–
As
an im
port
ant M
&A
Issu
e–
To c
ompl
y w
ith C
usto
mer
dili
genc
e–
Mor
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in o
pen
sour
ce
com
mun
ities
: wha
t are
you
r em
ploy
ees
cont
ribu
ting?
2-344
© Practising Law Institute
Elem
ents
for a
n O
pen
Sour
ce P
rogr
am?
Publ
ishe
d Po
licy
Ope
n So
urce
Pro
cess
Ow
ner
App
rova
l Pro
cess
esM
onito
ring
& T
rack
ing
Proc
ess
Obl
igat
ion
Veri
ficat
ion
Proc
ess
And
…
As
muc
h as
I’d
like
to s
ell y
ou m
y se
rvic
es, t
his
is
OPE
N S
OU
RCE,
so
chec
k ou
t ht
tp:/
/ww
w.li
nuxf
ound
atio
n.or
g/pr
ogra
ms/
lega
l/c
ompl
ianc
efo
r sa
mpl
e po
licie
s.
2-345
© Practising Law Institute
Be R
eady
to C
ompl
y w
ith th
e Le
tter
of
the
Requ
irem
ents
Free
Sof
twar
e Fo
unda
tion’
s co
mpl
ianc
e gu
ide
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tp:/
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ylef
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preh
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pl-
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epa2
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l
–M
onito
r Sof
twar
e A
cqui
sitio
ns –
igno
ranc
e is
not
an
exc
use.
–Tr
ack
you
chan
ges
and
rele
ases
–yo
u ne
ed to
be
able
to p
rovi
de th
e ex
act c
ode
that
is s
hipp
ing.
–D
on’t
hav
e a
“Bui
ld G
uru”
–us
ers
need
to b
e ab
le
to s
ucce
ssfu
lly b
uild
you
r co
de. Y
ou n
eed
to
prov
ide
the
scri
pts
and
othe
r m
ater
ials
that
are
ne
cess
ary
to b
uild
and
inst
all.
2-346
© Practising Law Institute
Com
mon
Mis
take
s
Lega
lese
: mak
e it
unde
rsta
ndab
le
Spec
ific
polic
y th
at ig
nore
s ot
her
issu
es
Polic
y to
o st
rict
so
VOA
: Vio
late
d on
A
rriv
al
Doe
s no
t allo
w fo
r ed
ge c
ases
Doe
s no
t pro
vide
for
mod
ifica
tion
to
mee
t cha
nges
in b
usin
ess
mod
el/p
rodu
cts
2-347
© Practising Law Institute
Sum
mar
y
Trea
t the
man
agem
ent o
f ope
n so
urce
so
ftw
are
as a
n in
tegr
ated
, cro
ss-f
unct
iona
l bu
sine
sspr
oces
s
Esta
blis
h po
licie
s, d
efin
e th
e pr
oces
s an
d pr
oces
s ow
ners
Phas
e th
e de
ploy
men
t to
yiel
d ne
ar-t
erm
re
sults
Tech
nolo
gy p
latf
orm
s ca
n au
tom
ate
the
proc
ess,
enh
ance
cro
ss-f
unct
iona
l co
llabo
ratio
n an
d en
sure
val
idat
ion
2-348
© Practising Law Institute
Que
stio
ns?
2-349
© Practising Law Institute
NOTES
2-350