advance refrigeration ppt

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CRYOGENICS APPLICATION

PRESENTEDBY:-RAHULSHARMA

SUBMITTEDTO :-DR. DILIPSHARMA


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INTRODUCTION :

Cryogenics may be defined as the branch of physics which deals with the production of very low temperature

and their effect on matter. It may also be defined as thescience and technology of temperatures below 120K.The word cryo is derived from a Greek word kruos which means cold .


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Liquefaction of gases

1-2 : Isothermal Compression2-3 : Isentropic Expansion


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Cryogenic Rocket Engines :

Cryogenic rocket engines are one of theimportant applications in the field of cryogenics.The higher thrust levels required for a rocketengines are achieved when liquid oxygen andliquid hydrocarbons are used as fuel. But atatmospheric conditions, LOX and low molecularhydrocarbons are in gaseous state. Thereforethese are stored in liquid form by cooling themdown using cryogenics. Hence the name

Cryogenic Rocket Engines.


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Cryogenic Heat Treatment :

Cryogenic Heat Treatment This is a process of treatingmetals, plastics, ceramics at temperatures below 120K to their crystal structures and properties. This increasestheir wear resistance, and life of metals and plastics.They are used in the field of super conductors, cryomicrobiology, and space programs. Unlike otherprocesses here permanent coating is completely impartthrough the metal surface. The symbol used to representcryogenic heat treatment


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Cryogenic Liquid Helium Processing

While liquid nitrogen typically exists within the range of approximately 77.2 K (320F), liquid helium exists within the range

of approximately 5.2K (-450 F). By utilizing liquid helium as acryogen, we are able to reach much lower temperatures than most

other cryogenic laboratories or processors.

The purpose of some of our liquid helium processing has been tomeet dramatic thermal cycling requirements,relief of residual material stresses , failure testing analysis and

validation, material preconditioning
http://www.nitrofreeze.com/stress_relief.htmlhttp://www.nitrofreeze.com/stress_relief.html


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Cryogenics for Motorsports andRacing

Cryogenic Treatment of

Motorsports and Racing PartsNitrofreeze Cryogenic

Treatment is the ultimatecompetitive advantage for any raceror motorsports enthusiast. The

Nitrofreeze Cryogenic Treatment


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Cryogenic Distillation

Purification by distillation basedon

differen

InjectliquefiedAr/N2intocolumn

Wastegas(HeandN2)

Product

Lowerboilingpoint gaspreferentially moves upcolumn

Higherboiling pointliquidpreferentially movesdowncolumn

Packedcolumn

Temperature

gradient

5.5 cm

Column packingmaterial


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Cryogenic Service Applications

Valves are used with cryogens from productionthrough transportation and storage which serve many industries with gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, argonand more.At extremely low temperatures of cryogenicliquids, manycommon materials become brittle and cancrack. Many materials also shrink, causing potentially leaks at connections. Therefore,care must be taken when designing equipment and selecting materials to beused with cryogens. Moisture must not be allowed tocontaminate the valve as it will freeze and expandandcause leakage and abrasive damage to the equipment


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In alloy steels:- :

In this process the alloy steels are treated to convert theentire austenite into a martensite matrix such it changesthe molecular structure of the steel and forms anentirely new, more refined grain structure which partly relieves the thermal stresses. The number of countablecarbides increase from 30,000 to 80,000 per squaremillimeter which forms a super hard surface on themetal. After deep cryogenic heat treatment


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Advantages of Cryogenic Processing :

Advantages of Cryogenic Processing The followingproperties are attained to the materials treated:-

Increases wear resistance Increases corrosion resistanceGood dimensionality High strength Good quality Costreduction in the material manufactured Lower stresscorrosion Cryogenic heat treatment helps to reduce the

stored stress in the metal by creating a unified bond between the crystals.


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Cryogenic fuels :

Cryogenics has made possible the commercialtransportation of liquefied natural gas. Withoutcryogenics, nuclear research would lack liquid hydrogenand helium for use in particle detectors and for thepowerful electromagnets needed in large particleaccelerators. Such magnets are also being used innuclear fusion research.


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CRYOGENIC COOLING

Cryogenic cooling is often used in spacetelescopes that observe objects in infrared and

microwave wavelengths. More efficient andcompact cryocoolers allow cryogenictemperatures to be used in an increasing variety of military, medical, scientific, civilian, andcommercial applications, including infraredsensors, superconducting electronics, andmagnetic levitation trains.


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BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION

Cryogenics is used in artificial insemination tostore semens and embryos. One such use in biofield is Cryosurgery. Cryosurgery sometimes is

referred to as cryotherapy or cryoablation. It is asurgical technique in which freezing is used todestroy undesirable tissues. Liquid nitrogen, which boils at -196C, is the most effective

cryogen for clinical use. Temperatures of -25C to-50C can be achieved within 30 seconds if asufficient amount of liquid nitrogen is applied by spray or probe. Cryogenics in biology


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Other uses of cryogenics :

IN SPORTS:- Cryogenics are also used to treat many types of sports equipment, the most common being golf clubs. Because cryogenics increases the moleculardensity of treated materials, it improves the distributionof energy (in this case kinetic energy) through theobject. The treatment also increases the rigidity of themetal, which in this case might affect the shaft of thegolf club. Combined, the increases in kinetic energy distribution and rigidity of the shaft make for a longerand straighter drive.


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Future of Cryogenics :

Future of Cryogenics Cryogenic rocket engine which will beused by NASA for its next manned moon mission


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CONCLUSION :

From this presentation it can be concluded ascryogenics can be applied to almost everywhere in every field. It finds its application in military, tooling industry,agricultural industry, aerospace, medical, recycling,household, automobile industry, cryogenics is found toimprove the grain structure of everything treated be itmetal or plastic or coils or engines or musicalinstruments or fiber. This field could be put to many other applications in various fields. Its reaches in thementioned industries hold a good chance of extension.Hence Cryogenics proves to be very promising for thefuture in this world of materials.


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THANK

YOU

advance refrigeration ppt

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