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B\ôm Yálé .......................................................... 1

HZôm Yálé ...........................................................19

GhPôm Yálé .........................................................71

JuTRôm Yálé ................................................... 126

TjRôm Yálé ....................................................... 198

T¾ù]ôWôm Yálé ...............................................232

TuÉùWiPôm Yálé ........................................242

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Arivukkadal Pathippagam 9842649140

1

Mwhk; tFg;G

nra;As; - tho;j;JjpUtUl;gh

1. “fz ;z py ; fye ;j hd ;fUj;jpy; fye;jhd;” vd;Dk;tho;j;Jg; ghliy vOjpatHahH?,uhkypq;f mbfshH

2. jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhH vd;Dk;rpwg;Gg; ngaH ngw;wtH ahH?,uhkypq;f mbfshH

3. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:-CH flY}H khtl;lk; kUJ}u;ngw;NwhH ,uhikah> rpd;dk;ikahH.E}y ; [ PtfhUz;a xOf;fk ; >kDKiw fz;lthrfk;> ghly;jpUtUl;gh

4. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH grpj;JaHNghf;fp kf;fSf;F cztspf;fve;jr; rhiyia mikj;jhH?mwr;rhiyia

5. mwpTnewp tpsq;f ,uhkypq;fmbfshH epWtpa rig vJ?Qhdrig

6. fhyk; 5.10.1823 Kjy; 30.1.1874tiujpUf;Fws; md;Gilik

7. jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH?jpUts;StH

8. jpUts;Stu; tho;e;j fhyk;?fp.K. 31 vd;W $WtH

9. jpUts;Stupd; NtW rpy ngaHfs;ahit?nre;ehg;NghjhH> nja;tg;GytH>ehadhH

10. jpUf;Fws; vj;jid tifahfg;gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ? mit ahit?%d;W gpupTfs;. mit1. mwj;Jg;ghy;2. nghUl;ghy;3. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;

11. jpUf;Fwspy; xt;NthH mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; 10 Fwl;ghf;fs; tPjk;vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fs; cs;sd?1330

12. jpUf;Fwspy; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fs;cs;sd?133

13. jpUf;Fws; ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F14. jpUf;Fwspd; NtW rpy ngaHfs;

ahit?Kg;ghy;> nghJkiw> jkpo;kiw

15. cyf kf;fshy; jpUf ;Fws;vt;thW Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ?cyfg; nghJkiwjpUts;StH Mz;L fzf;fpLk;Kiw fpwpj;J Mz;L (fp.gp.) +31= jpUts ;StH Mz;L(vLj;Jf;fhl;L) 2010 + 31(fp.gp.2010 = jpUts;StH Mz;L2041 vd;W $WNthk;

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2

16. nrhw;nghUs;1. MHtyH - md;GilatH2. Gd;fzPH - Jd;gk; fz;L ngUFk;

fz;zPH3. g+ry;jUk; - ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;4. vd;G - vYk;G (,q;F cly;>nghUs;>

Mtpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ)5. <Dk; - jUk;6. MHtk; - tpUg;gk;7. tpUg;gk; vd;gjpd; nghUs; ahJ?

ntWg;ig ePf ;fp tpUg;gj;ijcz;lhf;Fk; vd;gJ nghUs;

8. ez;G - el;G9. itafk; - cyfk;10. vd;g - vd;ghHfs;11. kwk; - tPuk;12. vd;gpyJ - vYk;gpy;yhjJ (GO)13. md;gpyJ - md;gpy;yhj capHfs;14. md;G + mfj;J + ,y;yh - md;G

cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj15. td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; + fz; -

ghiyepyj;jpy;16. jspHj;jw;W - jspHj;jJ Nghy17. tw;wy;kuk; - thba kuk;18. Gwj;JWg;G - cly; cWg;Gfs;19. vtd; nra;Ak; - vd;d gad;?20. mfj;JWg;G - kdj;jpd; cWg;G

ciueiljkpo;j;jhj;jh c.Nt.rh

17. jk po ;j ;jhj ;jh vd ;W ahiumiof;fpd;Nwhk;?c.Nt.rh

18. c.Nt.rhkpehjH Xiyr; Rtbiave;j Cupy; vLj;jhH?<NuhL khtl ;lj ;j py ; cs;snfhLKb

19. goq;fhyj;jpy; gidXiyapy; vijitj;J vOJthHfs;?vOj;jhzp

20. goq;fhyj;jpy; nra;As;>,yf;fzk;ve;jr; Rtbapy; vOjg;gl;ld?Xiyr;Rtbapy;

21. Xiyr;Rtb vOj;Jf;fspy; vJ,Uf;fhJ?Gs;sp> xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk;G NtWghL ,Uf;fhJ

22. vOj ;jhzp nfhz;L vOJk;Xiyf;F vd;d ngaH?Xiyr;Rtb

23. ekf;fhfj; jhspy; vOjp> mr;rpl;Lg;Gj;jfj;ij toq;fpatH ahH?c.Nt.rhkpehja;aH

24. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;Dk; Rtbapy; vj;jidtifahd g+f;fspd; ngaHfs; ,Ue;jd?njhz;Z}w;W xd;gJ

25. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;Dk; E}ypd;MrpupaH.fgpyH

26. Xiyr;Rtbfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; rpy,lq;fs; ahit?1. fPo;j;jpirf; Rtbfs; E}yfk;>nrd;id2. muR Mtzf; fhg;gfk;> nrd;id3. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;>nrd;id4. ruRtjp kfhy;> jQ;rht+H

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3

27. c.Nt.rhkpehja;aH ve;j Cupy;gpwe;jhH?

jpUth&H khtl;lj;jpy; cs;scj;jkjhdGuk;

28. c.Nt.rhkpehja;aupd; ,aw;ngaHvd;d?Ntq;fluj;jpdk;

29. c.Nt.rh.tpd; MrpupaH ngaH ? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;

gps;is30. MrpupaH c.Nt.rhkpehja;aUf;F

itj;j ngaH vJ?rhkpehjd;

31. c .Nt .r h t p u pj ;Jf ; $Wf?cj;jkjhdGuk; Ntq;fl Rg;igaHkfdhd rhkpehjd;.

32. c.Nt.rh.ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH.19.2.1855

33. c.Nt.rh ve;j Mz;L ,aw;ifva;jpdhH?28.4.1942

34. jkpo;j;jhj;jhtpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpd;E}ypd; ngaH ahJ?vd;rupjk;

35. c.Nt.rh tho;f;if tuyhw;iw ve;j,jopy; njhluhf vOjpdhH?Mde;j tpfld;c.Nt.rh. gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs;1. vl;Lj;njhif 82. gj;Jg;ghl;L 103. rPtfrpe;jhkzp 14. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 15. kzpNkfiy 1

6. Guhzq;fs; 127. cyh 98. Nfhit 69. J}J 610. ntz;gh E}y;fs; 1311. me;jhjp 312. guzp 213. Kk;kzpf;Nfhit 214. ,ul;il kzpkhiy 215. ,jugpuge;jq;fs; 4

36. c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; ve;jMz;L epWtg;gl;lJ?1942

37. c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; ve;j efupy;njhlHe;J nray;gl;L tUfpwJ?nrd;idapy; cs;s ngrd;l;efH

38. c.Nt.rh. mtHfspd; jkpo;g ;gzpfisg; ghuhl;ba ntspehl;LmwpQHfs; ahH?[p.A.Nghg;> #ypa]; tpd;Nrhd;

39. eLtz; muR>c.Nt.rh.mtHfspd;jkpo;j;njhz;bidg; ngUikg;gLj;Jk;tifapy; ______ Mk; Mz;LmQ;ry; jiy ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;Jcs;sJ.2006 Mk; Mz;L

Jizg;ghlk;filrptiu ek;gpf;if

40. [g;ghdpy; ve;j ve;j ,uz;L,lq;fspy; mnkupf;fh Fz;LtPrpaJ?1. `pNuhrpkh 2. ehfrhfp

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4

41. rlNfh ve;j ehl;Lr; rpWkp?[g;ghd;

42. [g;ghdpaH tzq;Fk; gwit vJ?nfhf;F

43. mutpe;j Fg;jh vOjpa E}y;.nld; ypl;by; gpq;fH];fhfpjj;jpy; cUtq;fs; nra;Ak;fiyia [g;ghdpaH xupfhkpvd;W $WtH

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk;44. ,yf;fzk; vjw;Fj; Njitg;

gLfpwJ?ehk; NgRk; nkhopia> vOJk;nkhopiar; rupahfg; Gupe ;Jnfhs;tjw;F

45. jkpopd; Kjy; vOj;J vJ?m

46. ‘m’ vd;Dk; vOj;J vjidf;Fwpf;Fk;?kdpjd;

47. ‘q;’ vd;w vOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy;tUk; ,d vOj;J vJ?f

48. kQ;rs;> mQ;rhNj vd;Dk; ,t;tpuz;Lnrhw;fspy; vit el;G vOj;Jf;fs;?Q; r

49. ‘e;’ kw;Wk; ‘d;’ ,t;tpuz;Lk; vd;dvOj;Jfs;?nka;

50. ‘r; ’ vd;gJ nka;naOj;J ‘v ’vd;gJ capnuOj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk;NrUk; NghJ khWtJ?

Fwpy;51. ‘r; ’ vd;gJ nka;naOj;J ‘V ’

vd;gJ capnuOj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk;NrUk; NghJ khWtJ?neby;

52. gpupj;J mwpjy;1.jkf;FupaH - jkf;F + cupaH2. md;gPDk; - md;G + <Dk;3. epoyUik - epoy; + mUik

53. c.Nt.rh.tpd; ek;gpf ;iff;Ff;fhuzk; vd;d?mtUila MHtk;

54. “Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;” vdf;$wpatH.jpUts;StH

,ay;-2nra;As; - ehybahH

55. “eha;f;fhy; rpWtpuy; Nghy;” vd;Dk;ehybahH ghliyg; ghbatH ahH?rkzKdptH

56. nrhw;nghUs;1. eha;f;fhy; - ehapd;fhy;2. <f;fhy; - <apd;fhy;3. ed;fzpaH - ed;F + mzpaH4. mzpaH - neUq;fp ,Ug;gtH5. vd;dhk; - vd;d gad;6. Nra; - J}uk;7. nra; - tay;

57. ehybahH ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W .gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F

58. ehybahupy; vj;jid ghly;fisf;nfhz;Ls;sJ?400

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5

59. ehybahupd; kw;nwhU rpwg;Gg;ngaHvJ?ehyb ehD}W

60. ehybahiu ,aw;wpatH ahH?rkz KdptH

61. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F - tpsf;fk;rq;f E}y;fs; vdg;gLgit gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;njhifAk;. gj;Jg;ghl;by; gj;J E}y;fSk;> vl;Lj;njhifapy; vl;L E}y;fSk; cs;sd.nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs;.,tw;iw Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;W$Wk; tof;fKk; cz;L.rq;f E}y;fSf;Fg;gpd; Njhd;wpaE}y;fspd; njhFg;G gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.,j;njhFg;gpYk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs;cs;sd. gjpndz; vd;why; gjpndl;Lvd;W nghUs;. ,e;E}y;fisf; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;Wk; $WtH.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs;ngUk;ghyhdit mwE}y;fNs

ghuj Njrk;62. “MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpjk;”

vd;w ghujNjrk; ghliyg; ghbatHahH?kfhftp ghujpahH

63. nrhw;nghUs;1. jiyrhAjy; - Xa;e;J gLj;jy;2. tz;ik - nfhil3. cOgil- tptrhak; nra;ag; gad;gLk; fUtpfs;4. Nfhzp - rhf;F

5. eil - rhiyapy; nry;Yk; tz;bfs;6. gwg;G - gwf;Fk; tpkhdk; Nghd;wit7. Qhyk; - cyfk;8. cte;J nra;Nthk; - tpUk;gpr; nra;Nthk;9. jkpo;kfs; - xsitahH10. NkytH - NkNyhH11. fPotH - fPNohH12. kw;NwhH - gpwHf;F cjTk; NeHik mw;NwhH13. newpapdpd;W - mwnewpapy; epd;W

64. jkpo;ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w ftpQHahH?ghujpahH

65. ghujpahH vt;thW nfhz;lhlg;gl;ltH?ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; ghujp

66. Rje;jug; Nghuhl;l tPuH ahH?kfhftp ghujpahH

67. kfhftp ghujpahH tho;e;j fhyk;?11.12.1882 Kjy; 11.9.1921 tiu

ciueilgwitfs; gytpjk;

68. ve ; j Cu py ; gl ; l h Nrntbg;gjpy;iy?jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;srpwpa fpuhkk; $e;jd;Fsk;

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6

69. gwitfs; Vd; ehL tpl;L ehLgwe;J tUfpd;wd?gUtepiy khWk; NghJ

70. gUtepiy vd;why; vd;d?ntapy; kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;

71. gUtepiy ve;j khjj;jpy; Vw;gLk;?Nk khjk;

72. gUtepiy khw;wk; vd;gJ?ntapYk;> kioAk;> gdpAk; khwpkhwp tUtJ

73. gwitfs; ntapy; kw;Wk; gdp$Ljyhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ NtW,lj;jpw;F nry;tjw;F vd;d ngaH?tyir Nghjy;

74. gioafhyj;jpy; ek; Kd;NdhHfs;,d;iwf;F kio tUk; vd;Wvg;gbf; $WtH?gwitfs; ,lk; khWtij itj;Jcyfk; KOtJk; ,Ue;J gyehl;Lg; gwitfs; te;J jq;fp,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fg; ngaH jhd;gwitfs; ruzhyak;.

75. ek; ehl;by; vj;jid gwitfs;cs;sd?Vwj;jho ,uz;lhapuj;J ehD}W

76. gwitfis vj;jid tifahfg;gpupf;fyhk;? mit ahit?Ie;J tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;1.Njidf; Fbj;J thOk; gwitfs;2.goj;ij cz;L thOk; gwitfs;3.g+r;rpiaj; jpd;W thOk; gwitfs;4.Ntl;ilahb cz;Zk; gwitfs;

5.,we;j cly;fis cz;L thOk; gwitfs;

77. rkntsp kuq;fspy; thOk; rpygwitfs; ahit?kQ;rs; rpl;L> nrq;fhfk;> Rliyf;Fapy;> gdq;fhil> J}f;fzhq;FUtp.

78. ePHepiyfspy; thOk; gwitfs;ahit?nfhf;F> jhiof;Nfhop> gtsf;fhyp>Mw;W cs;shd;> Kf;Fspg;ghd;>ehiu> mupths; %f;fd; >fuz;bthad;> Crpthy;thj;J.

79. kiyfspy; thOk; rpy gwitfs;ahit?,Uthr;rp> nre;jiyg;g+q;FUtp>kpd;rpl;L> fUQ;rpd;dhd;>ePyfpupnel ;ilf ;fhy p > nghd ;KJFkuq;nfhj;jp> rpd;df;FWthd;nfhz;il cothud;> ,uhrhspg;gUe;J> g+kd; Me;ij

80. $e;jd; Fsk; fpuhkj;J kf;fs; Vd;gl;lhR ntbf;fhkYk; Nksk;mbf;fhkYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.gwitfs; gae;Jtplhky; ,Uf;fjkpo; ehl;by; cs;s

gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;(Gfyplq;fs;):

1. Ntle;jhq;fy;2. fupf;fpsp (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;)3. fQ;rpuq;Fsk;4. rpj;jpuq;Fb

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7

5. Nky;nry;tD}H (,uhkehjGuk;khtl;lk;)

6. goNtw;fhL (jpUts;@H khtl;lk;)7. cjakhHj;jhz;lk; (jpUth&H

khtl;lk;)8. tLt+H (jQ;rht+H khtl;lk;)9. fiuntl;b (nguk;gY}H khtl;lk;)10. Ntl;lq;Fb (rptfq;if khtl;lk;)11. nts;NshL (<NuhL khtl;lk;)12. $e;jd; Fsk; (jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lk;)13. Nfhbaf;fiu (ehfg;gl;bdk;

khtl;lk;)Jizg;ghlk;ghk;Gfs;

81. ghk;Gg; gz;iz vq;F cs;sJ?nrd;idf; fpz;b

82. ghk;Gfs; ve;j tifiar; rhHe;jit?CHtd tifia

83. cyfj;jpy; vj;jid tif ghk;Gfs;cs;sd?,uz;lhapuj;J vOE}w;W Ik;gJ

84. ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid tifahdghk;Gfs; cs;sd?,UE}w;W ehw;gj;J ehd;F

85. ghk;Gtiffspy; vj;jid ghk;GfSf;Fkl;Lk; er;Rj;jd;ik cz;L?Ik;gj;jpuz;L

86. ghk;G tpOq;Ffpw vyp> jtisfsclk;gpy; cs;s_____mjw;Fg;NghJk;.ePHr;rj;Nj.

ghk;gpdk;> cyfpy;kd pj ,dk ;Njhd;Wtjw;Fg;g j ; J f ; N f h bMz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Njhd;wpaJ.,e;jpahtpYs;s ,uh[ehfk;jhd; cyfpNyNa kpf ePskhdeQ;Rs;s ghk;G. 15mb ePsKilaJ $Lfl;b thOk; xNu tifg;ghk;G ,J ,uh[ ehfk;> kw;wghk;GfisNa $l czthf;fpf;nfhs;Sk;. ghk;Gfspd; gw;fs;cs;Nehf;fp tise;jpUf;Fk;,iuiag; gpbj;jhy; jg;gtplhJ.ghk;Gfs; ,iuia nkd;Wj pd ; gj py ;iy . mg ; gbNatpOq;fptpLfpd;wd

87. ghk;G vjw;fhf vr;rpypy; eQ;Ritj;jpUf;fpwJ?,iuiaf; nfhy;yTk;> nrupkhdj;jpw;fhfTk;>

88. ghk;G ve;j mjpHTfis czHe;JKd;ndr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;fpwJ..jiuapd;

89. ghk;G ahUf;F ez;gd;?tptrhapfSf;FxU ghk;igf; nfhd;why;> mjd;,izg;ghk;G gop thq;Fk; vd;Wnrhy;tJz;L. ,J cz;ikad;W.nfhy;yg;gl;l ghk;gpd; clk;gpypUe;JntspNaWk; xUtif thridj;jputpak; kw;wg; ghk;GfisAk; me;j

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8

,lk; Nehf;fp tutiof;fpwJ.gopthq;f> ghk;Gfs; tUtjpy;iyghk;G jd; ehf;if mbf;fbntspNa ePl;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd;thridia mwpe;J nfhs;sj;jhd;ghk;G mt;thW nra;fpwJ.ey;y ghk;gpd; eQ;R Nfhg;uhf;rpd;(Cobrozin) vDk; typePf;fp kUe;Jjahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpamuR tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk; 1972 ,d; gb> NjhYf;fhfg;ghk;Gfs; nfhy;yg;gLtijj; jLf;frl;lk; epiwNtw;wp cs;sJ.

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk;90. capH vOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

mit ahit?gd;dpuz;L. m> M> ,> <> c>C> v> V> I> x> X> xs.

91. nka; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? mitahit?gjpndl;L. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;>e;> g;> k;> a;> H> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;.

92. jkpopYs;s Kjy; vOj;Jfs;nkhj;jk; vj;jid?Kg;gJ

93. md;whl Ngr;rpYk;> vOj;jpYk;> ve;jvOj;Jfs; gad;gLfpd;wd?fp> rp> gp> b> jp> kp.capnuOj;J 12nka;naOj;J 18capH nka; vOj;J 216Ma;j vOj;J 1nkhj;jk; 247

94. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid mitahit?Ie;J. m> ,> c> v> x

95. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; nka; vOj;Jf;fNshL NrUk; NghJ___ vOj;Jfs;cz;lhfpd;wd.capH nka;f;Fwpy;

96. neby; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? mitahit?M> <> C> V> I> X> xs

97. neby; vOj;Jfs;> nka;naOj;Jf;fNshL NrUk; NghJ vOj;Jfs;cz;lhfpd;wd.capHnka;neby;

98. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;Lthf;fpaq;fis mikf;fTk;.1. fy; - rpw;gq;fs; fy;ypy;

nrJf;fg;gLk;2 . fhy; - Nrw;W epyj;jpy; fhiy

mOe;j Cd;wp nkJtha; elf;fNtz;Lk;

3. Fil - ntapypypUe;Jk; kioapypUe;Jk; ek;ikf; fhg;gJ> Fil

4. $il - %q;fpy;fshy; $ilfs;Kilag;gLfpd;wd

99. NrHj;J vOJf1. kzk; + cz;L = kzKz;L2. rpyH + mOthH = rpyuOthH3. Gfo; + ,oe;Njd; = Gfopoe;Njd;

100. gpupj;J vOJf1. ,Uk;ghzpfs; - ,Uk;G + Mzpfs;2. nfhy;yUiy - nfhy;yH + ciy3. Ntwpy;iy - NtW + ,y;iy

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101. ey;y jkpo;r;nrhw;fis mwpNthk;1. tha;f;fhy; - Mw;wpd; xU

rpWfpisNa tha;f;fhy; MFk;2. nra; - ed;nra; epyq;fspy;

ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; kpFjpaha;tpisAk;

3. tz;ik - nghUs; ,y;yhjtHf;Ff;nfhLf;Fk; tz;ikf;Fzk;vy;yhUf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;

4. Qhyk; - ,e;j Qhyj;jpy;cs;NshH midtUk; ek; cwtpdNu

102. gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSf;fhd fhuzj;ijf;fz;lwpe;J vOJf1. kdpjHfs; ahidia Ntl;il

ahlf; fhuzk; - je;jk;2. cyfk; ntg;gkilaf; fhuzk;

- thfdg;Gif3. MWfs; khrilaf; fhuzk; -

njhopw;rhiyf; fopT4. kio Fiwaf; fhuzk; -

fhLfs; mopg;GvOj;Jf;fSk; cwTk;

103. jd; vOj;Jld; kl;Lk; NrUk;vOj;Jfs; cldpiynka;k; kaf;fk;v.fh gf;fk;> mr;rk;

104. jd ; vOj;Jld; NruhJ gpwvOj;Jf;fSld; NrUk; vOj;Jfs;.Ntw;W epiy nka;k;kaf;fk;v.fh. rhHG> tho;f;if

,ay; 3nra;As; - ehd;kzpf;fbif

105. “kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths;”vd;Dk; ehd;kzpf;fbifg; ghliyghbatH ahH?tpsk;gpehfdhH

106. nrhw;nghUs;1. klths; - ngz;2. jifrhy; - gz;gpy; rpwe;j3. kdf;fpdpa - kdj;Jf;F ,dpa4. fhjy; Gjy;tH - md;Gkf;fs;5. Xjpd; - vJntd;W nrhy;Yk;

NghJ6. Gfo;rhy; - Gfioj;jUk;7. czHT - ey;nyz;zk;

107. ehd;kzpf;fbif ve;j E}y;fSs;xd;W.gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F

108. FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;F ahH?ngz;

109. fbif vd;gJmzpfyd; ( eif)

110. ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;gjd; nghUs;.ehd;F kzpfs; nfhz;l mzpfyd;

111. ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; MrpupaH ahH?tpsk;gpehfdhH

112. tpsk;gp - CHg;ngaH@ ehfdhHvd;gJ Gytupd; ,aw;ngaH

ciueilMuhNuh MupuNuh

113. vOj;J topahf tuhky; ghbg;ghbtha;topahfg; guTfpw ghl;L vJ?ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghl;L

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114. Foe;ijiaj; jha; njhl;bypypl;Lg;ghLk; ghl;Lf;F ngaH vd;d?jhyhl;Lg;ghly;

115. Kw;fhyj;jpy; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fisvt;thW $wp te;jhHfs;?fpuhkpag; ghly;fs;

116. nrd;id Nghd;w ngU efuq;fspy;kf;fs; ghLk; _____ $l ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;.fhdhg;ghly;

117. flYf;Fr; nrd;W kPd;gpbf;Fk;kPdtHfs; vd;d ghl;L ghLthHfs;.ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;

118. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisf; fPo;f;fhZk; tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;:jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs;tpisahl;Lg;ghly;fs;njhopy; ghly;fs;rlq;Fg; ghly;fs;nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;topghl;Lg;ghly;fs;xg;ghupg; ghly;fs;

119. gpwe;j Foe;ijf;fhfg; ghLk; ghly;vJ?jhyhl;Lg; ghly;

120. nfhQ;rk; tsHe;j gps;isfs; ghLk;ghly; vJ?tpisahl;Lg;ghly;

121. fisg;G ePq;f> Ntiy nra;NthHghLtJ vJ?njhopy; ghly;

122. jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw epfo;Tfspy;ghLtJ vJ?rlq;Fg; ghly;> nfhz;lhl;lg;ghly;fs;

123. rhkp Fk;gpLNthH ghLk; ghly; vJ?topghl;Lg;ghly;

124. ,we;NjhUf;Fg; ghLk; ghly; vJ?xg;ghupg;ghly;fs;

Jizg;ghlk;tPur;rpWtd;

125. kf;fs; neUf;fk; kpFe;j efuk; vJ?nfhy;fj;jhvOj;jhsH [hdfpkzhsd;vd;ghUila mwpit tsHf;Fk;mw;Gjf; fijfs; vd;Dk;E}ypy pUe ;J ,r ; r pWfijvLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

126. tpy;ypypUe;J Gwg;gl;l mk;igg;Nghyg; gha;e;J rhiyf;F te;jtHahH?tpNtfhde;jH.

127. gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfk; Gfo caHe;jRthkp ahH?tpNtfhde;jH

128. tpNtfhde;jupd; kWngaH vd;d?eNue;jpuehj;

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk;ehl;Lg;Gwj; jkpo; mwpNthk;

129. Nfhopaf; Nfl;lh Mdk; fhr;Rthq;f...?Mdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?Fok;G

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130. msf;Fw ehopf;F mftpiy njupAkh?ehop vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?jhdpaq;fis msf;Fk; gb

131. mftpiy vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?jhdpa tpiy

132. jpwe;j tPl;Lf;Fj; jpwTNfhy; vJf;F?jpwTNfhy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?rhtp

133. xw;W vdg;gLtJ ahJ?nka;naOj;J

134. xw;nwOj;ijr; NrHj;J vOJfghliy+nrhd;Ndd; = ghliyr;nrhd;Ndd;flTis+fz;Nld; = flTisf;fz;Nld;goj;ij+jpd;Nwd; = goj;ijj;jpd;Nwd;fz;zDf ;F+nfhLj ;Njd ; =fz;zDf;Ff; nfhLj;Njd;kJiuf ;F+nry ; Nthk ; =kJiuf;Fr; nry;Nthk;

135. rupahd nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jr;nrhw;nwhliu epug;Gq;fs;.1. ky;ypif ______ tPrpaJ2. g+kpia ______ tUNtd;3. ______gJq;fpg;ghAk;4. Kfj;jpy;______KWty; Ntz;Lk;5. eha; ______ epkpuhJ1. kzk;> 2. tyk;> 3. Gyp>4. Gd;> 5.thy;

136. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;1. ngaHr;nrhy;

2. tpidr;nrhy;3. ,ilr;nrhy; 4. cupr;nrhy;

137. nry;tp te;jhs; vd;w nrhw;nwhlupy;ngaHr;nrhy; vJ? tpidr;nrhy;vJ?nry;tp vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;te;jhs; vd;gJ tpidr;nrhy;

138. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy;cs;s ngaHr;nrhy;fisAk; tpidr;nrhw;fisAk; Rl;Lf.

ngaHr; tpidr;nrhy; nrhy;

1. kuk; MbaJ kuk; MbaJ2. ,UtH ghbdH ,UtH ghbdH3. nra;jp guTk; nra;jp guTk;4. Fkud; tUfpwhd; Fkud; tUfpwhd;

139. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspd;nghUj;jkhd ngaHr;nrhy;iy ,l;Lepug;Gf.1. ______ J}q;fpdhd;2. ______ g+j;jJ3. ______ fpupf;nfl;by; ntw;wpngw;wJ4. ______ mOjhs;tpil: 1. ghz;bad; 2) ky;ypif>3) ,e;jpah 4) kzpNkfiy

140. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy;nghUj;jkhd tpidr;nrhy;iy,l;L epug;Gf.1. $l;lk; ______

2. Me;ij ______

3. tpd;nrd;l; ghlk; ______

4. KfkJ jz;zPH ______

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tpil: 1.fiye;jJ 2. mywpaJ3.gbj;jhd; 4.gUfpdhd;.

141. tha;nkhopahf tpil $Wf.(Mk;my;yJ ,y;iy)eNue;jpuehj; Jzpr;ry; kpf;ftd;(Mk;> ,y;iy)Mk;

,ay; - 4nra;As; - ,iraKJ

142. kioNa kioNa th th vd;w,iraKJ vd;w ghliy vOjpatHahH?Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrd;

143. nrhw;nghUs;1. thdg;Gdy; - thdj;J ePH2. Gdy; - ePH3. itaj;J mKJ - g+kpapd; mKjk;4. itak; - cyfk;>g+kp5. jfug;ge;jy; - jfuj;jpy; Nghlg;

gl;l ge;jy;6. nghb - kfue;jg;nghb7. jio - nrb8. jioahntg;gk; - ngUFk; ntg;gk;

Fiwahj ntg;gk; vd;Wk;nghUs; nfhs;syhk;

9. jiof;fTk; - FiwaTk;144. “Gul;rpf; ftpQH” vd;Wk; ghNte;jH

vd;Wk; Gfog;gLgtH ahH?ghujpjhrd;

145. ghujpjhrd; vd;gtupd; ,aw;ngaH?fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;

146. ghujpapd; ftpij kPJ nfhz;lfhjyhy; jk;Kila ngaiukhw;wpf;nfhz;ltH ahH?ghujpjhrd;

147. fdf Rg;Guj;jpd ftpij E}y;fs;?1. ghz;bad; gupR2. mofpd;rpupg;G3. FLk;gtpsf;F

148. Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrdpd; tho;e;jfhyk;.29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu

gonkhop ehD}W149. “Mw;wTk; fw;whH mwpTilahH”

vd;w gonkhop ehD}W ghliyghbatH ahH?Kd;Wiw miuadhH

150. Nghjpa E}y;fis epiwthff;fw;wtH ahH?mwpTilahH

151. mwpTilahupd; Gfo; ve;j jpirfspy;guTk;?ehd;F jpirfspYk;

152. nrhw;nghUs;1. Mw;wTk; - epiwthf2. ehw;wpir - ehd;F+jpir3. jkNtahk; - jk;Kila ehNl

MFk;4. Mw;Wzh - MW+czh5. MW - top6. czh - czT (topeilczT ,jidf; “fl;Lr;NrhW“vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrhy;Nthk;)

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153. gonkhop ehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs;xd;W.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;

154. ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;vJ?gonkhop ehD}W

155. gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; ghlypy;tUk; gonkhop Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ,y; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?fw ;wtDf;Ff ; fl ;Lr ;NrhWNtz;lhk;

156. gonkhop ehD}w;wpd; MrpupaH ahH?Kd;Wiw miuadhH

157. Kd;Wiw vd;gJ vd;d?CHg;ngaH

158. miuad; vd;w nrhy; ___ Fwpf;Fk;muridf;

159. Mw;Wzh - MW + czhciueil

kfs; ,e;jpuhTf;FNeU vOjpa fbjk;

160. ekJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; ghLgl;l jiytHfspy; xUtH[tfHyhy; NeU

161. ek; ehL tpLjiy ngw;wgpd; Kjy;gpujkuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wtH ahH?[tfHyhy; NeU

162. [tfHyhy; NeUtpd; md;G kfs; ahH?,e;jpuh fhe;jp

163. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;Ff; fbjq;fisvj;jid Mz;Lfs; NeU vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jhH?

1922 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1964Mk; Mz;L tiu 42 Mz;Lfs;fbjq;fs; vOjpdhH.

164. NeU ntspehL nrd;w nghOJk;,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghOJk;ahUf;Ff; fbjk; vOjpdhH?kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F

165. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp ve;j fy;Y}upy; NrUk;NghJ NeU fbjk; vOjpdhH?jh$upd; tpRtghujp fy;Y}up

166. tpRtghujp ve;j ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ?Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;

167. NeU ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;gapd;whH?Nfk;gpupl;[;

168. mw;Gjkhd Mq;fpyg;gilg;ghspfs;ahH?Nrf;];gpaH> kpy;ld;

169. Gj;jfq;fisg; gw;wp NeU> ,e;jpuhfhe;jpaplk; $wpaJ?gpNsl;Nlhtpd; Gj;jfq;fs; Ritahdit@ rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lgit

170. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp NeUtplk; ve;j ehtiythrpf;fg; Nghtjhfr; nrhd;dhH?lhy ;] ;lha pd ; “ NghUk ;mikjpAk;”

171. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwe;j E}y;fSs; xd;W.lhy;];lhapd; “NghUk; mikjpAk;”

172. ehk; Vd; Gj;jfk; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;?mwpT ngWtjw;fhf> kfpo;r;rpmiltjw;fhf.

173. Nfk;gpupl;[; - ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;sgy;fiyf;fofk;

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174. Nrf;];gpaH Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH175. kpy;ld; - Mq;fpyf;ftpQH176. gpNsl;Nlh - fpNuf;fr; rpe;jidahsH177. fhspjhrH - tlnkhop ehlf MrpupaH178. lhy;];lha; - ,u\;a ehl;L vOj;jhsH179. ngHdhHl;\h - Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH180. ngl;uz;l; u];]y; - rpe;jidahsH:

fy;tpahsH181. my;Nkhuh rpiw - cj;juhQ;ry;

khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ182. fpUgshdp - tpRtghujpapy; gzpGupe;j

xU NguhrpupaH,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk;

183. kuKk; jioAk; vd;w njhlupy;jio vd;gJ ______ Fwpj;jJnrbnfhbiaf;

184. MW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj;jhd;vj;jid nghUs;fs;?MW - XH vz;(6)MW - ejpMW - top

185. ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;gJ vd;d?,ul;il vd;why; ,uz;Lfpstp vd;why; nrhy;

186. ,ul;ilf;fpstpf;F v.fh jUf?jz jz> fz fz

187. xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk;GfPNo fhz;Nghk;xw;iwf;nfhk;G Fwpy;r; + v + nr = nrb,ul;ilf;nfhk;G - neby;t; + V + Nt = Nty;

xw;iwf;nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J Fwpy;g; + x + ngh = nghUs;,ul;ilf; nfhk;G Jiz vOj;Jneby;j; + X + Njh = Njhy;tp

188. NeUtpd; JiztpahH ngaH vd;d?fkyh NeU

189. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F NeU ve;j ,lj;jpy;,Ue;J fbjj;ij vOjpdhH.NeU ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F> my;Nkhuhkhtl;lr; rpiwr;rhiyapypUe;JvOjpdhH.

190. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gbj;j gy;fiyf;fofk;vJ? mJ vq;Fs;sJ?,e;jpuhfhe;jp Mf;];NghHL gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gbj;jhH> ,q;fpyhe;jpy;cs;sJ.

191. NeU ,e ;j paj ; j pUehl ;bd ;tpLjiyf;fhf> ve;j Mz;by;gy;NtW tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;<Lgl;lhH?1921 Mk; Mz;L

192. mz;zy; fhe;jpabfspd; jiyikapy; NeU ve;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;jPtpukha;g; gq;Nfw;whH?mwg;Nghuhl;lk;

193. rpiwr;rhiyapy; NeUtpd; ez;gdha;,Ue;jJ vJ?Gj;jfk;

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,lk; Nehf;fp tutiof;fpwJ.gopthq;f> ghk;Gfs; tUtjpy;iyghk;G jd; ehf;if mbf;fbntspNa ePl;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd;thridia mwpe;J nfhs;sj;jhd;ghk;G mt;thW nra;fpwJ.ey;y ghk;gpd; eQ;R Nfhg;uhf;rpd;(Cobrozin) vDk; typePf;fp kUe;Jjahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpamuR tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk; 1972 ,d; gb> NjhYf;fhfg;ghk;Gfs; nfhy;yg;gLtijj; jLf;frl;lk; epiwNtw;wp cs;sJ.

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk;90. capH vOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

mit ahit?gd;dpuz;L. m> M> ,> <> c>C> v> V> I> x> X> xs.

91. nka; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? mitahit?gjpndl;L. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;>e;> g;> k;> a;> H> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;.

92. jkpopYs;s Kjy; vOj;Jfs;nkhj;jk; vj;jid?Kg;gJ

93. md;whl Ngr;rpYk;> vOj;jpYk;> ve;jvOj;Jfs; gad;gLfpd;wd?fp> rp> gp> b> jp> kp.capnuOj;J 12nka;naOj;J 18capH nka; vOj;J 216Ma;j vOj;J 1nkhj;jk; 247

94. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid mitahit?Ie;J. m> ,> c> v> x

95. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; nka; vOj;Jf;fNshL NrUk; NghJ___ vOj;Jfs;cz;lhfpd;wd.capH nka;f;Fwpy;

96. neby; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? mitahit?M> <> C> V> I> X> xs

97. neby; vOj;Jfs;> nka;naOj;Jf;fNshL NrUk; NghJ vOj;Jfs;cz;lhfpd;wd.capHnka;neby;

98. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;Lthf;fpaq;fis mikf;fTk;.1. fy; - rpw;gq;fs; fy;ypy;

nrJf;fg;gLk;2 . fhy; - Nrw;W epyj;jpy; fhiy

mOe;j Cd;wp nkJtha; elf;fNtz;Lk;

3. Fil - ntapypypUe;Jk; kioapypUe;Jk; ek;ikf; fhg;gJ> Fil

4. $il - %q;fpy;fshy; $ilfs;Kilag;gLfpd;wd

99. NrHj;J vOJf1. kzk; + cz;L = kzKz;L2. rpyH + mOthH = rpyuOthH3. Gfo; + ,oe;Njd; = Gfopoe;Njd;

100. gpupj;J vOJf1. ,Uk;ghzpfs; - ,Uk;G + Mzpfs;2. nfhy;yUiy - nfhy;yH + ciy3. Ntwpy;iy - NtW + ,y;iy

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101. ey;y jkpo;r;nrhw;fis mwpNthk;1. tha;f;fhy; - Mw;wpd; xU

rpWfpisNa tha;f;fhy; MFk;2. nra; - ed;nra; epyq;fspy;

ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; kpFjpaha;tpisAk;

3. tz;ik - nghUs; ,y;yhjtHf;Ff;nfhLf;Fk; tz;ikf;Fzk;vy;yhUf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;

4. Qhyk; - ,e;j Qhyj;jpy;cs;NshH midtUk; ek; cwtpdNu

102. gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSf;fhd fhuzj;ijf;fz;lwpe;J vOJf1. kdpjHfs; ahidia Ntl;il

ahlf; fhuzk; - je;jk;2. cyfk; ntg;gkilaf; fhuzk;

- thfdg;Gif3. MWfs; khrilaf; fhuzk; -

njhopw;rhiyf; fopT4. kio Fiwaf; fhuzk; -

fhLfs; mopg;GvOj;Jf;fSk; cwTk;

103. jd; vOj;Jld; kl;Lk; NrUk;vOj;Jfs; cldpiynka;k; kaf;fk;v.fh gf;fk;> mr;rk;

104. jd ; vOj;Jld; NruhJ gpwvOj;Jf;fSld; NrUk; vOj;Jfs;.Ntw;W epiy nka;k;kaf;fk;v.fh. rhHG> tho;f;if

,ay; 3nra;As; - ehd;kzpf;fbif

105. “kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths;”vd;Dk; ehd;kzpf;fbifg; ghliyghbatH ahH?tpsk;gpehfdhH

106. nrhw;nghUs;1. klths; - ngz;2. jifrhy; - gz;gpy; rpwe;j3. kdf;fpdpa - kdj;Jf;F ,dpa4. fhjy; Gjy;tH - md;Gkf;fs;5. Xjpd; - vJntd;W nrhy;Yk;

NghJ6. Gfo;rhy; - Gfioj;jUk;7. czHT - ey;nyz;zk;

107. ehd;kzpf;fbif ve;j E}y;fSs;xd;W.gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F

108. FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;F ahH?ngz;

109. fbif vd;gJmzpfyd; ( eif)

110. ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;gjd; nghUs;.ehd;F kzpfs; nfhz;l mzpfyd;

111. ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; MrpupaH ahH?tpsk;gpehfdhH

112. tpsk;gp - CHg;ngaH@ ehfdhHvd;gJ Gytupd; ,aw;ngaH

ciueilMuhNuh MupuNuh

113. vOj;J topahf tuhky; ghbg;ghbtha;topahfg; guTfpw ghl;L vJ?ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghl;L

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114. Foe;ijiaj; jha; njhl;bypypl;Lg;ghLk; ghl;Lf;F ngaH vd;d?jhyhl;Lg;ghly;

115. Kw;fhyj;jpy; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fisvt;thW $wp te;jhHfs;?fpuhkpag; ghly;fs;

116. nrd;id Nghd;w ngU efuq;fspy;kf;fs; ghLk; _____ $l ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;.fhdhg;ghly;

117. flYf;Fr; nrd;W kPd;gpbf;Fk;kPdtHfs; vd;d ghl;L ghLthHfs;.ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;

118. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisf; fPo;f;fhZk; tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;:jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs;tpisahl;Lg;ghly;fs;njhopy; ghly;fs;rlq;Fg; ghly;fs;nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;topghl;Lg;ghly;fs;xg;ghupg; ghly;fs;

119. gpwe;j Foe;ijf;fhfg; ghLk; ghly;vJ?jhyhl;Lg; ghly;

120. nfhQ;rk; tsHe;j gps;isfs; ghLk;ghly; vJ?tpisahl;Lg;ghly;

121. fisg;G ePq;f> Ntiy nra;NthHghLtJ vJ?njhopy; ghly;

122. jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw epfo;Tfspy;ghLtJ vJ?rlq;Fg; ghly;> nfhz;lhl;lg;ghly;fs;

123. rhkp Fk;gpLNthH ghLk; ghly; vJ?topghl;Lg;ghly;

124. ,we;NjhUf;Fg; ghLk; ghly; vJ?xg;ghupg;ghly;fs;

Jizg;ghlk;tPur;rpWtd;

125. kf;fs; neUf;fk; kpFe;j efuk; vJ?nfhy;fj;jhvOj;jhsH [hdfpkzhsd;vd;ghUila mwpit tsHf;Fk;mw;Gjf; fijfs; vd;Dk;E}ypy pUe ;J ,r ; r pWfijvLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

126. tpy;ypypUe;J Gwg;gl;l mk;igg;Nghyg; gha;e;J rhiyf;F te;jtHahH?tpNtfhde;jH.

127. gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfk; Gfo caHe;jRthkp ahH?tpNtfhde;jH

128. tpNtfhde;jupd; kWngaH vd;d?eNue;jpuehj;

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk;ehl;Lg;Gwj; jkpo; mwpNthk;

129. Nfhopaf; Nfl;lh Mdk; fhr;Rthq;f...?Mdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?Fok;G

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130. msf;Fw ehopf;F mftpiy njupAkh?ehop vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?jhdpaq;fis msf;Fk; gb

131. mftpiy vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?jhdpa tpiy

132. jpwe;j tPl;Lf;Fj; jpwTNfhy; vJf;F?jpwTNfhy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?rhtp

133. xw;W vdg;gLtJ ahJ?nka;naOj;J

134. xw;nwOj;ijr; NrHj;J vOJfghliy+nrhd;Ndd; = ghliyr;nrhd;Ndd;flTis+fz;Nld; = flTisf;fz;Nld;goj;ij+jpd;Nwd; = goj;ijj;jpd;Nwd;fz;zDf ;F+nfhLj ;Njd ; =fz;zDf;Ff; nfhLj;Njd;kJiuf ;F+nry ; Nthk ; =kJiuf;Fr; nry;Nthk;

135. rupahd nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jr;nrhw;nwhliu epug;Gq;fs;.1. ky;ypif ______ tPrpaJ2. g+kpia ______ tUNtd;3. ______gJq;fpg;ghAk;4. Kfj;jpy;______KWty; Ntz;Lk;5. eha; ______ epkpuhJ1. kzk;> 2. tyk;> 3. Gyp>4. Gd;> 5.thy;

136. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;1. ngaHr;nrhy;

2. tpidr;nrhy;3. ,ilr;nrhy; 4. cupr;nrhy;

137. nry;tp te;jhs; vd;w nrhw;nwhlupy;ngaHr;nrhy; vJ? tpidr;nrhy;vJ?nry;tp vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;te;jhs; vd;gJ tpidr;nrhy;

138. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy;cs;s ngaHr;nrhy;fisAk; tpidr;nrhw;fisAk; Rl;Lf.

ngaHr; tpidr;nrhy; nrhy;

1. kuk; MbaJ kuk; MbaJ2. ,UtH ghbdH ,UtH ghbdH3. nra;jp guTk; nra;jp guTk;4. Fkud; tUfpwhd; Fkud; tUfpwhd;

139. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspd;nghUj;jkhd ngaHr;nrhy;iy ,l;Lepug;Gf.1. ______ J}q;fpdhd;2. ______ g+j;jJ3. ______ fpupf;nfl;by; ntw;wpngw;wJ4. ______ mOjhs;tpil: 1. ghz;bad; 2) ky;ypif>3) ,e;jpah 4) kzpNkfiy

140. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy;nghUj;jkhd tpidr;nrhy;iy,l;L epug;Gf.1. $l;lk; ______

2. Me;ij ______

3. tpd;nrd;l; ghlk; ______

4. KfkJ jz;zPH ______

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tpil: 1.fiye;jJ 2. mywpaJ3.gbj;jhd; 4.gUfpdhd;.

141. tha;nkhopahf tpil $Wf.(Mk;my;yJ ,y;iy)eNue;jpuehj; Jzpr;ry; kpf;ftd;(Mk;> ,y;iy)Mk;

,ay; - 4nra;As; - ,iraKJ

142. kioNa kioNa th th vd;w,iraKJ vd;w ghliy vOjpatHahH?Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrd;

143. nrhw;nghUs;1. thdg;Gdy; - thdj;J ePH2. Gdy; - ePH3. itaj;J mKJ - g+kpapd; mKjk;4. itak; - cyfk;>g+kp5. jfug;ge;jy; - jfuj;jpy; Nghlg;

gl;l ge;jy;6. nghb - kfue;jg;nghb7. jio - nrb8. jioahntg;gk; - ngUFk; ntg;gk;

Fiwahj ntg;gk; vd;Wk;nghUs; nfhs;syhk;

9. jiof;fTk; - FiwaTk;144. “Gul;rpf; ftpQH” vd;Wk; ghNte;jH

vd;Wk; Gfog;gLgtH ahH?ghujpjhrd;

145. ghujpjhrd; vd;gtupd; ,aw;ngaH?fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;

146. ghujpapd; ftpij kPJ nfhz;lfhjyhy; jk;Kila ngaiukhw;wpf;nfhz;ltH ahH?ghujpjhrd;

147. fdf Rg;Guj;jpd ftpij E}y;fs;?1. ghz;bad; gupR2. mofpd;rpupg;G3. FLk;gtpsf;F

148. Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrdpd; tho;e;jfhyk;.29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu

gonkhop ehD}W149. “Mw;wTk; fw;whH mwpTilahH”

vd;w gonkhop ehD}W ghliyghbatH ahH?Kd;Wiw miuadhH

150. Nghjpa E}y;fis epiwthff;fw;wtH ahH?mwpTilahH

151. mwpTilahupd; Gfo; ve;j jpirfspy;guTk;?ehd;F jpirfspYk;

152. nrhw;nghUs;1. Mw;wTk; - epiwthf2. ehw;wpir - ehd;F+jpir3. jkNtahk; - jk;Kila ehNl

MFk;4. Mw;Wzh - MW+czh5. MW - top6. czh - czT (topeilczT ,jidf; “fl;Lr;NrhW“vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrhy;Nthk;)

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153. gonkhop ehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs;xd;W.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;

154. ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;vJ?gonkhop ehD}W

155. gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; ghlypy;tUk; gonkhop Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ,y; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?fw ;wtDf;Ff ; fl ;Lr ;NrhWNtz;lhk;

156. gonkhop ehD}w;wpd; MrpupaH ahH?Kd;Wiw miuadhH

157. Kd;Wiw vd;gJ vd;d?CHg;ngaH

158. miuad; vd;w nrhy; ___ Fwpf;Fk;muridf;

159. Mw;Wzh - MW + czhciueil

kfs; ,e;jpuhTf;FNeU vOjpa fbjk;

160. ekJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; ghLgl;l jiytHfspy; xUtH[tfHyhy; NeU

161. ek; ehL tpLjiy ngw;wgpd; Kjy;gpujkuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wtH ahH?[tfHyhy; NeU

162. [tfHyhy; NeUtpd; md;G kfs; ahH?,e;jpuh fhe;jp

163. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;Ff; fbjq;fisvj;jid Mz;Lfs; NeU vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jhH?

1922 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1964Mk; Mz;L tiu 42 Mz;Lfs;fbjq;fs; vOjpdhH.

164. NeU ntspehL nrd;w nghOJk;,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghOJk;ahUf;Ff; fbjk; vOjpdhH?kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F

165. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp ve;j fy;Y}upy; NrUk;NghJ NeU fbjk; vOjpdhH?jh$upd; tpRtghujp fy;Y}up

166. tpRtghujp ve;j ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ?Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;

167. NeU ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;gapd;whH?Nfk;gpupl;[;

168. mw;Gjkhd Mq;fpyg;gilg;ghspfs;ahH?Nrf;];gpaH> kpy;ld;

169. Gj;jfq;fisg; gw;wp NeU> ,e;jpuhfhe;jpaplk; $wpaJ?gpNsl;Nlhtpd; Gj;jfq;fs; Ritahdit@ rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lgit

170. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp NeUtplk; ve;j ehtiythrpf;fg; Nghtjhfr; nrhd;dhH?lhy ;] ;lha pd ; “ NghUk ;mikjpAk;”

171. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwe;j E}y;fSs; xd;W.lhy;];lhapd; “NghUk; mikjpAk;”

172. ehk; Vd; Gj;jfk; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;?mwpT ngWtjw;fhf> kfpo;r;rpmiltjw;fhf.

173. Nfk;gpupl;[; - ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;sgy;fiyf;fofk;

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174. Nrf;];gpaH Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH175. kpy;ld; - Mq;fpyf;ftpQH176. gpNsl;Nlh - fpNuf;fr; rpe;jidahsH177. fhspjhrH - tlnkhop ehlf MrpupaH178. lhy;];lha; - ,u\;a ehl;L vOj;jhsH179. ngHdhHl;\h - Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH180. ngl;uz;l; u];]y; - rpe;jidahsH:

fy;tpahsH181. my;Nkhuh rpiw - cj;juhQ;ry;

khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ182. fpUgshdp - tpRtghujpapy; gzpGupe;j

xU NguhrpupaH,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk;

183. kuKk; jioAk; vd;w njhlupy;jio vd;gJ ______ Fwpj;jJnrbnfhbiaf;

184. MW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj;jhd;vj;jid nghUs;fs;?MW - XH vz;(6)MW - ejpMW - top

185. ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;gJ vd;d?,ul;il vd;why; ,uz;Lfpstp vd;why; nrhy;

186. ,ul;ilf;fpstpf;F v.fh jUf?jz jz> fz fz

187. xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk;GfPNo fhz;Nghk;xw;iwf;nfhk;G Fwpy;r; + v + nr = nrb,ul;ilf;nfhk;G - neby;t; + V + Nt = Nty;

xw;iwf;nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J Fwpy;g; + x + ngh = nghUs;,ul;ilf; nfhk;G Jiz vOj;Jneby;j; + X + Njh = Njhy;tp

188. NeUtpd; JiztpahH ngaH vd;d?fkyh NeU

189. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F NeU ve;j ,lj;jpy;,Ue;J fbjj;ij vOjpdhH.NeU ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F> my;Nkhuhkhtl;lr; rpiwr;rhiyapypUe;JvOjpdhH.

190. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gbj;j gy;fiyf;fofk;vJ? mJ vq;Fs;sJ?,e;jpuhfhe;jp Mf;];NghHL gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gbj;jhH> ,q;fpyhe;jpy;cs;sJ.

191. NeU ,e ;j paj ; j pUehl ;bd ;tpLjiyf;fhf> ve;j Mz;by;gy;NtW tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;<Lgl;lhH?1921 Mk; Mz;L

192. mz;zy; fhe;jpabfspd; jiyikapy; NeU ve;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;jPtpukha;g; gq;Nfw;whH?mwg;Nghuhl;lk;

193. rpiwr;rhiyapy; NeUtpd; ez;gdha;,Ue;jJ vJ?Gj;jfk;

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,ay;-5nra;As; - rpj;jH

ghly;194. “itNjhiu $l itahNj” vd;w

rpj;jH ghly; ghbatH ahH?fLntspr;rpj;jH

195. nrhw;nghUs;1.nta;a tpid - Jd;gk; jUk; nray;2 Ntk;G - frg;ghdnrhw;fs;@3. tPwhg;G - ,Wkhg;G4. gyupy; - gyH + ,y;> gyUilatPLfs;5. Gfy; xz;zhNj - nry;yhNj6. rhw;Wk; - Gfo;r;rpahfg; NgRtJ@7. flk; - clk;G

196. rpj;jHfs; vj;jid Mz;LfSf;FKd; jkpofj;jpd; fhL kiyfspy;tho;e;jtHfs;.RkhH ehD}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

197. rpj;jHfspd; fhuzg;ngaHfs; ahJ?ghk;ghl;br;rpj;jH> Fjk;igr;rpj;jH>mOFzpr;rpj;jH.

198. cUt topghL nra;ahky; ntl;lntspiaNa flTshf topgl;ltHahH?fLntspr;rpj;jH

199. vspa nrhw;fspd; mwpTiufisr;nrhd;dtH ahH?fLntspr;rpj;jH

ciueil,sikapy; ngupahH Nfl;l

Nfs;tp

200. ,uhkrhkpapd; ngw;Nwhu; ngaHvd;d?ntq ;flg ; gUf ;Fk ; - r pd ;dj ;jhak;khs;

201. nrhe;jkhfr; rpe;jpj;Jg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s epidf;fpwtH ahH?,uhkrhkp

202. ,uhkrhkpapd; CH vJ?<NuhL

203. jkpofj;jpd; kpfg;ngupa rpe;jidahsH ahH?,uhkrhkp

204. ,uhkrhkp vd;w ngaiu vt;thWmiog;ghH?ngupahH <.nt.uh

205. ngupahH <.nt.uh. tho;e;j fhyk;KOtJk; ______ f;Nf Kjyplk;nfhLj;jhH.mwpTf;Nf

206. mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp vJ rup> vJjtW vd;W rpe;jpj;Nj KbntLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dtH ahH?ngupahH

207. rhjp Vw;wj;jho;TfisAk; kjkhWghl;ilAk; mfw;w Ntz;Lk;vd;wtH ahH?ngupahH

208. ngupahH xU rq;fKk; mikj;jhHmjd; ngaH vd;d?gFj;jwpthsH rq;fk;

209. ,sk; tajpNyNa ngupahH ahUld;njhz;L Gupe;jtH?kfhj;kh fhe;jp

210. ngupahH ve;jf; fl;rpapy; NrHe;jhH?fhq;fpu];fl;rp

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211. fs;Sf;fil kwpaypy; <Lgl;ltH ahH?ngupahH

212. fs; ,wf;fhky; jLg;gjw;fhfj;jdJ Njhg;gpypUe;j midj;Jj;njd;id kuq;fisAk; ntl;br;rha;j;jtH ahH?ngupahH

213. ngupahH gpwg;gpdhy; tUk; ve;jrhjp NtWghLfis mfw;wpdhH.fPo;r;rhjp- Nky;rhjp

214. kf;fs; midtUk; vd;Dk; Xupdkhfvz;zNtz;Lnkd;whH.kdpjrhjp

215. fjH mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpur;rhuk;nra;jJld;> jdJ Njhspy; fjHj;Jzpfisr; Rke;J tpw;wtH ahH?ngupahH

216. Nfushtpy; ve;j Cupy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; Nfhtpy; Rw;Wj;njUtpy;elg;gjw;Fj; jil ,Ue;jJ.itf;fk;

217. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhf itf;fk;vd;Dk; Cupy; ngupahH Nghuhbntw;wp ngw;wjhy; kf;fs; vt;thWmioj;jdH?itf;fk; tPuH

218. ngupahH vy;yhUf;Fk; vJ mtrpak;vd;whH?fy;tp

219. ngz;fSf;F vd;d Kf;fpak; vd;WngupahH $wpdhH?mwpTk;> RakupahijAk;

220. jha;khHfs; ,uhkrhkpf;F vd;dgl;lk; toq;fpdhHfs;?ngupahH

221. “ngz; tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd; ngz;fs;fy ;t p fw ;fNtz;Lk ; ” vd ;WtypAWj;jpatH ahH?ngupahH

222. ng u pa h H ngz ;fis ve ; jtpisahl;Lf;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;whH?ky;Aj;jk;> Fj;Jr;rz;il

223. ngupahH ve;j murhq;fg;gzpapy;ngz;fSk; NruNtz;Lk; vd;whH.,uhZtk;> fhty;Jiw

224. ngupahH ve;j tajpYk; $lg; Gjparpe;jidfis vLj;Jf;$wpdhH?njhz;Z}w;iwe;J taJ

225. ngupahH ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH?17.09.1879 ,y; gpwe;jhH.

226. ngupahH ve;j Mz;L kiwe;jhH?24.12.1973

227. ngupahH jk; tho;ehspy; 8600ehs;fs;> 13>12>000 fpNyh kPl;lHJ}uk; gazk; nra;J> 10>700$l;lq;fspy; 21>400 kzp Neuk;kf;fSf;fhf ciuahw;wpr; r%fj;njhz;lhw;wpdhH.

228. 1970 Mk; Mz;L r%fr;rPHjpUj;jr;nray;ghLfSf;fhf If;fpaehLfs;mitapy; ve;j tpUJ ngupahUf;Ftoq;fg;gl;lJ.“And];Nfh tpUJ”

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229. ve ;j Mz;L eLtz; muRngupahupd; cUtk; nghwpj;jmQ;ry; jiyia ntspapl;Lr;rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ.1978 Mk; Mz;L

,yf;fzk;230. gpiofs;

1 ) xw;Wg;gpiofs;flikia nra;@ gyidNfs;kurhkhd;fs; thliff;F fpilf;Fk;2) Fwpy; neby; gpiofs;rhg;ghL jhahHgs;spf;Flk; mUfpy; cs;sJ3) JiznaOj;Jg; gpiofs; (n>N> d;)kUj;Jtkd ghFk; thop,q;F gl;L rhy;ypj; jug;ghLk;4 ) kaq;nfhypg; gpio,Urf;fu thfdk; gYJ ghHf;fg;gLk;jpdrup gfs; fhl;rp cz;L.

231. kWj;jy;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;G1. kWj;jy; vd;gJ mfk;ghtk; ,y;iy2. kWj;jy; vd;gJ gzpahik md;W3. jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis kWj;jhy;jhd; ehk; tsu KbAk;4 . Jzpr ;ry pd ; milahsk ;jtwhdtw;iw kWg;gJ5. %lek;gpf;iffis kWg;gJKd;Ndw;wk;6. kWg;gJ ngz;Zf;Fg; ghJfhg;G7. kWj;jy; miu Fiwahf ,Ue;Jgad; ,y;iy@ cWjpahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

,ay;-6nra;As; - GwehD}W

232. “ehlhF xd;Nwh@ fhlhF xd;Nwh”vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghliyg;ghbatH ahH?xsitahH

233. nrhw;nghUs;1. xd;Nwh - njhlUk; nrhy;2. ehlhF xd;Nwh - ehlhf ,Ue;jhy;vd;d my;yJ.... vdj; njhlUk;3. mty; - gs;sk;4. kpir - NkL5. ey;iy - ed;whf ,Ug;gha;@6. MltH - Mz;fs; (,q;F kdpjHfisg; nghJthff; Fwpj;jJ)

234. GwehD}W- ,ijg; gpupj;J vOJfGwk; + ehd;F + E}W

235. GwehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W?vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;

236. E}y;Fwpg;G,e;E}y; GytH gyH ,aw;wpaghly;fspd; njhFg;G. vl;Lj;njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f E}y;fSk;rq;f ,yf;fpak; <uhapuk; Mz;Lfs;gioik cilaJ. jkpoHfspd;tuyhW> gz;ghL Mfpatw;iw mwpacjTk; E}yhfg; GwehD}W jpfo;fpwJ.

237. xsitahH ahH?rq;fg;GytH

238. xsitahupd; ez;gd; ahH?mjpakhd;

239. xsitahH mupaney;ypf;fdpiaahuplk; ngw;wtH?mjpakhdplk;

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240. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:-rq;f fhyj;jpy; ngz; ftpQH gyH,Ue;jdH mtHfSs; kpFjpahdghly;fs; ghbatH xsitahH.rq;fg;ghly; ghba xsitahUk;>Mj;jp#b ghba xsitahUk;xUtH my;yH@ NtW NtwhdtH.

GJf;ftpijjpz;izia ,bj;Jj;

njUthf;F!241. cl;fhH ez;gh> eye;jhdh? eP

xJq;fp tho;tJ rupjhdh? vd;wghlypd; MrpupaH ahH?jhuhghujp

242. ve;jf; ftpQH vOr;rpkpf;f ftpijfs;vOJtjpy; ty;ytH?ftpQH jhuhghujp

243. jkpof murpd; ey;yhrpupaH tpUJngw;wtH ahH?jhuhghujp

244. jhuhghujp ftpijfs; ______

Kjypad ,tHjk; E}y;fSs; rpy.Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F

245. jhuhghujp tho;e;j fhyk;26.02.1947 Kjy; 13.05.2000 tiu

ciueilNjrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky;

246. mbikj;jis ePq;ff; fz;zPUk;nre;ePUk; rpe;jpNahH ahH?jkpofj;jpy; Rg;gpukzpa rpth>t>Nt.R. IaH> fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;t.crp.> thQ;rpehjd;> jpUg;g+H

Fkud;> KjypNahH gRk;nghd;Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH

247. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH ve;jkhtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH?,uhkehjGuk;

248. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtupd; CH?gRk;nghd;

249. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;j Mz;L>ehspy; gpwe;jhH?1908 Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgHj;jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs;

250. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;Njtupd; ngw;NwhHahH?jpU. cf;fpughz;bj;NjtH>jpUkjp. ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahH.

251. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtupd; MrpupaHahH?Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is

252. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH njhlf;ff;fy;tpia _____ fKjpapYs;snjhlf;fg; gs;spapy; ngw;whH.fpwpj;Jtg; ghjpupahHfsplk;

253. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH ve;j ve;jg;gs;spfspy; gbj;jhH?1. caHepiyg;gs;sp gRkiyapy;gapd;whH.2. If;fpaf; fpwpj;Jtg; gs;spapy;3. ,uhkehjGuk; muR caHepiyg;gs;spapy; gj;jhk; tFg;Gg; gbj;jhH.

254. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ ve;j Neha; gutpKj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH fy;tpepd;wJ.

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gpNsf; Neha;255. ,uhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;jg; gl;lwpit

kpFjpahfg; ngw;whH?gs;spg;gbg;G epd;whYk; Nfs;tpawpitAk; gl;lwpitAk;

256. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;j ,Unkhopfspy; ty;yik ngw;wtH?jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;

257. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; nkhopfspy; _____

jpwd; ngw;wtH.nrhw;nghopthw;Wk; jpwd;

258. ,uhkypq ;fj ; NjtH vjidfw;wwpe;jhH?rpyk;gk;> FjpiuVw;wk;> Jg;ghf;fpr;RLjy;> Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk;.

259. ,sikapNyNa _______ MHtq;nfhz;lhH.murpaypy;

260. ,sik Kjw;nfhz;Nl nghJj;njhz;by; <LghL cilatH ahH?Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH

Vohk; tFg;G ,ay; xd;Wnra;As; - tho;j;J

1) gz;zpid ,aw;if itj;j vdg;njhlq;Fk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy,aw;wpath; ahh;?jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh;

2) nrhw;nghUs;:-m) gz; - ,irM) tz;ik - nfhilj;jd;ik,) Nghw;wp - tho;j;JfpNwd;<) ,Uf;if - Mrdk;

3) jpU.tp.f vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; vd;d?jpUth&h; tpUj;jhrydhh; kfdhh;fypahzRe;judhh;.

4) jpU.tp.f tpd; ngw;Nwhh; ngah; vd;d?tpUj;jhrydhh; - rpd;dk;ikahh;

5) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gpwe;jCh; vJ?fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s Js;sk;.

6) Js;sk; jw ;nghOJ vt;thWmiof;fg;gLfpwJ?jz;lyk; (,t;t+h; nrd;idiamLj;Js;s Ngh&Uf;F Nkw;Nfcs;sJ.)

7) jpU.tp.f tpd; rpwg;G:,th; njhopyhsh; eyDf;Fk;ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj ;jpw ;Fk ;mauhJ ghLgl;lhh;. Nkilj; jkpOf;F,yf;fzk; tFj;jhh;. ,thpd; jkpo;eiliag; Nghw;wpj ; “jkpo;j ;njd;wy;” vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

8) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gilg;Gfs;ahit?1 ) . kdpj tho ;f ;ifAk ;fhe;jpabfSk;> 2). ngz;zpd;ngUik> 3). jkpo;j;njd;wy;>4).chpik Ntl;if> 5). KUfd;my;yJ moF> 6).rPh ;jpUj;jk;my;yJ ,sik tpUe;J> 7) .nghJik Ntl;ly;.

9) jpU.tp.f mth;fs; tho;e;j fhyk; vd;d?26.08.1883 - 17.09.1953

10) jpU.tp.f ,aw;wpa tho;j;Jg; ghly;ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?nghJik Ntl;ly;

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11) nghJik Ntl;ly; vd;Dk; E}y;ve ; jj ; jiyg ; g py ; ,lk ;ngw;Ws;sJ?Nghw;wp

12) nghJik Ntl;ly; vjidf; fle;Jcyfj;ij xU FLk;gkhff; fUJfpwJ?ehL> kjk;> ,dk;> nkhop> epwk;

13) nja;tepr;rak; Kjyhfg; Nghw;wp<whf vj;jid jiyg;Gfspy; cs;sJ?ehw;gj;J ehd;F

14) nghJik Ntl;ly; vj;jid ghf;fshy;MdJ?ehD}w;W Kg;gJ

15) nrd ;idapy ; cs ;s ve ;jg ;gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhf jpU.tp.f.mth;fs; gzpahw;wpdhh;?,uhag;Ngl;il nt];yp gs;spapy;

16) ,iwtd; caphpy; itj;jJ vjid?,iwtd; nfhilj;jd;ikiacaphpy; itj;jhh;.

17) ,iwtdpd; ,Uf;if ahJ?,iwtdpd; ,Uf;if cz;ik.

jpUf;Fws;18) jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpath; ahh;?

jpUts;Sth;19) jpUts;Sthpd; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;?

jhapd; ngah; - Mjpje;ijapd; ngah; - gftd;

20) jpUts;Sth; ve;j Chpy; gpwe;jhh;?kapyhg;g+h; (kJiu vd;Wk; $Wth;)

21) jpUts;Sth; ahuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;?ts;Std; xUtdhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;.

22) ts;Sth; vd;why; nghUs; ahJ?murUf;F me;juq;f MNyhrid$Wk; Xh; cah;e;j mYtyh;

23) jpUts;Sthpd; kidtpapd; ngah;vd;d?thRfp

24) thRfp ahUila kfs;?khh;f;frfhah; vd;Dk; Ntshshpd;kfs;

25) jpUts;Sth; nra;j njhopy; vd;d?nerTj; njhopy;

26) jpUts;Sthpd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d?ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;>nja;tg ; Gyth ; > ehd;Kfd; >khjhDgq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;>ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth;vd;gd

27) jpUts;Sth; fhyk; vJ?fp.K. 31

28) kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho> kdpjd;kdpjDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiujhd;------------- MFk;.jpUf;Fws;

29) -------------- vd;Dk; milnkhopiag;ngw;Wj; jpUf;Fws; vd toq;fg;ngWfpwJ.jpU

30) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid gphpTfisf;nfhz;lJ? mit ahit?%d;W gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ.mit:-m. mwj;Jg;ghy;M. nghUl;ghy;,. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;

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31) ,e;E}y; jpUf;Fws; vd;W vjdhy;ngah; ngw;wJ?jpU + Fws;. Nkd;ikahd Fws;ntz;ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhy;,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.

32) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fiscilaJ.133 mjpfhuq;fs;

33) jpUf;Fws; xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;vj;jid ghly;fis nfhz;lJ?10

34) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fshy;MdJ?Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;W Kg;gJ

35) jpUf;Fws; -------------- E}y;fSs; xd;Wgjpndz;fPof;;fzf;F

36) jpUf;Fws; Vd; “cyfg; nghJkiw”

vd;W toq;fg; ngWfpwJ?cyfk; Vw;Fk; fUj;Jfisf;nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,t;thW toq;fg;ngWfpwJ.

37) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid nkhopfspy;nkhopngah;f;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ?E}w;NwO nkhopfspy; (107)

38) jpUf;Fwspd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d?Kg;ghy;> cj;juNtjk;> nja;tE}y;>jpUts;Sth;> ngha;ahnkhop>thAiw tho;j;J> jkpo;kiw>nghJkiw vd;gd.

39) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. Giu - Fw;wk;2. gaf;Fk; - jUk;3. RLk; - tUj;Jk;

4. md;d - mit Nghy; td5. va;ahik - tUe;jhky;6. mfk; - cs;sk;7. mikAk; - cz;lhFk;

40) jpUf;Fws; E}ypd; gad; ahJ?jpUf;Fws; fw;gjdhy; kdpjtho;f;if nrk;ikAWk;. gz;Gfs;tsUk;. cynfyhk; xd;nwDk;cah;Fzk; Njhd;Wk;> kdpjh;fspilNa NtWghLfs; kiwAk;>vy ;yh caph plj ;Jk ; md ;Gjiof;Fk;.

41) cliy ePH J}a;ik nra;Ak;: ------ - - - - - - - - cs;sj ; J}a ;ikiantspg;gLj;Jk;.tha;ik

42) tha;ik vd;why; vd;d?kw;wth;fSf;Fj; jPq;F juhjnrhw;fisg; NgRjy;.

43) gphpj;J vOJf:-1. ahnjdpd; - ahJ + vdpd;

2. ngha;ahnjhOfpd; - ngha;ahJ+ xOfpd;

44) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;mikf;f1: ,aw;ifFw;whyj;jpy; cs;s ,aw;iff;fhl;rpfs; cs;sj;ijf; fth;fpd;wd.

2: ngz;ikghujpahh; ngz;ikiag; Nghw;wpg;ghbAs;shh;3: tha;iktha;ikNa nty;Yk; vd;w njhlh;jkpof murpd; rpd;dj;jpy; cs;sJ.4. cs;sk;Foe;ijapd; cs;sk; fs;sk; Gfh,lkhFk;.

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nrk;nkhopj; jkpo;45) cyfj;jpy; vj;jidf;F Nkw;gl;l

nkhopfs; cs;sd?Mwhapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs;cs;sd.

46) ts;syhh; ve;j nkhopia vspjpy;NgrTk;> vspjpy; ghly; ,aw;wTk;,aw;ifahf mike;J cs;sJvd;W $Wfpwhh;?njd;nkhopahfpa jkpo; xd;Nw

47) mwpQh;fs; vjid cyf nkhopfspy;rpwe;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fs;?jkpo; nkhopNa

48) ------------------ nghUe;jpa nkhopfs;nrk;nkhopfs; vdg;gLk;.jpUe;jpa nrt;tpay;Gfs;

49) nkhopapay; mwpQh; r.mfj;jpay pq ; fk ; vtw ;iw vy ;yhk ;nrk;nkhopfs; vdg;gl;baypLfpwhh;?fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> rkw;fpUjk;>rPdk;> vgpNuak;> muG> <g;U

50) ,d;W Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,y;yhjnkhopfs; vit?fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> rkw;fpUjk;

51) cyfpy; ,d;W toq;Fk; nkhopfs;Nj hd ;Wtjw ;F Kd ; g hfNtjkpo;nkhop ------------------ tsq;fisf;nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaJ?vz;zw;w ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaJ.

52) jkpior; nrk;nkhop vd epiyehl;Ltjw;F chpa rhd;Wfshf vitjpfo;fpd;wd?njhy;fhg;gpak;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif> gjpndz;fPo;f; fzf;F>rpyg ;gjpfhuk ; > kzpNkfiy>Kj;njhs;shapuk;> ,iwadhh;

mfg;nghUs; Mfpa nrt;tpay;,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;.

53) gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;fpy; xd;whd --------------------- ,izahd NtW E}y;cyfpy; ,y;iy.jpUf;FwSf;F

54) jkpo;nkhop mofhd rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghlike;j nts;spj;jl;L: jpUf;Fws;mjpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s jq;fMg;gps;: jkpo; vd;id <h;j;jJ:FwNsh vd;id ,Oj;jJ vd;W$wpath; ahh;?

lhf;lh; fpnusy;55) cyfpd; kpfg;goikahd epyg;gFjp

------------------- MFk;.Fkhpf;fz;lk;

56) Fkhpf;fz;lk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G ahJ,e;e pyg ;gFjp fly;Nfhshy ;%o;fptpl;lJ. me;j njhd;dpyj;jpy; jhd; jkpo; Njhd;wpanjdj;jz ;bayq ;f h u Nkw ; Nfhs ;nra;As; $WfpwJ.

57) cyf Kjd; nkhopaha;j; Njhd;wpAk;>,d ;Wk ; ,sik khwhky ;fd;dpj;jkpoha; _____ ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ.jkpo; nkhop

58) ngw;Nwhiuf; Fwpf;Fk; ---------- vd;Wk;nrhy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ.mk;ik> mg;gd;

59) --------------- ,y;yhj cyfg; ngUnkhopahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iyjkpo;r; nrhy;

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60) fhy;Lnty; jkpo; nkhopia vt;thW$Wfpwhh;?“jkpo; gpwnkhopj; Jizapd;wpj;jdpj;J ,aq;FtJ kl;Lkd;wpj;jioj;Njhq;fTk; nra;Ak;” vd;W$wpdhh;.

61) nkhopf;F ----------------- tuk;Gk;> nrhw;fSf;Fj;------------ tbTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.,yf;fz> jpUe;jpa

62) jkpopy; cs;sJ Nghy;> NtWvk;nkhopapYk; fhz ,ayhJ.Mjyhy; jkpo; -------------- vdg;gl;lJ.nre;jkpo;

63) njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh vd;gJ vd;d? vy ;yhr ; nrhy ;Yk ; nghUs ;

Fwpj;jdNt64) jkpopy; ------------ ngah;fs; kpfTk;

FiwT.,LFwpg;

65) jkpo; kw;Wk; tlnkhopapy; vj;jidvz;fs; cs;sd? mit ahit?jkpopy; ,uz;L tif vz; cz;L.mit:-xUik>gd;ik

66) tl nkhopapy; %tif vz; cs;sd. mit:

xUik> ,Uik> gd;ik67) jkpopy; vjw;Fg; ghy;NtWghL

cz;L? vjw;Fg; ghy;NtWghL,y;iy?caph ;fSf;Fg ; ghy;NtWghLcz;L . nghUs ;fSf ;Fg ;ghy;NtWghL ,y;iy

68) jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;s ------------gpwgpwnkhopfspy; ,y;iy.gFg;G Kiw

69) vy;yh nkhopfSk; vjw;F ,yf;fzk;$Wk;?vOj;Jf;Fk;> nrhy;Yf;Fk;

70) tho;tpaYf;fhd ,yf;fzkhfvijj; jkpo; nkhop $WfpwJ?nghUspyf;fzj;ij

71) nghUspyf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:1. mfk; 2. Gwk;

72) -------------- nra;As; tiffs; NtWvk;nkhopapYk; ,y;iy.fypg;gh

73) Gyth;fs; nra;ASf;Fr; rpwg;Gr;Nrh;f;f --------------> ---------> KjypaE}w;Wf; fzf;fhd mzpfisg;gad;gLj;jpdh;.ctik> cUtfk;

CUk; NgUk; (Jizg;ghlk;)74) jkpo; kf;fs; jk; FbapUg;Gg;

gFjpfis ----------- vd;w ngauhy;Fwpj;jdh;.Ch;

75) ghgpNyhd; mUNf ------------ vd;Dk;ngahpy; xU efUk;> ---------- vd;Dk;CUk; cs;sjhk; Ch;> Cu;ek;K

76) kf;fs; ehsiltpy; gy;NtWCh;fs; cUthf epytiff;Nfw;gvt;thW ngahpl;ldh;?kiya+h;> fhl;̂ u;> kUJ}u;> flY}h;vd kf;fs; ngahpl;ldh;.

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fhd;g+h;> Nfhyhyk;g+h;> rpq;fg;g+h;>kzpg;g+h;> [df;g+h;> n[a;g;g+h;> N[hj;g+h;

77) kiyapd; mUNf cs;s Ch;fSf;Fvt;thW kf;fs; ngahpl;ldh;?Midkiy> rpWkiy> jpUtz;zhkiy> ehfkiy> ts;spkiy>tpuhypkiy vdg; ngahpl;ldh;.

78) Xq;fpAah;e;j epyg;gFjpia ----------vdf; $wpdh;?kiy

79) kiyapd; cauj;jpy; Fiwe;jjidf;_____ vdf; $wpdh;.Fd;W

80) Fd;wpYk; cauj;jpy; Fiwe;jjidf;--------- vdTk;> ---------------- vdTk;ngahpl;L mioj;jdh;?fuL> ghiw

81) Fd;iw mLj;Js;s Ch;fs; vt;thWmiof;fg;gl;ld?Fd;W}h;> Fd;wj;J}h;> Fd;wf;Fbvd miof;fg;gl;ld.

82) ghiwfs; vd;W $Wk; Ch;g ;ngah;fs; ahit?Fl;lg;ghiw> rpg;gpg;ghiw> g+k;ghiw>kl;lg;ghiw> kzg;ghiw> thy;ghiwMfpait.

83) tlnrhy;ypy;> kiyia ------------vd;W $Wth;?fphp

84) kiyianahl;b vOe;j Ch;g;ngah;fs; ahit?fpU\;zfphp> Nfhj;jfphp> rptfphp>ePyfphp vd;gd MFk;.

85) FwpQ;rp epykf;fs; kiyapypUe;Jgpw ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jq;fpaNghJk; jq;fs; epyg;ngaiukwthJ vt;thW ngah; itj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;.Mo;thh;Fwpr;rp> fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp>Fwpr;rp> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> nkhlf;Fwpr;rp vd;W ngah; itj;jdh;.

86) kuq;fs; ngahpy; cUthd Ch;fs;:-mj;jp (Mh;) kuq;fs; #o;e;j Ch; -------------- vd mioj;jdh;.Mh;f;fhL

87) My kuq;fs; epiwe;j Ch; ------------- vd mioj;jdh;.Myq;fhL

88) fshr; nrbfs; epiwe;j gFjpiavt;thW mioj;jdh;?fshf;fhL

89) khkuq;fs; nropj;jpUe;j ,lj;ij------------------- vd mioj;jdh;.khq;fhL

90) gidkuq;fs; epiwe;jpUe;j Ch; ------------------- vdg; ngah;ngw;wJ.gidaGuk;

91) gl;b> ghb vd;w ,g;ngah; Ch;fSf;Fvt;thW te;jd?fhl;bd; eLtpy; tho;e;j kf;fs;mq;Fj; jphpAk; tpyq;Ffshy;jkf;Fk;> jk; fhy;eilfSf;Fk;CW Neuhtz;zk; Ntyp fl;bg;ghJfhj;jdh;. mt;t+h;fs; gl;b>ghb vd;wiof;fg; ngw;wd.ML khLfs; milf;fg;gLk;,lk; gl;b vdg;gLk;.

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92) jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rpy gl;bfs;Ch;fisf; $Wf?Ml;ilahk;gl;b> fhspg ;gl;b>Nfhtpy;gl;b> rpW$ly;gl;b> rpd;dnfhy;yg;gl;b> nghpa nfhy;yg;gl;bKjypa E}w ;Wf ; fzf;fhdgl;bfs; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sd.

93) epytsKk;> ePh;tsKk; gaph;tsKk;nrwpe;j kUjepyf; FbapUg;Gk; --------------- vd toq;fg;gl;lJ.Ch;

94) MWfs; ghAk; ,lq;fspy; -----------vd toq;Fk; Ch;fs; jtwhky;,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.Mw;W}u;

95) Mw;W}u; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Ngr;Rtof;fpy; ---------------- vd kUtptoq;FfpwJ.Mj;J}h;

96) flk;gkuk; #o;e;j gFjpia vt;thWmioj;jdh;.flk;g+h;> flk;gj;J}u;

97) njd;id #o;e;j gFjpia vt;thW$wpdh;?njq;$h;

98) Gspakuq;fs; mlh;e;j gFjpiavt;thW ngahpl;L mioj;jdh;?Gspaq ;Fb> GspaQ ;Nrhiy>Gspak;gl;b vd mioj;jdh;.

99) Fsk;> Vhp> CUzp Kjypa ePHepiy fis cUthf;fp mtw;NwhLCh ; g ; ngah ; fis vt ;thW,izj;jdh;?rPtyg;Nghp> Gspaq;Fsk;> Nguht+uzp>khq ;Fsk; > Ntg ;Ngh p vd;gd,t ;thW Njhd ;w pa Ch ; g ;ngau;fs;.

100) goq;fhyj;j py ; flw ;fiuapy ;cUthd Ng&u;fs; --------------- vdmiof;fg;gl;ld.gl;bdk;

101) rpw;W}h;fs; --------------- vdTk; ngah;ngw;wpUe;jd.ghf;fk;

102) gujth; tho;e;j Ch;fs; vt;thWngah; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.fPof;fiu> Nfhbaf;fiu> ePyhq;fiu

103) kPdth; thOkplq;fspd; ngah;fs;-------------- vd;Dk; ngaiur; Nrh;j;Jg;gy;fpg; ngUfp tUfpd;wd.Fg;gk;

104) ngUNte;jUk; FWepy kd;dUk;vij mikj;J kf;fisf; fhj;jdh;?muz;fs;

105) muz;fSs; ----------------- xd;W MFk;.Nfhl;ilAk;

106) Nfhl;il #otpUe;j Ch;fs; vt;thWtoq;fyhapd?fe;ju;tf;Nfhl;il> Nfhl;il> Njtf;Nfhl;il> ehl;lurd; Nfhl;il>epyf;Nfhl;il> gl;Lf; Nfhl;il>GJf;Nfhl;il vd toq;fyhapd.

107) ehw;wpirg; ngah;fSk; Cu;fSld;Fwpg;gpLf?fpof;Nf vOe;j Ch;g;gFjpiaf;fPOu; vdTk;> Nkw;Nf mike;jCu;g;gFjpia NkY}u; vdTk;>njw;Nf cs;sJ njd;goQ;rpahfTk;> tlf;Nf cs;sJ tlgoQ;rpahfTk; ngah; ngw;wd.

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108) ehaf;f kd;du;fs; jkpofj;ijvj;jid ghisaq;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;?72 ghisaq;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;.

109) ehaf;f kd;du;fs; Cu;g; ngau;fSld; ghisaj;ijr; Nrh;j;Jvt;thW toq;fpdhh;fs;?

Mug;ghisak;> ,uhrghisak;>fzf;fk;ghisak;> Fkhughisak;>N f h g p r ; n r l ; b g ; g h isak ; >Nfhhpg;ghisak;> Nkl;Lg;ghisak;vdg; gythFk;.

110) fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; ---------kUijahfp ,d;W ----------- ahfkhwpAs;sJ.kjpiu

111) ------------ vd;Dk; ngah; NfhaKj;J}h;Mfp> ,d;W Nfhitahf kUtpAs;sJ.Nfhtd;Gj;J}h;

,yf;fzk;rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; tiffs;

112) vtw;iw KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;?caph; vOj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk;>nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndl;Lk;jdpj;J ,aq;fp Kjd;ik ngw;Wt psq ;Ftjhy ; mtw ;iwKjnyOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;.

113) KjnyOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;JtUk;vOj;Jfisr; ---------------- vd;fpNwhk;.rhh;ngOj;Jfs;

114) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?10 tifg;gLk;. mit:1. caph;nka;> 2. Ma;jk;> 3. capusngil>4. xw;wsngil> 5. Fw;wpaypfuk;>6. Fw;wpaYfuk;> 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk;>

8. Xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> 9. kfuf;FWf;fk;> 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;Mfpait MFk;.

115) Ma;jk; ------------- vOj;J tifiar;rhh;e;jJ.rhh;ngOj;J

116) KjnyOj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if --------30

117) ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs; vit?f;> r;> j;> g;

118) m>,>c vd;gd vd;d vOj;Jfs;?Rl;nlOj;Jfs;

119) vjid ty;nyhw;W kpFjy; vd;gh;?vOj ;Jfspd ; Kd ; ty ;y pdvOj;Jfis Kjyhf cilanrhy; te;J Nrh;e;jhy; ,ilapy;mt;ntOj;jpd; nka;naOj;Jj;Njhd;Wk;. ,jid ty;nyhw;WkpFjy; vd;gh;.

120) ------------- vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;jhdJjw;nghOJ tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy.c

121) “v” vd;Dk; tpdh vOj;Jf;FKd;ty;ypd vOj;ij Kjyhf cilanrhw;fs; te;jhYk; -------- kpFk;.

ty;ypdk;(v.fh) v + Flk; = vf;Flk;> v +

rl;il = vr;rl;il

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122) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis KjnyOj;ijf;nfhz;L mfuthpirapy; mikf;f.

