AdvancedGoogleScholar

DanielMRussellJanuary,2017lGoogle,MountainView,CA

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Scholar:Normaluse}  What’sinScholar?

}  asimplewaytobroadlysearchthroughscholarlyliterature.Fromoneplace,youcansearchacrossmanydisciplinesandsources:arHcles,theses,books,abstractsandcourtopinions,fromacademicpublishers,professionalsocieHes,onlinerepositories,universiHesandotherwebsites.

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}  v

Quickstart…FindingScholar}  D’oh[GoogleScholar]

}  Or…Scholar.Google.com

*Tryitout….Whatdoyouwanttosearchfor?

}  SearchforyourfavoritescholarlyarHcle:}  suggesHon:[ecologyofYosemite]

}  Andnow…canyoufindthefull-textofthatarHcle?

}  Exploreabit:

}  Note:WhatdoScholarhitslooklike?}  Note:CanyoufindatopicthathasNOScholarlyliterature?

} 

WhatisGoogleScholar?}  Indexesthescholarlyliterature}  searchacrossmanydisciplines}  searchforarHcles,theses,books,abstracts,courtopinionsfrom:}  Academicpublishers,professionalsocieHes,onlinerepositories,universiHesandotherwebsites

}  SomearHclesarelinkedtolibraryresourcesifyouworkoncampus(andhavealinkresolver)

Coverage}  WeindexresearcharHclesandabstractsfrommostmajoracademicpublishersandrepositoriesworldwide,

includingbothfreeandsubscripHonsources.TocheckcurrentcoverageofaspecificsourceinGoogleScholar,searchforasampleoftheirarHcleHtlesinquotes.

}  Whilewetrytobecomprehensive,itisn'tpossibletoguaranteeuninterruptedcoverageofanyparHcularsource.WeindexarHclesfromsourcesalloverthewebandlinktothesewebsitesinoursearchresults.Ifoneofthesewebsitesbecomesunavailabletooursearchrobotsortoalargenumberofwebusers,wehavetoremoveitfromGoogleScholarunHlitbecomesavailableagain.

}  That'susuallybecauseweindexmanyofthesepapersfromotherwebsites,suchasthewebsitesoftheirprimarypublishers.The"site:"operatorcurrentlyonlysearchestheprimaryversionofeachpaper.

}  Thatsaid,thebestwaytocheckcoverageofaspecificsourceistosearchforasampleoftheirpapersusingtheHtleofthepaper.

}  Weindexpapers,notjournals.ScholaralsocoversuniversiHes,researchgroups,proteins,seminalbreakthroughs,andotherdimensionsthatareofinteresttousers.AllsuchquesHonsarebestansweredbysearchingforastaHsHcalsampleofpapersthathasthepropertyofinterest-journal,author,protein,etc.Manycoveragecomparisonsareavailableifyousearchfor[allinHtle:"googlescholar"],butsomeofthemaremorestaHsHcallyvalidthanothers.

Howtogettoadvancedsearch…

SearchinsideofScholar…}  NoparHalstringmatch

}  “consequence”works,butdoesn’tmatchto“consequences”or“consequen*”

}  WHATTHISMEANS:Makesureyourspellingiscorrectifyouquote!

}  Spell-correcHononfull-alert

SearchinsideofScholar…}  WhenlookingforaHtle,putthepaperHtleinquotes:

}  “SurfacecirculaHonintheSouthChinaSea”

Scholaroperators:author:intitle:}  author:”dknuth”orauthor:”DonaldEKnuth”

}  inHtle:decline

Usingsite:operator

Otheroperators

}  Minus(toexcludeterms)

}  OR(togiveexactsynonyms)

SortingTips:Datevs.Relevance

}  You'llodengetbeeerresultsifyousearchonlyrecentarHcles,butsHllsortthembyrelevance,notbydate.E.g.,click"Since2013"intheledsidebarofthesearchresultspage.

}  ToseetheabsolutelynewestarHclesfirst,click"Sortbydate"inthesidebar.

Waystobrowse….1.UseScholarAlerts2.Checkthebellwhenit’sred3.Lookatrelated

Findingrecentpapers}  Yoursearchresultsarenormallysortedbyrelevance,notbydate.TofindnewerarHcles,trythefollowingopHonsintheledsidebar:

}  click"SinceYear"toshowonlyrecentlypublishedpapers,sortedbyrelevance;

}  click"Sortbydate"toshowjustthenewaddiHons,sortedbydate;

}  clicktheenvelopeicontohavenewresultsperiodicallydeliveredbyemail.

Locatingthefull-textofanarticle}  AbstractsarefreelyavailableformostofthearHcles.ReadingtheenHrearHclemayrequireasubscripHon.OpHons:}  clickalinklabeled[PDF]totherightofthesearchresult}  click"Allversions"underthesearchresultandcheckoutthe

alternaHvesources;}  click"RelatedarHcles"or"Citedby"underthesearchresultto

exploresimilararHcles.}  Ifyou'reaffiliatedwithauniversity,butdon'tseelinkssuchas

"FindIt@Harvard",pleasecheckwithyourlocallibraryaboutthebestwaytoaccesstheironlinesubscripHons.Youmayneedtodosearchfromacomputeroncampus,ortoconfigureyourbrowsertousealibraryproxy.