Vzp> <ry;> vyp> xd;W> xsit>Cl;b> mz;zd;> ,y;yk;> ML>Xlk;> Ie;J> cil.tpil:mz;zd;> ML> ,y;yk;> <ry;>cil> Cl;b> vyp> Vzp> Ie;J>xd;W> Xlk;> xsit.

123) ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fj; njd;dfj;jpypUe;J me;epaiu vjpu;j;j rpwe;jtPud; ahh;?Gypj;Njtd;

,ay; ,uz;Lnra;As; - GwehD}W

124) ney;Yk; capud;Nw: ePUk; capud;Nw:vd njhlq;Fk; GwehD}W ghliyg;ghbath; ahh;?NkhrpfPudhh;

125) NkhrpfPudhu; tho;e;j Ch; vJ?njd;ghz;b ehl;bYs;s Nkhrp

126) --------------- vd;gJ Fbg;ngauhff;Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.fPud;

127) muRf;Fhpa KuRf; fl;bypy;cwq;fpa NghJ ve;j kd;duhy;fthptPrg; ngw;w ngUikf;Fhpath;?Nrukhd; ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw

128) nrhw; nghUs;:-1. mwpif - mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;2. jhid - gil3. flNd - flik4. kyh;jiy cyfk; - gue;j,lkfd;w cyfk;

129) GwehD}W ----------- E}y;fSs; xd;W.vl;Lj; njhif

130) GwehD}W ------------- ghly;fspd;njhFg;G.Gwk;gw;wpa ehD}W

jkpo; vz;fis mwpNthk;

vspjhf Qhgfk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s rpwpa Nahridfliy cUz;il vq;qdk; Ritj;J Urpj;J rhg;gpl;lhd;

vd;W mtd; $wpdhd;.

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131) NkhrpfPudhh; ghba ghly;fs; NtWve;j E}y;fspy; cs;sJ?mfehD}W> FWe;njhif> ew;wpizMfpatw;Ws; cs;sd.

132) gz;ila jkpof kd;dh;fspd; mwczh;T> tPuk;> nfhil> Ml;rpr;rpwg;G> fy;tpg; ngUik Kjypatw;iw vtw;wpd; %yk; mwpayhk;GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; %yk;

133) GwehD}W ghly ;fs ; %yk ;Gyth;fspd; -------------> kf;fSila-------> -------> Kjypatw;iwAk;mwpayhk;.ngUkpjk;> kf;fSila ehfupfk;>gz;ghL

134) muridf; Fwpf;Fk; NtW ngah;fs;ahit?Nfh> kd;dd;> Nte;jd;.

135) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;mikf;fTk;:-1. ney;jQ;ir> jkpofj;jpd; ney; fsQ;rpakha;j; jpfo;fpwJ.2. caph;.Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; tlf;fpUe;Jcaph; ePj;jhh;.3. ePu;fly; ePh; Nkfkhfp kioaha;g;nga;fpwJ.4. Nte;jd;.Nte;jd; eLepiy jtwhJ Ml;rpnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp

136) rpwe;jnjdf; $wg;gLk; gj;Jg;nghUisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUg;gJ------------------- MFk;.rpwe;j gj;J

137) “KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp” vd;w E}iy,aw;wpath; ahh;?kJiuf; $lY}h;fpohh;

138) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. Mu;fyp - epiwe;j XirAila fly;2. fhjy; - md;G> tpUg;gk;3. Nkij - mwpT El;gk;4. tz;ik - <if> nfhil5. gpzp - Neha;6. nka; - clk;G7. ehzk; - nra;af; $lhjjidr; nra;a mr;rg;gLjy;8. rpwe;jd;W - rpwe;jJ9. topgLjy; - Nghw;wp tzq;Fjy;10. jw;nra;if - jd;idr; nry;tk;Kjypatw;w py ; Nkk ;gLj ;jpf ;nfhs;sy;.

139)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-ngah; : kJiuf; $lY}h; fpohh;gpwe;j Cu; : $lY}u;rpwg;G : ,th;jk; ghly;fiser;rpdhh;f;fpdpau; Kjypa ey;Yiuahrpupah;fs; Nkw;Nfhs;fshff;ifahz;Ls;shh;fs;.fhyk; : rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; tho;e;jth;.

140) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp vd;gJ -----------JiwfSs; xd;W.fhQ;rpj;jpizapd;

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141) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp ----------- vdTk;toq;fg;gLfpwJ.mwTiuf; Nfhit

142) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rpapy; vj;jidmjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd?10

143) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp -------- ghly;fshy;MdJ.E}W

144) ,sikiaf; fhl;bYk; --------------rpwe;jJ.Nehaw;w tho;Nt

145) fw;wiytplTk; rpwe;jJ _______

xOf;fKilik146) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;

mikf;f1. kf;fs;:kf;fs; midtUk; fy;tp ngw;wtuha;,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.2. xOf;fk;:xOf;fk; caphpDk; NkyhdJ.3. topgLjy;:,iwtid kdk;> nkhop> nka;>Mfpatw;why; topgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhh;(ciueil)

147) ahh; fhg;ghu; vd;W jkpod;idVq;fpa NghJ ehd; fhg;Ngd; vd;WvOe;jth; ahh;?c.Nt.rhkpehjh;

148) gpd;dhspy; c.Nt.rhkpehjh; midtuhYk; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;?jkpo;j; jhj;jh

149) c.Nt. rhkpehjh; mth;fspd; Mrphpah;ngah; vd;d?kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;

150) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; vg;NghJ gpwe;jhh;?1815 Mk; Mz;L vg;uy; jpq;fs;Mwhk; ehsd;W gpwe;jhh;.

151) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? jpUr;rp khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j

vz;nza;f; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.152) kPdhl;rpRe;judhhpd; ngw;Nwhu; ngah;

vd;d?rpjk;guk; -- md;dj;jhr;rpahh;

153) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; ,sikapy;ahhplk; jkpo; fw;whh;?jkJ je;ijahhplk;

154) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; rpWtajpNyNa------------- ,aw;Wk; Mw;wy; iftug;ngw;whh;.nra;As;

155) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh ; jpUkzk;nra;Jnfhz;L FLk;gj;Jld; ve;jChpy; tho;e;J te;jhh;?jphprpuGuj;jpy; (jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp)

156) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jphprpuGuj;jpy; tho;e;jjhy; mth; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;?jphprpuGuk; kPdhl;rpRe;judhh;

157) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jkpopy; ve;jE}y;fspy; Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;?irt rka E}y;fs;

158) kPdhl;rp Re;judhhpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fkhzth;fs; ahh;?Fyhk;fhjh; ehtyh;> rtupuhaY>jpahfuhru;> rhkpehjh; MfpNahh;Mth;.

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159) kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; ve;j Chpy;tho;e;j NghJ c.Nt. rhkpehjUf;FMrphpauhf ,Ue;jhu;?jpUthtLJiwapy;

160) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhu;vj;jidf;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis,aw;wpAs;shu;?vz;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs;

161) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhu;gy;NtW Nfhtpy;fSf;F eilg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L mf;Nfhtpy;fisg; gw;wp ----gy ,aw;wpAs;shh;.jyGuhzq;fs;

162) Fk;gNfhzj;jpYs;s Rz;zhk;Gf;fuhd; njUit vt;thW toq;Fth;?ePw;Wf;fhuj; njU

163) ePw;Wf;fhuj; njUit ,g;gbAk;miof;fyhk; vd;W kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;$wpdhh;?%d;whtJ njU

164) %d;whtJ vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk;xU nrhy;?Rz;zhk;G

165) Neha;f;F vJ kUe;J vd;W kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; $Wfpwhh;?,yf;fpak;

166) kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; kiwe;j Mz;LvJ?01.02.1876

167) “ehis vd; jha;nkhop rhFkhdhy;”,d;Nw ehd; ,we;J tpLNtd; vd;W$wpa ftpQd; ahh;?U\;af; ftpQd; u#y; fk;rNjt;

168) “njhg;Gs; nfhb cwTfs;” vdj;njhlq;Fk; ghly; ve;j E}ypUe;JvLj;jhsg;gl;lJ.nrhy;yj; Jbf;FJ kdR

Nfht+h; fpohu; (Jizg;ghlk;)169) Nfht+h;fpohu; vq;F gpwe;jhu;?

ciwa+Uf;F mUfpYs;s Nfht+hpy;gpwe;jhh;

170) ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> GwehD}W>jpUts;St khiy Mfpatw;wpy;Nfht+h;fpohupd; ------------- ghly;fs;,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.gjpndl;Lg; ghly;fs;

171) Nfht+h;fpohiu mitf;fsj; jiytu;Mf;fpf; nfhz;l kd;dd; ahh;?eyq;fps;sp

172) eyq;fps;spf;Fk;> neLq;fps;spf;Fk;,Ue;j gifia ePf;fpath; ahu;?Nfht+h;fpohu;

173) gdk;g+ khiyazpe;j kd;dd; ahh;?Nrud;

174) Ntg;gk;g+ khiyazpe;j kd;dd; ahh;?ghz;bad;

175) Mj;jpg+ khiy ahUf;F cilaJ?NrhoUf;FhpaJ

176) filNaO ts;sy;fSs; xUth;ahh;?kiyakhd; jpUKbf;fhhp

177) ve;jg; Gytiuf; Nfht+u;fpohu;neLq;fps;sp rpiwapy; ,Ue;JtpLtpj;jhh;?,se;jj;jdhh;

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178) tpiue;J njhopy; Nfl;Fk; vdj;njhlq;Fk; jpUf;Fws; vj;jidahtJFwsps; mike;Js;sJ?648capu;nka;> Ma;jk;

179) f>fh>fp Mfpait ve;j vOj;Jfs;?caph;nka; vOj;Jfs;

180) ve;nje;j vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;jhy;caph;nka; vOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;?capnuOj;Jk;> nka;naOj;Jk;

181) caph;nka; vOj;J capiuAk;nka;iaAk; rhh;e;jpUg;gjhy; --------------- vd;fpNwhk;.rhh;ngOj;J

182) / vd;why; vd;d?m/Nfdk;m/Nfdj;jpy; / vDk; ,t;ntOj;J%d;W Gs;spfisg; ngw;Ws;sjhy;,jid vt;thW Fwpg;gpLthh;fs;.Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw; Gs;sp

183) / vDk; vOj;J capNuhLk;nka;NahLk; Nruhky; jdpj;Nj,Ug;gjhy; ,jid vt;thW $Wth;?jdp epiy

184) jw;fhg;G MAjj;jpy; (Nflak;)fhzg;gLk; %d;W Fkpo;g; Gs;spfs;Nghd;W ,Ug;gjhy; / vDk;vOj;ij ----------- vdTk; $Wth;.Ma;jk;

185) -------------- fiuj;jhy; fy;Yk; fiuAk;.fiug;ghu;

186) capu;nka; vOj;Jfs; -------------tifapy; mlq;Fk;.rhh;ngOj;J

187) md;G> mlf;fk; v/F - ,r;nrhw;fspYs;s rhh ;ngOj;Jfspd ;mbapy; NfhbLf:-md;G

188) Nghh; nra;ag; Gwg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghfmurd; > jd; muz;kidapy ;tPuu;fSf;F mspf;Fk; ngUtpUe;jpd;ngah; vd;d?ngUQ;NrhW mspj;jy;ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;

189) ----------- Kd; f;>r;>j;>g; nka;naOj;Jfspd; tUf;f vOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;(tpidr; nrhw;fs;) tUkhapd; chpaty;nyOj;Jfs; Njhd;Wk;.Mfu <w;W tpidnar;rq;fSf;F(v.L)

Xl + fhj;jpUf;fpwhd; = Xlf;fhj;jpUf;fpwhd;ghl + Nfl;Nld; = ghlf; Nfl;Nld;

190) <w;W tpidnar;rr; nrhw;fspd; gpd;ty;ypd capu ;nka; vOj;Jr;nrhw;fs; ( tpidr;nrhw;fs;) te;jhy;--------- kpFk;.ty;nyhw;W(v.fh)ehb + nrd;whd; = ehbr; nrd;whd;Ngrp + gofpdhd; = Ngrpg; gofpdhd;

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,ay; %d;Wnra;As; - jdpg;ghly;,ul;Lw nkhopjy;

191) ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; vd;w ghliyg;ghbath; ahh;?fhsNkfg; Gyth;

192) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. Rop --- cly; kPJ cs;s Rop>ePu;r;Rop2. Jd;dyh; -- gifth;> mofpa kyh;3. guptha; -- md;gha;4. rhLk; -- jhf;Fk;> ,Of;Fk;5. MLghp - MLfpd;w Fjpiu

193) fhs Nkfg;Gyth; vq;Fg; gpwe;jhh;?Fk ;gNfhzj ;j pw ;F mUf py ;ee;jpf;fpuhkk; vdTk;> tpOg;Guk;khtl;lj;jpYs;s vz;zhapuk;vdTk; $Wth;

194) fhsNkfg;Gythpd; ,aw;ngah;vd;d?tujd;

195) ve;jf; Nfhtpy; kilg;gs;spapy;fhsNkfg; Gyth; gzpGhpe;jhh;?jpUtuq;ff; Nfhtpy;

196) itzt rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ve;jrkaj;jpw;Ff; fhsNkfg;Gyth;khwpdhu;?irt rkaj;jpw;F

197) fhsNkfg;Gyth; vijg; Nghd;Wftpij nghopAk; Mw;wy; ngw;wpUe;jhh;?fhh;Nkfk; Nghy;

fy;tpf;F vy;iy ,y;iy198) fw;wJifk; kz;zsT fy;yhJ

cyfsntd;(W) $wpath; ahh;?xsitahh;

199) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. ifk;kz;zsT - xU rhz;vdTk; nghUs; nfhs;Sth;2. nkj;j - kpFjpahf3. ge;jak; - Nghl;b4. GytPu; - Gytu;fNs5. fiykle;ij - fiykfs;

200) fk;gh;> xl;lf;$j;jh;> GfNoe;jpg;Gyth;Kjypa Gyth;fs; ahUilafhyj;jpy; tho;e;jhu;fs;?Xsitahu;

201) Gyth; gyh;> gy;NtW #o;epiyf;FVw;g mt;tg; NghJ ghba ghly;fspd;njhFg;Ng ----------- vdg;gLk;.jdpg;ghly; jpul;L

ciueilfzpjNkij ,uhkhD[k;

202) fzpjNkij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk;,uhkhD[k; vq;F tho;e;J te;jhu;?<Nuhl;by;

203) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; ngw;Nwhu; ahh;?rPdthrd; --- Nfhksk;

204) fzpjNkij ,uhkhD[k; gpwe;jMz;L vJ?22.12.1887

205) ,uhkhD[k; vj;jid Mz;LtiuNgRk; jpwd; mw;wtuhf ,Ue;jhh;?3 Mz;Lfs;

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206) fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; cs;s ve;jg; gs;spapy;,uhkhD[k; gbj;jhh;?jpz;izg; gs;spapy;

207) ,uhkhD[k; jkJ rpWtaJKjNy ------------- ghlj;jpy; kpFe;jMu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.fzpjg;ghlj;jpy;

208) vjw;F kjpg;G cz;L vd ,uhkhD[k;jdJ Mrpupahplk; $wpdhh;?Ropaj;jpw;F (0)

209) Ma;yuhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ,uhkhD[d;Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU INfhgp vd;W$wpath; ahh;?ypl;by; Tl;L

210) Ma;th; ve;j ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;?Rtpl;rh;yhe;ijr;

211) Ma;th; -------------- Mk; E}w;whz;bd;,izaw;w fzpjNkij Mthh;?18

212) IhNfhgp ve;j ehl;by; tho;e;jhu;?n[h;kdpapy;

213) IhNfhgp ve;j E}w;whz;bd; fzpjNkij19 Mk;

214) fzpjj; jpwikahy; tpQ;Qhdcyfpidg; gpukpf;fr; nra;Jtuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Xh;,lj;ijg; ngw;w gpwtpf; fzpjNkij vd;W $wpath; ahh;?,e;jpuh fhe;jp

215) 1880 Mk; Mz;L ,yz;ldpypUe;j- - - - - - - vd ;gth ; gjpide ;jhk ;tajpNyNa ahh; fzpjj;jpy; rpwe;Jtpsq;fpdhh;?fhu;

216) ,u hkhD[k ; jdJ je ;ijrPdthrdpd; Kaw;rpahy; nrd;idj;JiwKfj;jpy; vg;gzpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;?vOj;jh;

217) ,uhkhD[k; jhd; fz;Lgpbj;jNjw;wq;fisAk; vLNfhs;fisAk;Nfs;tpfshfj; njhFj;J ve;jgj;jpupiff;F mDg;gpdhh;?,e;jpaf; fzpjf; fofg; gj;jpupif

218) jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfis ,e;jpaf;fzpjf; fofg; gj;jpupiff;F,uhkhD[k; ahh; %yk; mDg;gpdhu;?/ gpuhd;rp]; ];gphpq;

219) ------------- vDk; jiyg;gpy; ntspahd,uhkhD[j;jpd; fl;Liu fzpjty ;Yeh ; fs pilNa k pFe ; jtuNtw;igg; ngw;wJ.ngu;ndsyp]; vz;fs;

220) ,uhkhD[k; ve;jg ; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Muha;r;rp khztuhfr;Nrh;e;jhh;?nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;

221) ,uhkhD[k; jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;Muha;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw tptukhfvOjp ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s ve;jg;gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrphpau; ---------vd;gtUf;F fbjkhf mDg;gpdhu;.

Nfk;g pu pl ;[ ; gy;fiyf;fofg ;Nguhrphpah; `hh;b

222) ,yz;ld; Nfk;gpupl;]; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,ize;Js;s fy;Y}hpd;ngah; vd;d?jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hp

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223) jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hpapd; Nguhrphpah;ahh; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fr; nrhw;nghopthw;w te;jhh;?<.vr;. netpy;

224) ,u hkhD[k ; ve ; j Mz ;L,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lh;?1914 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 17 Mk; ehs;

225) jphpdpl;b fy;Y}upapy; Muha;r;rpkhztuhf ve;j Mz;L ,uhkhD[k;Nrh;e;jhh;?18.04.1914

226) f pq ;] ; fy;Y}h pa pd ; fzpjg ;Nguhrphpah; ahh;?Mu;jh; ngu;rp

227) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; topKiwfisE}yhf ntspapl;L mtUf;Fg;ngUik Nrh;e;jth; ahh;?`hu;b

228) `hu;b -------------- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;,uhkhD[j;jpd; topKiwfisE}yhf ntspapl;lhh;?Nuhru;]; ,uhkhD[d; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;

229) ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;cWg;gpduhf ,uhkhD[k; ve;jMz;L Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhu;?1918

230) ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofk;,uhkhD[j;jpw;F ------------- gl;lk;toq;fpaJ.v/g;.Mu;.v];

231) v/g ; .Mu ; .v] ; gl ;lk ; ngw ;w,uhkhD[j;ij; ve;jf; fy;Y}upghuhl;br; rpwg;gpj;jJ?jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hp

232) jpupdpl;b fy;Y}upapd; fy;tpf;FOtpd; rpwg;G cWg;gpduhfTk;,uhkhD[j;ijj; Njh;e;njLj;JMz;LNjhWk; vj;jid gTz;Lj;njhifia MW Mz;LfSf;Ftoq;fTk; Vw;ghL nra;jJ?

233) ahUila ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy;nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofKk; 250gTz;Lj ; njhifia Ie ;JMz;Lf;Fk; nfhLf;f Kd;te;jJ.`hu;bapd;

234) ,uhkhD[k; ---------------- gTz;ilj;jk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; ----------- gTz;ilVio vspa khzth;fSf;Fk;toq;fp tUkhW fbjk; vOjpdhh;.50 gTz;ilj; jk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk;200 gTz;il Vio vspakhzth;fSf;Fk;

235) ,uhkhD[j;ijg; ghh;f;f te;j`hu;b ----------- vd;w vz; nfhz;lthlif kfpOe;jpy; te;Njd; vdf;$wpdhh;?1729

236) ,e;jpahtpw;F ,uhkhD[k; vg;NghJjpUk;gp te;jhh;?1919 khu;r; 27

237) ,uhkhD[k; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ?1920 Vg;uy; 26

238) ,uhkhD[k; rhjhuz kdpjuy;yh;mth; ,iwtd; je;j ghpR vd;W$wpath; ahh;?Nguh <.b ngy;

239) ,uhkhD[d; Kjy;jukhd fzpjNkij vd;W $wpath; ahh;?Nguhrphpah; #ypad; ff;Ryp

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240) 1962 jprk;gh; 22 Mk; ehsd;W,uhkhD[j;jpd; -------------- MtJgpwe;j ehs; MFk;.75

241) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; 75 MtJ gpwe;jehis Kd;d pl ;L eLtzuRgjpide;J fhR mQ;ry;jiy ---------------- ,yl;rk; ntspapl;lJ.,Ugj;ije;J

242) Nguhrphpah; ,uhkhD[k; midj;Jyfe pidTf ;FO ve ;j Mz ;Lnrd;idapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.1971

243) nrd;idapy; 1972 Mk; Mz;Lmf;Nlhgh; 3 Mk; ehs; md;iwaKjyikr;ruhy; ---------------- epWtdk;jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.,uhkhD[k; fzpj mwptpay;

244) nrd;idj; JiwKfk; rhh;gpy;Gjpjhf thq;fpa FbePu;f;fg;gYf;F>-------------- vdg; ngau; #l;lg;gl;lJ.rPdpthr ,uhkhD[k;

245) upr;ru;l;Lk; M];NfAk; ,ize;J ----------- Mz;by; ,uhkhD[j;jpd;khu;gsT ntz;fyr; rpiyia,e;jpahtpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;Jtoq;fpdu;?1984 Mk;

246) fzpjf; Fwpg ;Gfs; mlq;fpavj;jid Fwpg;NgLfisAk; Muha;r;rpf;fl;LiufisAk; ,uhkhD[k;tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shu;.3

247) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; Fwpg;NgLfspy; ------------- Kjy; ------------------ Njw;wq;fs;,Ue;jd.3000 Kjy; 4000

248) 1957 Mk; Mz;L -------------- mbg;gilMuha;r;rp epiyak; ,uhkhD[j;jpd;Njw;wq;fis xspg;glk; vLj;JE}yhf ntspapl;Ls;sJ.lhlh

ed;wpg;ghpR (Jizg;ghlk;)249) grp ----------- mwpahJ.

Urp250) kUJ ghz;bf;Fr; rhg;gpl fpotp

vd;d nfhLj;jhs;?gioa NrhW

251) gioa Nrhw;Wf;fhff; fpotpf;FkUJghz;b vd;d ghpR toq;fpdhu;?mts; trpj;j Cu;

252) fpotpf;Fg; ghprhff; fpilj;j me;jChpd; ngah; vd;d?goQ;Nrhw;Wf; FUehjNde;jy;

253) goQ;Nrhw;Wf; FUehjNde;jy;vd;Dk; Cu; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy;cs;sJ?rptfq;ifehy;tifr; nrhw;fs;

,yf;fzk;254) ngaiuf; Fwpj;J te;jhy; ----------

vd;W ngah;.ngau;r; nrhw;fs;

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255) xUnghUspd; nraiy (,af;fj;ijf;)Fwpg;gjhy; ,r;nrhy; ----------------MFk;.tpidr;nrhy;

256) jk;gp + ck; ,jpYs;s ‘ck;’ vd;gJ,izg;Gr; nrhy;yhf tUfpwJ.,jid --------- vd;gh;.,ilr;nrhy;

257) ,ilr;nrhy; vjidr; rhh;e;J tUk;?ngau;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fs;

258) gytifg;gl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Lngau;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fistpl;L ePq;fhJ nra;ASf;Nf chpikngw;W tUtd -------- MFk;.chpr;nrhw;fs;

259) nghUj;Jf:-1. ngau;r;nrhy; --- m. te;jhd;2. tpidr;nrhy; -- M. Ie;Jk; MWk;3. ,ilr;nrhy; -- ,. jtr;rpwpJ4. chpr;nrhy; -- <. Ntyd;tpil:-1-<> 2-m> 3-M> 4-,

260) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;:vl;L> gj;J Mfpa vz;Zg;ngau;fspy; gpd; kl;Lk; ty;ypdtUf;fr; nrhw;fs; te;jhy; ---------kpFk;.ty;nyhw;W(v.fh)vl;L + fhy; = vl;Lf;fhy;gj;J + Ngu; = gj;Jg;Ngu;gj;J + rl;il = gj;Jr;rl;ilgj;J + Njhg;G = gj;Jj;Njhg;Gvl;L + $il = vl;Lf;$ilvl;L + Njh; = vl;Lj;Njh;

261) ghlhj> Nfshj> Mlhj> nra;ahj>nrhy;yhj vd;gd vjpu;kiwg;nghUspy; tUtjhy; --------------MFk;.vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;

262) nrhw;fspYs;s <w;nwOj;jhdJnfl;Lg; ghlh> Nfsh> Mlh>nra;ah> nrhy;yh vd;W tUtjid-------- nganur;rk; vd;gh;.<Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;.<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpy; kpFk; ty;ypdk;(v.fh)ghlh + Fapy; = ghlhf;Fapy;Nfsh + nrtp = Nfshr;nrtp

263) ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;:-tpidr; nrhw;fs; ngaiuf; nfhz;LKw;Wg; ngWk;. ,r;nrhw;fisg; -------------- vd;gu;.nganur;rk;(v.fh)te;j + Foe;ij = te;j Foe;ijcile;j + gyif = cile;j gyifnra;j + jr;rd; = nra;j jr;rd;ghba + ftpij = ghba ftpijfhj;j + rpWkp = fhj;j rpWkpntbj;j + gQ;R = ntbj;j gQ;R

264) ngaur;rr; nrhw;fs;Kd; ---------- kpfhJ.ty;nyhw;W

265) Rth; ,Ue;jhy; jhNd -------------tiua KbAk;.rpj;jpuk;

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,ay; ehd;Fnra;As; - jphpfLfk;

266) jphpfLfk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpath;ahh;?ey;yhjdhu;

267) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. cz;nghOJ - cz;Zk;nghOJ2. ngwpDk; -- ngw;whYk;3. ghy;gw;wp - xUgf;fr; rhu;G4. Njhy;tw;wp - Njhy; RUq;fp5. rhapDk; -- mopapDk;6 . r hd ; w hz ;ik - mw pTxOf;fq;fspy; epiyj;J epw;wy;7. Fd;whik - FiwahJ ,Ue;jy;8. J} cak; -- J}a;ik cilNahu;mwTzh;T cilahuplj;J cs;sit

268) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. <Ak; - mspf;Fk;2. epy;yhik - epiyahik3. newp - top4. J}a;ik - J}a jd;ik5. khe;jh; -- kf;fs;Gjupy; tpijj;j tpij

269) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. epiw xOf;fk; -- Nkyhd xOf;fk;2. Njw;whjhd; -- filg;gpbf;fhjtd;3. tdg;G -- moF4. J}W -- Gjh;5. tpj;J - tpij

270) ey;yhjdhu; ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhu;?jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj ;ijr ;Nrh;e;j jpUj;J vd;Dk; Cu;

271) nrU mLNjhs; ey;yhjd; vdghapuk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahh;?ey;yhjdhu;

272) jphpfLfk; ------------ E}y;fSs; xd;Wgjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F

273) jphpfLfk; vj;jid ntz;ghf;fiscilaJ?E}W

274) jphpfLfg; ghlypYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s%d;W mwf;fUj;Jfs; fw;ghupd;kdj;jpYs;s -- - - - - Nehiag ;Nghf;FfpwJ?mwpahik

275)cupa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:- m) ghy;gw;wpr; nrhy;yh tpLjYk;

-- ,t;tbapy; ghy;gw;wp vd;gjd;nghUs;.xUgf;fr; rhh;Ggw;wpM) “epy;yhik As;Sk; newpg;ghLk;”,t;tbapy; top vd;Dk; nghUs;jUk; nrhy;newp,) tdg;G vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;moFfhe;jpabfs; fbjk;

ciueil276) fhe;jpabfs; ------------ khepyj;jpy;

Mw;wpa ciuiaf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;$wpdhu;.F[uhj;

277) xUnkhopapd; jd;ik --- - - - - - -jd;ikiag; nghUj;Nj mikAk;.kf;fspd;

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278) Ntiy njhpahj njhopyhsp jd;fUtpapd; kPJ ---------- nfhz;lhdhk;.rPw;wk;

279) 1917 Mk; Mz;L ---------- efupy;eilngw;w ,uz;lhtJ fy;tpkhehl;by; fhe;jpbfs; epfo;j;jpajiyik ciu> khzth;fSf;FVw;w tz;zk; fbj tbtpy;mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?GNuhr;

chpaJ(Jizg;ghlk;)

280) Kdpth; mjpfkhf ahiu ntWg;gtu;?ngha; nrhy;thiu

281) Kdptu; ngha; nrhy;thu; kidapy;---------------- khl;lhu;?czT cz;z

282) nghpatupd; ------------- ew;Fzq;fisf;fz;L Kdptu; Kfk; kyu;e;J.md;G> mlf;fk;> gzpT

283) kf ;fs ; Kdptu plk ; me ;jg ;nghpatUf;F vj;jid kfd;;fs; cz;Lvd;W $wpdhh;?ehd;F

284) nghpatupd; ehd;F kfd;fspd;ngah;fs; vd;d?eluh[h> Nty;rhkp> rptrhkp> fe;jrhkp

285) fe;jrhkp xbte;J je;ijiaAk;KdptiuAk; njhOJ rhkpf;Fvd;d nfhz;L tul;Lk; vdf;Nfl;ldhd;?ghy;> gok;

286) ----------- nra;j gzk; vdf;F chpaJ.jUkk;.

287) vd; fUj;ij Vw;W elf;fpd;wtNd--------- kfd;.vdf;F chpa

288) ------------- nra;j NeuNk vdf;FchpaJ vd;W nghpath; $wpdhh;.,iwj;njhz;L

289) njhd;ik kpf;f cyf nkhopfs;vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliy vOjpath;ahh;?NjtNeag; ghthzu;

,LFwpg; ngaUk;fhuzg; ngaUk;

290) xU nghUSf;Ff; FwpaPlhf ,l;lngaNu ------- MFk;.,LFwpg;ngau;

291) fhuzk; fUjp ,lg;gl;l ngau;fs;------------- vdg;gLk;.fhuzg;ngau;fs;(v.fh) gwit> tisay;> nrq;fy;

292) jkpopy; ------------- kpFjpahf cs;sd.fhuzg;ngah;fNs

293) gpwnkhopfspy; ---------------- kpFjpahfcs;sd.,LFwpg;ngau;fNs

294) kiy> fhL> khL ,itnay;yhk;------------- ngau;fs; MFk;.,LFwpg;

295) midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthf tUk;,LFwpg;ngau;fis -------- vdf;$Wtu;.,LFwpg; nghJg;ngau;

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296) “njd;id” vd;Dk; nrhy; xUfhuzKk;> ,d;wp ,LFwpg; ngauha;epd;W> xU nghUSf;Nf (njd;idkuk;) rpwg;gha; tUtjhy; -------------ngauhapw;W.,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg;

297) fhfk;> Fapy;> Gwh> fpsp Mfpamidj;ijAk; gwit vd;Dk;nghJr;nrhy;yhy; miof;fpNwhk;.mjdhy;> ,jidf; ------------------vd;fpNwhk;.fhuzg; nghJg; ngau;

298) tisay;NghyNt rpynghUs;tise;J tl;lkhf ,Uf;Fk;.,Ug;gpDk; mitnay;yhk; tisay;vd miof;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy.,Ug;gpDk; ,r;nrhy; ifapy;mzpAk; tisaiy kl;LNkFwpg;gjhy; -------------- Mapw;W.fhuzr; rpwg;Gg; ngau;

299) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;JvOJf:-1. ngl;b vd;gJ --------------- MFk;.,LFwpg;ngah;2. rpj;jpiu khjj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; -------------- vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;.rpj;jpiuahd;

3. fhuzg; nghJg; ngah; -------------MFk;.mzp

300) nghUj;Jf:-1. ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah; --m. kuq;nfhj;jp

2. ,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; --- M. gwit 3. fhuzg; nghJg; ngau; ---,. fhL 4. fhuzr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; -- <.gid

tpil:1.,> 2.<> 3.M> 4.m

301) rpyg;gjpfhuk; je;j ,sq;Nfhtbfs;--------- vd kioiag; Ngw;wp tzq;fpj;jk; fhg;gpaj;ij njhlq;fpdhu;.khkio Nghw ;WJk; khkioNghw;WJk;

302) --------- vd;gd Nghd;w KJnkhopfSk;rpwg;Gfis ekf;F czh;j;Jfpd;wd.khhpay;yJ fhupak; ,y;iy.

303) xU nrhw;nwhlupYs;s vOtha; mjd;gadpiyNahL --------------- ,lq;fspy;nghUj;jkhf mika Ntz;Lk;.jpiz> ghy;> vz;(v.fh)jpizg; nghUj;jk;:Nfhykapy; xapyhf MbaJ.(Nfhykapy; -- m/wpiz vOtha;:MbaJ - m/wpizg; gadpiy)ghy; nghUj;jk;:tz;Lfs; Njd; Fbj;jd(tz;Lfs; -- gytpd;ghy; vOtha;Fbj;jd - gytpd;ghy; gadpiy)vz;nghUj;jk;:tpz;fyq;fs; tpz;zpy; gwe;jd(tpz;fyq;fs; -- vOtha;g; gd;ikgwe;jd - gd;ikg; gadpiy),lg; nghUj;jk;:

mtd; ghlk; gbj;jhd;(mtd; -- glu;f;if vOtha;>gbj;jhd; -- glu;f;ifg; gadpiy)

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rpwg;Gg; nghUj;jk;:-ghNte;ju;> ghujpiag; Gfo;e;Jghbdhu;. ghNte;ju; vd;Dk; ngau;ghujpjhridNa Fwpf;Fk; vd;gjdhy;>mJ rpwg;Gg; ngauhapw;W. rpwg;Gg;nghUj;jk; cau;Tkl;Lky;yhJ,opT fUjpAk; tUk;.(v.fh)KjiyAk; %u;f;fDk; nfhz;lJtplh.,ay; Ie;J - nra;As;jpUth&u; ehd;kzpkhiy

304) jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy vd;Dk;E}iyia ,aw;wpath; ahh;?FkuFUguu;

305) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. vd;gzpe;j (vd;G + mzpe;j) -vYk;ig khiyahf mzpe;j2. njd;fkiy - njw;fpy; cs;sjpUth&u;3. g+q;Nfhapy; -- jpUth&h;f;Nfhapypd;ngah;4. Gz;zpadhu; - ,iwtu;5. kz; Rke;jhu; -- te;jpf;fhf,iwtd; kz;Rke;jhu;.6. cUFthu; -- tUe;Jthu;

306) FkuFUghupd; ngw;Nwhu; ngah;vd;d?rz;Kfrpfhkzpf; ftpuhau; --rptfhkRe;jup mk;ikahu;.

307) FkuFUguu; gpwe;j Cu; vJ?jpUitFz;lk;

308) ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpgps;isj;jkpo;> fe;ju;fyp ntz;gh>kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;>kJiuf;fyk;gfk; Mfpa E}y;fis,aw;wpath; ahh;?FkuFUguu;

309) FkuFUguu; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ?fp.gp gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L

310) jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy gphpj;JvOJf?jpUth&u; + ehd;F + kzpkhiy

311) -------- vOe;jUspAs;s jpahfuhrh;kPJghlg;ngw;w ehd;kzpkhiy vdg;nghUs;gLk;jpUth&hpy;

312) ehd;kzpkhiy vd;gJ jkpopy;toq;Fk; --------------- rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;Wnjhz;Z}w;whW

313) ehy;tifahd ghly;fshy; vjdhy;Md ehw;gJ nra;As;fisf; nfhz;lJ.ntz;gh> fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw>Mrphpa tpUj;jk;> Mrphpag;gh.

314) jpUth&h; jpahfuhrg; ngUkhidg;gw;wpa ngUikfis ve;j E}ypd;%yk; mwpe;J ,d;Gwyhk;.jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy

315) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:1. vd;gzpe;j njd;fkiy --,t;tbapy; njd;fkiy czh;j;Jk;nghUs; --------njw;fpy; cs;s jpUth&h;2. kz;Rke;jhu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; ---------

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rptngUkhd;3. ------------- vd;Dk; ngaUilafpotpf;fhf kz; Rke;J ghz;badplk;,iwtd; (rptngUkhd;) mbg;gl;lhu;.te;jp

316) gphpj;J vOJf:-m. g+q;Nfhtpy; -- g+ + Nfhtpy;M. Gilj;njd;dhu; -- Gilj;J + vd;dhh;,. vd;WUFthu; - vd;W + cUFthh;<) vd;gzpe;j - vd;G + mzpe;j

317) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;mikj;J vOJf:-1. gzpT: nghpNahhplk; ehk; gzpTld;ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.2. Nfhtpy;: jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhtpy;,uhruhrdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.3. md;G: ghpR ngw;w kfidj; jha;md;Gld; mize;Jf; nfhz;lhs;.4. kz;: Fatd; fspkz; nfhz;lkl;ghz;lk; nra;jhd;nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp

318) nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp vd;Dk; E}iy,aw;wpath; ahh;?thzpjhrd;

319) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. gJik - cUtk;2. nka;g;nghUs; - epiyahd nghUs;3. fzf;fhau; - Mrphpah;.

320) thzpjhrd; vd;gthpd; ,aw;ngah;vd;d?vj;jpuhrY (v) muq;frhkp

321) thzpjhrd; gpwe;j Ch; vJ?GJitia mLj;j tpy;ypaD}u;

322) thzpjhrdpd; ngw;Nwhu; ahh;?muq;f jpUf;fhK - Jsrpak;khs;

323) thzpjhrd; ---------> -------------- vd;Dk;gl;lq;fs; ngw;Ws;shu;.ftpQNuW> ghtyu;kzp

324) jkpofj;jpd; ---------- vd thzpjhridj; jkpOyfk; Gfo;fpwJ.Ntu;l;]; nthu;j;

325) --------->----------- Kjypa nkhopfspy;,th; ghly;fs; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.cUrpak;> Mq;fpyk;

326) thzpjhrd; tho;e;j fhyf;fl;lk;vJ?22.07.1915 Kjy; 07.08.1974 tiu

327) nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp vd;Dk; ghly;ftpQh; thzpjhrd; jkpo; cyfpw;Fg;Gide;J mspj;Js;s --------------vd;Dk; ghly; njhFg;gpypUe;Jghlg;gFjpahf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;

328)chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:-m.jq;fg; gJikahk; Njhou;fNshL- ,t;tbapy; gJik vd;Dk; nrhy;czh;j;Jk; nghUs;.cUtk;

329) gphpj;J vOJf:-1. mOf;fpy;yh - mOf;F + ,y;yh2. mzptjhyy;yNth - mzptjhy;+ my;yNth3. nrt;tpjo; -- nrk;ik + ,jo;4. mwpTz;lhk; -- mwpT + cz;lhk;5. clw;Fz;lhk; - clw;F + cz;lhk;

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330)gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;mikj;J vOJf:-1. gs;sp: vk; gs;spapy; Mapuk;khzth;fs; gapy;fpd;wdh;.2. gJik: ghlk; Nfl;Fk; khzth;Xtpaj;jpy; cs;s gJikNghy;mirtpd;wp mkh;e;J ghlj;ijf;Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.3. Njhoh;: xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk;Vw;gLk;nghOJ mijj; jPh;g;gtNurpwe;j Njhoh; Mthh;.4. fy;tp: fy;tp fw;wth;fisvy;yhUk; Nghw;Wth;.

J}q;fh efu;331) jkpofj;jpYs;s “J}q;fh efh;” vJ?

kJiu332) Mz;bd; vy;yh ehspYk; tpohf;fs;

nfhz;lhba gb ,Ug;gjhy; ---------------- vd;Dk; ngUik ngw;w efh;kJiu.jpUtpoh efu;

333) ehw;wpirapYk; fiyaoF nghUj;jpakhngUq; NfhGuq;fNshL vl;Lr;rpwpa NfhGuq;fisAk; nfhz;Lvopy;kpF rpw;gf;fiyf; $lkhftpsf;Fk; Cu; vJ?Nfhtpy; khefu; (kJiu)

334) gok; ngUk; jkpou;jk; ehfupfj;njhl;byhfj; jpfo;e;j kJiu ----------- vdg; Gfo;g;ngw;w efu; MFk;.njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Vnjd;];

335) ghz;b ehl;bd; gioikahdjiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ vJ?kJiu

336) kJiu vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ------vd;gJ nghUs;.,dpik

337) -------------- vdg; GwehD}W Nghw;wpaJjkpo;nfO $ly;

338) neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;Xq;FrPu; kJiu> kJiu %J}u;khefh; njd; jkpo; ed;dhl;Lj;jPJjPu; kJiu> khz;Gil kugpd;kJiu> thdth; ciwAk; kJiu>gjpnaOtwpaha; gz;G Nkk;gl;lkJiu %J}u; vdg; gw;gy milnkhopfshy; kJiuf;Fg; Gfo;khiy#l;b kfpo;e;jth; ahh;?,sq;Nfhtbfs;

339) Nru ehL NtoKilj;J> NrhoehLNrhWilj;J> ghz;baehL Kj;Jilj;J>njhz;ilehL ----------- cilj;Jvd;gd jkpofj;jpd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;.rhd;Nwhu;.

340) kJiuf;Ff; ------ vdTk; ------ vdTk;NtW ngah;fs; cs;sd.$ly;> Mytha;

341) ---------- >----------->--------->-------- Mfpaehd;F jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs; Nrh;e;jike;jjhy; ehd;khlf; $ly; vd;Dk;ngah; toq;fyhapw;W.j pUthytha ; > j pUes ;shW>jpUKlq;if> jpUeLt+u;

342) ve;j ehd;F jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs;kJiuf;Ff; fhtyhf mike;Js;sJ?fd;dpNfhtpy;> fhpakhy; Nfhtpy;>fhspNfhtpy;> Mytha;f; Nfhtpy;Mfpait MFk;.

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343) tUzd; kJiuia mopf ;fvj;jid Nkfq;fis mDg;gpdhd;?VO

344) ,iwtdplk; ghz;bad; Kiwapl,iwtd; ----------- Nkfq;fiskJiuiaf; fhf;f mDg;gpdhh;.ehd;F

345) ehd;F khlq;fshff; $b kJiuiaf;fhj;jikahy; ehd;khlf;$ly;vd;dk; ngah; Vw;gl;ljhff; $wpaJahh;?guQ;Nrhjpahu;

346) rq;fk; itj;Jr; nre;jkpio tsh;f;f>Gyth; vy;yhUk; $bajhy; -------------vd;Dk; ngah; Vw;gl;ljhfTk;mwpQh; $Wth;?$ly;

347) kJiuapy; vOe;jUspa <rd;Myku epoypy; tPw;wpUe;jjhy; ------------- vd;Dk; ngah; vw;gl;ljhfTk;$Wth;.Mytha;

348) kUj kuq;fs; mlh;e;j gFjpahf,Ue;jikahy; ------ vd toq;fpa,lk ; fhyNghf ;f py ; kJiuvd;whfpajhk;.kUij

349) fy;ntl;by; --------- vd;w ngah;fhzg;gLfpwJ.kjpiuFwpg;G:-rq;fg;Gytu;fSs; fzf;fhadhu;kfdhu; ef;fPudhu;> Fkudhu;>

ey;ye;Jtdhu;> kUjdps ehfdhu;>,se ;j pUkhwd ; > r Pj ;jiyr ;rhj;jdhu;> ngUq;nfhy;ydhu;>fz;zfdhu;> fjq;fz;zhfdhu;>Nre ;jk ;g +jdhu ; KjypNahu ;md;iwa kJiuapy; tho;e;Njhuhth;.

350) kJiuapy; Milfs; tpw;Fk;filg;gFjpf;Fg; ngah; vd;d?mWit tPjp

351) kJiu tPjpfspd; ngah;:-1. $ytPjp - jhdpaf;fil2. nghd;tPjp - nghw;filfs;3. kd;dth; tPjp - kd;du;thOk; gFjp4. kiwath; tPjp - me;jzu; tPjp

352) mupkh;j;jd ghz;baDf;F mikr;ruhfj; jpfo;e;jth; ahu;?khzpf;fthrfh;

353) $d;ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy; kJiuapy;kq;ifau;f;furp> Fyr;rpiwahu;cjtpAld; irtj;ijf; fhj;jtu;ahh;?jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;

354) jpUkiy ehaf;fu; vijj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Mz;lhh;.?kJiuia

355) Nfhil tpLjpahd jKf;fKk;>Fsph;g+e;jlhfkhfpa nghpa njg;gf;FsKk;> fiy eaj;jpy; jh[;kfhiynahj;j ------------ mikj;J kJiuiamoFgLj;jpdhu;.jpUkiy ehf;fu; kfhiyAk;

356) kJiuiaj; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ------ efukhf tpsf;fKwr; nra;jhu;.tpoh ky;F

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357) -------------- mikj;j rj;jpuq;fSk;rhiyfSk; kJiuf;Fg; ngUikNrh;g;gdthf ,d;Wk; jpfo;fpd;wd.,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

358) guQ;Nrhjpahupd; jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; jUkpf;F ,iwtd; ----------ghly; je;jik gw;wpf; $WfpwJ?jz;lkpo;g;

359) kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s kiyfspy;tho;e;j rkz Kdptu;fshy; ---------- ,aw;wg; ngw;wJ.ehybahu;

360) kPdhl;rpak;ikNa rpWkpahf te;JKj;Jkzp khiyia ahUf;Fg;ghprspj;jJ?FkuFUguUf;F

361) rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj; jiytd;Nfhtyd; nfhiyf;fsg;gl;l ,lk;---- vd;Dk; ngaUld; ,d;Wk;mg;gFjp kf;fsplk; toq;fg;gLfpwj.Nfhtyd; nghl;ly;

362) goq;fhy kjpypd; vQ;rpa xUrpWgFjp --------- tPjpapy; khefuhl;rpj;njd;kz;ly mYtykhf ,aq;fptUfpwJ.Nkyntsp

363) fPothry; Nkythry; njw;Fthry;tlf;Fthry; vd toq;fg;gLk;,lq;fs;---------- kjpy; thapy;fs;,Ue;j ,lq;fhsf mwpag;gLfpd;wd.Nfhl;ilapd;

364) ifapw; rpyk;Gld; cl;fhu;e;jpUf;Fk;cUtr;rpiy mike;j Nfhtpy; ---

------ Nfhtpyhf ,d;Wk; kf;fshy;topglg;gLfpwJ.nry;yj;jk;kd;

365) kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypd; ehd;FNfhGuq;fSs; gioikahdJ vJ?fpof;Ff; NfhGuk;

366) kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypd; caukhdNfhGuk; vJ?njw;Ff; NfhGuk;Fwpg;G:-njw;Ff; NfhGuk; 160.9 mb cauKk;>1511 Rij cUtq;fSk; cilaJ.

367) fp.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;jrpyg;gjpfhuk; kJiu ---------- vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.%J}u;

368) kuk; gad;gLj;jhky; fl;lg;gl;lJvJ?ehaf;fu; kfhy;Fwpg;G:-ehaf;fu; kfhypy; cs;s xt;nthUJ}Zk; 82 mb cauKk; 19Rw;wsTk; nfhz;lJ.

369) ghz;ba ehL vjw;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ.Kj;J

370) NrhoehL vjw;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ? NrhW371) kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpio

,aw;wpatu; ahh;?FkuFUguu;

372) ehd;fhk; jkpo;r ; rq;fj;ijj;Njhw;wptpj;jth; ahh;?ghz;bj;Jiuahu;

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mwpT El;gk; (Jizg; ghlk;)mWtifg; ngah;r;nrhw;fs;

373) Mly;> ghly;> tl;lk;> moFMfpadTk; ---------- MFk;.ngau;r;nrhw;fs;

374) ngau;r;nrhw;fis ,yf;fz E}yhh;vj;jid tifg;gLj;Jth;? mitahit?MW tifg;gLk;mit:1. nghUl; ngau;> ----------------2. ,lg; ngau;> ----------------3. fhyg; ngau;> ----------------4. rpidg; ngau;> ----------------5. Fzg; ngau;> ----------------6. njhopw; ngau;> ----------------

375) nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; ---------MFk;.nghUl; ngah;

376) nghUl; ngau; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?nghUl;ngah; ,Utifg;gLk;mit:-capUs;s nghUs;> capuw;w nghUs;

377) Fkud;> kyh;f;nfhb> njd;id>nrk;gUj;jp> nts;shL> Xzhd;Kjypad vt;tifg; nghUs; MFk;.capUs;s nghUs;fs;

378) ehw;fhyp> mLg;G> jl;L> vz;nza;>kz;> ePu;> fhw;W Kjypad vt;tifg;nghUs; MFk;.capuw;w nghUs;fs;

379) tPL> njU> gs;sp> Nfhtpy;> kf;fs;thoplk;> Njhl;lk; vd ,lq;fisf;Fwpg;gpdnty;yhk; ------- ngah;fs;MFk;.,lg; ngah;fs;

380) nehb> tpehb> kzp> nghOJ> fpoik>thuk;> jpq;fs;> Mz;L vd vy;yhNk------ MFk;.fhyg; ngah;fs;

381) rpid vd;gJ xd;wpd; ---------- Fwpg;gJMFk;.cWg;igf;

382) kdpj cWg;Gfs;> tpyq;F cWg;Gfs;>jhtug; gFjpfs;> nghUs;fspy;gFjpfs; OOikahd xd;wpd;gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs; ----------- vdg;gLk;.rpidg; ngah;fs;

383) Fzg; ngaiug; --------- vdTk;$Wth;.gz;Gg; ngah;

384) gbj;jy;> fw;gpj;jy; ---------- vdg;gLk;.njhopy; ngau;fs;ngau; tif - ngau;

1. nghUl; ngau; - fz;zd;> ehw;fhyp2. ,lg; ngah; -- NtY}h;> ehkf;fy;3. fhyg; ngah; -- ijj;jpq;fs;> ez;gfy;4. rpidg;ngah; - Kfk;> if5. Fzg; ngah; -- tl;lk;> moF6. njhopw; ngau; - Mly;> ghly;385) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:-

1. kJiu vd;gJ ---------- ngah;.m) fhyg; ngah;> M) Fzg; ngah;>,) ,lg; ngah;tpil: ,lg;ngah;

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2. g+q;nfhb g+g; gwpf;fpwhs; .,j;njhlhpYs;s g+ vd;gJ ---------ngah;.m) nghUl;ngah;> M) rpidg;ngah;>,) njhopw;ngah;tpil: rpidg;ngah;3. rJuk; ,J --------- ngah;m) nghUl;ngah; M) fhyg;ngah;,) Fzg;ngah;tpil: Fzg;ngah;

386) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; Vw;w ngah;r;nrhw;fis vOJf:-1. ---------- g+ir elf;fpwJ.2. ----------- mirfpwJ.3. ---------- gs;spf;F tpLKiw.4. ---------- cile;J tpl;lJ.5. ---------- %d;W Nfhzq;fiscilaJ.6. --------- ty;ytd; ,uhkd;.tpil: 1. Nfhtpypy;> 2. nfhb>3. ehis> 4. ghid> 5. Kf;Nfhzk;>6. tpy;tpj;ijapy;.

387) ftpauR fz;zjhrd; vq;F vg;NghJgpwe;jhh;?rpW$ly;gl;b vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy;1927

388) fz;zjhrdpd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d?Kj;ijah

389) fhiuKj;Jg; Gyth;> tzq;fhKb>ghh;tjpehjd;> MNuhf;fpehjd;>fkfg;gphpah vdg; gy Gidg;ngah;fs;ahUf;F cz;L?fz;zjhrd;

390) ftpauR fz;zjhrd; ----------Nkw;gl;l jpiug;glg; ghly;fis,aw;wpAs;shh;.Iahapuj;jpw;Fk;

391) fz;zjhrd; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ?1981

392) ehk; nra;jpfisAk; fUj;JfisAk;gpwhplk; $Wk;nghOJ Ritglf;$Wtjw;fhf xNu nghUs;jUk;,Unrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ ----------- vdg;gLk;.Neh; ,izr; nrhw;fs;(v.fh)1. fhNthp fz;Zq;fUj;Jkhfg;gbg;ghs;.2. tstdpd; je;ij NgUk;GfOk;kpf;fth;.

393) vjpuhd fUj;ijf; $Wk;nghOJvjph;g;nghUs; jUk; nrhw;fisg;gad;gLj;Jjy; ----------- vdg;gLk;.vjph; ,izr; nrhw;fs;(v.fh)1. Nfhghyd; cau;Tjho;tpd;wpmidthplKk; goFk; gz;ghsu;.2. kyu;f;nfhbapd; je;ij my;Yk;gfYk; mauhJ cioj;jtu;.

394) chpa ,izr;nrhw;fis vLj;Jf;Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; epug;Gf:(,uTgfy;> Vw;wj;jho;T> fw;NwhUk;kw ;NwhUk ; > mbj ;Jg ;g pbj ;J>gj;jpgj;jpahf)1. mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; rKjhaj;jpy;fhzg;gLk; ------ - - - - - - - fisf;fisag; ghLgl;lhu;.Vw;wj;jho;T

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2. fl;Liu vOJk; NghJ -------------vOj Ntz;Lk;.gj;jpgj;jpahf3. cyfk;> #hpaidr; Rw;Wtjhy;-------------- Njhd;WfpwJ.,uTgfy;4. NgUe;jpy; ,lk; gpbf;f -----------VwpNdd;.mbj;Jg;gpbj;J5. NeUtpd; mwpthw;wiyf; ----------Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;jdh;.fw;NwhUk;> kw;NwhUk;

395) f;>q;>r;>Q; ------- Mfpa gjpndl;Lnka;naOj;JfSk; caph; vOj;ijNah> capu;nka;naOj;ijNahnjhlh;e;J ----------- thpirahf tUk;.nka;naOj;J

396) n[h;kdp ehl;bd; nfhLq;Nfhyuhff;fUjg;gl;lth; ahh;?`pl;yu;

397) `pl;yUf;F vjpuhfj; jpwikahfthjhb> vOj;J %yk; `pl;yiukd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fr; nra;jth; ahh;?nrz;gfuhkd;

,ay; MWnra;As; - Vu;Kid

398) Vu;Kid vd;w ghliy vOjpath;ahh;?kUjfhrp

399) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. khup - kio2. Nrkk; - eyk;

3. Njrk; - ehL4. Kl;L - Ftpay;5. nej;jp - new;wp

400) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-ngah; : m. kUjfhrpgpwe;j Cu; : jpUr;rp khtl;lj;jpYs;sNkyf;FbfhLngw;Nwhu; : ma;ak;ngUkhs;> kpsfhapmk;khs;rpwg;G : jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk;fhyk; : 13.02.1920 - 29.11.1989

401) ---- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; jpiuf;fijfSf;F vOjpa ghly;fs;njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; m.kUjfhrpghly;fs;

402) ---------- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly;> ghlg;gFjpapy;,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.r%fk;

403) Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:-1. epfuw;w njhopy; --------tpil: coTj; njhopy;2. coth;fs; nry;tkhff; fUJtJ------tpil: ney;kzpfis3. ney;iy ----------- Ftpg;gh;.tpil: Kl;LKl;lha;4. coth;fs; tpah;itia -----------rpe;jpdh;.tpil: Kj;JKj;jha;

404) gphpj;J vOJf:-1. Neupq;Nf - Neh; + ,q;Nf2. NrkKw - Nrkk; + cw

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3. Njrnky;yhk; - Njrk; + vy;yhk;4. gUtg;ngz; - gUtk; + ngz;

nghq;fy; topghL405) nrhw;nghUs;:-

1. jpU - nry;tk;2. fdfk; - nghd;3. Nfh - murd;4. epNtjdk; - gilayKJ5. Gutp - Fjpiu6. fLfp - tpiue;J

406) nghq;fy; topghL vd;w ghliyvOjpath; ahh;?e.gpr;r%u;j;jp

407) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d?e.Ntq;fl kfhypq;fk;

408) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; gpwe;j Cu; vJ?jQ;rht +u ; khtl ;lj ;j pYs ;sFk;gNfhzk;

409) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp nra;J te;j njhopy;vd;d?1924 - 1938 tiu tof;FiuQh;1938 - 1954 tiu Nfhtpy; epUthfmYtyh;

410) e. gpr;r%u;j;jp vOjpa E}y;fspd;ngah; vd;d?fijfs;> kuGf;ftpijfs;> GJf;ftpijfs;> Xuq;f ehlfq;fs;

411) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp tho;e;j fhyk; vJ?15.08.1900 - 04.12.1976

412) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ftpij E}y;fs;--------- E}w;whz;bd; jw;fhy

,yf;fpaj ; Jiwf;Fk; Gjparpwg;Gfisr; Nrh;e;jpUf;fpd;wd.,Ugjhk;

413) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp ftpijfs; vd;Dk;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s -----------ftpijfspy; xd;W ,g;nghq;fy;topghL vd;Dk; ftpij.vz;gj;J %d;W

414) gphpj;J vOJf:-1. new;fjpu; --- ney; + fjpH2. epyTKz;Nlh - epyTk; + cz;Nlh3. kz;Zz;Nlh - kz; + cz;Nlh4. epd;db - epd; + mb5. xspAz;Nlh - xsp + cz;Nlh

415) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhupy;mikj;J vOJf:1. fdp -

2. fjpu; --

3. fjputd; ---

4. fUk;G -

5. capu; --jhq;fNs Kaw;rp nra;f.

nerT (ciuahly;)ciueil

416) Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; ----------- cjthJ.fwpf;F

417) mr;Rkuk;> gilkuk;> tpOJfk;G>Fj;Jf;fk;gp> Xlk;> CilFoy;>

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ghT ,itnay;yhk; ---------- gad;gLk;fUtpfs;.jwp nea;ag;

418) jpU.tp.f tpw;Fg; gpbj;j g+ vJ?gUj;jpg; g+

419) E}y; vz; 10> vz; 20> vz; 60>vz; 80> vz; 100> vz; 120 vdmjd; nkd;ikj; jd;ikf;F Vw;gvjidg; ngahpl;L miof;fpd;Nwhk;.gQ;rpypUe;J E}w;fg;gLk; E}iy

420) fhQ;rp> Muzp> kJiu> Nfhit>gukf;Fb> rpd;dhsg;gl;b> <NuhL>nrd;dpkiy> ciwa+u;> jpUg;Gtdk;Kjypa Cu;fspy; ------- ,d;Dk;eilngWfpwJ.ifj;jwp nerT

421) efh;g;Gwq;fspy; ----------- nerTeilngWfpwJ.,ae;jpu

422) jpUg;g+u; ------- Milf;Fg; ngah;ngw;wJ.gpd;dyhil

423) Rq;Fbg;Glitfs; ve;j Cupy;jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?kJiuapy;

424) ciwa+u; ngau; ngw;w Nriyfs;vJ?fz;lhq;fpr;

425) gl;lhilfs; vq;F jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?fhQ;rpGuj;jpy;

426) gl;lhilfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJvJ?gl;Lg;GO

427) mz;zy; fhe;jpabfs; ngUe;jiytu;fhkuhru;> je;ij nghpahu;> NguwpQu;mz;zh KjypNahu ; - - - - - - - - -Milfis mzpe;jdu;.ifj;jwp

428) Fsphpy; thba kapYf;Fg; Nghh;itNghh;j;jpaJ ahh;?ts;sy; Ngfd;

429) Milapy;yh kdpjd; -----------kdpjd;.miu

430) Ms; ghjp: ------- ghjp vd;Dk;gonkhopfs; Milapd; rpwg;igf;Fwpf;fpd;wd.Mil

431) nra;Ak; njhopypy; rPu; J}f;fpd; ------ njhopYf;F epfhpy;iy vd;Dk;tof;fhWk; cz;L.nea;Ak;

432) cyfpNyNa ifj;jwp nertpd;Kd;Ndhb ------ MFk;.jkpofk;

433) kq;if jd; gpwe;j ehs; ghprhfj;je;ijaplk; Nfl;l Mil vJ?ifj;jwp Mil

434) nghUj;Jf:-1. fhQ;rp - m. Rq;Fbg; Glitfs;2. jpUg;g+u; - M. fz;lhq;fpr; Nriyfs;3. kJiu - ,. Nghu;itfs;4. ciwa+u; - <. gpd;dhilfs;5. nrd;dpkiy - c. gl;lhilfs;tpilfs;:-1 - c> 2 - <> 3 - m> 4- M> 5 - ,

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jkpo; ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs;(Jizg;ghlk;)

435) fz;Zf;Fk; fhJf;Fk; kdj;Jf;Fk;,d;gk; gaf;Fk; fiy vJ?ehlf;fiy

436) Ma fiyfs; ----- cz;L.mWgj;J ehd;F

437) rq;f fhyj;jpy; fpilj;j ehlf ,yf;fzE}y;fs; vj;jid? mit ahit?ehd;F E}y;fs; fpilj;jd.mit:rae;jk;> KWty;> kjpthzd;>ehlfj;jkpo;> nrapw;wpak;

438) kf;fspilNa eilngw;w ehlfq;fs;vit?gs ;S> FwtQ ;r p > nehz ;behlfq;fs;> fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs;MFk;.

439) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ehlfj;jkpOf;Fg; Gj;Japu; Cl;l Xu;vOr;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fs; ahu;?gupjpkhw; fiyQu;> rq;fujhRRthkpfs;> gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;MfpNahu; Mtu;.

440) ----------- vd;Dk; jk; ngaiuj; J}ajkpopy; ghpjpkhw; fiyQd; vdkhw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

#hpa ehuhaz rh];jpup441) ---------- gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ehlfj;

njhz;lhw;wpath; ghpjpkhw; fiyQd;.jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauha;g;

442) ghpjpkhw; fiyQu; ---------- eilapy;ehlfq;fis ,aw;wp muq;Nfw;wpdhu;.nrk;khe;j rPhpa nre;jkpo;

443) jkpofj;jpy; ahiug; Nghd;Wehlfhrpupah;fs; Njhd;w Ntz;Lk;vdg; nghpJk; tpioe;jth; ghpjpkhw;fiyQu;?Nkiy ehl;L ehlf Mrphpau;fshdNrf;];gpau;> vg;rd;> Nkhypau;

444) ghpjpkhw; fiyQupd; ehlfq;fs; vit?&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak;

445) tlnkhop> Nkdhl;L kuGfisj;jkpo;ehlf kuNghL ,izj;J -------- vd;Dk; E}iyg; ghpjpkhw;fiyQu; gilj;jhu;.ehlftpay;

446) --------- ehlfk;> fstop ehw;gJvd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.khdtp[ak;

447) ehlfj;jkpo; cyfpd; ,kakiyvdg; ghuhl;lg;gLth; ahh;?rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;

448) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; ts;sp jpUkzk;>Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> rjp RNyhrdh>,ytFrh> gf;jpg ; gpufyhjh>ey;yjq;fhs;> rjp mDRah> tPumgpkd;A> gtsf;nfhb Kjypa ------- ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.ehw;gJ

449) Jbg;gpUf;Fk; rq;fujhR vOj;jpy;vy;yhk; Ritnrhl;Lk; re;jeak;

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Njha ;e ;j pUf ;Fk ; vd ;W ahu ;rq;fujhR Rthkpfisg; Gfo;fpd;whu;?Gj;jNdup Rg;ukzpak;

450) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; ,aw;wpa ---------- ehlfk; kJiuapy; muq;NfwpaJ.Nfhty rhpj;jpuk;

451) khghtpNahu; $b thOk; khefUf;Fkd;dh NghfhjPu;,e;jg; ghlypy; kh> gh> tp Mfpa,t;ntOj;J vijf; Fwpf;fpwJvd;W Rthkpfs; $wpdhu;?kh vd;gJ miyfs;gh vd;gJ fiykfs;t p vd ;gJ kiykfisAk ;Fwpf;fpwJ.

452) vkd; > ,uhtzd; > ,uzpad;Kjypa Ntlq;fs; Gide;jJ ahu;?Rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;

453) Rthkpfs; vOj;Jj; jpwikNahL ------- jpwikAk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.ebg;Gj;

454) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; tho;e ;jfhyf;fl;lk; vJ?1867 - 1920

455) 1891 Mk; Mz;L jdJ gjpndl;lhk;tajpy; RFztpyhr rigiaj;njhlq ;f pj ; jkpo ; kf ;fspd ;rpe;jidia ehlff;fiy Nehf;fpj;jpir jpUg;gpath; ahh;?gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;

456) ebfu;fshy; -------- vd kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;

457) gk ;ky ; rk ;ge ;jdhu ; vq ;Fg ;gzpahw;wpath;?ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

458) rk;ge;jdhu; ---------- ehlfq;fisj;jkpod;idf;Fg; gilj;jspj;jhu;.njhz;Z}w;W ehd;F

459) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; jkp;od;idf;Fg;gilj;jspj;j njhz;Z}w;W ehd;Fehlfq;fspy; rpytw;iwf; $Wf.kNdhfuh> aahjp> rpWj;njhz;ld;>fu;zd;> rghgjp> nghd;tpyq;Fvd;gd MFk;.

460) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; Nrf;];gpaupd;ehlfq;fisj; jOtp ------> ----------->---------> Kjypa jkpo; ehlfq;fisg;gilj;jhu;.thzpGuj;J tzpfd;> tpUk;gpatpjNk> mkyhjpj;jpad;.

461) rpwe;j ehlf ,af;FeuhfTk;jpwikahd ebfuhfTk; mwpTkpf;fMrphpauhfTk; tpsq;fpath; ahu;?gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;

462) ------- vd;w tifapidAk; ehlfieahz;bapidAk; jkpo; ehlfcyFf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;.Nfspf;if ehlfk;

463) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhupd; gilg;ghd -----ehlfg; ghj;jpuk; ,d;wsTk; kwf;fKbahj eifr;Ritg; ghj;jpukhFk;.rghgjp

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464) rghgjp jkpopy; ----- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;fl;Liu vOjpdhu;.,dpa gazk;

465) ------> -----> -----> Mfpa %d;WfiyQu;fSk; jk ; vOj;Jj;j pwikahYk; ebg ;ghw ;whYk;ehlfj;jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fhf cioj;jrhd;Nwhu; Mtu;.ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;> rq;fujhRRthkpfs;> gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;

466) gupjpkhw; fiyQiuj; ------- vd;WNghw;Wth;?jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah;

467) rq;fujhR Rthkpfisj; ------- vd;Wk;Nghw;Wth;?jkpo ehlfj; jiyik Mrphpau;

468) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhiuj; ----- vd;Wehlf cyfk; Nghw;wp tzq;FfpwJ.jkpo; ehlfj; je;ijtpidKw;W> nganur;rk;>

tpidnar;rk;469) tUfpd;whd;> tUthd; vd nray;

Kbe;jijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;Ny ----- MFk;.tpidKw;W

470) gOj;j vd;Dk; nrhy; ------ vdg;gLk;.Kw;Wg;ngwhj tpidr;nrhy;

471) xU ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbAk;Kw;Wg; ngwhj tpidr;nrhy;Ny --------- MFk;.nganur;rk;

(v.fh) 1. gok; vd;Dk; ngau;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L KbT ngWfpwJ.

472) “vLj;J” vd;Dk; nrhy; ------ tpidr;nrhy; MFk;.KbTngwhj

473) tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk;------- vdg;gLk;.tpidnar;rk;

474) tpidnar;rk; ---------- fhyj;ijAk;czh;j;Jk;.%d;W

475) “vLj;J te;jhd;” - ,/J ---------tpidnar;rk; MFk;.,we;jfhy

476) “vLj;J tUfpd;whd;” vd;gJ ---------- tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk;

477) “vLj;J tUthd;” ve;j tpidnar;rk;MFk;.vjph;fhy

478) ml;ltizia epug;Gf:-t.vz; tpidKw;W

nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk;1234 gbj;jhd---------------fz;lhd;;-------------------- ----------te;j----------------Nfl;l gbj;Jte;J

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fz;L---------------------479) ek; Kd;Ndhh; vg;nghUis vr;nrhy;

yhy; Fwpj;J toq;fpdhu;fNshmg ;nghUis mr ;nrhy ;yhy ;Fwpg;gNj -------- vdg;gLk;.kuG

480) kuGr; nrhw;fisg; gad;glj;jhky;NtW nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ----- vdg;gLk;.kuGg;gpio

481) kuGr; nrhy;Yf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUfahidf;fd;W

482) kuGg;gpiof;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUfahidf;Fl;b

483) capu;fisg; gypapl Ntz;lhk;vd;W kd;du; gpk;gprhuu;f;F mwpTiu$wpath; ahu;?nfsjk; Gj;ju;

,ay; VOnra;As; - jpUf;Fws;

484) nrhw;nghUs; :-1. frL -- Fw;wk;2. epw;f --- fw;wthW elf;f3. vz; -- vz;fs;> fzpjk;4. vOj;J -- ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs;5. ctg;g - kfpo6. jiyf;$b - xd;W Nrh;e;J7. cilahu; -- nry;tk; cilahu;8. ,y;yhu; -- nry;tk; ,y;yhjtu;9. Vf;fw;W - ftiyg;gl;L10. filau; -- jho;e;jtu;11. njhl;lidj;J - Njhz;Lk; msT

12. khe;jh; --- kf;fs;13. rhe;JizAk; -- rhFk; tiuapYk;14. Vkhg;G - ghJfhg;G15. fhKWth; -- tpUk;Gth;16. tpOr;nry;tk; - rpwe;j nry;tk;17. khL - nry;tk;

485) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:1. ctg;gj; jiyf;$b -------- gphpjy;midj;Nj Gyth; njhopy;.tpil: cs;sg;2. xUikf;fhz; jhd;fw;w ------xUtw;F vOikAk; Vkhg;G cilj;J.tpil: fy;tp3. Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tpxUtw;F khly;y kw;iw -------tpil: ahit

486) gphpj;J vOJf:1. frlw - frL + mb2. vOj;njd;g - vOe;J + vd;g3. kzw;Nfzp - kzy; + Nfzp4. fw;wwpe;jhu; - fw;W + mwpe;jhH5. khly;y - khL + my;y

487) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;mikf;f:m) vOj;J -M) Kfk; ---,) Gyth; --<) mwpT -

,tw;wpw;F tpilfhz Kaw;rp nra;fKf;$lw; gs;S

488) Ckj;jk; g+it tpUk;gpr; #Lk;,iwtd; ahu;?rptngUkhd;

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489) kUJ}hpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd;ahh;?rptngUkhd;

490) kUJ}hpy; cs;s kf;fs; nra;Ak;njhopy; vJ?cNyhfj; njhopy;

491)nrhw;nghUs; jUf:1.jj;Jk; Gdy; -- miynawpAk; ePUk;2. Kj;jk; milf;Fk; - Kj;Jfs;kpf;Fg; ngUfp ,ilNa milj;Jf;nfhz;L fplf;Fk;3. fypg;G Ntiy - fUkhu;> nfhy;yu;>jl ;lhu ; KjypNahu ; nra;Ak ;njhopy;fs;4. rpj;uk; -- rpwg;ghd fhl;rpfs;5. kNjhd; kj;jh; -- ngUk;gpj;jdhfparptngUkhd;

492) Kf;$lw;gs;S vd;Dk; E}iyehlfg; ghq;fpy; mikj;J ,aw;wpath;ahh;?vd;dapdhg; Gyth;

493) Kf;$lw;gs;S ---------- mike;jghf;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; MFk;.re;jeak;

494) ePh; epiwe;j gs;skhd Nrw;Wepyj;jpy; coTj; njhopy; nra;JthOk; ghku kf;fshfpa gs;su;fspd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jhpj;Jf;$Wtjhf mike;j E}y; vJ?gs;S

495) tha;f;fhy; ePiu milj;jJ vJ?Kj;Jfs;

496) jpUney;Ntypf;Fr; rw;W tlfpof;fpy;---------> ----------> ---------> vd %d;WMWfs; $Lfpd;wd?jz ;nghUie > r pw ; w hW >Nfhjz;luhk MW

497) %d;W MWfs; $Lk; ,lj;jpw;F -------vd;W ngah;?Kf;$ly;

498) Kf ;$lYf ;F - - - - - - vd ;Dk ;ngaUKz;L.M#h; tlfiu ehL

499) Kf;$lYf;Fj; njd;ghy; cs;sgFjp ------- vd toq;fg; ngWfpd;wJ.rPtykq;ifj; njd;fiuehL

500) ,U kidtpfs; kze;J jpz;lhLk;gs;sdpd; tho;f;if tsj;ijtbj;Jiug;gJ Nghyg; ghlg;gl;lE}y; vJ?Kf;$lw;gs;S

501) mf;fhy kf;fspd; coTj;njhopy;>fhisfspd; gy;NtW ngah;fs;>tpijfspd; ngah;fs;> kPd; tiffs;vd kUj epytsk; gw;wp mwpacjTk; E}y; vJ?Kf;$lw;gs;S

502). xd;gJ kzpfs;Kj;J> gtsk;> kufjk;> khzpf;fk;>Gl;guhfk;> ,uj;jpdk;> ituk;>it^hpak;> NfhNkjk;,aw;if Ntshz;ik

(ciueil)

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503) Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; vq;Fcs;sJ?Nfhit

504) Nfhitapy; eilngWk; Ntshz;ikg;gy;fiyf;fof fz;fhl;rpf;Fr;nry ;y KFe ;jDld ; ah h ;tUtjhff; $wpAs;shh;?fay;tpop

505) Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;foj;jpy;ahUila khkh neLkhwd; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wp tUfpwhh;?Ntyd;

506) KFe;jd;> Ntyd;> fay;tpop Mfpa%tUk; ---- nrd;W Ntshz;fz;fhl;rpiag; ghu;j;J kfpo;fpd;wdh;?Nfhitf;Fr;

507) Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; nraw;ifcuq;fs; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfisg;gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ------> ---------> ------ - - - Kjypa tho;thjhuq;fs;nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.epyk;> ePu;> fhw;W> Mfhak;

508) ----- vd;Dk; KJnkhopia ek;Ntshz; ngUkf;fs; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;.tUKd; fhg;Nghk;

509) ,aw;if Ntshz;ik rhd;wspg;Gf;Fwpj;J ahh; Ntyd;> KFe;jd;>fay;tpop ,k;%tUf;Fk; GjpafUj;Jfisf; $wpdhh;?Ntshz; mYtyh; rpth

510) cOjy;> tpijj;jy;> njhO cukpLjy;>ePh; gha;r;Rjy;> fis vLj;jy;>fhj;jy; Kjypait ---------- $Wfs;MFk;.,aw;if Ntshz;ikf;

511) ts;Sth; epyj;ij vg;gb co Ntz;Lk;vd;W jkJ Fwspy; $Wfpwhh;?mfy cOtijtpl Mo cOjy;ed;W

512) epyj;jpd; ,Utiffs; vd;d?ed;nra;> Gd;nra;

513) ed;nra; epyk; ------- tskpf;fJ.ePu;

514) ePu;tsk; Fiwe;j gFjp vJ?Gd;nra;

515) Gd;nra; epyj;ij ------ vd ek;Ntshz; kf;fs; $Wth;?thdk; ghh;j;j g+kp

516) ney;> fUk;G> thio Kjyhdgaph;fs; ----------- epyj;jpy; tpisAk;?ed;nra;

517) Gd;nra; epyj;jpy; tpisAk; gaph;fs;vJ?fk;G> Nfo;tuF> jpid> tuF>rhik> Jtiu> nfhs;S> fhuhkzp

518) gUtj;Nj gaph; nra;> Mbg;gl;lk;Njb ------ vd;gJ gonkhop.tpij

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519) ve;nje;jg; gapu ;f ;F vt;tsT,ilntsp Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf;$Wf:gaph;fs; ,ilntspney;Yf;F ez;NlhlfUk;Gf;F VNuhlthiof;F tz;bNahlnjd;idf;Fj; NjNuhl

520) ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; --------- cuq;fisNagad;gLj;jpj; jukhd tpisr;riyf;fz;ldh;.njhO

521) ,iy jiofs;> Ml;LvU> khl;LvU> fliyg; gpz;zhf;F> Ntg;gk;gpz;zhf;F> ,Yg;gk; gpz;zhf;Fvdg; gy -------- cuq;fs; MFk;.,aw;if

522) nraw;if cuk;> g+r;rp - g+Q;rhzf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfisg; gapu;fSf;Fg;gad;gLj;jhky; czT cw;gj;jpnra;tJ -------------- MFk;.mq;ff Ntshz;ik

523) gQ;r ft;tpak; vjdplk; ,Ue;Jfpilf;Fk; Ie;J nghUs;fs; MFk;?mit ahit?gRtplkpUe;Jmit:Nfhkak;> rhzk;> ghy;> japu;> nea;

524) rzg;G> mThp> nfhSQ;rp> jf;ifg;g+z;L Kjypad ------ cuk; MFk;.jio

525) gaphpYk; Ntz;lhj Gy; g+z;Lfs;tsUk;. mij coth;fs; fise;JtpLth;. mjw;Ff; --------- vd;W ngah;.fisnaLj;jy;

526) fhg;G vd;why; vd;d?fhj;jy;

527) ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Nfl;fhj flDk;ghh;f;fhj gapUk; ------ vd;gh;.gho;

528) ----------- kUe;J: ----------- czT vd;gJKJnkhopahFk;.czNt> kUe;Nj

529) Ntshz;njhopypy; cs;s $Wfs;vj;jid?,uz;L

530) nghUj;Jf:-1. ney; -- m. tz;bNahl2. fUk;G - M. ez;Nlhl3. thio -- ,. NjNuhl4. njd;id -- <. VNuhltpil:1.M> 2.<> 3.m> 4.,

epiyj;j nry;tk;fy;tpr; nry;tk;(Jizg;ghlk;)

531) eif tzpfh; vijr; rpwe;j nry;tk;vdf; $wpdhh;?jq;fk;> ituk;

532) Gyth; vijr; rpwe;j nry;tk; vdf;$wpdhh;fy;tpr; nry;tk;

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533) fy;tpr; nry;tj;ij ahuhYk; ----nra;a KbahJ vdg; Gyth;$wpdhh;?fsthl

534) jpUlh;fs; eiffis ahUf;Fg;ghprhfj; je;jdh;?Gyth;f;F

535) jpUlh;fis vt;thW rk;ghjpf;fNtz;Lk; vd Gyth; $wpdhh;?cioj;J

536) tzpfh; ve;jr; nry;tk; epiyj;jnry;tk; vdf; $wpdhh;?fy;tpr; nry;tk;Ntw;Wik> milnkhop

537) ngah ; r ; nrhy ;y pd ; nghUisNtWgLj;JtJ> -------- vdg;gLk;.Ntw;Wik

538) ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; mike;JnghUs; NtWghl;ilr; nra;Ak;cUGfis ------- vd;gh;.Ntw;Wik cUGfs;

539) ngaiu NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;cUGfs; ------ vdg;gLk;.Ntw;Wik(v.fh) 1. ,uhkd; fz;lhd; 2. ,uhkidf; fz;lhd;

540) Fwpg;G:Kjy; Ntw ;Wik> ,uz;lhk ;Ntw;Wik> %d;whk; Ntw;Wik>ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik> Ie;jhk;Ntw;Wik> Mwhk; Ntw;Wik> Vohk;Ntw;Wik> vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik vdvz; tifg;gLk;.

541) ,ay;ghd ngah; (vOtha;) gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ ----------vdTk;> ----------- vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;.Kjy ; Ntw ;Wik> vOtha ;Ntw;Wik

542) vOtha; Ntw;Wikf;F vdj; --------,y;iy.jdp cUG

543) ---------- cUG I vd;gjhFk;.,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

544) ngah;r;nrhy;ypdJ nghUisr;nrag;gL nghUshf NtWgLj;JtJ---------- MFk;.,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik(v.fh)1. tstd; nra;Aisg; gbj;jhd;.

545) My;> Md;> xL> XL> cld; Mfpad---------- cUGfs; MFk;.%d;whk; Ntw;Wik(v.fh)1. ehw;fhyp jr;rdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.2. J}q;Fifahd; Xq;Feil

546) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG --------MFk;.F(v.fh) ee;jpdpf;Fg; ghpR toq;fpdhh;.

547) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ------->-------------> vd;gd MFk;.,y;> ,d;(v.fh) nfhilapy; rpwe;jth; ghup

548) nrhw;fSld; ,y;> ,d; vd;Dk;cUGfs ; Nrh ;e ;J nghUisNtWgLj;JtJ ---------- vdg;gLk;.Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik

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549) Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG -----------MFk;.mJ(v.fh) ,uhkdJ tPL

550) ngah;r;nrhw;fSld; mJ vd;Dk;Ntw;Wik cUG Nrh;e;J nghUisNtWgLj;JtJ ----------- vdg;gLk;.Mwhk; Ntw;Wik

551) Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; -----------> -------------> ------------------> vd;gd cUGfshk;.fz;> cs;> Nky;> fPo;(v.fh)1. ngl;bf;Fs; gzk; ,Uf;fpwJ.2. $iuapd; Nky; Nrty; cs;sJ.

552) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;F -----------,y;iy.cUG

553) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikia NtW vt;thWmiog;gh;?tpsp Ntw;Wik

554) fe;jd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; ,Wjp(d;) vOj;jhdJ nfl;L> mjd;may; vOj;J (j - jh - vd)ePz;L mioj;jw; nghUisj;jUfpwJ. ,t;thW ngah;r;nrhy;rpy khw;wq;fSld; mioj;jw;nghUspy; tUtij --------------- vd;gh;.tpsp Ntw;Wik

555) jpq;fs; vd;why; vd;d nghUs;?epyT> khjk;

556) epyit ------ vd;Wk; miog;ghh;fs;?ntz;zpyT

557) ntz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy; epyTf;f------------- ahf te;Js;sJ.Milahf

558) nghUs;fis ,dk;gph pj ;jwpacjTk; milnkhopfs; ---------------vdg;gLk;.,dKs;s milnkhop

559) ntz;zpyT> fUq;fhf;if> nrq;fjpNuhd; ,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; ,dkhff;$w Ntz;Lkhdhy; fUepyT>ntz;fhf;if> fUq;fjpNuhd; vdf;$wNtz;Lk; . mt;thW xd;W,y;yhjjhy; ,it Nghd;wtw;iw----------- vdf; $Wth;.,dkpy;yh milnkhopfs;

560)gpw nkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r; nrhy;mDkjp ,irTMjtd; flTs;Muk;gk; njhlf;fk;M];jp nrhj;J,k;ir Jd;gk;,Ujak; neQ;rfk;<rd; ,iwtd;cgrhpj;jy; tpUe;Njhk;gy;cgak; jpUg;gzpahsu;

nfhilc\hh; vr;rupf;ifvjhh;j;jk; ,ay;GIjpfk; cyf tof;Ffhfpjk; jhs;fphPlk; kzpKbFNgud; ngUQ;nry;tk;

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561) jkpnoz; $l;liyg; nghUj;J $l;ly; $Ljy;1. f + f = m) 102. + U = M) 83. c + = ,) 24. $ + f = <) 55. U + = c) 9tpil: 1-,> 2-c> 3-<> 4-M> 5-m562) Vio khztu;f;F ez;gfy; ,yta

czT toq;Fk; jpl ;lj;ijr;nray;gLj;jpj; njhlq;fpath; ahh;?Nt%u; eurpk;ku;

563) Nt%u; eurpk;ku; nghUSjtp ngwahiuia mZfpdhh;.kUj;Jt khNkij FUrhkp

564) FUrhkp vq;F tUkhW Mrphpah;Nt%u ; eurpk ;kiuf ; Nfl ;Lf ;nfhz;lhu;.rhh;gjpthsu; mYtyfj;jpw;F

565) FUrhkp vOk;g+u;f; nfd;dj;Jr;rhiyapy; jkf;F chpikahf,Ue;j ---------- xd;iwg; gs;spf;Fg;gj;jpuk; vOjpg; gjpT nra;JnfhLj;jhu;.khspif

,ay; vl;Lnra;As; - jdpg;ghly;

566) nghUs; jUf:1. fsgk; -- re;jdk;2. khjq;fk; -- nghd;3. Ntok; -- fUk;G4. gfL - vUJ5. fk;gkh - fk;g khT

567) fsgk;> khjq;fk;> Ntok;> gfL>fk;gkh> ifk;kh Kjypad ----------NtW ngah;fs; MFk;.ahidf;Fupa

568) jdpg; ghly; vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah;ahh;?me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;

569) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; gpwe;j Cu;vJ?fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sg+J}h ;

570) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; tho;e;j Cu;vJ?nghd;tpise;jfsj;J}h;

571) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; ngw;Nwhh;ngah; vd;d?je;ijapd; nagh; - tLfehju;

572) rPl;Lf;ftp ghLtjpYk; eifr;RitjJk;gg; ghly; ,aw;WtjpYk;ty;ytu; ahh;?me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;

573) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; ,aw;wpaE}y;fs; vit?re;jputhzd; Nfhit> Nra+u;KUfd; gps;isj; jkpo;> Nra+u;f;fyk;gfk;> jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk;

574) jdpg;ghly; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.jdpg;ghly; jpul;L

575) jdpg;ghly; vj;jid Gyth;fshy;ghlg;ngw;wJ?E}w;Wg;gj;Jg;

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576) jdpg;ghlypy; vj;jid ghly;fs;njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?Mapuj;J E}w;Wg; gjpd;%d;W

577) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; tho;e;jfhyk; vJ?fp.gp gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd;,ilg;gFjp.