Gettingbetteranswers:1}  Ifyou'renewtothesubject,itmaybehelpfultopickuptheterminology

fromsecondarysources.E.g.,aWikipediaarHclefor"overweight"mightsuggestaScholarsearchfor"pediatrichyperalimentaHon".

}  Ifthesearchresultsaretoospecificforyourneeds,checkoutwhatthey'reciHngintheir"References"secHons.Referencedworksareodenmoregeneralinnature.

}  Similarly,ifthesearchresultsaretoobasicforyou,click"Citedby"toseenewerpapersthatreferencedthem.Thesenewerpaperswillodenbemorespecific.

}  Explore!There'srarelyasingleanswertoaresearchquesHon.Click"RelatedarHcles"or"Citedby"toseecloselyrelatedwork,orsearchforauthor'snameandseewhatelsetheyhavewrieen.

Don’tforgetthesuggestions!}  Attheboeomofthepage

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✺Challenge:FindascholarlypaperaboutYellowFever…..

}  Find…apaperfrom1823aboutYellowFever…

}  LearnsomethingabouthowYellowFeverinvadedBrooklynHeights,NYduringthelastgreatyellowfeverinvasion.

}  WhatwasthemostinfectedpartofBrooklynHeights?

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Scholar

Scholar now contains legal opinions as well

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Changetypehere

Legalcoverage}  Whichcourtopinionsdoyouinclude?

}  Currently,GoogleScholarallowsyoutosearchandreadpublishedopinionsofUSstateappellateandsupremecourtcasessince1950,USfederaldistrict,appellate,taxandbankruptcycourtssince1923andUSSupremeCourtcasessince1791.InaddiHon,itincludescitaHonsforcasescitedbyindexedopinionsorjournalarHcleswhichallowsyoutofindinfluenHalcases(usuallyolderorinternaHonal)whicharenotyetonlineorpubliclyavailable.

}  LegalopinionsinGoogleScholarareprovidedforinformaHonalpurposesonlyandshouldnotbereliedonasasubsHtuteforlegaladvicefromalicensedlawyer.GoogledoesnotwarrantthattheinformaHoniscompleteoraccurate.

Classic case law }  f

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Select courts you want to search }  f

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✺Challenge…}  CanyoufindtheSupremeCourtdecisionwherecorporaHonsweregrantedpersonhood-likerights?

Currentdrawbacks}  Lackofaneasywaytolookforimportantlegalissuesinacase(KeycitefromWestLaw)

}  specificissuesandauthoriHeswhichserveasthebasisfortheruling,andindexestheminasummaryatthestartofthecase

}  NowaytoShepardizecases}  ShepardsCitaHonServiceisaLexistoolwhichenablesaresearchertoquicklydeterminewhetherornotacaseissHllgoodlaw.(manuallyrevieweachoftheresults)

}  Federalcaselawgoesback80years

}  Statecaselawgoesback50years28

Finding experts: Scholar is also a handy source of email addresses & expertise

}  f

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Scholarlinkstolibrary:WorldCat}  ForlibrariesthathavetheirholdingslistedinOCLC'sOpenWorldCat,wehavealinkforeachGoogleScholarbookresultthatleadstotheOpenWorldCatdatabasewhereuserscanfindthebookinalocallibrary.

}  Howdoesitwork?AllusersofGoogleScholarwillseea'LibrarySearch'linkforbookresults.ClickingonthislinkwilldirectthemtotheWorldCatsystemwhichwillallowthemtofindalistofnearbylibrariesthathavethedesiredbook.

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Linkresolvers}  TheopHontoincludealinkfortheirpatronstotheirresourcesasapartoftheGoogleScholarsearchresults.

}  Howdoesitwork?On-campususersatparHcipaHngschoolsseeaddiHonallinksinGoogleScholarsearchresultswhichgiveaccesstotheirlibrary'sresources.Theselinksleadtothelibrary'sserverswhich,inturn,directthemtothefull-textofthearHcle.

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SearchinginScholar}  Example:[coralbleaching]

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Limitbysite:}  f

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Scholartricks&features

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AdvancedScholarSearch}  Havetodoasearchfirst…

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}  f

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Authorsearch}  AuthorsearchisoneofthemosteffecHvewaystofindaspecificpaper.Ifyouknowwhowrotethepaper

you'relookingfor,youcansimplyaddtheirlastnametoyoursearchterms.

Forexample:Thesearch[friedmanregression]returnspapersonthesubjectofregressionwrieenbypeoplenamedFriedman.Ifyouwanttosearchonanauthor'sfullname,orlastnameandiniHals,enterthenameinquotes:["jhfriedman"].Whenawordisbothaperson'snameandacommonnoun,youmightwanttousethe"author:"operator.Thisoperatoronlyaffectsthesearchtermthatimmediatelyfollowsit,andtheremustbenospacebetween"author:"andyoursearchterm.