578) gphpj;J vOJf:1. fsgnkd;Nwd; - fsgk; + vd;Nwd;2. Ntonkd;Nwd; - NtOk; + vd;Nwd;3. c%nkd;whs; - cOk; + vd;whs;

jhyhl;Lg; ghly;579) ---------- vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,e;ehl;Lg;

ghly; njhFf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.kiyaUtp (ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;)

580) kiyaUtp vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,Ue;J,g;ghliyj; njhFj;jspj;jth; ahu;?fp.th. [fe;ehjd;

581) kiyaUtp (ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;)vd;Dk; E}ypy; njk;khq;F> jq;fuj;jpdNk> uhrhj;jp> Mz; ngz;jh;f;fk;> njhopyhsh; ghl;L> fs;sd;ghl;L> FLk;gk;> jhyhl;L> rpWth;cyfk;> Gyk;gy;> Fk;kp> nja;tk;>gy fjk;gk; vdg; ---------------jiyg;Gfspy; ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.gjpd; %d;W

582) jhyhl;L ghly; ----------- vd;Dk;gFjpapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.jhyhl;L

583)kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;>gz;ghL> FLk;gk;> njhopy;fs;> nja;ttopghL> jpUtpohf;fs; Kjypatw;iwve;j E}iyg; gbj;jyd; thapyhfmwpayhk;.kiyaUtp

584) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;gf:m) nfhl;b itj;j -------------Kj;NjM) fz;Nz eP fz;nlj;j -----------fhl;Lf; Fapy;,) Gs;isf; ---------- jPu;f;f te;jfz;Nz.Fiw

jkpofj;jpd;md;dpngrz;l;

585) ngz;zpw; ngUe;jf;fahTs vd;w ts;Sth; $w;Wf;Fxg;ghf gy rhjidfs; Ghpe;jth;ahh;?%tY}u; ,uhkhkp;jk; mk;ikahh;.

586) mwpQh ; mz;zh mth;fshy;,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh; ----------vdg; Gfog;gl;lhu;?jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrz;l;

587) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ----------Mz;L gpwe;jhu;.fp.gp 1883 Mk;

588) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahu; ve;jkugpy; gpwe;jth;?Njtjhrp

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589) ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahhpd; je;ijapd;ngah; vd;d?fpU\;zrhkp

590) Njtjhrpf; Fbapy; gpwe;j ngz;fSf;F-----------> ----------------> chpadthFk;.MlYk;> ghlYk;

591) Ie;J taJ kfshd ,uhkhkph;jk;mk;ikahiu mtuJ jha; vj;jid&gha;f;Fj; Njtjhrp xUj;jpaplk;tpw;whh;?gj;J

592) tsh;g;Gj;jha; ----------- taJilaKjpatUf ;F md;d pngrz;lmk;ikahiuj; jpUkzk; Kbf;fj;jpl;lkpl;lhh;.mWgJ

593) md;dpngrz;l mk;ikahhpd; fzth;ahh;?mk;ikahUf;F ,irAk;> ehl;baKk;fw;Wj; fe;j Rak;G vd;gtiukze;jhh;.

594) 1917 Mk; Mz;L vq;Fj; jkJKjy; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; md;dpngrz;l;mk;ikahh; njhlq;fpdhh;?kapyhLJiwapy;

595) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ve;jKiwia xopg;gjw;fhfg; ghLgl;lth;?Njtjhrp

596) fhe;jpabfs; ---------- khehl;by;fye;J nfhz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;.,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir

597) fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljhy;rpdk; nfhz;l mk;ikahh; --------Milahf mzpe;J nfhz;lhh;.%tz;zf; nfhbia

598) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ve;jMilia Cu; Cuhff; nfhz;Lnrd;W tpw;whu;.fjh;

599) fhe;jpabfspd; fl;lisia Vw;Wmd;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; jhk;,Ue;j Xl;LtPl;il tpLj;Jf; -------mikj;J tho;e;jhh;.Fby; (Fbir)

600) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; Fbypd;ntspapy; tpag;g+l;Lk; tpsk;gug;gyifapy; ----------- vd vOjg;gl;L,Ue;jJ.fjh; mzpe;jth;fs;> cs;Ns tuTk;

601) %tY}h; mk;ikahNuhL ,ize;JNjtjhrp Kiwia xopg;gjw;fhfghLgl;lth;fs; ahh;?

nghpahu;> jpU.tp.f> tujuhRY>jUkhk;ghs;> ePyhk;gpif> kyh;Kfj;jk;ikahu;> jhkiuf; fz;zpak;ikahh; KjyhNdhh;.

602) %tY}h; mk;ikahh; -------- jpUkzq;fis Mjhpj;jhh;.Rakhpahijj;

603) 1938 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nkhopg;Nghh; Nguzpapy; ---------- Kjy; ----- - - - - - - - - tiu eilg; gazk;Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.ciwa+h; (jpUr;rp) Kjy; nrd;id

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604) ciwa+h; Kjy; nrd;id tiu -------------- ehs;> -------------- iky;eilg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.ehw;gj;jpuz;L> Ie;E}w;W vOgj;NjO

605) nkhopg;Nghu; Nguzpapy; ciwa+u;Kjy; nrd;id tiu eilg;gazj;jpd; NghJ vj;jidf;nghJf; $l;lq;fspy; ciuahw;wpdhu;.vz;gj;NjO

606) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; -----------ghLgl;l tpbnts;spahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;?ngz; chpikf;Fg;

607) nghJ tho;tpy; md;dpngrz;l;mk;ikahh; vj;jid Mz;Lfs;gzpahw;wpdhh;?50

608) md;dpngrz;l ; mk;ikahhpd ;kiwT vg;NghJ?vz;gjhk; tajpy; 27.06.1962

609) %tY}h; mk;ikahhpd; epiditg;Nghw;Wk; tifapy; mtuJ ngauhy;Viog; ngz;fSf;fhd jpUkzcjtpj; jpl;lj;jpid --------------- Mz;LKjy; jkpof muR toq;fp tUfpwJ.1989 Mk;

610) mk;ikahh; Kjy; Nghuhl;lj;ijj;njhlq;fpa Mz;l vJ?1917

%tifg; Nghypfs;611) “mfk;” Kfk; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf

mfd; Kfd; vd vOjpdhYk;nghUs; khWghlJ. ,t;thW xU

nrhy;ypd; vOj;J NtWgl;lhYk;nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gijg; ----------- vd;gh;.Nghyp

612) xU nrhy;ypy;> KjypYs;s vOj;Njh,ila py ; cs ;s vOj ; NjhkhWgl;lhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ,Ug;gpd; mJ ------- vdg;gLk;.Nghyp

613) Nghyp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mitahit?%d;Wmit:1. Kjw;Nghyp 2. ,ilg; Nghyp3. ,Wjpg; Nghyp

614) ,Wjpg; Nghypiaf; -------- vdTk;$Wth;.filg;Nghyp

615) xU nrhy ;y pd ; KjnyOj;JkhwpdhYk; nghUs; khWglhJtUtJ ----------- vdg;gLk;.Kjw; Nghyp(v.fh)1. kQ;R - ikQ;R2. kay; -- ikay;

616) xU nrhy;ypd; ,ilnaOj;JkhwpdhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ,Ug;gJ ----------- vdg;gLk;.,ilg; Nghyp(v.fh)1. KuR - KiuR2. murpay; -- miurpay;

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617) xU nrhy;ypy; <w;nwOj;J khwpdhYk;nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gJ ------------- vd;gh;.,Wjpg;Nghyp (filg; Nghyp)(v.fh)1. mwk; --- mwd;2. ge;jy; -- ge;ju;

618) mQ;R &gha; ,jpy; mQ;R vd;Dk;nrhy;ypy; cs;s midj;J vOj;JfSk; khwpAs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;nghUs; khwtpy;iy. vdNt ,J-------------- vdg;gLk;.Kw;Wg; Nghyp

619) Fwpg;G:ek; khh;f;fj;jpd; khR Jilj;jplte;j kfdhh;.mth; tpLjiy tPuh;. ek; ehl;Lmbikj; jisfis cilj;njwpe;jmQ;rh neQ;rpdh;. mth; Ntjhe;jp:gioa jj;Jtq;fs; gytw;wpw;Fg;Gjpa tpsf;fk; je;jth;. mth;fhyj;jpd; rpd;dk; Xh; vOr;rpapd;milahsk;. kfhj;kh kWkyh;r;rpapd;cUtk;.nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

620) Kf;fdp vd;Dk; njhifr; nrhy;vij Fwpf;Fk;?kh> gyh> thio Mfpa %d;iwAk;.

,ay; xd;gJnra;As; - mk;khid

621) tPud;neL nts;Nty; tpay;nre;jpy;vk;ngUkhd; vd;w ghlypd; Mrphpah;ahu;?Rthkpehj Njrpfh;

622) mk;khid vd;d tpisahl;L?xUtiff; fha; tpisahl;L

623) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-jpUr;nre;jpw; fyk;gfk; vd;Dk;,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; <rhdNjrpfh; vd;Dk; Rthkp ehj Njrpfh;Mthh;. <rhd NjrpfH vd;gJmtuJ rpwg;Gg; ngauhFk;. jhz;lt%h;j ;jp vd;ghh ;f ;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhh;. ,th; kapNyWk; ngUkhs;vd;ghhplk; fy;tp fw;whh;. ,th;jpUthtLJiw QhdNjrpfuhfpamk;gythz Njrpf%h;j;jpf;Fj;njhz;luha; ,Ue;jhh;. Vwj;jhoE}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Gtho;e;jth;.

624) E}y; Fwpg;G:-jpUr;nre;jpw; fyk;gfk; vd;Dk;,e;E}y; njhz;Z}w;whW rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. fyk;gfk; = fyk;+ gfk; vdg;gphpAk;. fyk; -gd;dpuz;L: gfk; -- MW. Mfg;gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.NkYk; gy;tifahd gh tiffSk;fye;jpUj;jyhy; ,e;E}y; fyk;gfk;vdTk; ngah; ngw;wJ. gjpndz;cWg;Gfspy; xd;whfpa mk;khid

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vd;Dk; gFjp <z;Lg; ghlg;gFjpahf,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

625) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:1. mk;khid vd;gJ -----------tpisahLk; tpisahl;L .ngz;fs;2. mk;khidg; ghlypy; Nghw;wg;gLk;nja;tk;.KUfd;3. KUfdhy; rpiwapyplg;gl;lth;ehd;Kfd;

rPtfrpe;jhkzp626) t Po ; e ;J ntz;kio jtOk ;

tpz;ZW ---- rPtfrpe;jhkzp vd;wghliyg; ghbath; ahh;?jpUj;jf;f Njth;

627) jpUj;jf;f Njth; ,aw;wpa rPtfrpe;jhkzp ghly; ve;jf; fhl;rpahf,Uf;fpwJ.xU ehlfk; elg;gJ Nghy;

628) nrhw;nghUs;:1. tpz; -- thdk;2. tiu - kiy3. KoT - kj;jsk;4. kJfuk; -- Njd; cz;Zk; tz;L

629) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:jpUj;jf;f Njth; Nrhoh; Fyj;jpy;gpwe;jth;. ,th; rkz rkaj;ijr;rhh;e;jth;. ,th; ghba kw;nwhUE}y; ehptpUj;jk; MFk;.

630) E}y; Fwpg;G:Ik;ngU fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;WrPtfrpe;jhkzp. ,e;E}y; fijf;

jiytd; rPtfd;. mtd; ngaiu,izj;Jr; rPtfrpe;jhkzp vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ vd;gh;. ,e;E}Yf;FkzE}y; vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk;cz;L.jkpof

tpisahl;Lfs;(ciueil)

631) Xb tpisahL ghg;gh vd;w ghliyghbath; ahh;?ghujpahH

632) kfsph; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;gJ?mf tpisahl;Lfs;

633) Mlth; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;gJ?Gw tpisahl;Lfs;

634) tpisahl;L ve;j mbg;gilapy;gy;NtW tifapdthf mikfpd;wd?ghy; mbg;gilapYk;> jd;ikmbg;gilapYk;

635) rpWth; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L?gk;guk;> fpspj;jl;L> cg;G tpisahl;L>fs;sd; fhtyd;> Nfhyp> fpl;bg;Gs;>fhw ;whb> ge ;J tpisahl;L>xw;iwah ,ul;ilah> ePr;ry;.

636) rpWkpah; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L?G+g;gwpj;jy;> fufutz;b> jl;lhq;fy;>gy;yhq;Fop> CQ;ry;> jhak;

637) Nghl;b Ml;lq;fshf tpisahLgit?rLFL (fgb)> kl;ilg;ge ;J>fhy;ge;J> ifg;ge;J> vwpge;J>,wFg;ge;J> Xl;lk;> jiljhz;bXl;lk;.

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638) tPutpisahl;Lfspy; ngUtpUg;gKilath; ahh;?goe;jkpoh;

639) gioik tha ; e ; j Mlth ;tpisahl;Lfs;:kw ; Ng h h p ly ; > VWjOTjy ; >Ntl;ilahLjy;> %o;fp kzy;vLj;jy;.

640) gz;ila ehspy; ngz;fs; ve;jtpisahl;Lfspy; ,dpNj nghOJNghf;fpdhh;fs;.tl;lhLjy;> foq;F> mk;khid>ge;jhLjy;> CQ;ry;> XiuahLjy;.

641) kJiuapy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fl;bakz;lgk; vd;gJ?jKf;fk; kz;lgk;

642) Nrho ehl;bd; gioa jiyefukhdcwe;ija+h py ; tPuf ;Nfhopfs;rpwe;jpUe;jikahy; ------------- vd;Dk;ngaUk; mjw;fike;jJ.Nfhopa+h ;

643) jkpohpd; jw;fhg;Gf; fiy tpisahl;Lfspy; xd;whf tsh;e;J tUtJvJ?rpyk;ghl;lk;

644) Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ---------- vd;Dk;tPu tpisahl;L eilngw;wJ.VWjOTjy;

645) tpisahl;L tPuh;fSf;Fg; muRKd;Dhpik vij mspf;fpd;wJ.ghpRfSk;> rhd;wpjo;fSk;> fy;tp>Ntiytha;g;G

ez;gd;(Jizg;ghlk;)

646) Fwpg;G:Xtpah; uhk;fp> khpahij uhkd;fijfs; fijj;njhFg;gpypUe;JvLj;jhsg;gl;lJ.

,yf;fzk;nrhy; --- gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;

647) XNuOj;Jj; jdpj ;J epd;Wk; >xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jfs;njhlh;e;J epd;Wk; nghUs; je;jhy;mJ ---------- vdg;gLk;.nrhy;

648) vz;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;:-gF vz;> gfh vz;

649) gjk; vd;whYk; --------- vd;whYk;xd;Nw.nrhy;

650) Fwpg;G:- nkhop> fpstp vd;gd mjd;

NtW ngah;fs;.651) XnuOj;jhdJ jdpj;J epd;W

nghUs; je;jhy; m/J -------------vdg;gLk;.XnuOj;J xU nkhop

652) vOj;Jfs; gy njhlh;e;J epd;WnghUs; je;jhy;.vOj;Jj; njhlh; nkhop

653) gFj;jy; vd;gjpd; nghUs;gphpj;jy;

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654) gfh vd;gjpd; nghUs; --- gphpf;f,ayhjJ.

655) ngah;g;gfhg;gjq;fspd; (v.fh)kz;> fy;> nghd;.

656) tpidg; gfhg;gjq;fspd; (v.fh)el> th> Ngh> nra;> epy;.

657) gFf;f ,aYk; nrhw;fisg; --------vd;gh;.gFgjk;

658) gFf;f ,aYk; cWg;Gfspd; ngah;fs;?gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp>rhhpia> tpfhuk;.

659) kdpjd; ehfhpfk; miltjw;F Kjw;fUtpahf tpsq;FtJ vJ?nkhopNa

660) nrhw;nwhlh; tiffs;:nra;jpj;njhlh;> tpdhj;njhlh;>fl;lisj; njhlh;> czh;r;rpj; njhlh;.

661) cyfj;jkpo;r; nrk;nkhop khehLvq;F eilngw;wJ?Nfhit

662) tyf;if jUtJ ,lf;iff;Fj;njhpaf; $lhJ vd;W (v.fh)tho;e;jth; ahh;?K.tujuhrdhh;.

663) ,ay;tJ fuNty; <tJ tpyf;Nfy; vd;W njhlq;Fk;

ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;?xsitahh;.

664) nrhw;nwhlh; njhlh;:1. fl;lisj; njhlh; --- ehs;NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp nra;

2. nra;jpj; njhlh; -- ehs;NjhWk;clw;gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.3. tpdhj; njhlh; -- cd; ,Ug;gplk;vq;Fs;sJ?4. vd;Nd> ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; moF

czh;r;rpj; njhlh;,ay; gj;J

nra;As; - vq;fs; jkpo;665) ,dpikj; jkpo;nkhop ----- vdj;

njhlq;Fk; vq;fs; jkpo; ghliyg;ghbath; ahh;?ghujpjhrd;

666) nrhw;nghUs;:1. fjp - Jiz2. NgW - nry;tk;3. edp - kpFjp (kpf;f)4. juk; - jFjp5. Gtp - cyfk;

667) ,dpik> ,d;gk;> mKJ> fdpr;rhnwdj; jpfl;Lk; Ritkpf;fJ vJ?jkpo;

668)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:,aw;ngah; - fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk;(ghujpahh; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy;ghujpjhrd; vd khw;wp mikj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.)'ngw;Nwhh; -- fdfrig - ,yf;Fkpak;khs;fy;tp - jkpo;> gpnuQ;rp> Mq;fpyk;Mfpatw;wpy; Gyik kpf;fth;.

,aw;wpait - FLk;g tpsf;F>ghz;bad; ghpR> Nru jhz;ltk;>,Uz;l tPL> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp>

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gprpuhe;ijahh;> FwpQ;rpj; jpl;L>mofpd; rph pg ;G> jkpopaf;fk;Kjypad.fhyk; -- 29.04.1891 --- 21.04.1964

669) E}y; Fwpg;G:,g;ghly; ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;ftpijj; njhFjpapy; vq;fs;jkpo; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

670) epug;Gf:1. jkpo; vq;fs; -------------

capnud;gjhNy.2. ,d;gj ; jkpOf;F ehSk;nra;Nthk; ey;y ---------njhz;L nra;Nthk;cotpd; rpwg;G - fk;gu;

671) Nkop gpbf;Fk; if --- vdj;njhlq;Fk; cotpd; rpwg;G vd;wghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?fk;gh;

672) nrhw;nghUs;:1. Nkop --- fyg;ig> Vu;2. Nte;jh; -- kd;dh;3. Mop - Nkhjpuk;4. #o;tpid - cz;lhFk; tWikj; Jd;gk;5. fhuhsh; -- Nkfj;ij MSfpd;wth; fshfpa coth;.

673) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:,aw;ngah; -- fk;gh;gpwe;j Cu; -- NjuOe;J}h;> kapyhLJiwf;F mz;ikapy; cs;sJ.

je;ij ngah; -- Mjpj;jd;Nghw;wpath; -- rilag;g ts;sy;,aw;wpa E}y;fs; -- fk;guhkhazk;>rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> ruRtjpme;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;rpwg;G -- fy;tpapy; nghpah; fk;gh;>fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;fhyk; -- gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;LXtpaf;fiy (ciueil)

674) fhz;gtiuf; fth;e;jpOj;J cs;sq;fisj; jd;tag;gLj;Jk; cah;e;jfiy vJ?Xtpaf;fiy

675) jkpoh; tsh;j;j Ez;fiyfspd;thpirapy; -------------- Kd;dzpapy;epw;fpwJ.Xtpaf;fiy

676) ve;j Mz;L Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpd;,df; FOf;fshf tho;e;jdh;.fp.K 2000

677) jkpofj;jpy; vj;jid ,lq;fspy;Fif Xtpaq;fs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?,Ugj;ije ;j pw ;Fk ; Nkw ;gl ;l,lq;fs; (khd;> Nghh; nra;jy;>tpyq;F Ntl;il)

678) jkpo; ehl;by; rq;f fhyj;jpw;FKd;dNu ------------- tiuag;gl;ld.Xtpaq;fs;

679) Xtpaq;fis Kjypy; vt;thWtoq;fpAs;sdh;?fz;nzOj;J

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680) jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ----------------vd;gjw;F Xtpak; vdg;gLk;.vOj;J

681) ve ;j nkho pa py ; vOj ;Jfs ;cUtq;fshf cs;sd?rPd nkhopapy;

682) Xtpak; tiujw;F vJ mbg;gilahFk;?Neh ; NfhL > Nfhzf ; NfhL >tisNfhL.

683) Neh;NfhL> Nfhzf;NfhL> tisNfhLvd;W tiuag;gLgit -----------vdg;gLk;.Nfhl;Nlhtpaq;fs;

684) mt;tiuNfhLfs; Nky; vd;dtz;zq;fs; g+r> mofpa xtpaq;fs;cUntLf;Fk;?rptg;G> fWg;G> kQ;rs;> ePyk;

685) njhy;fhg;gpak; ---------- gw;wpf;$WfpwJ.eLfy; tzf;fk;

686) Xtpaf;fiy vd;d ngah;fshy;toq;fg; ngw;wJ?XT> Xtk;> Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> glk;>glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp.

687) Xtpaf;fiyQh; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;?Xtpah;> Xtpag;Gytd;> fz;Zs;tpidQd;> rpj;jpufhuh;> tpj;jftpidQd;> tpj ;jfh ; > fpstpty;Nyhd;.

688) Xtpah; vz;zq;fspd; vOr;rpiag;gy tz;zq;fspd; Jiznfhz;L

vOJNthuhjypd; --- - - - - vdg;Gfo;g;ngw;whh;.fz;Zs; tpidQh;

689) Xtpa E}ypd; EZf;fj;ij ed;Ffw;Wg; Gyik ngw;w Mrphpah; ------------- vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.Xtpag;Gytd;

690) Xtpaf; fiyQh; FOit vt;thWmioj;jdh;.Xtpa khf;fs;

691) Mz; Xtpah; ---------------- vdTk;>ngz; Xtpah; ----------- vdTk; ngah;ngw;wpUe;jdh;.rpj;jpuhq;fjd;> rpj;jpuNrdh.

692) Xtpaf; fiyf;nfd ve;j E}y;fs;,Ue;jd?jdp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;

693) gy;tiff; fUtpfis vjw;Fgad;gLj;jpdh;?gy;tiff; fhl;rpfs;> cUtq;fs;tiua

694) tz;zq;fs; Fog;Gk; gyiff;F ------------- vdg; ngahpl;LUe;jdh;.tl;bifg; gyif

695) mf;fhyj;jpy; Xtpaq;fs; tiutjw;nfd;W jdp ,lq;fs; ,Ue;jd.mit ahit?rpj;jpuf;$lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;> vOJepiy kz;lgk;> vOnjopy; mk;gyk;.

696) ,iw eldk; Ghptjw;Nf vd;w rigxd;iw Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. vJ?rpj;jpu rig

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697) GwehD}w;wpy; ftpQh; Xtpaj;ijvt;thW Nghw;Wfpwhh;?Xtj;jida ,lDil tdg;G vdtPl;bd; moif Xtpaj;jpw;F xg;gitj;Jf; ftpQh; Nghw;Wfpwhh;.

698) Fwpg;G:Rth; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; rpj;jpuk;tiua KbAk;.

699) tz;zq;fythky; fhpj;Jz;Lfshy;tbtk; kl;Lk; tiutijg; --------vd;wioj;jdh;.Gidah Xtpak;

700) Xtpaj;jpw;Ff; fUg;nghUs;fs;ahit?,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;> fw;gidf;fhl;rpfs;> rKjha tho;f;ifKiwik> ,jpfhr Guhzf ;fijfs;

701) rq;f fhyj;jpy; nropj;jpUe;j --------------- ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; rpije;Jkiwe;J Nghfj; njhlq;fpaJ?Xtpaf;fiy

702) ve;j E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;ijMz;l Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kg;gy;ytd;> fiyahh;tk; kpf;fth;?fp.gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;L

703) kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd; vt;thWGfo;ngw;wpUe;jhd;?Xtpadhf

704) fy;ntl;Lfs; kNfe;jputh;kd;idvt;thW Gfo;fpd;wd?rpj;jpufhug;Gyp

705) ve;j Xtpa E}Yf;F kNfe;jpth;kd;ciu vOjpAs;shh;.jl;rpzrpj;jpuk;

706) jpUee;jpf; fiuapy; ve;jf; fhyXtpaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd?Nruh; fhy

707) ve;j E}w;whz;by; mtdpg Nrfu=ty;ygd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dd;fhyj;jpy;> kJiu Mrphpah; ,sk;nfsjkd; ,t;Nthtpaq;fistiue;jhh; vd;W fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpmwptpf;fpd;wJ.fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L

708) Nrhoh;fhy tdg;Gkpf;f Xtpaq;fisj; --------- nghpaNfhtpypy; fz;Lkfpoyhk;.jQ;irg;

709) tpra efu> ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd;Xtpaq;fs; ve;j ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;gjp> jpy;iy>jpUth&h ; > Fle;ij> kJiu>fhQ;rp

710) fp.gp gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd;njhlf;fj;jpy; ahUila fhyj;jpy;Xtpaf ;fiy ed;F tsh ;r ;r pngw;wJ?jQ;iria Mz;l kuhl ;bakd;dh;fs;

711) <uhapuk; Mz;Lfshfg; Nghw;wpg;ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tsh;e;J tUk;fiyahf ---------------- cs;sJ.Xtpaf;fiy

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nfhilf;Fzk;Jizg;ghlk;

712) fh ;z kfhuhrhtpd; nfhilj;jpwidg;gw;wpg; gy -------------------cs;sd.tha;nkhopg; Guhz kuGf;fijfs;

713) fh;z kfhuhrh ahh;?rpw;wurd;

714) mq;fNjrk; vd;w rpwpa ehl;ilMSfpwth; ahh;?fh;zd;

mzpapyf;fzk; (,yf;fzk;)715) mzp vd;why; vd;d?

moF716) Gyth;fs; nra;Ais moFgLj;

Jtij --------------- vd;Nw toq;fpdh;.mzp

717) mzpfs; vd;gJ,ay;G etpw;rpcah;T etpw;rp

718) ,ay;G etpw;rpazp vd;why; vd;d?xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig cs;sJcs;sthW $WtJ ,ay ;Getpw;rpazp vdg;gLk;.

719) cah;T etpw;rpazp vd;why; vd;d?xU nghUspd; jd;ikia kpifg;gLj;jpf;$WtJ cah;T etpw;rpazp.nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

720) Kw;Wg;Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh)jUf:Kw;Wg;Gs;sp(.)

xU njhlh; Kw;Wg; ngw;wijf;Fwpf;f Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,l Ntz;Lk;.(v.fh) Nfhitapy; nrk;nkhopkhehL eilngw;wJ.

721) fhw;Gs;sp (>) vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh)jUfgy nghUs;fisj; njhlh;e;Jnrhy;Yk; NghJ xt;nthd;wpd;gpd;Dk; fhw;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;.(v.fh) kh> gyh> thio Kf;fdpfs;

723) miug;Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh)jUf.Xh; vOtha;> gy gadpiyfisf;nfhz;L KbAk; nghOJ> xt;nthUgadpiyf;Fg; gpd;dUk; miug;Gs;sp,lNtz;Lk;.(v.fh) rpe;jidr; nry;td; ed;whfg;gbj ;jhd ; @ Kjy; kjpg ;ngz;ngw;whd;@ ghpR ngw;whd;.

724) tpdhf;Fwp (?) vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh)jUfxU tpdhj; njhlhpd; ,Wjpapy;tpdhf;Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;.(v.fh) nghw;nfhb ghlk; gbj;Jtpl;lhah?

725) czh;r;rpf;Fwp(!) vd;why; vd;d?(v.fh) jUfxU nra;jpia czh;r;rpahff;$Wk; NghJ czh;r;rpf; FwpaplNtz;Lk;.(v.fh) vd;Nd> ,g;g+tpd; kzk;!

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726) xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‘ ’ ) vd;why;vd;d? (v.fh)jUfXh; vOj;J my;yJ nrhy; my;yJnrhw;nwhliuj; jdpNa Fwpf;Fk;,lj;jpYk; xU nrhw;nwhlhpy;E}ypd; ngah;> gonkhop Kjypadtw;iw Fwpf;Fk; NghJk; xw;iwNkw;Nfhs; Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;.‘vopy; ’ vd;why; ‘moF ’ vd;gJnghUs;(v.fh) 'ghQ;rhyp rgjk;'

727) ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (“ ---- ")xUth; $wpaij Neh;f;$w;whff;$Wk; NghJk;> xU njhliuNkw;Nfhshff; $Wk; NghJk;,ul ;il Nkw ;Nfhs; FwpaplNtz;lk;. “mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy;njhpAk;" vd;whh; xsiahh;.

vl;lhk;; tFg;G,ay; xd;W

nra;As; - tho;j;J1. Kj;Nj gtsNk nkha;j;jgRk;

nghw;RlNu- vdj; njhlq;Fk;tho;j;Jg; ghliy vOjpatH ahH?jhAkhdtH

2. jhAkhdtupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d?Nfbypag;gH nfrty;yp mk;ikahH

3. jhAkhdtH gpwe;j CH vJ?ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lj;jpYs;sjpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz;ak;)

4. jhAkhdtupd; gzp vd;d?jpUr;rpia Mz;l tpra uFehjnrhf;fypq;fuplk; fUt+y mYtyH

5. tho;j;jhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly;______ vd;Dk; E}y; MFk;jhAkhdtH jpUg;ghly; jpul;L

6. “jhAkhdtH jpUg;ghly; jpul;L”

vd;Dk; E}y; nja;tj; jkpopd;,dpikAk; vspikAk; nghUe;jpanra;As; eilahy; Mfpatw;iwCl;Lk; tifapy; cs;sJkdj;J}a;ik> gf;jpr;Rit

7. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kiykPJ vOe;jUspAs;s ,iwtdhd jhAkhdtHjpUtUshy; gpwe;jikahy; ,tUf;Fj;vd;W ngaH #l;lg;gl;lJ.jhAkhdtH

8. jhAkhdtupd; kidtp ngaH vd;d?kl;LthH Foyp

9. jhAkhdtupd; fhyk; vJ?fp.gp.gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L

10. jhAkhdtH epidT ,y;yk ;______ ,y; cs;sJ.,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s,yl;RkpGuk;

11. nrhw;nghUs;1.RlH - xsp 2. Mde;jk; - kfpo;r;rp3. guhguk; - Nkyhd nghUs; ,iwtd;

jpUf;Fws;12. jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH?

jpUts;StH

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13. jpUts;Stupd; NtWngaHfs;vd;d?Kjw;ghtyH> ngha;apy;GytH>ngUehtyH> nre;ehg;NghjhH

14. jpUts;Stupd; fhyk; vJ ntd;W$wg;gLfpd;wJ?fp.K. 31

15. jpUf;Fws; E}y;fSs; xd;W.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F

16. ehL> nkhop>,dk;>rkak; fle;Jvf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhfmike;jikahy; ______ vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.cyfg;nghJkiw

17. kf;fs;> tho;tpy; milaj;jf;fjhf,Ue;j cWjpg;nghUs;fs; ahit?mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;

18. mwk;>nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;Dk; %d;WgpupTfisf; nfhz;ljhy; ,e;E}y;______ vdg; ngaH ngw;wJKg;ghy;

19. jpUf;Fws; _____mjpfhuq;fisAk;>Fwl;ghf;fisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.E}w;WKg;gj;J %d;W mjpfhuk;>Mapuj ;J Ke;E}w ;W Kg;gJFwlghf;fs;

20. jpUf;FwSf;F %d;W tifahdrpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; cs;sJ mitthAiw tho;j;J> nghJkiwngha;ahnkhop.

21. jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia czHe;jtPukhKdptH ______ vDk; nkhopapy;nkhop ngaHj;jhH.,yj;jPd;

22. ______ vd;gtH Mq;fpyj;jpy;Fws;fis nkhop ngaHj;jhH.[p.A.Nghg;

23. cUrpa ehl;by; _____ khspifapy;cs;s Ruq;fg; ghJfhg;Gg; ngl;lfj;jpy; jpUf;FwSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.mZ Jisf;fhj fpnuk;spd;khspif

24. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lf; fhl;rpr;rhiyapy;______ itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.jpUf;Fws; tptpypaj;Jld;

25. nrhw;nghUs;1. tpid - nray;2. fhg;G - fhty;3. ePutH - mwpTilahH4. Nfz;ik - el;G5. NgijahH - mwptpyhH6. etpy;njhWk; - fw;ff; fw;f7. eak; - ,d;gk;8. eFjy; - rpupj;jy;9. ,bj;jy; - fbe;Jiuj;jy;10. fpoik - cupik11. Kfef - Kfk; kyu12. mfk; - cs;sk;13. MW - ey;top14. ca;j;J - nrYj;jp15. my;yy; - Jd;gk;16. cLf;if - Mil

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17. ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk;18. fistJ - ePf;FtJ19. nfhl;gpd;wp - NtWghL ,y;yhky;20. Cd;Wk; - jhq;Fk;21. Gidjy; - Gfo;jy;

,ay; - 1jkpo; tsHj;j rhd;NwhHfs;

22. tPukhKdptH ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhH?,j;jhyp

23. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp

24. jkpo;nkhopapd; gw;wpdhy; ijupaehjd; vd;Dk; jk; ngaiuj; jdpj;jkpohf;fp ______ vdr; #l;bf;nfhz;lhH.tPukhKdptH

25. tPukhKdptH jd;Dila vj;jidahtJ mfitapy; rkaj; jpUg;gzpahw;w jkpofj;jpw;F te;jhH?Kg;gjhk; mfit

26. tPukhKdptH jkpo;nkhop gapd;wNjhLve ;j nkhopfisAk; fw ;Wj ;NjHe;jhH?njYq;F> tlnkhop

27. tPukhKdptH jkpopy; Kjd;Kjyhf______ vd;Dk; mfu Kjypiantspapl;lhH?rJufuhjp

28. tPukhKdptH Njk;ghtzp vd;Dk;______ fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpdhH?fpwpj;jtf; fhg;gpak;

29. tPukhKdptH “Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak;”vd;Dk; ve;j E}ypd; tpsf;fj;ijg;gilj;jhH?njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;

30. tPukhKdptH ve;nje;j rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wpdhH?fyk;gfk;> mk;khid

31. Njk;ghtzp ______ fjk;gkhiyahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ?fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;

32. tPukhKdptH jkpo; KdptHfSs;xUtuhf tpsq;Ffpd;whH vdf; $wpahH tPukhKdptUf;Fg; Gfohuk;#l;bdhH?nry;tH ,uh.gp> NrJg;gps;is

33. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ?1680-1747

34. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ve;jMz;by; gpwe;jhH?1788 Mk; Mz;L

35. “khjtQ;NrH NkNyhH tOj;Jk;”Fzq;Fbahd; vd;W GytHngUkf;fshy; Gfog;gl;ltH ahH?Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG

36. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ,tupd;,aw;ngaH vd;d?Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjpW

37. ve;nje;j kiyg;gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;W>jdpj;jpUe;J Qhdk; ngw;whH?rJufpup> Gwhkiy> ehfkiy

38. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhFG ahUilaghly;fshy; <Hf;fg;gl;lhH?jhAkhdtH ghly;

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39. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ghbafz;zpfs; ahit?guhguf;fz;zp> vf;fhyf;fz;zp>kNdhd;kzpf; fz;zp> ee;jPRtuf;fz;zp

40. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG vt; tifapy;nghUs; jUk; ghly;fs; gy ,aw;wpj;jkpOf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpdhH?FUepiy> jtepiy> JwTepiye pak e piy> fhl ; r p e piy >jpahdepiy> rkhjpepiy

41. jpUj;jzpr; rutzg; ngUkhs;> ,tHkPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy; ______

xd;iwg; ghbAs;shH?ehd;kzpkhiy

42. Fzq ;Fb k] ;j hd ; r hf p G,t;Tyif tpl;L vg;NghJ ePj;jhH?1835 Mk; Mz;L

43. MWKf ehtyH gpwe;j Mz;L vJ?1822 Mk; Mz;L

44. MWKf ehtyH vq;Fg; gpwe;jhH?aho;g;ghzk; ey;Y}H

45. MWKf ehtyupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?MWKfdhH

46. MWKfehtyH ,sikapNyNave;j E}y;fisj; njspthff; fw;whH?irt rpj;jhe;j E}y;fisAk;>jpUKiwfisAk;.

47. MWKfehtyH jk; nkhopj;jpwikiaAk ; thf ;Ftd;ikiaAk ;nghUs; tpsf;Fk; jd;ikiaAk;fz;L ahH kfpo;e;jdHjpUthtLJiw MjPdj;jhH

48. MWKf ehtyhupd; gy jpwikfisf; fz;l jpUthtLJiwMjPdj;jhH kfpo;Tw;W ,tUf;F______ vd;Dk; gl;lj;ijr; #l;br;rpwg;gpj;jdH?ehtyH

49. MWKfehtyupd; gzpfs; ahit?gjpg;ghrpupaH> ciueilahrpupaH

50. MWKf ehtyiu “trd eilifte;j ty;yhsH” vd ahHghuhl;bdhH?gupjpkhw;fiyQH

51. MWKf ehtyH nrd;idapy;______ mikj;jhH?mr;Rf;$lk;

52. MWKf ehtyupd; mr;Rf;$lj;jpy;ve;nje;jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fisg;gjpg;gpj;jhH?ghujk;> ngupaGuhzk;> fe;jGuhzk;>jpUf;Fws;.

53. MWKf ehtyupd; mr;Rf; $lj;jpy;ve ;nje ;jj ; jk po ; ,yf ;fzE}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhH?,yf;fz tpdh-tpil> ,yf;fzr;RUf;fk;> ed;D}y; tpUj;jpAiu>ed;D}y; fhz;bifAiu> ,yf;fzf;nfhj;J> ,yf;fzr; #whtsp

54. Fwpg;GjkpowpQH rp.it.jhNkhjudhH>MWKf ehtyiug; gpd;tUkhWGfo;e;J ciuf;fpd;whH

“ey;iyefH MWKf ehtyHgpwe;jpyNuw;

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nrhy;Yjkp noq;Nf fUjpnaq;Nf-vy;ytUk;vj;JGuh zhfkq;fs; vq;Nfgpurq;fnkq;Fk;mj;jdwp ntq;Nf miw” vdg;Gfo;e;jhH

55. GJf;ftpijf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?ghujpahH

56. rKjhag;Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?ghujpjhrdhH

57. nghJTlikf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?jpUtp.fypahzRe;judhH

58. jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?kiwkiyabfs;

59. Ngr;Rf;fiyf;F> rpWfijf;Ftpj;jpl;l ftpQH ahH?mwpQH mz;zhJiuGJikg;gpj;jd;

[p.A.Nghg;60. [p.A.Nghg; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltH ahH?

[pahH[; Af;Nsh Nghg;61. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH?

fp.gp. 1820 Mk; Mz;L62. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhH?

gpuhd;R ehl;bd; vl;tHL jPtpy;gpwe;jhH

63. [p. A.Nghg;gpd; ngw;NwhH ahH?[hd; Nghg ;Gf ;Fk ; > nfjupd ;AshGf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhH.

64. [hd; Nghg;Gk;> nfjupd; Ashg;Gk;jd; kfDf;F ______I Cl;btsHj;jdH.fy;tp> rkak;> ey;nyhOf;fk;

65. [p.A.Nghg;gpd; jikadhH ngaH vd;d?n`d;wp

66. [p.A.Nghg;gpd; jikadhH “n`d;wp”vd;gtH jkpofj;jpy; ______ Ig;gug;Gk; rka FUthfg; gzpahw;wpte;jhH.fpwpj;Jtkjj;ij

67. [p.A.Nghg; mtUila vj;jidahtJtajpy ; jkpofj ;j py ; rkag ;gzpahw;wj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH?19-MtJ tajpy;

68. [p.A.Nghg; gha;kuf; fg;gypy; nrd;idte;JNru vj;jid jpq;fshapd?vl;Lj;jpq;fshapd

69. jkpo;nkhopahy; <Hf;fg;gl;Lj; jkpoha;kyHe;J> kzk; gug;gp> vd;Wk;jkpOyfpy; mopahg;Gfo; ngw;wtHahH?rhd;NwhH jtj;jpU [p.A.Nghg;

70. [p.A.Nghg; ______ gFjpapy; rkag;gzp Mw;wpdhH.nrd;idr; rhe;Njhk; gFjpapy;

71. [p.A.Nghg; rkag;gzp Mw;wpag;gFjpfspy; vq;Fg; gs;spfisepWtpdhH?j pUney ; Nty p khtl ; lk ;(rhaHGuj;jpy;)

72. rkaf;fy;Y}upapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;>Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjypatw;iwAk; ----------> ----------> KjypankhopfisAk; fw;Wj;ju [p.A.Nghg;Vw;ghL nra;jhH.fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> vgpNuak;

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73. [p.A.Nghg; --------------> Mfpatw;iwf;fw;gpf;Fk; fy;Y}up Mrpupauhfg;gzpahw;wpdhH.fzpjk;> mwptha;T (jUf;fk;)>nka;awpT (jj;Jtk;)

74. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; rhaHGuj;jpy;______ Kjy; ______ Mk; Mz;Ltiu fy;tpg; gzpAk; rkag;gzpAk; Mw;wpdhH.1842 Kjy; 1849

75. 1849 Mk; Mz;by; ______ ehl;bw;Fr;nrd;whH.,q;fpyhe;J

76. [p.A.Nghg; vj;jidahtJ tajpy;ve;j Mz;by; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;lhH?taJ 30> 1850 Mk; Mz;by;

77. [p.A.Nghg; jQ;irapy; gzpahw;wpavl;lhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; ______ Kjyhdrq;f E}y;fisAk; ______ Kjyhd,yf;fzq;fisAk; gapd;whH.GwehD}W> ed;D}y;

78. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j VLfspy; jkpo;nkhopgw;wpa Muha;r;rpf; fl;LiufisMq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpdhH.,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd;njhy;nghUs; Ma;T

79. [p.A.Nghg; fp.gp.1850- Mk; Mz;bw;Fg;gpwF vq;Fr; rkag; gzpahw;wj;njhlq;fpdhH?jQ;rht+H

80. [p.A.Nghg; mtHfs; Muha;r;rp nra;j,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd;

njhy;nghUs; Ma;T Nghd;wjkpo;nkhop gw;wpa Mq;fpyj;jpy;vOjpa fl;Liufspy; -------> ------->,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdGwehD}w ;Wg ; g hly ;fSk ; >Gwg ;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyj;jpiz tpsf;fq;fSk;> jkpo;g;GytH tuyhWk;.

81. [p.A.Nghg; caHe;j gz;ghl;Lf;FupanghWik> r pdk pd ;ik el ;GKjyhdtw;iw tpsf;Fk; mWE}Wnra;As;fis ePjpE}y;fspypUe;JMa;e;njLj;Jj; ______ vd;Dk;E}yhfj; njhFj;jhH.jkpo;r;nra;Al; fyk;gfk;

82. Nkiyehl;lhH jkpio vspjpy;fw ;Wf ; nfhs;Sk; tifapy ;______ xd ;iwAk ; > Ng hg ;ntspapl;lhH.jkpo;- Mq;fpy mfuhjpMq;fpyk;- jkpo; mfuhjp

83. cjf kz;lyj;jpw;Fr ; nrd;w[p.A.Nghg; ve;j Mz;by; gs;spxd;iwj; njhlq;fp MrpupauhfTk;gzpahw;wpdhH?1858 Mk; Mz;by;

84. jhafj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w Nghg; vj;jidtUlk; ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhH.23 tUlk; (1885 Kjy; 1908 tiu)

85. ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;>______> ______ fw ;g pf ;Fk ;Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhH.jkpo;> njYq;F

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86. [p.A.Nghg; jpUf;Fwis vj;jidMz;L gbj;Jr; Ritj;jhH?ehw;gjhz;Lfs;

87. jpUf;Fwis ehw;gjhz;Lfs; gbj;Jr;Ritj;j Nghg;> mjid Mq;fpyj;jpy;nkhop ngaHj;J ve;j Mz;by;ntspapl;lhH?1886 Mk; Mz;L

88. [p.A.Nghg; jkJ vz;gj;jhwhk;mfitapy; 1900-Mk; Mz;L______ Mq;fpy nkhopngaHg;gpidntspapl;lhH?jpUthrfj;jpd;

89. [p.A.Nghg; mtupd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy;______ Kjypa E}y;fisAk;gjpg;gpj;jhH?Gwg ;nghUs ; ntz;ghkhiy>GwehD}W> jpUtUl;gad;.

90. jkpopd ; ngUikiaj; juzpKOtJk; gug;gpa Nghg; mtHfs;______Mk; Mz;L______Mk; ehs;jk; ,d;Dapiu ePj;jhH.1908 Mk; Mz;L gpg ;utupj ;jpq;fs; 11

91. Mq;fpy nkhopapid md;idnkhopahff; nfhz;l Nghg; mtHfs;______ vd;W jk;ik mwptpj;Jf;nfhz;lhH?jkpo; khztd;

92. [p.ANghg; mtH jk; fy;yiwapy;vd;d vOj Ntz;Lnkd;W jkJ,WjpKwpapy; vOjp itj;jhH?“,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd;cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;”

Fw;wpaYfuk;93. Fw;wpaYfuk; gpupj;J vOJf?

FWik + ,ay; + cfuk;94. “FWik” vd;why; ______vd;W

nghUs;FWfpa

95. “,ay;” vd;why; _____ vd;WnghUs;.Xir

96. “cfuk;” vd;why; ______ vd;Dk;vOj;J MFk;c

97. Fwpy; vOj;Jf;F vj;jid khj;jpiufhy mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;?xU khj;jpiu

98. “neby;” vOj;Jf;F vj;jidkhj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;fNtz;Lk;?,uz;L khj;jpiu

99. “nka;” vOj;Jfs; vj ;jidkhj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;fNtz;Lk;?miu khj;jpiu

100. cfuk; Fwpyhdhy; vj;jidkhj;jpiuf; fhy msNt xypf;fNtz;Lk;?xU khj;jpiu

101. F>R>L>J>G>W Mfpa MW ty;ypdnka; vOj;Jfisr; NrHj;J tUk;NghJ cfuk; vj;jid khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;?miu khj;jpiu

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102. F>R>L>J>G>W vd;gd ty;ypdnka;fspd; Nky; ______ CHe;JtUk; vOj;Jfs; MFk;?cfuk;

103. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid khj;jpiumstpy; xypf;Fk;?miu khj;jpiu

104. F>R>L>J>G>W vd;Dk; MW ty;ypdvOj;Jfs; jdpnebiyr; rhHe;JtUk;NghJ> gy vOj;Jf;fisr;rhHe;J nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk;NghJ mit vj;jid khj;jpiumstpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;?xU khj;jpiu mstpy;

105. v/F > f/R > m/J ,e ;jr ;nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;J F>R>J vd;Dk;ty;ypd nka;fs; Nky; CHe;jcfukhdJ Ma;j vOj;ijj;njhlHe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,it______ MFk;.Ma;jj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

106. Rf;F> fr;R> gl;L ,r;nrhw;fspy;F>R.L Mfpa vOj;JfSf;F Kd;>ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs; te;jhy;mit ______ MFk;.ty;ypdj; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

107. rq ;F > kQ ;R > ez ;L > re ;J,r;nrhw;fs; ______ Fw;wpaYfuk;MFk;.nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

108. nfha;J> rhHG> %o;F ,r;nrhw;fs;______ vt;tiff; Fw;wpaYfuk;MFk;.,ilj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

109. capHneby;> capHnka; ______

nel;nlOj;J fis mLj;J tUk;cfuNkwpa ty;ypd vOj;Jfs;vt;tiff; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;?neby; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

110. F>R>L>J>G>W Mfpa vOj;JfSf;FKd; ,uz;L Kjyhfg ; gyvOj;Jfisg; ngw;W> <w;way;vOj;J (muR> ghyhW) capHnka;f;FwpyhfNth> nebyhfNth ,Ue;jhy;mit ______vdg;gLk;capHj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

111. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?MW

112. neby;njhlHf ; Fw ;w paYfuk ;vj;jid vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;WtUk;?,uz;L

113. neby; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuj;ijj;jt p u Vida Itiff ;Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fs; vj;jidvOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W tUk;?,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l

Fw;wpaypfuk;114. Fw;wpaypfuk; gpupj;J vOJf?

FWik + ,ay; + ,fuk;115. ,fuk; vd;why; ______ vd;Dk;

vOj;jhFk;. ,116. Fw;wpaypfuj;jpy; tUk; ,fuk;> jd;

khj;jpiuapypUe;J ______ khj;jpiumsT Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.xU khj;jpiuapypUe;J miukhj;jpiu msT

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117. epiynkhop Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J>tUnkhop afuk; tupd;> epiynkhopcfuk;> ,fukhfj; jpupe;J jd;khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J xypg;gJ______ vdg;gLk;.Fw;wpaypfuk;

118. “Nfz;kpah> nrd;kpah” Mfpatw;wpy;tUk; “kpah” vd;Dk; mirr;nrhy;ypy; cs;s ______ jd;khj;jpiuapy; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.,fuk;

119. ,fuk; jd; khj;jpiuapy; Fiwe;Jxypf;Fk; ed;D}iy vOJf?afuk ; tuf ; Fws; cj;jpu p,fuKk; mirr;nrhy; kpahtpd;,fuKk; Fwpa. - ed;D}y; 93

Kw;wpaYfuk;120. jdf;Fupa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J

Fiwahj cfuk; ______ vdg;gLk;.Kw;wpaYfuk;

121. jdpf;Fwpy; vOj;ij mLj;J tUk;cfuk; ______ vdg;gLk;?ty;ypd cfuk;

122. fhZ> cz;Z> cUK ,tw;wpd;<w;wpYs;s nky;ypd (Z> K)cfuq;fs; ahit?Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;

123. vO> js;S> fjT ,tw;wpd;<w;wpYs;s cfuq;fs; (O>S>T)Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; MFk;.,ilapd cfuq;fs;Fwpg;G

vO> js;S> fjT ,tw;wpd;<w;wpYs;s ,ilapd cfuq;fs;(O>S>T) Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; MFk;.,t;thW jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;Jr;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; ty;ypdnka;apd; Nky; CHe;J tUk;cfuKk;> nghJthfr; nrhw;fspd;,Wjpapy; nky;ypd nka;apd; Nky;CHe;J tUk; cfuKk;>,ilapdnka;apd; Nky; CHe;J tUk; cfuKk;Mfpa %d;Wk; Kw;wpaYfuk;vdg;gLk;.

124. “FwpQ;rpf;fyp fgpyuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ” ,t; thf;fpak; vt;tpidiaf;Fwpf;fpwJ?nrag;ghl;L tpid

125. “Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; vd;gJMd;NwhH nkhop” ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy;vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ?nra;jpj; njhlH

126. “vd;Nd> mUtpapd; moF!” ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ?czHr;rpj; njhlH

127. ghlk; gbj;jhah? ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy;vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ?tpdhj;njhlH

128. “fz;zd; ghlk; gbj;jhd;” ,t;thf;fpak; vj;njhliuf; Fwpf;fpwJ?cld;ghl;Lj;njhlH (nra;jp)

129. “,uhkd ; ghlk ; gbj ;j pyd ;”,t ;thf ;f pak ; vj ;njhliuf ;Fwpf;fpwJ?vjpHkiwj;njhlH (nra;jp)

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130. “epidthw;wiy tsHj;Jf;nfhs;”,t;thf ;f paj ;j py ; vj ;njhlHte;Js;sJ?fl;lisj;njhlH

ehd; tpUk;Gk;ftpQH

131. Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd; ve;jMz;L gpwe;jhH?29.04.1891 Mk; Mz;L

132. ghujpjhrdpd; je;ij ngaH vd;d?fdfrig

133. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?Rg;Guj;jpdk;

134. ahH Nky; nfhz;l gw;why; jk;ngaiug;ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH?ghujpahH

135. ghujpjhrd; vOjpa gpwE}y;fs;vit?,iraKJ> FLk;g tpsf;F>kzpNkfiyntz;gh> fz;zfpGul ; r pf ; fhg ; g pak ; > gbj ;jngz;fs;> ,isQH ,yf;fpak;>FwpQ;rpj; jpl;L Nghd;wit.

,ay; 2nra;As; gFjp

,dpait ehw;gJ136. “Fotp gpzpapd;wp tho;jy; ,dpNj ”

vdj; njhlq;Fk; ,dpait ehw;gJghliy vOjpatH ahH?g+jQ;Nre;jdhH

137. “g+jQ;Nre;jdhH” mtHfs; vt;t+upy;gpwe;jhH?kJiu

138. g+jQ;Nre;jdhH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ?fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L

139. ,dpait ehw;gJ _____ E}y;fSs;xd;Wgjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F

140. ,dpait ehw;gJ ghly;fs; vj;jidghly;fspy; njhFj;Jiuj;Js;sJ?ehw;gJ

141. _____ fUj ;Jfis ehw ;gJghly;fspy; njhFj;Jiug;gjhy;“,dpait ehw;gJ” vdg; ngaHngw;wJ.ed;ik jUk; ,dpa

142. ,dpait ehw;gJ E}ypd; xt;nthUghlYk; vj;jid ew;fUj;Jfis,dpikahff; $wpAs;sJ?%d;W my;yJ ehd;F

143. _____Mk; ghly;fs; ghlg;gFjpapy;,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.12> 20

144. Foe;ij _____,d;wp tho;jy;,dpaJ vd g+jQ;Nre ;jdhH$wpAs;shH.Neha;

145. nrhw;nghUs;1. Fotp - Foe;ij2. gpzp - Neha;3. kaup - kaf;fk;4. foWk; - NgRk;5. rytH - tQ;rfH6. kd;DapH - epiy ngw;w capH

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jkpo;g;grp146. nghd;dpd; Fitnadf;F Ntz;ba

jpy;iyvd;w ghliy vOjpatHahH?f.rr;rpjhde;jd;

147. “jkpo;g;grp ” vDk; ghlypd; MrpupaHahH?f.rr;rpjhde;jd;

148. f.rr;rpjhde;jupd; gzpfs; ahit?MrpupaH gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upapy;tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH.

149. f. rr;rpjhde;jd; Gyik ahJ?jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rk];fpUjk;Mfpa Kk;nkhopfspy; Mo;e;jGyik ngw;wpUe;jhH.

150. f.rr;rpjhde;jd; gilg;Gfs; ahit?Mde;jj;Njd; (ftpijj;njhFjp)1954)@ md;dg+uzp (Gjpdk;)@aho;g;ghzf;fhtpak;.

151. “vd;Wk; ,sik Fiwahj jkpOk;@jkpOf;F capuhf tpsq;Fk; fk;gd;ftpijfSk; Ntz;Lk; vdf;$wpatH ahH?f.rr;rpjhde;jd;

152. nrhw;nghUs;1. Fit - Ftpay;2. khud; - kd;kjd;

153. f.rr;rpjhde;jupd; rpwg;G:kfhtpj;Jthd; etePj fpUl;bdghujpahupd; khztH> ,tHjk;ghly;fspy; fk;gdpd; kpLf;ifAk;ghujpapd ; r pdg ;Nghf ;ifAk ;xUkpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

mfuKjyp tuyhW154. mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; ve;j

,Ur;nrhw;fspd; NrHf;if MFk;?mfuk;> Mjp

155. xU nkhopapYs;s vy;yhr; nrhw;fisAk; mfutupirapy; mikAk;gb xU Nruj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fk;E}iy _____ vd;gH.mfuhjp

156. mfuhjpj; jw;Nghija tof;fpy;vd;dntd;W miof;fpwhHfs;?mfuKjyp

157. jkpo; mfuKjyp tuyhw;wpy;> nrk;ghjp,lj;ijg; ngWk; ve;E}y;fs;epfz;Lfs; MFk;?nrhw;nghUs; Jiw E}y;fs;

158. “epfz;Lfspy;” gioikahdJ____Nre;jd; jpthfuk;

159. “Nre;jd; jpthfuk;” - E}ypd; MrpupaHahH?jpthfuH

160. epfz;Lfisj; njhlHe;J vj;jidepfz;Lfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd?,Ugj;ije;J epfz;Lfs;

161. “#lhkzp epfz;L” vd;w E}ypd;MrpupaH ahH?kz;ly GUlH

162. ,Ugj ;ije ;J e pfz ;Lfspy ;rpwg;Gkpf;f epfz;L vJ?kz;ly GUlH ,aw;wpa #lhkzpepfz;L

163. jpU%yupd; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; vr;nrhy;Kjd; Kjyhf ,lk; ngw;wJ?mfuhjp

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164. mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; epfz;LfSs;xd;whd_____ ,y; milnkhopahfmike;Js;sJ?mfuhjp epfz;Lr; nrhy;

165. mfu Kjypfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F xUjpUg;G Kidahf mike;j E}y; vJ?mfuhjp epfz;L

166. mfuKjyp E}ypy;; nrhw;fspd; ve;jvOj;Jfs; kl;LNk mfutupirapy;tUk;?KjnyOj;Jfs;

167. tPukhKdptH njhFj;j_____jkpopy;Njhd;wpa_____MFk;.rJufuhjpa> Kjy; mfuKjyp

168. “rJH” vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; vd;d?ehd;F

169. “rJH” vd;Dk; E}ypd; vj;jidtifapy; jdpj;jdpahfg; nghUs;tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?ngaH> nghUs;> njhif> njhilvd;Dk; ehd;F

170. NghHr;RfPrpa- ,yj;jPd; jkpo;mfuhjpia cUthf;fpatH ahH?tPukhKdptH

171. jkpo;-,yj;jPd; mfuhjp> ,yj;jPd;-jkpo; mfuhjp> jkpo;-gpnuQ;Rmfuhjp> gpnuQ;R-jkpo; mfuhjp>NghHr;RfPrpa- ,yj;jPd; jkpo; mfuhjpMf pa mfu Kjy pfiscUthf;fpatH ahH?tPukhKdptH

172. jkpo;- jkpo; mfuhjp xd;iwntspapl;ltH ahH?nytp ];ghy;b];

173. “jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp” vd;w E}y;ahuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ?aho;g;ghzk; fjpiuNtydhH.

173. jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjpf;F kw;nwhUngaH vd;d?rq;f mfuhjp

174. jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp vd;Dk; xd;iwntspapl;ltH ahH?Fg;Grhkp

175. rq;f mfuhjpapy; nrhy;ypd; %yk;ve;j kuigg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ?jUjy;> Nkw;Nfhs; mikj;jy;

176. glq;fSld; $ba XH mfuKjypia ntspapl;ltH ahH?,uhkehjd;

177. mfuKjyp ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj;_____ vDk; ngaUld; ntspte;jJ?jkpo; mfuhjp

178. jkpo; Mq;fpyg; Ngufuhjpiaj;njhFj;jtH ahH?tpd;RNyh

179. gthde;jj;jpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo;r;nrhy ;yfuhjp ve ;j Mz;by;ntspte;jd?1925 Mk; Mz;L

180. 1937- Mk; Mz;by; _____ vDk;mfuhjp ntspte;jd?kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp

181. jk po ; - jkpo ; mfuKjypianjhFj;jtH ahH?K.rz;Kfk;

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83

182. K.rz;Kfk; vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;l jkpo;- jkpo; mfuKjyp ve;jMz;by; jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghlE}y;epWtdj;jhy; ntspapl;lJ?1985 Mk; Mz;L

183. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ntspte;jkpfg;ngupa mfuKjyp ahJ?nrd;idg;gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp

184. nrd;idg;gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjpvd ;Dk ; ngau py ; _____ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.jkpo; nyf;rpfd;

185. “jkpo; nyf;rpfd; ” vd;Dk; ,t;tfuKjyp vj;jid njhFjpfshfntspaplg;gl;ld?MW njhFjp

186. ve;j Mz;L NjtNeag;ghthzupd;nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; NgufuKjypapd; Kjy; njhFjp ntspte;jJ?1985 Mk; Mz;L

187. ve;j Mz;L NjtNeag;ghthzupd;nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;g;gpay; NgufuKjypapd; ,uz;lhk; njhFjp ntspte;jJ?1993 Mk; Mz;L

188. KOikahff; fzpdp cjtpAld;cUthf;fg;gl;L ntspte;j Kjy;jkpo; mfuKjyp vJ?fpupahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp

189. vr;rpe;jidapd; tpisthff; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; Njhd;wpaJ?,yf;fpaq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sngaHfs;> fijfs; tuyhWfs;>gof;f tof;fq;fs;

190. jkpo;f; fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fspd;Kd;Ndhb vJ?mgpjhd Nfhrk;

191. vr;nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaf;fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ?,yf;fpag;Guhz ,jpfhrr; nra;jp

192. ,yf;fpag;Guhz ,jpfhrr; nra;jpfs;ve;j Mz;by; ntspahdJ?1902 Mk; Mz;L

193. “mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp” E}iyj;njhFj;J ntspapl;ltH ahH?rpq;fhu NtydhH

194. “mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp” E}y; ve;jMz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ?1934 Mk; Mz;L

195. jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofk; KiwahdIj; njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;sJ?Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij

196. Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij vj;jidnjhFjpfshf ntspapl;ldH?gj;Jj; njhFjp

197. jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofk; vj;jidtifahd fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fisntspapl;Ls;sJ?%d;W (1.Foe;ijfs; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> 2. ehlff; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> 3. ,Ryhkpa fiyf;fsQ;rpak;

198. ve;j epWtdj;jpd; Kaw;rpahy;nghJmwpT> cstpay;> Gtpapay;>Gs;spapay;> tuyhW> thdtpay;>JiwfSf;Fk; fiyr;nrhy; mfuKjypfs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld? ve;jMz;by; njhFf;fg;gl;ld?fiyf;fjpH (1960 Mk; Mz;L)

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199. mwptpay; rhHe;j Jiwthupahdfiyr;nrhy; mfuKjypia ahHnjhFj;J ntspapl;ldH?kzit K];jgh

200. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy; fsQ;rpak;ve;j Mz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ?1991 Mk; Mz;L

201. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy; fsQ;rpaj;ijjkpo;f; fiyr; nrhy;Yld; tpsf;f_____ jug;gl;Ls;sd.nrhw;nghUs;fs;

202. ,d;iwa kf;fSk; gz;ila ,yf;fpa,yf;fzq;fspd ; nrhy;tsk;nghUshok; Nghd;wtw;iwj; njs;spjpd; mwpe;J Ritj;J kfpoj; Jiznra;tJ vJ?mfuKjyp

203. fhye;NjhWk; Vw;gLk; nrhw;nghUs;khw;wq;fis mfuKjypfs; gjpTnra;tjd; %yk; cjTfpd;wd?rPHikahd nkhop tsHr;rp

204. Fwpg;Gmfu Kjyp xd;iwehSk; gbj;J tUtha;epfup yhj nrhw;fs;epidtpy; ed;F ngWtha;

- ghujpjhrd;,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fs;

205. ngaHr;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhy; ,it ve;jtiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;?,yf;fz tif

206. ,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fs; vj;jidtifg;gLk;?ehd;F

207. ehd;F ,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fisvOJf?,aw;nrhy;> jpupr;nrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy;

208. vy;yhUf;Fk; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;tifapy; ,ay;gha; mike;jjkpo;r;nrhy; _____ vdg;gLk;?,aw;nrhy;

209. ,aw;nrhy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?,uz;L

210. ,U tifahd ,aw;nrhw;fs;vd;ndd;d?1. ngaH ,aw;nrhw;fs;2. tpid ,aw;nrhw;fs;

211. fw;wtHfSf;F kl;LNk tpsq;ff;$badtha; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy; vJ?jpupnrhy;

212. jpupnrhy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?,uz;L

213. ,Utifahd j p u p nr hy ;fs ;vd;ndd;d?ngaHj ; j pu pnrhy ; > tpidj ;jpupnrhy;

214. jkpo;ehl;ilr; #o;e;Js;s gpwgFjpfspypUe;J jkpopy; toq;Fk;nrhw;fs; _____ MFk;.jpirr;nrhw;fs;

215. jpirr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; jpirr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy;1. gz;bif - jpUtpoh2. nts;sk; - ePHg;ngUf;F3. tpahghuk; - tzpfk;4. [kf;fhsk; - tpupg;G5. Ntbf;if - fhl;rp

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216. tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jpupe;Jk;jpupahkYk; jkpo; nkhopapy; te;Jtoq;Fkhdhy ; mit _____

vdg;gLk;.tlnrhy;

217. tlnrhw;fSf;Fj; jkpo;r;nrhw;fs;:tlnrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy;

1. fkyk; - jhkiu2. tp\k;(tplk;) - eQ;R3. G\;gk; (Gl;gk;) - kyH218. nghUj;Jf

1. epyk;> eha; - tpidj;jpupnrhy;2. te;jJ> gbj;jhd; - ngaH,aw;nrhy;3. fspW> Gutp - tpid ,aw;nrhy;4. tpdtpdhd;> Nehf;fpdhd; -ngaHj;jpupnrhy;tpil:1. ngaH ,aw;nrhy;2. tpidj; jpupnrhy;3. ngaHj;jpupnrhy;4. tpid ,aw;nrhy;

219. “mkH” vd;gjd; nghUs;NghH

220. njhz;Z}w;whW gpupf;Fk; Kiwnjhz;Z}W MW

221. fhw;W> epyT> QhapW> gyif,it vspjpy; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;nrhw;fs; vd;gjhy; ,it _____

MFk;.ngaHr; nrhw;fs;

222. NeH$w;W> maH$w;Wj; njhlHfs;Nty;tpop ed;whfg; gbj;Jj; NjHtpy;Kjd;ik ngW vd;W MrpupaHmwpTiu $wpdhH. (NeH$w;W)ed;whfg; gbj;Jj; NjHtpy; Kjd;ikngWkhW MrpupaH Nty; tpopf;Ff;$wpdhH. (maw;$w;W)

223. NeH$w;iw maw;$w;whf khw;Wk;NghJ khWk; nrhw;fs;NeH$w;W maw;$w;W,d;W - md;WNew;W - Kd;dhs;,J - mJ,jdhy; - mjdhy;ehk;> ehq;fs; - jhk;> jhq;fs;ePq;fs; - mtHfs;ehis - kWehs;,g;nghOJ - mg;nghOJ,it - mitehd; - jhd;eP - mtd;> mts;

,ay; %d;Wnra;As; gFjp

jpUts;Stkhiy224. j pUts ;Stkhiy ghliy

,aw;wpatH ahH?fgpyH

225. fgpyH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ?fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr;rhHe;jtnud;Wk;> rq;ff;fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; tho;e;jtnud;Wk; Fwpg;gH.

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226. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;gpid czHj;jve;E}y; vOe;jJ?jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk; jdpE}y;

227. jpUts;Stkhiy E}ypy; vj;jidghly;fs; cs;sd?Ik;gj;ije;J

228. jpUts;Stkhiy ghliy vj;jidGytHfs; ghbAs;shHfs;?Ik;gj;J %d;W

229. jpUts;Stkhiy _____ mZFKiwiar; rhHe;jJ?mwptpay;

230. Fwpg;GctikrpWGy;ypd; jiyapy; jpidastpDk; rpWgdpePH nebJaHe;j gidkuj;jpd; cUtj;ijj; jd;Ds;njspthff; fhl;Lk;.ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUs;ts;Stupd; Fws;ntz;ghf;fs;mUk ; ngUk ; fUj ;Jfisj ;jk;kfj;Nj mlf;fpf; fhl;Lk;

231. xspiaj; Nfhl;lk ; milar;nra;tjdhy; njhiytpYs;snghUspd; cUtj;ij mz;ikapy;Njhd;Wk; gb nra;ayhk; vd;W ahH$wpdhH?fyPypNah fypyp

232. nrhw;nghUs;1. ts;is - ney;Fj;Jk; NghJngz;fshy; ghlg;gLk; xUtifg;ghl;L2. msF - Nfhop

esntz;gh233. esntz;ghtpd; MrpupaH ahH

GfNoe;jpg;GytH234. GfNoe;jpg;GytH gpwe;j CH vJ?

njhz;ilehl;bd; nghd;tpise;jfsj;J}H (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy;cs;s ngUq;fsj;J}H)

235. GfNoe;jpg;Gytupd; rpwg;G ahJ?tuFz ghz;badpd; mitg;GytH

236. GfNoe;jpg;Gytiu Mjupj;j ts;sy;ahH?re;jpud; RtHf;fp

237. GfNoe;jpg;Gytupd; fhyk; vd;d?fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L

238. GfNoe;jpg;GytH fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j,U GytHfs; ahH?fk;gH> xl;lf;$j;jH

239. ntz;gh ahg;gpy; fhg;gpag; nghUisj;njhlHepiyr; nra;As;fsha;g;ghba rpwg;gpdhy; ,tH vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH?ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp

240. esntz;gh vd;gJ _____ $Wk;E}nyd tpupe;J nghUs; jUk;.esdJ tuyhw;iw ntz;ghf;fshy;

241. “esntz;gh” vj;jid fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ?%d;W

242.esntz;ghtpy; fhz;lq;fisf;$Wf?Rak;tu fhz;lk;> fypnjhlHfhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk;.

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243. esntz ;g ht pd ; vj ; jidntz;ghf;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ?ehD}w;W Kg;gj;njhU ntz;ghf;fs;

244. epljehl;L kd;dd; esd;> tpjHg;gehl;L kd;dd; kfs; jkae;jp Mfpa,UtUk; ve;jg; gwitfs; cjtpapd;xUtiug; gw;wp xUtH mwpe;Jmd;G nfhz;ldH?md;dg;gwit

245. nrhw;nghUs;1. Mop - fly;2. tb mk;G - tbf;fg;gl;l mk;G3. tpRk;G - thdk;4. nrhw;whd; - ntd;whd;5. muT - ghk;G6. gps;isf;FUF - ehiuf;FQ;R7. ts;is - xUtif ePHf;nfhb8. flh - vUik9. ntstp - ft;tp10. rq;fpd; gps;is - rq;Ff;FQ;Rfs;11. nfhb - gtsf;nfhb12. NfhL - nfhk;G13. fop - cg;gq;fop14. jpiu - miy15. Nkjp - vUik16. fs; - Njd;17. Gs; - md;dk;18. Nrb - Njhop19. <upUtH - ehy;tH20. CryhLw;whs; - kdk; jLkhwpdhs;21. nrk;ik NrH - Gfo;kpF22. fbkhiy - kzkhiy23. #o;tpjp - ey;tpid

24. jhH - khiy25. fhrpdp - epyk;26. ed;Djy; - ey;y new;wp27. nts;fp - ehzp28. fsp$u - kfpo;r;rp nghq;f29. taNte;J - typikkpF murd;(esd;)30. xz;jhiu - xspkpf;f kyHkhiy31. ky;yy; - tsk;32. klehL - ,isagR33. kotpil - ,sq;fhis34. nrk;khe;J - ngUkpjj;Jld;35. kWF - murtPjpcyfk; cs;sq;ifapy;

246. fz pd pia Kjd ;Kjy py ;fz;lwpe;jtH ahH?rhHy]; ghg;Ng[;

247. rhHy[; ghg;Ng[; ve;j Mz;by;ve;ehl;by; gpwe;jhH?fp.gp. 1833 Mk; Mz;L> ,q;fpyhe;Jehl;by;

248. fzpdp cUthf vJ Kjy; gbtkhfmike;jJ?kzpr;rl;lk;

249. rpynehbfspy; kpy;ypad; fzf;Ffisr; nra;J fhl;Lk; fzpdpiave;j Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L

250. fzf;fpLk; fUtpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtHahH?gpNs]; gh];fy;

251. gpNs];gh];fy; vd;Dk; mwpQHve;efiur; NrHe;jtH?ghupR efiu

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252. Kjy; nray;jpl;l tiuthsHvdg;Nghw;wg;gl;ltH ahH?Mq;fpyf; ftpQH igudpd; kfs;“ Nyb yt;Ny];”

253. ̀ hHthHL gy;fiyf;foff; fzpjg;NguhrpupaH “N`hthHL [f;fd;”vd;ghiu _____ JizAld;vz ;z pyf ;ff ; fz pd piaf ;fz;lwpaj; J}z;baJ?I. gp.vk;. nghwpahsH

254. fzpjg; NguhrpupaH N`hthHL[f;fd; fz;lwpe;j vz;zpyf;ff;fzpdpapd; ngaH vd;d?`hHthHL khHf; -1

255. jw;NghJ mnkupf;fhTk; [g;ghDk;ve;jf; fzpdpia cUthf;fg;Nghl;bapLfpwhHfs;?kPj;jpwd; fzpdp

256. fzpdpapd; tiffs; ahit?1. gy;Y}lf trjpnfhz;l fzpdp2. kbf;fzpdp3. ifalf;ff; fzpdp

257. “,izak;” vd;Dk; tbtj;jpw;Ftpj;jpl;ltH ahH?[hd ; lh] ;ly ; vd ;Dk ;mnkupf;fuhthH

258. vjd; thapyhf ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;>thdpay; tuyhW> Gtpapay;> fzpjk;>jpiug;glk; vd vz;zw;w Jiwfspd; nra;jpfis mwpa KbAk;?,izak;

259. ve;j Mz;by; xU fzpdpapypUe;Jkw;nwhU fzpdpf;Fr; nra;jpia khw;wkpd;fhe;j ehlhitg; gad;gLj;jpdH?1960 Mk; Mz;L

260. xU fl;lj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fzpdpfis vy;yhk; fk;gpr; RUSld;,izf;f ____ vd;Dk; rpWgyifiag; nghUj;jp gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;?<jHnel; ml;il

261. <jHnel; ml;il vd;Dk; ,izg;G_____ vdg;gl;lJ.FWk;gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy;

262. xU tl ;lhuj ;Jf ;Fs ; cs;sfzpdpfis ,izg;gjw;F ve;jtiyg;gpd;dy;fs; gad;gLfpwJ?mfd;w gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy;

263. Rtpl;rHyhe;J ehl;ilr; rhHe;j_____ vd;Dk; ,aw;gpay; ty;YeH>1989 Mk; Mz;L cyfshtpatiyg;gpd;dy; vdg; ngaupl;lhH.gpk;ngHdH yP

264. cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;diy_____ vdTk; miof;fpwhHfs;.itaf tpupT tiy

265. ,izaj;jsr; Nritiag; gad;gLj;jj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;ahit1. fzpdp 2. njhiyNgrp3 .,izar ; Nrit 4 .khw ; w p5.njhlHG nkd;nghUs;

266.njhiyNgrp topahff; fzpdpiaAk; khw;wpiaAk; ,izj;Jg;gad;gLj;Jk; KiwNa NritahFk;.njhiyNgrp ,izg;Gr;

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267. vjd; nray;gLtijf; nfhz;L,iza ,izg ; G e hd ;Ftiffshff; fpilf;fpd;wJitaf gpupT tiy

268. e hd ;F tifahd ,iza,izg;Gfisf; $Wf1. cWg;gpdH vz;zpyf;f ,izg;G2. fk;gp tlkhw;wp3. nraw;iff;Nfhs; Nrit4. fz;ziwr; Nrit

269. fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;Fk;fy;tpNa _____ MFk;.fzpdp topf;fy;tp

270. fzpdp topahf _____ Ig; ngwKbAk;.nkhopf;fy;tp

271. _____ vd;Dk; ,izaj;jsk; jkpo;vOj;Jfis vOjTk; xypf;fTk;fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.jkpok;

272. njhiyj;njhlHGj; Jiwapy;<uhapuk; Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;lKd;Ndw;wj;ij tpl ve;j Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s Kd;Ndw;wk; gyE}W klq;fhFk;fle;j 20 Mz;L

273. fle;j ,Ugjhz;Lf; fzpdpg;gazj;jpy; ,izaj;jpd; gq;Fkpfr; rpwe;jJ vd;Nw nrhy;Ntd;vdf; $wpatH ahH?fzpdp ty;YeH gpy;Nfl;];

,yf;fzk;tof;F : ,ay;G tof;F

jFjp tof;F274. ek; Kd;NdhH ve;jr; nrhy;yhy;

toq;fp te;jhHfNsh mjidmg;gbNa ehKk; toq;fp tUtjw;FngaH vd;dtof;F

275. tof;fpd; ,Utiffs; ahit1. ,ay;G tof;F2. jFjp tof;F

276. ve;jr; nrhy; jdJ ,ay;G nghUs;khwhky ; xNu nghUisr ;Rl;LfpwNjh mjw;F _____ vd;WngaH.,ay;G tof;F

277. ,ay;G tof;fpd; tiffs; ahit,yf;fzKilaJ> ,yf;fzg;Nghyp k&c.

278. ,yf;fzg;gpio ,y;yhky; toq;fptUtij _____ vd;gH.,yf;fzKilaJ

279. efHg;Gwk;> fhy;tha;> nfhk;G EdpNghd;w ,yf;fzKila nrhw;fisg;GwefH> tha;f;fhy;> Edpf;nfhk;Gvd khw;wp ek; Kd;NdhHfs;,yf;fz KilaJ Nghy toq;fptUtij _____ vd;fpNwhk;.,yf;fzg;Nghyp

280. jQ;rhT+H> Nfhak;Gj;JhH> ,itjQ;ir> Nfhit vdr; rpije;Jte;Js;sjhy; ,ij ___ vd;fpNwhk;.k&c

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281. jFjpahd nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ_____ vd;gH.jFjp tof;F

282. jFjp tof;fpd; tiffs; ahit,lf;fulf;fy;> kq;fyk;> FOcf;Fwp

283. gyH Kd;Nd $w ,lHg;ghlhfj;Njhd;Wk; nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;jnrhw;fshy; mg;nghUisj; njuptpg;gJ_____ vd;gH.,lf;fulf;fy;

284. mkyq;fykhd nrhy;iy ePf;fpkq;fykhd nrhy;yhy; mg;nghUistoq;FtJ _____ vd;gH.kq;fyk;

285. xU FOtpdH jkf;F kl;Lk; GupAk;tifapy; xU nghUSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghftoq;Fk; ngaiuf; _____ vd;gHFOcf;Fwp

286. nghUj;Jf:1. ,yf;fzKilaJ - Nfhit2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp - epyk;3. k&c - GwefH4. ,lf;fulf;fy; - gwp5. kq;fyk; - fhy; fOtp te;jhd;6. F*cf;Fwp- ,iwtdb NrHe;jhHtpil:1. epyk;2. GwefH3. Nfhit4. fhy; fOtp te;jhd;5. ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH6. gwp

287. “ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;” ,j;njhlHahJ?,yf;fzKilaJ.

kuGr;nrhw;fs;288. Kd;NdhH vr;nrhy;iy vg;gb

toq;fpdNuh mr;nrhy;iy mg;gbNaVw;W toq;Fjy; _____

kuGtpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg;ngaHfs;1. mzpw;gps;is2. Gypg;gwo;3. eha;f;Fl;b4. fPupg;gps;is5. vUikf;fd;W6. khd;fd;W7. gd;wpf;Fl;b8. rpq;ff;FUis9. fOijf;Fl;b10. Ml;Lf;Fl;b11. ahidf;fd;W12. Fuq;Ff;Fl;b13. Fjpiuf;Fl;b14. vypf;FQ;R

tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs;1. Ml;Lg;gl;b2. Fjpiuf;nfhl;by;3. Nfhopg;gz;iz4. khl;Lj;njhOtk;5. ahidf;$lk;6. thj;Jg;gz;iz

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tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG1. Me;ij myWk;2. fOij fj;Jk;3. fhf;if fiuAk;4. fpsp nfhQ;Rk;5. eup CisapLk;6. Fjpiu fidf;Fk;7. Fapy; $Tk;8. Nfhop nfhf;fupf;Fk;9. rpq;fk; Koq;Fk;10. kapy; mfTk;11. ahid gpspWk;

jhtu cWg;Gg;ngaHfs;1. <r;r Xiy2. Nrhsj;jl;il3. khtpiy4. Ntg;ge;jio5. gidNahiy6. gyh ,iy7. jhio kly;8. njd;idNahiy9. %q;fpy; ,iy10. fKfq;$e;jy;11. thio ,iy12. new;whs;

fha;fspd; ,sepiy1. mtiug;gpQ;R2. njd;d;q;FUk;ig3. KUq;ifg;gpQ;R4. khtL5. thiof;rr;ry;6. nts;supg;gpQ;R

nrb nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk;1. Myq;fhL2. fk;gq;nfhy;iy3. gde;Njhg;G4. rTf;Fj;Njhg;G5. Nrhsf; nfhy;iy6. gyhj; Njhg;G7. njd;de;Njhg;G8. Njapiyj;Njhl;lk;9. G+Q;Nrhiy

nghUs;fspd; njhFg;G1. Ml;L ke;ij2. jpuhl;irf;Fiy3. khl;Lke;ij4. rhtpf;nfhj;J5. itf;Nfhw;NghH6. fw;Ftpay;7. Ntsq;fhL8. ahidf;$l;lk;9. gRepiu

nghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuG1. NrhW cz;2. gok; jpd;3. Nfhyk; ,L4. jP %l;L5. ghy;gUF6. ePH Fb7. ghl;Lg;ghL8. japH fil9. glk; tiu10. ftpij ,aw;W11. tpsf;if Vw;W12. $iu Nta;

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289. nghUj;Jf1. kf;fs; - NghH2. tPuH - fw;iw3. tpwF - $l;lk;4. Rs;sp - fl;L5. itf;Nfhy; - gil

tpil1. $l;lk;2. gil3. fl;L4. fw;iw5. NghH

,ay; ehd;Fnra;As; gFjptpNtfrpe;jhkzp

290. “jpaq;F” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ kaq;fp291. “rk;G” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ

ehty;292. “kjpak;” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ

epyT293. “rk;Gtpd; fdp” vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ

vJehtw;gok;

294. “kJ” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJNjd;

295. Fwpg;GtpNtfrpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; ,e;E}y;GytH gyuhy ; ,aw;wg ;gl ;lghf;fspd; njhFg;G. ,e;E}iyj;njhFj;jtH ahnudj; njupatpy;iy.

296. ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpw;F xg;Gikahff;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ_____

epyT297. nghUj;Jf

1. tz;L - jhkiu2. kq;ifapd; Kfk; - ehtw;gok;3. kyHf;fuk; - thd;epyTtpil:1. ehtw;gok;2. thd;epyT3. jhkiu

298. “Gfd;whs;” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ$wpdhs;

ghujj;jha;299. ghujj;jha; vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH

ahHmryhk;gpif mk;ikahH

300. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gpwe;j CHvJjpz;btdj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s,ul;liz

301. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH ,aw;wpaE}y;fs; vJMj;jp#b ntz;gh> jpyfH Guhzk;Rthkpfs; rupjk;> fhe;jp Guhzk;>

302. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH xU_____ MthH.rpwe;j Ngr;rhsH

303. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahiu ,f;fhyxsitahH vd;W ahH ghuhl;LthH?jpU.tp.f

304. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gy fhyk;ve;j Cupy; tho;e;jhHjpUg;ghjpupg; GypA+upy; (flY}H)

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305. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH jdJ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ve;j Cupy;tho;e;jhHtlY}H

306. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH jdJ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ehD}w;W xd;gJghly;fisf; nfhz;l _____vd;Dk; nra;As; E}iy ,aw;wpdhH,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; rupjk ;

307. fhe;jpGuhzk; vj;jidg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ?<uhapuj;J Kg;gj;J ehd;F

308. fhe;jpGuhzk; vd;Dk; E}y; ahiug;ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;Lghlg;ngw;wJ?fhe;jpabfs;

309. nrhw;nghUs;1. tha;ik - cz;ik2. fisAk; - ePf;Fk;3. tz;ik - ts;sy; jd;ik4. Jyq;Fjy; - tpsq;Fjy;5. Nra;ik - njhiyT

310. “jtk;” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJngUk;NgW

311. “fUiz” vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ,uf;fk;

312. “jha;ikad; gpwid ” ,jidg;gpupj;J vOJf.jha;ik + md;gpd; + jid

,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghupy; jkpofg;ngz;fspd; gq;F

313. NtYehr;rpahupd; ngw;NwhH ngaHvd;d?nry;yKj;J NrJgjp> rf;fe;jpKj;jhj;jhs;

314. NtYehr;rpahupd; je;ij ____

Mz;l kd;dH MtH.,uhkehjGuk;

315. NtYehr;rpahH gpwe;j Mz;L vJfp.gp. 1730 Mk; Mz;L

316. NtYehr;rpahH _____ thupirg;Nghd;Nw MAjg;gapw;rp Kjy;midj;ijAk; fw;Wj; NjHe;jhHMz;

317. NtYehr;rpahupd; fztH ahHrptfq;if kd;dH Kj;JtLfehjH

318. Mq ;f p NyaH ve ;j Mz;by ;r ptfq ;ifr ; r Pika pd ; k PJgilnaLj;jhH1772 Mk; Mz;L

319. Kj;JtLfehjH ahUld; NghHnra;J tPukuzkile;jhHMq;fpNyaH

320. NtYehr ;r pahH Mq;fpNyaiuvjpHg;gijf; Fwpj;J ahUld;fye;J NgrpdhH?ik#H kd;dH IjH myp

321. NtYehr;rpahUf;F cjt tpUk;gpaIjH myp vj;jid giltPuHfismtUld; mDg;gpdhH?Iahapuk;

322. NtYehr;rpahH jd; fztiuf;nfhd;w Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W ve;jMz;by; rptfq;ifia kPl;lhH1780 Mk; Mz;L

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323. NtYehr;rpahH ____ rNfhjuHfSld; tPuHgilf;Fj; jiyikNaw;Wr; nrd;whHkUJ

324. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;jMz;by; gpwe;jhH1890 Mk; Mz;L

325. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; gpwe;jCH vJflY}upy; cs;s KJefupy;

326. ve;j Mz;by; fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpaNghNj mQ;riyak;khs; jkJnghJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhH1921 Mk; Mz;L

327. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;nje;jNghuhl;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;Lgy Mz;L rpiwapy; thbdhHePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk;>cg;Gf;fha;r;Rk; Nghuhl;lk;> kwpay;Nghuhl ;lk ; > jdpahs ; mwg ;Nghuhl;lk;> nts;isaNd ntspNaW,af;fk; Mfpa Ie;J Nghuhl;lk;

328. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;nje;jrpiwapy; milg;gl;L ,Ue;jhHflY}H > j pUr ; r p > NtY}H >ngy;yhup

329. NtY}Hr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j NghJfUTw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;j mtiu(flY}H mQ;riyak;khs;) ve;jmuR ntspapy; mDg;gp tpl;Lkfg;Ngw;wpw;Fg; gpd; kPz;Lk; rpiwapy;milj;jJ?Mq;fpNya muR

330. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; kpfr;rpwe;j_____ Mf tpsq;fpdhHNgr;rhsH

331. FLk;gr; nrhj;JfisAk; FbapUe;jtPl;ilAk; tpw;W vjw;fhf nryTnra;jhH?tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk;

332. ePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jk;Kila vj;jid taJkfisAk; <LgLj;jpdhH?xd;gJ taJ

333. fhe;jpabfs; rpiwapy; ,Ug;gtHfisg;ghHf;f te;j NghJ xd;gNjtajhd mk;khfz;Z mQ;riyak;khspd; kfs; vd;gijawpe;J>mr ;r pWkpiaj ; jd;DlDf;FMrpukj;J mioj;Jr; nrd;W _____vd ;W ngau pl ;Lg ; gbf ;fTk ;itj;jhHfs;thHjhtpy; cs;s yPyhtjp

334. mQ;riyak;khs; gHjh Ntlkzpe;Jve;j tz;bapy; fhe;jpabfisVw;wpr; nrd;whHFjpiutz;b

335. mQ;riyak;khspd; kfs; ngaHvd;dmk;khf;fz;Z

336. fhe;jpabfs; ahiuj; njd;dhl;bd;[hd;rpuhzp vd;wioj;jhH?flY}H mQ;riyak;khs;

337. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH1899 Mk; Mz;L rdtup8

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338. mk;G[j;jk;khs; tPl;bypUe;Njve;nje;j nkhopfisj; jpwk;glgapd;whH?jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> ,e;jp> rkw;fpUjk;.

339. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ahUila vspikahd Njhw;wj;jpdhy; ftug;gl;Lvspikahf tho;e;jhHmd;id f];J}upgha;

340. mk;G[j;jk;khs; vf;Fzq;fisj;Jwe;jhH?gl;L> gfl;L> Mq;fpyNkhfk;.

341. mk;G[j;jk;khs; gy;NtW fl;Lg;ghLfs; kpFe;j FLk;gj;jpypUe;Jjk;ik tpLtpj ;Jf ; nfhz;Lvjw;fhfg; ghLgl;lhH?ehl;L tpLjiy

342. _____ KjypatHfNshL el;Gf;nfhz;L ngz;zbikf;F vjpuhfmk;G[j;jk;khs; Fuy; nfhLj;jhHit. K. Nfhijehafp mk;khs;>Uf;Fkzp yl;Rkpgjp

343. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ahUila ghliyg;ghb tpLjiy czHit Cl;bMq;fpNya muRf;F vjpuhfr;nray;gl;lhH?kfhftp ghujpahupd; ghly;

344. me;epaj;Jzpfs; tpw;Fk; filf;Fk;Kd;ghf kwpay; Nghuhl;lk; epfo;j;jpajhy; mk;G[j;jk;khs; vr;rpiwapy;milf;fg;gl;lhH?NtY}Hr; rpiwapy;

345. fhe;jpabfshy; jj;njLf;fg;gl;lkfs; vd;W ahH nry;ykhfmiof;fg;gl;lhH?mk;G[j;jk;khs;

346. mk;G[j;jk;khs; epWtpa njhz;LepWtdj;jpd; ngaH vd;drPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak;

347. 1964 Mk; Mz;L mk;G[j;jk;khs;ngw;w tpUJ ahJjhkiuj;jpU (gj;k=)

348. mk;G[j;jk;khs; jk; vOgjhz;Lepidthf ve;j mupa E}iyvOjpAs;shHehd; fz;l ghujk;

Jizg;ghlk;kuj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs;

349. XH Vf;fH gug;gstpy; tsHe;Js;skuq;fs; gjpndl;Lg; NgHfSf;F XHMz;bw;Fj; Njitahd capHfhw;iwf; fpilf;fr; nra;fpd;wd.njhifepiyj; njhlHfs;

350. nrhw ;fs ; ,uz;L Kjyhfj ;njhlHe;J te;J nghUs; jUtJ_____ vdg;gLk;.njhlH

351. nrhw;fs; njhluhFk; NghJ ,Unrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa Ntw;Wiktpid> ctik Kjypatw;Ws;VNjDk; xd;W kiwe;J tUk;.,q;qdk; cUGfs; kiwe;J tUk;njhlHfisj; _____ vd;gH.njhifepiyj;njhlHfs;

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352. fay;> tpop ,t;tpU nrhw;fSf;F,ilNa Nghd;w vd;Dk; ctkcUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy;,jid _____ vdf;$WtH.ctikj; njhif

353. njhifepiyj;njhlH vj;jidtifg;gLk;?MW

354. njhifepiyj; njhlupd; tiffisf;$Wf1. Ntw;Wikj;njhif2. tpidj;njhif3. gz;Gj;njhif4. ctikj;njhif5. ck;ikj;njhif6. md;nkhopj;njhif

355. “fz;zid ,uhkd; ghHj;jhd;”vd;Dk; njhlupy; “I” vd;Dk;cUG ahH> ahiug; ghHj;jhd; vdg;ngaiu NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;cWg;Gf;F vd;Wg; ngaH.Ntw;Wik

356. ngaHg; nghUis NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Lk; cUig ____ vd;fpNwhk;.Ntw;Wik cUG

357. Ntw;Wikfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?vl;L

358. Kjy; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; vl;lhk;Ntw;Wikf;Fk; _____ ,y;iycUG

359. vj;jid cUGfs; cs;sd6> I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz;>

360. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG Kjy;Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG tiu

cs;stw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W _____

Mf tUk;.Ntw;Wik cUG

361. ,U nrhw;fSf;fpilNa Ntw;WikcUG vd;fpNwhk;. kiwe;J tUtijNtw;Wikj;njhif

362. “ghy; gUfpdhd;” ,jpy; “I” vd;Dk;cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij_____ vdf; $WtH,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

363. “jiy tzq;fpdhd;.” ,jpy; My;vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;s jhy;,ij _____ vd;gH.%d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

364. “NtYf;F kfd;” ,jpy; “F” vd;Dk;cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij_____ vd;gH.ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

365. “Cu; ePq;fpdhd;” ,jpy; “,d;”vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy;,ij _____ vd;gH.Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

366. “nrq;Fl;Ltd; rl;il” ,jpy; “mJ”

vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;s jhy;,ij _____ vd;gH.Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

367. Fifg;Gyp ,jpy; fz; vd;Dk;cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij_____ vd;gH.Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

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368. fhyq ;fhl ;Lk ; ,ilepiyAk ;nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk;nganur;rk; _____ vdg;gLk;.tpidj;njhif

369. nrk;nkhop vd;Dk; njhlH _____

gz;Gj;njhif370. fay;tpop vd;gJ _____

ctikj;njhif371. ky;ypif vd;gJ rpwg;Gg; ngaH>

G+ vd;gJ nghJg;ngaH ,uz;Lf;Fk;,ilapy; Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;GcUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,J_____ vdg;gLk;.,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif

372. xU ngaUf;F my;yJ xU nrhy;Yf;F,ilapYk; ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J te;J nghUs;jUtjhy; mJ ____ vdg;gl;lJ.ck;ikj;njhif

373. Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctikck;ik Mfpa njhifepiyj;njhlHfSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj my;yhjrpy nkhopfs; njhf;F epd;WnghUs; jUtJ _____ MFk;md;nkhopj;njhif

374. “gtstha; Ngrpdhs;” - ,j;njhlupd;njhif vd;dtpidj;njhif

375. MLnfhb> gha;Gyp> miyfly;Mfpa njhlHfs; MFk;.tpidj;njhif gapd;W te;jnjhlHfs;

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp376. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fSf;Nfw;w jkpo;r;

nrhw;fis mwpNthk;rk];fpUjk; - jkpo;

mfq;fhuk; - nrUf;FmjpH\;lk; - ew;NgWmgpg;gpuhak; - fUj;JmG+Htk; - GJikMuhjid - topghLMde;jk; - kfpo;r;rprgjk; - #Siujpdrup - ehs;NjhWk;ijupak; - JzpTG+i[ - topghL

cUJ - jkpo;gQ;rhaj;J - Ik;Nguhak;gjpy; - tpilgNy - ed;WNgl;b - NeHfhzy;igrh - fhRmry; - Kjy;fr;Nrup - muq;fk;Fkh];jh - vOj;jHifJ - jisF\p - kfpo;r;rp

NghHj;Jf;fprpak; - jkpo;mykhup - neLk;Ngiofpuhk;G - ,ytq;fk;rhtp - jpwTNfhy;rd;dy; - gyfzpNk];jpup - jiyikj; njhopy;fs;mugp - jkpo;jfty; - nra;jp

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tf;fpy; - tof;FiuQHghf;fp - epYitkf;fH - ,ilQ;ry;kh%y; - gioagbkpl;lha; - jPq;fl;b

kuhj;jp - jkpo;fhfpjk; - jhs;fpy;yhb - nfhbNahd;mghz;lk; - tPz;gopf;$w;Wml;ltiz- nghUl;Fwpg;Gg;gl;bay;Ngl;il - GwefHghurPfk; - jkpo;[khf;fhsk; - tpupg;G[kPd; - epyGyk;khYkp - ehthNahl;bg[hH - filj;njUikjhdk; - jpwe;jntspj;jply;

Mq;fpyk; jkpo;iynrd;]; - cupkk;,z;lHtpA+ - NeHfhzy;nf];l; `T]; - tpUe;jfk;vyh];bf; - nefpopGdy; - tbFoypgPNuh - ,Og;giwml;y]; - epyg;glj; njhFg;Gcapy; - ,WjpKwpfTd;rpy; - kd;wk;uapy; - njhlH tz;bNgdh - J}ty;ug;gH - Nja;g;gk;

,ay; Ie;Jnra;As; - fhtbr;rpe;J

377. fhtbr;rpe;J ghliy ,aw;wpatHahHmz;zhkiyahH

378. mz;zhkiyahH gpwe;j CH vJj pUney ;Nty p khtl ;lj ;Jr ;nrd;dpFsk;

379. mz;zhkiyahupd; ngw;NwhH ahHnrd;dtH - XTmk;khs;

380. mz;zhkiyahH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;ahitfhtbr;rpe;J> tPiu me;jhjp> Nfhkjpme;jhjp> tPiug;gps;isj;jkpo;

381. mz;zhkiyahupd; fhyk; vJ1861-1890

382. Fwpg;GJ}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk; Nfhtpy;gl;bf;F mUfpYs;s tskhd CHfOFkiy. ,q;Ff; Nfhtpy;nfhz;Ls;s KUfdpd; rpwg;igvspa ,dpa ,irg;ghly;fshy;Nghw;wpg;ghlg; ngw;wJ ,e;E}y;.

383. nrhw;nghUs;1. fyhgk; - Njhif2. tpNtfd; - Qhdp3. Nfhy - mofpa4. ,ire;j - nghUj;jkhd5. thtp - ngha;if6. khNj - ngz;Nz

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tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh384. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh- vd;w

ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahHxl;lf;$j;jH

385. xl;lf;$j;jupd; rpwg;Gg;ngaH ahJ?ftpr;rf;futHj;jp

386. xl;lf;$j;jH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;vit?%tUyh > jf ;fahfg ; g uz p >FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo;.

387. xl;lf;$j;jupd; fhyk; vJgd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L

388. cyh vd;gJ _____ tiffSs;xd;W

njhz;Z}w;whW rpw;wpyf;fpa389. ahUila rpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf;$Wk;

Nehf;fpy; ,t;tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd?,iwtd;> kd;dd;> kf;fSs;rpwe;NjhH.

390. “cyh” vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; ahJCHtyk; tUjy;

391. kfspupd; gUtq;fs; vj;jidtifg;gLk;?VO

392. kfspupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit?Ngij> ngJk ;ig> kq ;if>kle ;ij> mupit> njupit>Ngupsk; ngz;.

393. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;fNrhoDf;F vj;jidahtJ kfd;MthH?ehd;fhtJ kfd;

394. Fwpg;Gtpf;fpuk Nrhodpd; gpwg;G:tpf;fpuk Nrhod; ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; Mfpa%d;W kd;dHfspd; mitapYk;nry;thf;NfhL tpsq;fpatH MtH.

395. tpf;fpuk Nrhodpd; jha; ngaHvd;d?kJuhe;jfp

396. kJuhe;jfp ______ nfhz;l NrhoGuj;ijj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;LMl;rp nra;jhH.fq;if

397. kyu pd ; gUtq ;fs ; vj ;jidtifg;gLk;?VO

398. kyupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit?1. mUk;G2. nkhl;L3. Kif4. kyH5. myH6. tP7. nrk;ky;

399. FlFkiyia ClWj;J miyNkhJk; fhtpupiaj; je;jtH ahH?fNtud;

400. NkU kiyapd; cr;rpapy; Gypf;nfhb ehl ;b nghd ;d pahfpafhtpu pa pd ; ,UfiufisAk ;caHj;jpf; fl;batH ahH?Nrhod; fupfhyd;

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401. ngha;ifahupd; fstop ehw;gJghlYf;Fg; guprhfr; Nrukhd;fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwiar;rpiwtPL nra;j Nrhod; ahH?nrq;fzhd;

402. Nghupy; ngUikahf vz;zj;jf;ftpOg;Gz;fs; njhz;Z}w;whWk;ngw;wtd; ahH?Nrhod; tprahyad;

403. rptngUkhd; Mlyuruha;f; fhl;rpjUk; jpy;iyf;Fg; nghd;Nta;e;jNrhod; ahH?Kjy; guhe;jfd;

404. gjpndl;Lr; rpw;W}HfisAk; ifg;gw;wpkiyehL ntd;w Nrhod; ahH?Kjy; ,uhruhrd;

405. tlf;Nf gilnaLj;Jf; fq;ifAk;f pof ;f py ; flhuKk ; ntd ;Wiff;nfhz;L> NruH fg;gw;gilKOtijAk; mopj;j Nrhod; ahH?,uhNre;jpud;

406. rhSf;fpaHfspd; jiyefuhdfy;ahzGuj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;JKk;Kiw Nghupl;L ntd;w Nrhod;ahH?,uhrhjpuhrd;

407. nfhg ;gj ;Jg ; Nghu py ; Mapuk ;ahidfis ntd;w Nrhod; ahH?,uhNre;jpud;

408. nrhw;nghUs;1. FtL - kiy2. nghd;dp - fhtpup3. NfhJ - Fw;wk;4. mutk; - ghk;G

nra;jp cUthFk; tuyhW409. cyfpy; vq;Nfh xU %iyapy;

eilngWk; rpwpa epfo;Tk; ______

MfpwJ.nra;jp

410. vjd; tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s kpfg;ngupa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tpisthfclDf;Fld; nra;jpfs; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd?mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsHr;rp

411. “Vd;! vd;d? vg;NghJ? vg;gb?vq;Nf? ahH? vDk; md;Gj; njhz;lHMWNgHfs; mwpar; nra;thHnra ;j pa pid ” vd ;W ah H$wpAs;shH?mwpQH fpg;spq;

412. MWt pdhf ; fSf ;Fk ; cu patpilfSk; ve;jg; gf;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;?nra;jpapd; Kfg;Gg; gf;fk;

413. nra;jpia ,dq;fz;l gpd;dHnra ;j pahsH vjd; gzpapy ;<LgLfpwhHfs;?nra;jpiaj; jpul;Lk; gzp

414. nra;jpiag; ngWjy; vd;gJ vijg;Nghd;wJ?Jg;gwpjy;

415. MW tpdhf ;fSf;Fk ; cupatpiliaf; fhz;gnjd;gJ vijg;Nghd;w mupa gzp?flypy; %o;fp Kj;njLg;gJ

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101

416. xt;nthU nra;jpahsUk; jkf;nfdxJf;fg ;gl ;l ,lq;fSf;Nfh>mYtyfq;fSf;Nfh ehs;NjhWk;nrd;W nra;jpfisj; jpul;Ltjw;Fg;ngaH vd;d?nra;jpf;fsk;

417. ve;nje;j nra;jpf;fsq;fSf;Fr;nra;jpahsHfs; ehs;NjhWk; nrd;W>cupatuplk; njhlHG nfhz;Lnra;jpfisg; ngw;W tUtH?nra;jpfspd; %yq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;mikr;rfq;fs;> fhty; epiyaq;fs;>kUj;Jtkidfs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;.

418. ,yz;ld ; ilk ;] ; ,jo pd ;nra;jpahsH ______ Nghupd; NghJNeubahfg; NghH eilngWk;,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W nra;jpfisj;jpul;bdhHfs;.,e;jpa rPdg;NghH

419. “,z;bad; vf;];gpu];” nra;jpahsH______ rpiwr;rhiyapd; epiygw;wp mwpa jhNd rpiwg;gl;Lr;nra;jpfisj; jpul;bj;je;J Gfo;ngw;whH.jpy;ypapYs;s

420. vjidf; fhz nra;jpahsUf;Fj;jdp ,lk; xJf;fpapUg;gH?tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs;> Gfo;ngw;w tprhuizfs;> rl;lkd;weltbf ;iffs ; > khehLfs ; >nghJf;$l;lq;fs;

421. nra;jpahsHfs; vjidg; gbj;Jj;jhd; nra;jpahsH nra;jpiaj;jpul;Lfpd;whHfs;?murpd ; mwpf ;if> thzpff ;FOf ;fs pd ; nts pa PLfs ; >epjpaikr;rupd; tuT nryTj;jpl;lq;fs;

422. nra;jpahsHfs; mwptpay; Ma;TKiwfisAk; mtw;iw vg;gbg;gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gijAk; mwpacjTtJ vJ?Gs;spapay;

423. nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jfis vjd;thapyhf elj;JthHfs;?$nwLg;G Ma;T

424. nra;jpfis vjd; %yk; ngwyhk;?cs;@Hr; nra;jpahsHntspA+Hr; nra;jpahsHrpwg;Gr; nra;jpahsHMHtyHfs; muR mwpf;iffs;nra;jp epWtd;q;fs;

425. cynfq;Fk; elf;Fk; nra;jpfisclDf;Fld; vjd; thapyhfg;ngwyhk;?fk;gpapy;yhj; je;jp> njhiyNgrp>nry;Ngrp> njhiy mr;R njhiyefy;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpfzpdp.

426. nra;jpapd; gFjpfs; vj;jidtifg;gLk;?jiyg;Gr; nra;jp Kfg;Gr;nra;jpcly;gFjpr; nra;jp (%d;W)

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427. ______> ______ vdg; gjpg;Gfs;gpupf;fg;gl;L tpbaw;fhiyapy;midtUf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy;nra;jpj;jhs;fs; mr;rbf;fg;gLfpd;wd.Kjy; gjpg;G> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G

428. Fwpg;G ,jopay; fiyr;nrhw;fs;

1. Bulletin - rpwg;Gr; nra;jp ,jo;2. Deadline - Fwpj;jfhyk;3. Editorial - jiyaq;fk;4. Fake News - ngha;r;nra;jp5. Flash News - rpwg;Gr;nra;jp6. Falio No - ,jo; vz;7. Green Proof - jpUj;jg;glhj mr;Rg;gb8. Layout - nra;jpj;jhs; tbtikg;Gnjhfh epiyj; njhlH

429. xU njhlupy; ,Unrhw;fs; mike;J,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; nrhy;NyhcUNgh kiwahJ nghUisczHj;Jkhdhy;> mJ ______vdg;gLk;.njhfhepiyj;njhlH

430. “fgpyd; te;jhd;” - ,jpy; “fgpyd;”vd;Dk; vOthiaj; njhlHe;J“te;jhd;” vd;Dk; gadpiyte;Js;sjhy;> ,J ______ vd;gH.vOtha;j; njhlH.

431. “fjputh! th” . ,J _____ njhluhFk;.tpspj;njhlH

432. fz;Nld; rPijia - tpidKw;WKjypy; te;J ngaiuj; njhlHtjhy; ,ij> ______ vd;gH.tpidKw;Wj;njhlH

434. tpOe;j kuk; - tpOe;j vd;Dk;vr;rtpid kuk; vd;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;NyhL Kbtjhy; ,J _____nganur;rj;njhlH

435. te;JNghdhd; - ,jpy; “te;J”

vd;Dk; vr;rtpid “Nghdhd;”vd;Dk; tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;LKbe;Js;sjhy;> ,J _____ vd;gH.tpidnar;rj; njhlH

436. tPl;ilf;fl;bdhd; - ,j;njhlupy;‘I’ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUGntspg;gilahf te;Js;sjhy;>,ij ______ vd;gH.Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj;njhlH

437. kw;nwhd;W - kw;W + xd;W ‘kw;W’

vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;J‘xd;W’ vd;Dk; nrhy; njhlHe;Jte;Js;sjhy;> ,J ____ .,ilr;nrhw;nwhlH.

438. khKdptH - ,j;njhlupy; ‘kh’vd;gJ cupr;nrhy;> ,ijj; njhlHe;J‘KdptH’ vd;Dk; nrhy; te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ______ .cupr;nrhw;nwhlH.

439. tho;f tho;f tho;f - ,jpy; xNunrhy; gyKiw mLf;fp te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ______ .mLf;Fj;njhlH.

440. njhfhepiy njhlupd; tiffs;vj;jid?xd;gJ

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,ul;ilf;fpstpmLf;Fj;njhlH

441. ‘ghk;G ghk;G’ - ,jidg; gpupj;jhy;nghUs; jUk;. vdNt ,J ______

MFk;.mLf;Fj;njhlH

442. ‘fyfy’ - ,jidg; gpupj;jhy;nghUs; juhJ. vdNt ,J ______

MFk;.,ul;ilf;fpstp

443. cupa vOj;J tof;Fr; nrhw;fismwpNthk;

1. Ngr;R tof;F vOj;J tof;F1. NfhHj;J - Nfhj;J2. Rtw;wpy; - Rtupy;3. ehl;fs; - ehs;fs;4. kdjpy; - kdj;jpy;5. gjl;lk; - gjw;wk;6. rpyT - nryT7. mUfhikapy; - mUfpy;

2. gpio rup1. XH khtl;lk; - xU khtl;lk;2. xU mikr;rH - XH mikr;rH3. mtuJ kfNdhL - mtUila

kfNdhL4. Nkw;f;nfhz;lhH - Nkw;nfhz;lhH5. me;j Rw;Wyh - me;jr; Rw;Wyh6. fz;lij $wNt - fz;lijf;;

$wNt7. mtHjhd; - mtHjhk;

,ay; MWnra;As; gFjp - jpUke;jpuk;

444. ‘clk;ghH mopapd; capuhH moptH’vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH?jpU%yH

445. j pUke ;j p uk ; - vd ;w E}iy,aw;wpatH ahH?jpU%yH

446. jpU%yupd; gpwe;j fhyk; vJ?Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp

447. irtj; jpUKiwfspy; vj;jidahtJ jpUKiw ,J?gj;jhtJ jpUKiw

448. jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F ____ vd;Dk; NtWngaUk; cz;L.jkpo; %thapuk;

449. jpUke;jpuk; vj;jid ghly;fisf;nfhz;lJ?%thapuk;

450. jpUke;jpug; ghly; %d;whk; je;jpuj;jpy;vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ?vOE}w;W ,Ugj;J ehd;F

451. ____vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; Gfo; ngw;wnjhluhFk;.xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;

452. nrhw;nghUs;1. jplk; - cWjp2. nka;Q;Qhdk; - nka;awpT3. cghak; - toptif

453. Fwpg;G%yd; vd;Dk; ngaH> “jpU” vd;Dk;ngauil ngw;W> mj;Jld; “mH”vd;Dk; kupahijg; gd;ikAk; ngw;W“jpU%yH” vd Mapw;W.

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Njk;ghtzp454. Njk ; g htzp vd ; w g hliy

,aw;wpatH ahH?tPukhKdptH

455. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp

456. tPukhKdptupd; ngw;NwhH ngaHvd;d?nfhz;ly; Nghng];fp vyprngj;

457. eifnra; jd;ikapdk; ngoP,j;jha; ... vd;W njhlq;Fk;ghliy vOjpatH ahH?tPukhKdptH

458. tPukhKdptH gpwe;j CH vJ,j;jhyp ehl;by; fh];jpf;fpspNahd;

459. tPukhKdptH mwpe;j nkhopfs;vit?,j;jhypak;> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;vg pNuak ; > jkpo ; > njYq;F>rkw;fpUjk;

460. tPukhKdptUf;Fj; jkpo;nkhopiafw;Wf; nfhLj;jtH ahH?kJiur; Rg;gpujPgf; ftpuhaH

461. tPukhKdptupd; rpwg;G ahJ?Kg;gjhk; tajpy; jkpofk; te;Jjk po ; ga pd ;W fhg ; g pak ;gilj;jik

462. tPukhKdptH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;vit?QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhHj;j FUfijrJufuhjp> jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;>njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;.

463. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ?1680-1747

464. Fwpg;GNjk;ghtzp = Njk;gh+mzp =thlhjkhiy@ Njd;+gh+mzp =Njd; Nghd;w,dpa ghly;fshyhd khiy. ,e;E}y;,NaR ngUkhdpd; tsHg;Gj;je ;ijahfpa #irag ;giuj ;jiytuhff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ.,e;E}y; fpwpj;jtr; rkaj;jhupd;fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; %d;W fhz;lq;fSk; Kg;gj;jhW glyq;fSk;cs;sd@ ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if%thapuj;J mWE}w;Wg; gjpide;J.ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s,g;ghly; kftUs; glyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

465. nrhw;nghUs;1. eif - Gd;dif2. Kif - nkhl;L3. Nkdp - cly;

ehlff;fiy466. cyfpy; NtW vk;nkhopf;Fk;

,y;yhj jdpr;rpwg;G ve;j nkhopf;Fcs;sJ?jkpo;nkhop

467. jkpo;nkhop ___ vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;ngUikAilaJ.Kj;jkpo;

468. jkpo; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? %d;W

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105

469. %d;W tifahd jkpiof; $Wf?,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo;> ehlfj;jkpo;

470. njhd;W njhl;Lg ; gbg;gbNatsHr;rp mile;Js;s fiy vJ?ehlfk;

471. ehlfk ; vd ;Dk ; nrhy ;iyg ;gpupj;njOJf.ehL + mfk;

472. ehl;bd; fle;j fhyj;ijAk;> epfo;fhyj;ijAk;> tUq;fhyj;ijAk;> jd;mfj;Nj fhl;Ltjhy; _______ vdg;ngaH ngw;wJ vd;gH.ehlfk;

473. fijia> epfo;r;rpia czHitebj;Jf; fhl;LtJk;> $j;jhfMbf;fhl;LtJk; _______ vd;WngaH.$j;Jf;fiy

474. jkpopd; njhd;ikahd fiytbtk; vJ?ehlfk;

475. ehlf muq;fk; ,Ue;j nra;jp ve;jFws; topahf mwpa Kbe;jJ?‘$j;jhl; litf;Fohj; jw;Nw’

476. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;>_____> _____ vd;W ehl;bakhLk;khjtpia Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.ehlfNkj;Jk;> ehlff;fzpif

477. ‘ehl;bak;’ > ‘ehlfk;’ ,z;bw;Fk;nghJthf ve;j nrhy;Ny tof;fpy;,Ue;jJ?$j;J

478. <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lnjdf; fUjg;gLk; jkpo; E}y;fspy;VO ehlf E}y;fs; ehl;baj;jpw;Fk;>e hlfj ;j p w ;Fk ; ,yf ;fzk ;tFj;Js;sd?KWty;> rae;jk;> nrapw;wpak;>kjpthzH ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;>tpsf;fj;jhH $j;J> FzE}y;>$j;JE}y;.

479. ahH nra;As; tbtpy; ,aw;wpa jk;ehlftpay; vDk; E}ypy; ehlfk;mjd; tpsf;fk;> tiffs;> vOjg;glNtz;ba Kiwfs;> ebg;Gf;Fupa,yf;fzk;> ebg;gtHfSf;Fupa,yf ;fzk ; > Nghd ;wtw ;iwf ;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH?gupjpkhw;fiyQH

480. Rthkp tpGyhde ;jH vOjpaehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp E}y;vJ?kjq;f #shkzp

481. kiwkiyabfs; vOjpa ehlfj;ijg;gw;wpa Muha;r;rp E}y; vJ?rhFe;jyk;

482. ehlfj;jkpo; vd;w jk; E}ypy;njhopy; Kiw ehlf muq;Ffisg;gw;wpa nra;jpfis vOjpatH ahH?ehlfg ; Nguhr p u paH gk ;ky ;rk;ge;jdhH.

483. Vohk; E}w;whz;by; “kNfe;jputHkgy;ytd;” _____ vd;w ehlfE}iy vOjpAs;shH?kj;j tpyhrk;

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106

484. gjpndhd;whk; E}w;whz;by; ahUilaMl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uhruhNrr;Rtuehlfk; eilngw;wjhff; fy;ntl;LFwpg;gpLfpwJ?,uhruhr Nrhod;

485. ehaf;f kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpf ;fhyj;jpy; _______ Njhd;wpd.FwtQ;rp ehlfq;fs;

486. cotHfspd ; tho ;f ;ifiar ;rpj;jupj;Js;sit vit?gs;S ehlftif

487. ne hz ;b ehlfq ;fs ; ve ; jE}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpaJgjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L

488. CHfspy; ____ vd;Dk; ehlftifGuhzf; fijfisNa ikakhff;nfhz;L elj;jg;gl;ld.njUf;$j;J

489. ve;j E}w;whz;by; mUzhryf;ftpuhaupd; ,uhk ehlfk;> NfhghyfpUl;bd ghujpahupd; ee;jdhHrupj;jpuk; Mfpad fl;baq;fhud;ciuahly;fNshL KOtJk;ghly;fshf mike;jdgjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L

490. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; vjd;njhlHghd ehlfq;fs; rpwg;gplk;ngw;wd?rKjhar; rPHjpUj;jk;

491. “lk;ghr;rhup tpyhrk;” - vd;wehlfj;jpd; MrpupaH ahH?fhrp tpRtehjH

492. NguhrpupaH Re;judhH “kNdhd;kzpak;” vd;Dk; ftpij ehlff;fhg ;g paj ;ij ve ;j Mz;by ;ntspapl;lhH?fp.gp. 1891 Mk; Mz;L

493. “yhHl; ypl;ld;” vOjpa Mq;fpyf;fijapd; ngaH vd;d?kiwtop

494. _______ vd;w ehlfk; jkpo;ehl;by;Kjd; Kjyhf elj;jg;gl;l NjrparKjha ehlfkhFk;?fjupd; ntw;wp

495. fju pd ; ntw ;w p ehlfj ;ijj ;njhlHe ;J ve ;j ehlfq ;fs ;elj;jg;gl;ld?Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrgf;jp

496. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;ehlfj;Jiwf;Fg; ngUe;njhz;LGupe;jtH ahH?rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;

497. “rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;” vj;jidehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shH?ehw;gJf;Fk; Nky;

498. ehlf cyfpy; “jkpo; ehlfj;je;ij” vd;W ahiu mioj;jdH?gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhH

499. “jkpo; ehlf kWkyHr;rpj; je;ij”

vd;W ehlf cyfpy; ahiumioj;jdH?fe;jrhkp

500. gk ;ky; rk;ge ;jdhH vj;jidehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shH?njhz;Z}Wf;Fk; Nky;

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107

501. kJiuapy; ve;j Mz;by; Gyikf;flyhd jkpo; %jhl;b xsitahHehlfk; muq;NfwpaJ?1942 Mk; Mz;L

502. ehlfk; KOtJk; xsitahuhfebf;Fk; tha;g;igg; ngw;Wr; rpwe;jKiwapy; ebj;jtH ahH?jp.f. rz;KfdhH

503. jp.f.rz;Kfdhiu _______ vd;Wmioj;jdH.xsit rz;KfdhH

504. jd;khd ,af;fk; tYtile;jfhyj;jpy; ahUila ehlfq;fs;gFj;jwpTg; gug;Giu nra;jd?mw pQH mz ;zh > fiyQHfUzhepjp

MFngaH505. xd;wd; ,aw;ngaH jd;idf;

Fwpf;fhky;> jd;NdhL njhlHGilaNtnwhU nghUSf;F Mfp te;jhy;mJ _______ vd;W ngaH.MFngaH

506. “ky ;y pif #bdhs ; ” vdr ;nrhd;dhy; mq;F ky;ypif vd;gJnfhbahfpa Kjw;nghUisf;Fwpf;fhky; G+ vd;Dk; rpidiaf;Fwpj;;J> rpidf;F (cWg;Gf;F) MfptUtjhy; ,J _______ vdg;gLk;KjyhF ngaH.

507. “KjyhF ngaUf;F” kw;nwhUngaH vd;d?nghUshF ngaH

508. G+z;bapy; cs;s gs;spapy; gapd;wkhztp Ngrpdhs; - ,j;njhlupy;“gs;sp” vd;Dk; ,lg;ngaH mg;gs;spapy; gapYk; khztpf;F Mfpte;Js;sjhy;> ,J _______ MFk;.,lthF ngaH

509. ‘jprk;gH G+’ - ,j;njhlupy; jprk;gHvd;Dk; khjg;ngaH mk;khjj;jpy;G+f;Fk; G+tpw;F Mfp te;Js;sjhy;,J _______ MFk;.fhythF ngaH

510. rpid vd;why; cWg;G> ntw;wpiyel;lhd; ,j;njhlupy ; cs;sntw;wpiy vd;gJ rpidahfpa,iyiaf; Fwpf;fhky; mjd;Kjy; nghUshfpa nfhbf;F Mfpte;Js;sjhy;> ,J _______ MFk;.rpidahFngaH

511. ‘nghq;fYf;F tPl;by; nts;ismbg;Nghk;’ ,j;njhlupy; nts;isvd;gJ epwg;gz;G. Mdhy; mJepwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky; Rz;zhk;igf;Fwpj;J te;Js;sjhy;> ,J _______MFk;.gz;ghFngaH

512. gz;ghF ngaUf;F kw;nwhU ngaHvd;d?FzthFngaH

513. nghq;fy; vd;gJ nghq;Fjyhfpanjhopw;ngaH. ,it njhopiyf;Fwpf;fhky; mj;njhopyhy; MFk;.czitf; Fwpg ;gjhy; ,it_______MFk;.njhopyhFngaH

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514. MFngaH vj;jid tifg;gLk;?MW

515. MFngaupd; MW tiffisvOJf.1. KjyhF ngaH2. ,lthF ngaH3. fhythFngaH4. rpidahF ngaH5. FzthF ngaH6. njhopyhF ngaHnkhopj;jpwd; gapw;r;rp

516. nrhw;nwhilfspy; mike;Js;stOf;fis mwpNthk;murd; te;jJ (jpiztO) - murd;te;jhd;fgpyd; Ngrpdhs;(ghy; tO) -fgpyd; Ngrpdhd;Fapy;fs; $tpaJ (vz; tO) -Fapy;fs; $tpdfkyh rpupj;jha; (,ltO) fkyhrpupj;jhs;tstd; New;W te;jpUf;fpwhs;(fhytO) tstd; New;W te;jhd;.Me;ij fj;jpaJ (kuGtO) Me;ijmywpaJ

517. fPo;f;fhZk; njhlHfspy; mike;Js;s tOf;fis ePf;fp vOJf.1. GytH te;jhHfs; - GytH te;jhH2. kapy; $t Fapy; mftpaJ -kapy; mft Fapy; $tpaJ3. jhkiu glk; tiue;jhd; - jhkiuglk; tiue;jhs;

4. ahidfs; te;jJ - ahidfs;te;jd5. ngUkio nga;jikahy; kuq;fs;tPo;e;jJ - ngUkio nga;jikahy;kuq;fs; tPo;e;jd6. taypy; Ml;Lf;fd;W Nka;fpwJ- taypy; Ml;Lf;Fl;b Nka;fpwJ7. gR Fl;b Nghl;lJ - gR fd;WNghl;lJ8. khl;il ,yhaj;jpy; fl;L -khl;ilf; nfhl;lifapy; fl;L9. ntw;wpiyj; Njhg;Gf;Fr; nrd;Wntw;wpiy gwpj;J th - ntw;wpiyj;Njhl;lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ntw;wpiygwpj;J th10. ahid Koq;Fk; - ahidgpspWk;

518. nghUj;Jf1. rpq;fk; fidj;jJ - vz;tO2. fz;zd; gbj;jhs; - fhytO3. ,d;W tUthd; - jpiz tO4. fgpyd; NgrpaJ - kuG tO5. gwitfs; gwe;jJ - ghy; tOtpilfs;:1. kuG tO 2. ghy; tO 3.fhytO 4. jpiz tO 5. vz;tO

,ay; VOnra;As; gFjp

jpUf;Fws; gz;Gilik519. nrhw;nghUs;

1. tof;F - ed;ndwp2. Md;w - caHe;j

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3. ead; - NeHik4. ed;wp - cjtp5. eifAs;Sk; - tpisahl;lhfTk;6. ghlwpthH - newpAilahH7. kha;tJ - moptJ8. muk; - thisf; $Hikahf;Fk;fUtp9. ez;G - el;G10. eak; ,y - jPq;F> ,dpikaw;w11. fil - gOJ12. efy;ty;yH - rpupj;J kfpo;gtH13. khapU Qhyk; - kpfg;ngupacyfk;14. jpupe;jw;W - jpuptJ Nghd;wJ

jpUtUl;gh520. ‘jpUtUl;gh’ - vd;w E}iy ,aw;wp

atH ahH?,uhkypq;f mbfshH

521. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; ngw;NwhHahH?,uhikah - rpd;dk;ik

522. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH gpwe;j CHvJ?rpjk;guj;Jf;F mUfpYs;s ‘kUJ}H’

523. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; rpwg;Gg;ngaHfs; vd;d?j pUtUl ; g p ufhr ts ;syhH >ts;syhH

524. thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk;thbNdd; grpapdhy; ... vdj;njhlq;Fk; jpUtUl;gh ghliyvOjpatH.,uhkypq;f mbfshH

525. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH ,aw;wpaE}y;fs; ahit?jpUtUl;gh> rPtfhUz;a xOf;fk;>kDKiw fz;l thrfk; Kjypad

526. tlY}upy; rkur Rj;j rd;khHf;frq;fk;> rj;jpa Qhdrig> rj;jpajUkr;rhiy Mfpatw;iw epWtpatHahH?,uhkypq;fH

527. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; fhyk; vJ?1823 -1874

528. jpUtUl;gh gpupj;J vOJf.jpU+mUs;+gh

529. ‘,iwtd; jpUtUisg; ngWtjw;fhfg; ghba ghly;’ vd;Wk;,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy; ghbaghly ; vd ;Wk ; vg ;ghliyf ;Fwpf;fpNwhk;?jpUtUl;gh

530. jpUtUl;ghtpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid?Iaha p uj ;J vz ;Z}w ;Wg ;gjpndl;Lg; ghly;

531. nrhw;nghUs;1. grpawhJ - grpj;JaH ePq;fhJ2. maHe;j - fisg;Gw;w3. ePba - jPuhj

jkpoH thdpay;532. goe;jkpoHfs; ifahz;l mwptpay;

EZf;fq ;fis vjd ; %yk ;mwpayhk;?njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;>

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kzpNkfiy> rPtfrpe;jhkzp>fk;guhkhazk;> jpUke;jpuk ; >jpUthrfk;

534. jkpoupd; mwptpay; rpe;jidapy;Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ vijg; gw;wpamwpthFk;?thdpay;

535. cyfpy; Njhd;wpa gy;NtW mwptpay;fy;tpfspy; kpfj; njhd;ikahdJ>gioikahdJ vJ?thdpay; fy;tp

536. cyfk; Ik;G+jq;fshfpa epyk;> ePH>ntg;gk;> fhw;W> thdk; MfpaIe;Jk; cs;slf;fpaJ _______vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?njhy;fhg;gpak;

537. Fwpg;Gepyk; ePH jP tsp tpRk;NghL Ie;Jk;

fye;j kaf;fk; Mjypd;.... (njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUs;. 635)

kz;jpzpe;j epyDk;epyd; Ve;jpa tpRk;Gk;tpRk;G ijtU tspAk;tspj;jiy ,a jPAk;jP Kuzpa ePUk; vd;whq;FIk;ngUk; G+jj;J ,aw;if Nghy;....(Gwk;> 2)

538. cyfk; jl;il ,y;iy cUz;ilahdJ vd;W ahH fz;lwpe;jhH?Nghye ;J ehl ;ilr ; rhHe ;j‘epf;Nfhy];fpuhg;]; ’

539. epf;Nfhy];fpuhg;]; - vd;gtH cyfk;jl;il ,y;iy cUz;ilahdJvd;W ve;j Mz;by; fz;lwpe;jhH?gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;L

540. cyfk; cUz;ilahdJ vd;gijahH njhiyNehf;fpahy; fz;Lgpbj;Jr; nrhd;d gpwFjhd; kf;fs;Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH?gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jfypypNah

541. Nkiy ehl;bdH cyfk; cUz;ilahdJ vd;W fz;lwptjw;F Kd;NgjpUts;StH fz;lwpe;J mjw;FFwSk; vOjpAs;shH me;jf; Fws;ahit?‘Rod;Wk; VHg;gpd;dJ cyfk;mjdhy; coe;Jk; coNt jiy’

- Fws;> 103542. thdntspapy; kpfg;ngupa tPz;kPd;

_______ MFk;.QhapW

543. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;_______ vd ;W Qha pw ;iwg ;Nghw;wpAs;sJ.QhapW Nghw ;Wjy ; Qha pWNghw;Wjy;

544. Qhapw;iwr; Rw;wpa ghijia _____

vd;W goe;jkpoH $wpAs;shH.QhapW tl;lk;

545. nrQ;Qhapw;Wr; nryTk; mQ;Qhapw;Wg;gupg;Gk; gupg;Gr; #o;e;j kz;byKk;,it ve;j E}ypd; tupfs;?Gwk;> 30

546. jhNd xsptplf;$ba Qhapw;iw_______ vd;W gz;ilj; jkpoHFwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH.ehs;kPd;

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547. Qhapw;wplkpUe;J xspngw;W xsptplf;$batw;iw _______ vd;Wgz;ilj; jkpoH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH.Nfhs;kPd;

548. khjH Kfk ; Nghy ; xsptplty;iyNay; fhjiy thop kjp.