Forexample:[author:flowers]returnspaperswrieenbypeoplewiththenameFlowers,whereas[flowers-author:flowers]returnspapersaboutflowers,andignorespaperswrieenbypeoplewiththenameFlowers(aminusinfrontofasearchtermexcludesresultsthatcontainthissearchterm).

Youmayusetheoperatorwithanauthor'sfullnameinquotestofurtherrefineyoursearch.TrytouseiniHalsratherthanfullfirstnames,becausesomesourcesindexedinGoogleScholaronlyprovidetheiniHals.

Forexample:TofindpapersbyDonaldE.Knuth,youcouldtry[author:"dknuth"],[author:"deknuth"],or[author:"donaldeknuth"].

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Publicationrestrict(ThisopHonisonlyavailableontheAdvancedScholarSearchpage.)ApublicaHon-restrictedsearchonlyreturnsresultswithspecificwordsfromaspecificpublicaHon.

Forexample:IfyouwanttosearchtheJournalofFinanceforarHclesaboutmutualfunds,youmightstartlikethis:

Keepinmind,however,thatpublicaHon-restrictedsearchesmaybeincomplete.GoogleScholargathersbibliographicaldatafrommanysources,includingautomaHcallyextracHngitfromtextandcitaHons.ThisinformaHonmaybeincompleteorevenincorrect;manypreprints,forinstance,don'tsaywhere(orevenwhether)thearHclewasulHmatelypublished.

Ingeneral,publicaHon-restrictedsearchesareeffecHveifyou'recertainofwhatyou'relookingfor,butthey‘reodennarrowerthanyoumightexpect.

Forinstance:YoumightfindthatasearchacrossallpublicaHonsfor[mutualfunds]givesmoreusefulresultsthanamorespecificsearchfor"funds"onlyintheJournalofFinance.

Finally,bearinmindthatonejournalcanbespelledseveralways(e.g.,JournalofBiologicalChemistryisodenabbreviatedasJBiolChem),soyoumayneedtotryseveralspellingsofagivenpublicaHoninordertogetcompletesearchresults.

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AdvancedsearchinScholar}  GoogleScholaralsosupportsmostoftheadvancedoperatorsinGooglewebsearch:

}  the"+"operatormakessureyourresultsincludecommonwords,leeersornumbersthatGoogle'ssearchtechnologygenerallyignores,asin[+deknuth]

}  the"-"operatorexcludesallresultsthatincludethissearchterm,asin[flowers-author:flowers]

}  phrasesearchonlyreturnsresultsthatincludethisexactphrase,asin["asyoulikeit"]

}  the"OR"operatorreturnsresultsthatincludeeitherofyoursearchterms,asin[stockcallORput]

}  the"inUtle:"operatorasin[inHtle:mars]onlyreturnsresultsthatincludeyoursearchterminthedocument'sHtle.

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Scholarpreferences

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AddingScholartoyourwebsite}  hep://scholar.google.com/scholar/searchbox/

}  AllowsGoogleScholarsearchesw/oleavingyouracademicwebsite

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Scholarnowcontainslegalopinionsaswell

}  fulltextoflegalopinionsissuedbystateandfederalcourts

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Changetypehere

Demo}  f

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Currentdrawbacks}  Lackofaneasywaytolookforimportantlegalissuesinacase(KeycitefromWestLaw)

}  specificissuesandauthoriHeswhichserveasthebasisfortheruling,andindexestheminasummaryatthestartofthecase

}  NowaytoShepardizecases}  ShepardsCitaHonServiceisaLexistoolwhichenablesaresearchertoquicklydeterminewhetherornotacaseissHllgoodlaw.(manuallyrevieweachoftheresults)

}  Federalcaselawgoesback80years

}  Statecaselawgoesback50years45

ScholarCitations}  scholar.google.com/citaHons

}  Example:hep://scholar.google.com/citaHons?user=3iDBE-MAAAAJ&hl=en

}  Example(Feynman):hep://scholar.google.com/citaHons?user=B7vSqZsAAAAJ&hl=en

}  MYCitaHons:hep://scholar.google.com/citaHons?hl=en&user=g6Tz2QwAAAAJ

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HowtogettoScholarProTile}  f

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}  f

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Patents.Google.com

}  USPTOandEU

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}  AdvSearchinPatents

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Demo}  [ininventor:brininassignee:google]

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Scholar:“Justscholarlypapers”…but…

}  ~1.8millionpapersin~28,000journals}  WhatfracHonofthosejournalsare“vampire”journals?}  WhatfracHonofthosearHclesareread?

Example:TheInternaHonalJournalofAdvancedComputerTechnology

hep://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/25/journal-accepts-paper-requesHng-removal-from-mailing-list

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