- Fws; 118,f;Fws; vf;fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ?jpq;fs; jhNd xsptpRtjpy;iyvd;W thdpay; cz;ikiaj;jpUf;Fws; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

545. jpq;fisg; ghk;G nfhz;lw;W (Fws;1146)vd;Dk; Fws; njhlH vijg;gw;wpajhFk;jpq;fs; kiwg;G (re;jpufpufzk;)

546. nrt;tha;f; Nfhs; ve;epwj;ijf;nfhz;lJnre;epwk;

547. nts;spf;Nfhspy; nts;spj;jhJ,Ug ;gij mwpt pay ; Ma;TGyg;gLj;jp> nts;spapd; epwk;_______ vd;W mwptpj;Js;sd.ntz;ik epwk;

548. QhapW cjaj;jpw;F Kd;Ng nts;spvOe;J tpbaiy czHj;Jtjhy;,jid _______ vd;wdH.tpbnts;sp

549. Gjpjhff; fz;lwpe;j Nfhs; _______

vd toq;fg;gl;lJ?Gjd;

550. Gjd;Nfhisg; Gjpjhff; fz;lwpe;jjhy; ,jw;F kw;nwhU ngaH cz;L.mJ vd;d?mwptd;

551. ‘tpah’ vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?ngupa> epiwe;j

552. thdpy; ngupa Nfhshf tyk;tUtijNa _______ vd ;Wmiof;fpd;wdH.tpahod;

553. rdpf;Nfhisf; ___ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhHfs;.fhupf;Nfhs;

554. fhupf;Nfhspy; vJ ,Ug;gjhf,d;iwa mwptpay; Ma;T $WfpwJfe;jfk;

555. J}kNfJit _______ vd;Wk;$WtH.thy;el;rj;jpuk;

556. ‘tytd; Vth thdT+Hjp’ - ,Jve;j E}ypy; cs;s tupfs;?Gwk;> 27:8

557. thD}Hjp Xl;Lfpwtidj; jkpopy;_______ vd miof;fpwhHfs;.tytd;

fyPypNah fypyp558. ‘fyPypNah’ ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH?

1564 Mk; Mz;L gpg ;utup15jpq;fs; fpoik

559. fypypNahtpd; je;ij ngaH vd;dtpd;nrd;NrhfyPtp

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560. fypypNah jk; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy;,Ue;J vjd; kPJ kpFe;j MHtk;cilatuha; tpsq;fpdhH?,aw;if mwptpay;

561. fbfhuj;jpd; ngz;Lyj;ij. Criy(Cry;tpjp) mikj;J Neuj;ijf;fzf;fpLk; Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jtHahH?fypypNah fypyp

562. igrh efug; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; fypypNahtpd;Kjw; fz;Lgpbg;G ahJ?Cry; tpjp

563. fypypNah jk;Kila ,Ugj;ije;jhk;mfita pNyNa igrhefug ;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; _______ Mfg;gzpakHj;jg;gl;lhHfzpjg; NguhrpupaH

564. ve;j Mz;by; fypypNah fzpjtpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH?1592 Mk; Mz;L

565. ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fzpjtpu pTiuahsuhff; fypypNahgzpahw;wpdhH?gJth gy;fiyf;fofk;

566. fypypNah vjw;F mstpia Kjd;Kjyhf cUthf;fpdhH?fhw;W> ntg;gk;

567. fypypNahtpw;F Kd;G thdpay;gw;wpa nfhs;iffis ntspapl;ltHahH?mup];lhby;

568. _______vd;w thdpayhsUk; epyk;mz;lj;jpd; ikag;gFjp vd;Wk;

m/J mirahjJ epiyahdJvd;Wk; $wpdhH.jhykp vd;w thdpayhsH

569. #upaidf; Rw;wpa Gtp efHfpwJvd;gJ ve;j thdpay; mwpQupd;nfhs;ifahFk;?thdpay; mwpQH NfhgHepfrpd;

570. ve;j Mz;by; njhiy Nehf;fpiamikj;J tpz;ntspia Ma;Tnra;jhH?1610 Mk; Mz;L

571. _______ vd;gJ gyNfhb tpz;kPd;fspd; njhFjp vd;W nka;g;gpj;jhHghy; tPjp

572. epyhtpd; Nkw;gug;G vJ epiwe;Js;sjhf fypypNah njhiyNehf;fp%yk; fz;lwpe;J $wpdhH?fuLKulhdJ> kiyfSk ;gs;sj;jhf;FfSk; epiwe;Js;sJ

573. ve;j mwpQH mz;lj;jpd; ikak;G+kpad;W> #upaNd vd;Wk; #upaidg;G+kpAk; gpw Nfhs;fSk; Rw;wptUfpwJ vd;Wk; $wpatH?mwpQH NfhgHepfR

574. tpahod; Nfhis vj;jid rpWNfhs;fs; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd?ehd;F

575. fypypNahit ve;j Mz;by; tPl;Lr;rpiw itj;jdH?1616 Mk; Mz;L

576. fp .g p . 1632 ,y; cyfj;jpd;Kjd;ikahd ,U Kiwikfisg;gw;wpa ciuahly; vd;w E}iyvOjpatH ahH?fypypNah

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577. Gjpa mwptpaiyr; rhHe;j ,Uciuahly; vd;w E}iyf; fypypNahve;j Mz;L vOjp ntspapl;lhH?fp.gp.1638 Mk; Mz;L

587. fypypNah E}y;fisf; nfhz;LahH jk;Kila nfhs;iffiscUthf;fpdhH?Irf; epA+l;ld;

588. fypypNah ve;j Mz;L ,t;Tyftho;it ePj;jhH?fp.gp.1642 Mk; Mz;L> rdtupjpq;fs; fpoik

Ntw;Wik589. “KUfd; te;jhd;” - ,j;njhlupy;

KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d?vOtha;

590. “KUfidg; ghHj;jhd;” - ,j;njhlupy;KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d?nrag;gLnghUs;

591. “KUfdhy; tiuag;gl;lJ” - ,j;njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d?vOthiar; nrag;gLnghUshfTk;fUj;jhthfTk; NtWgl;Ls;sJ

592. ngaHfs; NtWgl;L te ;jhy;_______ vdg;gLk;.Ntw;Wik

593. vOtha; tpidKw;W> ngaHr;nrhy;>tpidr;nrhy; Mfpatw;Ws; xd;iwg;gadpiyahff; nfhz;L Kbe;jhy;mJ _______ my;yJ _______

vdg;gLk;.vOtha ; Ntw ;Wik > Kjy ;Ntw;Wik

594. “KUNfrd; nrbia el;lhd;” ,j;njhlupy; KUNfrd; vd;gJ vOtha;nrb vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;. m/J‘I ’ vd;Dk; cUig Vw;Wr ;nrag;gLnghUis czHj;Jtjhy;,J _______ vdg;gLk;,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

595. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahitMy;> Md;> XL> xL

596. My;> Md;> cUGfs; _______

Mfpa ,UnghUs;fspYk; tUk;.fUtp> fUj;jh

597. fUtp vj;jid tifg;gLk;?,uz;L

598. fUtpapd; tiffis $Wf?Kjw;fUtp> Jizf;fUtp

599. “fUj;jh” vj;jid tifg;gLk;?,uz;L

600. fUj;jhtpd; tiffisf; $Wf?,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh> VTjy; fUj;jh.

601. XH vOthapd; nraYld; gpwpnjhd;wdJnraYk; cldpfo;tij _______

vd;gH.cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;

602. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ahJ?‘F’

603. ‘F’- Tf;Fg; gjpyhf vit nrhy;YUGfshf tUk;?nghUl;L> epkpj;jk;

604. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit?,y;> ,d;

605. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nrhy;YUGfs; ahit?,Ue;J> epd;W> tpl> fhl;bYk;

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606. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit?mJ> MJ> m

607. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nrhy;YUGfs;ahit?cila

608. Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa cUGfs;ahit?fz;> fhy;> Nky;> fPNo> ,lk;>,y;

609. vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vJtpspNtw;Wik

610. glHf;ifg; ngaiu Kd;dpiyg;ngauhf;fp miof;f ve;j Ntw;Wikgad;gLfpwJ?tpspNtw;Wik

611. nghUj;Jf1. fhl;il mopj;jhd; - Mwhk;Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG2. Gtpiag; Nghd;wtd; - nghUl;L3. $ypapd; nghUl;L Ntiy -mopj;jy;4. vd;Dila tPL - xj;jy;tpil1. mopj;jy;2. xj;jy;3. nghUl;L4. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG

612. nghUj;Jf1. Kjy; Ntw;Wik - fpisapd;fz; fhf;if2. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - fy;tpapy;ngupatH fk;gH

3. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik - kuj;jhy;nra;jJtpil1. fy;tpapy; ngupatH fk;gH2. kuj;jhy; nra;jJ3. jpisapd; fz; fhf;if

,ay; vl;Lnra;As;gFjp - tpy;ypghujk;613. thd; ngw;w ejpfko;jhs; tzq;fg;

ngw;Nwd; vd;w ghliy vOjpatHahH?tpy;ypGj;J}uhH

614. tpy;ypghujk; ghliy vOjpatHahH?tpy;ypGj;J}uhH

615. tpy;ypGj;J}uhupd; je;ij ngaHvd;d?tPuuhftH

616. tpy;ypGj;J}uhiu Mjupj;jtH ahH?tf;fghifia Mz;l tugjpMl;nfhz;lhd;

617. tpy;ypghujk; vj;jid gUtj;ijf;nfhz;lJ?gj;Jg;gUtk;

618. tpy;ypghujk; vj;jid tpUj;jg;ghlyhy; MdJehyhapuj;J Ke;E}w;iwk;gJ

619. tpy;ypghuj;jpy; vl;lhk; gUtk; ve;jg;gUtj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?fd;dgUtk;

620. ‘thd;ngw;w ejp’ - vd;gjd; nghUs;ahJ?fq;ifahW

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621. ‘,Uepyk;’ - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?ngupa cyfk;

622. ‘Cd;’ - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?jir

623. nrhw;nghUs; $Wf 1. fsgk; - re;jdk; 2. Joha; myq;fy; - Jsrpkhiy

3. Gak; - Njhs;4. ijte;J - njhl;Lj;jltp5. gfop - mk;G6. ehkk; - ngaH

624. tpy;ypGj;J}uhupd; fhyk; vJ?gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;L

ahH ftpQd;625. ahH ftpQd; ghlypd; MrpupaH

ahH?Kbaurd;

626. ftpQH Kbaurupd; ,aw;ngaHahJ?JiuuhR

627. Kbaurupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d?Rg;guhaY - rPjhnyl;Rkp

628. Kbaurupd; gpwe;j CH vJ?Njdp khtl;lj;jpYs;s ngupaFsk;

629. KbaurH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit?G+q;nfhb> fhtpag;ghit> tPufhtpak;Kbaurd; ftpijfs; Kjypad.

630. Kbaurupd; gzp vd;djkpohrpupaH> kP.R. caHepiyg;gs;sp> fhiuf;Fb.

631. gwk;Gkiyapy; ele;j tpohtpy;‘ftpauR’ vd;Dk; gl;lk; ve;jmbfshuhy; toq;fg;ngw;wJ?Fd;wf;Fb mbfs;

632. G+q;nfhb vd;Dk; fhtpaj;Jf;fhfve ;j Mz;by; jkpof muRKbaurUf;Fg; gupR toq;fpaJ?1966 Mk; Mz;L

633. Kbaurupd; fhyk; vJ1920-1998

634. rpwg;GKbaurd;> ghujpjhrd; guk;giuj;jiyKiwf; ftpQUs; %j;jtH.je;ij ngupahH NguwpQH mz;zhMfpNahuplk; neUq;fpg; gofpatHMtH.

635. nrhw;nghUs;1. ifk;khW - gad;2. khrw;w - Fw;wkw;w3. Njl;il - jpul;ba nry;tk;4. kPl;rp - Nkd;ik5. khs ePq;f

NjtNeag; ghthzH

636. kd;dpg;G vd;gJ cUJr; nrhy;@nghWj;Jf; nfhs;f vd;gJ jkpo;r;nrhy; vd;W tpsf;fpatH ahH?NjtNeag;ghthzH

637. jkpopd; njhd;ikia cyfwpar;nra;jtH ahH?fhy;Lnty;

638. jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?gupjpkhw;fiyQH

639. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; ngw;NwhHngaH vd;d?QhdKj;J - gupG+uzk;

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640. NjtNeag;ghthzH gpwe;j CH vJ?rq;fud;Nfhtpy;

641. NjtNeag ;ghthzH thq ;f pagl;lq;fs; vd;d?gz;bjH GytH> tpj;Jthd;> KJfiyj;jkpo;> gp.X.vy;.>

642. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; fhyk; vd;d?7.02.1902 - 15.01.1981

643. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; rpwg;Gfs;vd;d?nre;jkpo;r; nry;tH> nre;jkpo;QhapW> jkpo;g; ngUq;fhtyHvd 174 rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs;

644. Nfhtpy;fspy; jkpopy; topghLeilngWNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; gpwg;G,wg;Gj; njhlHghd rlq;Ffs;ahTk; jkpopy; eilngwNtz;Lk;vd;Wk; ahH typAWj;jpdhH?NjtNeag;ghthzH

645. NjtNeag ;ghthzH vj ;jidE}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shH?ehw;gj;J %d;W

646. NjtNeag;ghthziu ve;j Mz;Lnrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj;jpl;l,af;Feuhfg; gzpakHj;jpdhHfs;?08.05.1974

647. ‘kd;dpg;G’ ve;j nkhopr;nrhy;?cUJr;nrhy;

648. murpd; cjtpNahL vj;jidMa;Tf; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;shH?,UE}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

649. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; ngaupy; ve;jCupy; mz;zhrhiyapy; E}yfk;nray;gl;L tUfpwJ?nrd;id

650. vt;T+upy; ghthzH Nfhl;lk; mtHjk;KO cUtr;rpiy> mtH ngaupy;E}yfk; Mfpait mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?,uhrghisaj;jpw;F mUfpYs;sKwk;gpy;

651. kJiuapy; 05.01.1981 - md;Weilngw;w cyfj;jkpo; khehl;by;ve;jj; jiyg;gpy; nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhH?khe;jd; Njhw;wKk; jkpoH kuGk;

GzHr;rp - ,ay;G> tpfhuk;652. epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; NrUk;

NghJ vt;tpj khw;wKk; Vw;gltpy;iynad;why; mJ _______

GzHr;rp MFk;.,ay;Gg;GzHr;rp

653. nghd;+tisay;=nghd; tisay;- ,izAk; ,Unrhw;fspy; Kjy;nrhy; _______ vdg;gLk;.epiynkhop

654. epiynkhopapd; ,Wjp vOj;Jg;Gs;spahf (nka;ahf) ,Ue;jhy;mij _______ vdf; $WtHnka;aPW

655. epiynkhopapd; ,Wjp vOj;J capHnka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; mit _____

vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk;.capuPW

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656. tUnkhopapd; Kjy; vOj;J capHnka;ahf ,Ug;gpd; mij _______

vd miog;gH.nka;Kjy;

657. tUnkhopapd ; Kjy; vOj;Jcapuhf ,Ug;gpd; mij _______

vd miog;gH.capHKjy;

658. epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; NrUk;NghJ khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLkhdhy;mjid _______ vd;gH.tpfhug;GzHr;rp

659. tpfhug;GzHr;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk;?%d;W

660. tpfhug;GzHr;rpapd; %d;W tiffisvOJf.1. Njhd;wy; 2. nfLjy; 3. jpupjy;

661. ,ay;Gg;GzHr;rpf;F (v.fh) $Wf?thio+kuk; = thiokuk;

662. tpfhug;GzHr;rp (v.fh) jUf?thio + gok; = thiog;gok;

663. Njhd;wy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf?jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws; (f;)

664. nfLjy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf?kuk; + NtH = kuNtH (k;)

665. jpupjy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf?gy; + nghb = gw;nghb (w;)

666. GzHr;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk; mitahit?,uz;L- 1.,ay;G 2.tpfhuk;nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

667. ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;:-1. m , vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jfspd;

gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;(v.L) m + fdp = mf;fdp, + Gj;jfk; = ,g;Gj;jfk;

2. v vd;Dk; tpid vOj;jpd; gpd;ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) v+nghUs; = vg;nghUs;

3. me;j> ,e;j vd;Dk; Rl;Lj ;jpupGfspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) me;j+igad;=me;jg;igad;,e;j+gs;sp = ,e;jg;gs;sp

4. mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;Dk;nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) mg;gb+Nfs;=mg;gbf;Nfhs;,g;gb+nra; = ,g;gbr;nra;vg;gb+ gbj;jhd; = vg;gbg;gbj;jhd;

5. mt;tif> ,t;tif> vt;tif vDk;nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) mt;tifg;Ngr;R

6. ,dp> jdp> kw;W> kw;w> kw;iw vDk;nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;(v.L) ,dpg;Ngrpdhd;

7. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk;Ntw;Wik tpupapd; gpd; ty;nyhw;WkpFk;.(v.L) glj;ijg; ghHj;jhd;mtDf;Ff; nfhL

8. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;cle;njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk;ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) japHf;Flk;

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9. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;cle;njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk;ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) gl;Lr;Nriy

10. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikapy; m/wpizg;ngaHfspd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;WkpFk;.(v.L) $ypj;njhopy;

11. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;cld; njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk;ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) tpopg;Gdy;

12. Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;cld; njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk;ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) ePHg;ghk;G

13. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapd;gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) Fbg;gpwe;jhH

,ay; xd;gJnra;As; gFjp - fk;guhkhazk;668. fk;guhkhazk; ghliy vOjpatH

ahH?fk;gH

669. fk;gH ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhH?ehif khtl;lk; kapyhLJiwf;FmUfpYs;s NjuOe;J}H

670. fk;giu Mjupj;jtH ahH?rilag;g ts;sy;

671. rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ rpiynaOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp> jpUf;iftof;fk; ,e;E}y;fis ,aw;wpatHahH?fk;gH

672. fk;gupd; fhyk; vd;d?fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L vd;Wk;gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;Wk;$WtH

673. fk;gH tlnkhopapy; thy;kPfpvOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijj; jOtpave;E}iy ,aw;wpdhH?jkpopy; fhg;gpak;

674. fk;gH ,aw;wpa fhg;gpa E}Yf;F_____vdg; ngaupl;lhH.,uhkhtjhuk;

675. fij khe;jupd; tlnrhw; ngaHfisj;_____ jkpo;g;gLj;jpa ngUikf;FupatH fk;gH.njhy;fhg;gpa newpg;gb

676. fk;guhkhazk; vj;jid fhz;lq;fisAilaJ?MW

677. MW fhz;lq;fisf; $Wf?1.ghyfhz;lk;> 2. mNahj;jpahfhz;lk;> 3. Muzpa fhz;lk;> 4.fpl;fpe;jhfhz;lk;> 5.Re;jufhz;lk;>6. Aj;jfhz;lk;

678. fk;guhkhazg; ghly; ve;j fhz;lj;JMw;Wg;glyj;jpy; cs;sJ?ghyfhz;lk;

679. ve;j khepyj;jpy; ghAk; ruA ejpapd;tsk ; fk ; g u hk hazj ;j py ;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ?cj;jpugpuNjr khepyk;

680. jhJ- vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?kfue;jk;

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681. nrhw;nghUs;1. NghJ - kyH2. ngha;if - Fsk;3. G+fk; - fKfk; (ghf;F kuk;)

tpOJk; NtUk;682. t pOJk; NtUk ; - ,g ;ghliy

,aw;wpatH ahH?ghujpjhrd;

683. ghujpjhrupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk;

684. ghujpjhrupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d?fdfrig - ,yf;Fkp

685. ghujpjhrd; gpwe;j CH vJ?GJr;Nrup

686. ghujpjhrd; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ29.04.1891-21.04.1964

687. ghujpjhrupd; rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs;vd;d?ghNte;jH> Gul;rpf;ftpQH

688. ahUld; nfhz;l neUq;f panjhlHgpdhy; ghujpjhrd; vdj; jd;ngaiu mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhH?ghujpahH

689. J}yk; Nghy; tsH fpisf;FtpOJfs; J}d;fs; vd;w ghliyvOjpatH ahH?ghujpjhrd;

690. je;ij ngupahupd; gFj;jwpTr;r pe ;jidfisg ; ghuj pjhrd ;mtHfs; vt;tbtpy; je;jhH?ftpij

691. ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;ahit?ghz;bad; gupR> FLk;g tpsf;F,Uz;ltPL> mofpd ; rpu pg ;Gfz;zfp Gul;rpf ; fhg ;gpak; >FwpQ;rpj;jpl;Lj; jkpopaf;fk;

692. ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly; _____

vd;Dk; E}ypy; ‘tpOJk; NtUk;’vd ;Dk ; jiyg ; g pd ; f P o ;,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ?mofpd; rpupg;G

693. jpwy; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJtypik

694. kwtH - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJtPuH

fhl;Lapupfs;695. Ik;G+jq;fisf; $Wf?

epyk;> ePH> jP> fhw;W> thdk;696. Ik ;G +jq ;fspy ; _____, _____

,Utifahd nghUs;fs; cs;sd.capUs;s> capuw;w

697. nka;apdhy; mwpAk; capH vj;jidmwpTfisf; nfhz;lJ?XuwpT

698. XuwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;Fv.fh jUf?Gy; kuk; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs;

699. nka ; -fz ; - < uw pT nfhz ;lcapupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf?ej;ij> rq;F

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700. nka;> tha;> %f;F> %twpT nfhz;lcapupdq;fisf; $Wf?vWk;G> fiuahd;> ml;il

701. IawpT vd;gJ ve;nje;j mwpTfisf;nfhz;ljhFk;?nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp

702. IawpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;Fv.fh jUf?tpyq;F> gwit

703. MwwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;Fv.fh jUf?kdpjH

704. MwwpT vd;gJ ve;nje;j mwpTfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;?nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp>kdk;

705. capupfspd; Mw;wYf;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fgit vit?jhtuq;fs;

706. cyfpNyNa mjpf msT kiongWk; ,lk; vJ?mrhkpy; kuq;fs; mlHe;Js;s“ rpuGQ;rp”

707. mf;NlhgH Kjy; thuj;ij muRvt;thW nfhz;lhb tUfpwJ?tdtpyq;F thuk;

708 tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; ve;jMz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ?1972 Mk; Mz;L

709. tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;vijj; jLf;fpwJ?tdtpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLjy;

710. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid tdtpyq;FghJfhg;G ,lq;fs; cs;sd?gjpNdO

711. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid Njrpatdtpyq;Fg; G+q;fhf;fs; cs;sd?mWgj;jhW

712. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid Gfyplq;fs;mike;Js;sd?Ke;E}w;W mWgj;njl;L

713. cyf tdtpyq;F ehs; vg;NghJnfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd?mf;NlhgH> 4-Mk; ehs;

nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk;714. mUq;fhl;rpafk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ?

nrd;id> vOk;G+upy;715. nrd;id> vOk;G+H mUq;fhl;rpafk;

ve;j Mz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?fp.gp. 1851 Mk; Mz;L

716. mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; vj;jidfhl;rpafq;fs; cs;sdgjpd;%d;W

GzHr;rp: capuPWclk;gLnka;> nka;aPW

717. capH <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; ty;ypdvOj;Jfs; te;jhy; mjd; nka;naOj;Jfs; _____.kpFk;

718. ‘gy’ - ,r;nrhy;ypy; (y;+m=y)vdg; gpupj;jhy;> ,jpy; m _____

MFk;.capH <W

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719. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;wcapHKd; frjg kpFk;. ve;j E}ypy;cs;s tupfs;?ed;D}y;> 165

clk;gLnka;720. epiynkhop <w;W capUk; tUnkhop

Kjy; capUk; ,izAk; NghJ t;my;yJ a; ,ilapy; Njhd;wpdhy;,jw;F _____ vd;W ngaHclk;gLnka;

721. ghLk; ghly; - ,j;njhlupy; ghly;vd;gJ vd;d?tUnkhopnkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

722. ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lk;1. fij + nrhd;dhd; = fijnrhd;dhd;2. mofNdhL + nrd;whd; =

mofNdhL nrd;whd;3. tPl;bapypUe;J + ghHj;jhd; =

tPl;bapypUe;J ghHj;jhd;4. vdJ + Gj;jfk; = vdJ Gj;jfk;5. RL + NrhW = RL NrhW6. fy;tp + Nfs;tp = fy;tpNfs;tp7. gbj;j + ghlk; = gbj;j ghlk;8. Nfhop + nfhf;fupj;jJ = Nfhopnfhf;fupj;jJ9. tho;f + nre;jkpo; = tho;fnre;jkpo;10. mJ> ,J> vJ> vd;Dk;nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

mJ + jhd; = mJjhd; md;W> ,d ;W> vd ;W vDk ;

nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd; kpfhJ (v.L)md;W nfhLj;Njd;.

11. mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jidvd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk;kpfhJ.(v.L) vj;jid + nghUs; =

vj;jidnghUs;12. gb vd;W KbAk; tpidnar;rk;

cfutPw;W tpidnar;rk; vjpHkiwg;nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk;kpfhJ.(v.L) tUk;gb $wpdhs;

723. gythz;L ,r;nrhy; gpupAk; Kiw_____

gy + Mz;L724. gid + Xiy - ,uz;bw;Fk;

,ilapy;_____ Njhd;Wk;?a;

725. , < I top at;Tk; Vidca p Hto p tt ;Tk ; VKd ;,t;tpUikAk; capHtupd; clk;gLnka;nad; whFk; ,g;ghly; ve;jE}ypy; te;Js;sJed;D}y;nka;aPw;Wg;GzHr;rp

726. E}y;+Mil - ,jpy; E}y; vd;gJepiynkhop Mil vd;gJ tUnkhopvdNt e piynkho pa pd ; <Wnka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; mij _____

vd miog;gH.nka;aPW

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727. cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ,ay;Ng . ,t ;tu p ve ;E}y py ;te;Js;sJ?ed;D}y; 204

728. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capHtupd;,ul;Lk; ,e;j tup ve;E}ypy;te;Js;sJ.ed;D}y; 205

,ay;gj;J - nra;As;gFjpKj;Jf;FkhuRthkpgps;isj; jkpo;tUifg;gUtk;

729. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpio,aw;wpatH ahH?FkuFUguH

730. FkuFUguupd; ngw;NwhH ngaHvd;d?rz;Kf rpfhkzpf; ftpuhaHrptfhk Re;jupak;ik

731. FkuFUguH gpwe;j CH vJ?jpUitFz;lk;

732. FkuFUguH ve;nje;j nkhopfspy;Gyik kpf;ftuha;j; jpfo;e;jhH?jkpo;> tlnkhop> ,e;J];jhdp

733. jpUg;gze;jhspYk;> fhrpapYkFkuFUguH jk; ngauhy; vd;depWtp cs;shH?klk;

734. gps;isj;jkpo; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?,uz;L

735. ,Utifahd gps;isj;jkpiovOJf1. Mz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo;2. ngz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo;

736. gps;isj;jkpopy; vj;jid gUtq;fs;cs;sd?gj;Jg;gUtk;

737. gj ;Jg ;gUtq ;fspy ; vj ;jidgUtq;fs; ,Ughw; gps;isj;jkpOf;Fk; nghJthdit MFk;?VO gUtq;fs;

738. VOtifahd gUtq;fisf; $Wf?fhg;G> nrq;fPiu> jhy; rg;ghzpKj;jk; tUif> mk;Gyp

739. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; Mz;ghYf;Fupa,Wjp %d;W gUtq;fis vOJf?rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw> rpWNjH

740. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; ngz;ghYf;Fupa,Wjp %d;W gUtq;fis vOJf?mk;khid> foq;F (ePuhly;)> Cry;

741. Gs;spUf;F NtSupy; (itj;jPRtud;Nfhtpy;) vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg;ngUkhdpd; ngaH vd;d?Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp

742. FkuFUguH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;vit?fe;jH fypntz;gh> kJiu kPdhl;rpmk;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> kJiuf;fyk;gfk;> rfyfyhty;yp khiy>ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;.

743. FkuFUguH vt;T+upy; ,iwtdbNrHe;jhH?fhrp

744. FkuFUguupd; fhyk; vd;d?gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L

745. Fwpg;Gekf;Fg; ghlg;gFjpahf cs;s ghly;tUifg; gUtj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.,J E}ypd; MwhtJ gUtkhFk;.

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Foe;ijapd; gjpd;%d;whk; jpq;fspy;epfo;tJ@ jsHeilapl;L tUk;Foe;ijapd; jpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf;$wp mUfpy; tUf tUf vdtha;Fspu kdq;Fspu miof;Fk;ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljha; ,g;gUtk;mike;Js;sJ.

746. ,iwtidNah ey ;yhiuNahghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;Lmtiuf; Foe;ijahff; fUjpg;ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpa tif _____gps;isj;jkpo;

747. nrhw;nghUs;1. kjp - mwpT2. mKj fpuzk; - FspHr;rpahd xsp3. cjak; - fjputd;4. kJuk; - ,dpik5. ewtk; - Njd;6. fOtpa JfsH - Fw;wkw;wtH7. ryjp - fly;8. myF ,y; - mstpy;yhj9. Gtdk; - cyfk;10. kjiy - Foe;ij11. gUjpGup - fjputd; topgl;l,lk; (itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpy;)

,yf;fpaj;jpy; eifr;Rit748. eifr;Rit Njhd;Wtjw;fhd

fhuzk; vd;dntd;W njhy;fhg;gpak;$WfpwJ?vs;sy;> ,dpik> mwpahik>klik

749. efy;ty;yH my;yhHf;F khapUQhyk; gfYk;ghw; gl;ld; wpUs;,J ve;E}ypd; tupfs;?Fws; 999

750. ek; clypy; _____, _____ Vw;gLtjw;Fk; ey;y eifr;Rit JizGupfpd;wJ.FUjpXl;lk; $Ltjw;Fk;> %isapy;Gj;JzHr;rp

751. ,t;Tyfpy; eiff;fj; njupahjtHfis vd;d ntd;W fUjg;gLthHfs;?miukdpjHfs;

752. mQ;riy muf;f! ghHtpl; le;jukile;jh dd;Nw ntQ;rpd thyp>kPshd;> thYk; Ngha; tPo;e;jjd;Nw....,t ;tu pfs ; ve ;E}y py ; ,lk ;ngw;Ws;sd?fk;guhkhazk;

753. nraq;nfhz;lhH _____ ,UnghUs;jUkhW nrhw;fisg; ghl;by;mikj;Jg; ghLtjpy; ty;ytH MtHftpfhsNkfk;

754. ftp vd;gjw;F _____ vd;Dk;nghUs;.Fuq;Fehq ;fs ; ft puhrHfs ; vd ;WnrUf;Fld; $wpa GytHfspd;nrUf;if mlf;Fk; gb> ftpvd;gjw;Ff; Fuq;F vd;Dk; nghUs;Njhd;WkhW.thnyq ; Nf ? e Pz ;L vOe ;jty;Yfpnuq;Nf ehY fhnyq;Nf

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Cd;tbj;j fz;nzq;Nf? rhyg;GtpuhaH Nghw;Wk; GytHfhs;!ePq;fs; ftpuhaH vd;wpUe;jf; fhy;.vDk; ghliy nraq;nfhz;lhHghbdhH.

755. ,f;fhyf; ftpQHfs; jhq;fs;ifahSfpd;w vjidf;nfhz;Leifr;Ritia mOFw mikj;Jf;fhl;LfpwhHfs;?fw;gidfspYk;> ctikfspYk;

756. ftpQH ghujpjhrd; vjDilaNjhif ePz;L ,Ug;gij eifr;Ritahf $wpdhH?kapy;ftpQH ghujpjhrd; kapypd; fOj;JePz;L ,Ug;gij eifr;Ritahftpsf;FfpwhH.mayhd; tPl;by; miwapy; elg;gijvl;bg; ghHf;fh jpUg;g jw;Nf,aw ;if ad ;id ,g ;ngz ;fl;nfy;yhk;Fl;ilf; fOj;ijf; nfhLj;jhd;:fiwnahd; wpy;yhf; fyhg kapNy!cdf;Nfh epkHe;J epw;f ePs; fOj;Jmspj;jhd;.

757. ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQH Njrpftpehafdhupd; _____ xU eifr;Ritf; fsQ;rpak; vd;gH.kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;gbf;fr; nrd;wtd; vijnay;yhk;gzak; itf;fpwhd; vd;gij

ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQH NjrpftpehafdhH ghbAs;shH.

Mik tilf;fha; miuQhz;gzak;Nghspf; fhfg; Gj;jfk; gzak;rPilf; fhfr; rpNyl;L gzak;KWf;Ff; fhf Nkhjpuk; gzak;fhg;gpf; fhff; fLf;fd; gzak;$j;Jf; fhff; FilAk; gzak;

758. ‘Ks;S KidapNy %Z Fsk;ntl;bNdd;’ - vdj; njhlq;Fk;eifr;Rit czHT kpf;f ghly;vjpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;

759. eifr;RitAzHT ,y;yhjtUf;Fg;gfYk; _____ Njhd;Wk;,Usha;

ahg;G mzp760. jk po ; ,yf ;fzk ; vj ;jid

tifg;gLk;Itifg;gLk;

761. Ie;J tifahd jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijvOJf?vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk;>nghUs; ,yf;fzk;> ahg;gpyf;fzk;>mzpapyf;fzk;

762. ‘ahg;G’ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?fl;Ljy;

763. vYk;G jir euk;G Kjypatw;why;cly; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Nghyr;nra;ASf;F cupa cWg;Gfisr;nfhz;L ghliy cUthf;Ftij_____ vd;fpNwhk;.

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ahg;G764. nra;As; cWg;Gfs; vj;jid

tifg;gLk;?MW

765. MW tifahd nra;As; cWg;GfisvOJf?vOj;J> mir> rPH> jis> mb>njhil

766. vOj;J mir rPH jis mbnjhil ,e ;j MWk ; vjd ;cWg;Gfs; MFk;?ahg;G

767. XnuOj;J jdpj;Njh ,ize;Njhxypj;jhy; mJ _____ vdg;gLk;.mir

768. mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;?,uz;L

769. ,U tifahd mirapd; tiffistpsf;Ff.Neuir> epiuair

770. mirfs; gy NrHe;J mike;jhy;mJ _____ vdg;gLk;.rPH

771. rPHfs; xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;jmiktJ _____ vdg;gLk;.jis

772. ,uz;L my;yJ gy rPHfs; NrHe;JmiktJ _____ vdg;gLk;.mb

773. mbfs; ,uz;L Kjypadthfj;njhlHe;J mLf;fpg; ghLtJ _____vdg;gLk;.gh

774. g h -t pd ; tiffs ; vj ;jidtifg;gLk;?ehd;F

775. ehd;F tifahd gh tiffisf;$Wf?ntz;gh> Mrpupag;gh> tQ;rpg;gh>fypg;gh

776. vjid NtWgLj;jp mwptjw;fhfehy;tifg; ghf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?Xireak;

777. Mapuj ;J Ke ;E}w ;W Kg ;gJjpUf;FwSk; ntz;gh MFk;.Mdhy ; ,uz;lbfs ; kl ;Lk ;tUtjhy; ,ijf; _____ vdmiog;gH.Fws; ntz;gh

778. Fws;ntz;ghtpw;F v.fh jUf?Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;Fkhly;y kw;iw ait

779. Fwpg;Gfz; ,ikj;j yhybfs; fhrpdpapy;Njha;jyhy;tz;z kyHkhiy thLjyhy;vz;zp eWe;jh kiu tpUk;Gk;ed;DjNy md;dhs; mwpe;jhs;esd; jd;id Mq;F.-,g;ghly; Neupir ntz;gh MFk;ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwhmtyh nfhd;Nwh kpirah nfhd;Nwhvt;top ey;ytH MltHmt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd- ,g;ghly; fypg;gh MFk;.tisahL kyHr;Rid ePupdpil

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tisahbif kq;ifa ud;d nkdtpisahLt NuhLtH $LtHgpd;tpisahLtH igq;fpsp NkTwNt!- ,g;ghly; tQ;rpg;gh MFk;.

mzpapyf;fzk;780. mzp vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?

moF781. GytHfs>; nghUsoFk; nrhy;yoFk;

Njhd;wf; ftpijfis ,aw;wpf;fw;Nghiu kdq;Fspur; nra;Ak;,yf;fzj;ij _____ vd;gH.mzpapyf;fzk;

782. mzpapyf;fzk; Fwpj;j jkpo;E}y;fs; ahJ?jz;bayq;fhuk; khwdyq;fhuk;

783. ctik ctNkak; ,uz;Lk;jdpj ;jdpahf vLj ;Jf ;fhl ;b,ilapy; ctk cUG kiwAkhWmikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ _____

mzp MFk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp

784. ctkhdk; NtW ctNkak; NtWvdj; Njhd;whj tifapy; ctkhdj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis ctNkaj;jpd;Nky; Vw ;wpf ; $WtJ _____

mzpahFk;.cUtf mzp

785. kjpKfk; - cUtfkhf khWk;NghJ_____ vdtUk;.Kfkjp

9 Mk; tFg;G,ay; - xd;W

nra;As; - tho;j;J1) cyfk; ahitAk; jhKs thf;fYk;

- vd;w tho;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghbath;ahh;?fk;gh;

2) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. csthf;fy; - cz;lhf;Fjy;>(gilj;jy;)2. epiyngWj;jy; - fhj;jy;3. ePf;fy; - mopj;jy;4. ePq;fyh - ,iltplhJ5. myfpyh - mstw;w6. md;dth; - mj;jifa ,iwth;7. jiyth; - ,iwth;8. ruz; - milf;fyk;

3) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1 ahitAk; - ck; - Kw;Wk;ik:Mf;fy;> ePf;fy;>2. tpisahl;L - njhopw; ngah;fs;3. myfpyh tpisahl;L - <Wnfl;lvjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

4) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:-cilah - cil + a; + Mh;cil - gFjpa; - re;jpMh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

5) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpYs;s NjuOe;J}hpy;fk;gh; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; fk;guhkhazk;>Vu; vOgJ> rpiy vOgJ> ruRtjp

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me;jhjp> rlNfhgh ; me;jhjp>jpUf;if tof;fk; Mfpa E}y;fis,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,th; FNyhj;Jq;fr;Nrhodpd; mitg;Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;.jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;r; rilag;gts;syhy; Mjhpf;fg; ngw;whh;. ,th;ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp vdTk; fy;tpapy;nghpah; fk;gh; vdTk; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gpgd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vdf;$Wth;.

6) E}w;Fwpg;G:-tlnkhopapy; thd;kPfp Kdpth;vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijr; jOtpj;jk po py ; fk ; g h ; vOj paNjfk;guhkhazk;. fk;gh;> ,e;E}Yf;F,uhkhtjhuk; vd;Nw ngahpl;lhh;.,J ghyfhz;lk;> mNahj;jpahfhz;lk;> Muzpafhz;lk;> fplfpe;jhfhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;jfhz;lk;vd MW fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.fk;guhkhazg; ghyfhz;lj;jpYs;sKjw;ghly; tho;j;Jg; ghlyhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

7) nghUj;Jf:-1. csthf;fy; - gilj;jy;2. epiyngWj;jy; - fhj;jy;3. ePf;fy; - mopj;jy;4. jiyth; - ,iwth;

8) epug;Gf:-1. fy;tpapw; nghpah; _____ vdmiof;fg; ngWgth;.fk;gh;

2. fk;guhkhazk; ______ fhz;lq;fiscilaJ.MW3. fk;gh; gpwe;j Cu; ______

NjuOe;J}h;jpUf;Fws;

nghiwAilik9) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;1. mfo;thh; = mfo; + t; + Mh;

mfo; - gFjpt; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiyMh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

2. kwj;jy; = kw + j;+ jy;kw - gFjpj; - re;jpjy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp

3. itg;gh; = it + g; + g; + mh;it - gFjpg; - re;jpg; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiymh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

4. xWj;jhh; = xW + j; + j; + Mh;xW - gFjpj; - re;jpj; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyMh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

5. ,we;jhh; = ,w + j;(e;) + j; + Mh;,w - gFjpj; - re;jpj; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy

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10) nrhw;nghUs; :-1. mfo;thiu - Njhz;Lgtiu2. ,fo;thh; - ,opTgLj;JNthh;3. jiy - rpwe;j gz;G4. nghWj;jy; - nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;5. ,wg;gpid - gpwh; nra;jJd;gj;ij6. ,d;ik - tWik7. tpUe;J - tPl;Lf;Fg; Gjpatuha;te;jth;8. xuhy; - jtph;j;jy;9. klthh; - mwptpypfs;10 epiw - rhy;G11. xWj;jhiu - jz;bj;jtiu12. xd;whf - xU nghUl;lhf13. nghjpe;J itg;gh; - (kdj;Js;)itj;Jf; nfhs;th;14. nghd;Wk; JizAk; - cyfk;cs;stiu15. jpwdy;y - nra;aj;jfhj16. Nehnehe;J - Jd;gj;jpw;FtUe;jp17. kpFjpahd; - kdr;nrUf;fhy;18. kpf;fit - jPik19. jFjpahd; - nghWikahy;20 Jwe;jhh; - gw;wpid tpl;lth;21. ,we;jhh; - tuk;G fle;jth;22. ,d;dh - jPa23. Nehw;fpw;gth; - nghWg;gth;24. Nehw;ghh; - Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;gth;25. ,d;dhr; nrhy; - jPa nrhy;

11) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. cz;zhJ - tpidnar;rk;2. nghWj;jy; - njhopw; ngah;

3. mfo;thh;> ,fo;thh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;4. kwj;jy;> nghWj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;fs;5. ed;W - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W6. tpUe;J - gz;ghF ngah;7. xuhy;> nghiw - njhopw;ngah;fs;8. ePq;fhik - vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;9. Nghw;wp - tpidnar;rk;10. nghjpe;J – tpidnar;rk;11. xWj;jhh;> nghWj;jhh; tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;12. jw;gpwh; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif13. nra;apDk; - ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik14. nehe;J - tpidnar;rk;15. mwd;> jpwd; - <w;Wg; Nghypfs;16. nra;jhiu - tpidahyizAk;ngah;17. tply; - my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs;tpidKw;W18. ,we;jhh;> Jwe;jhh;> Nehw;fpw;gth;- tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;

19. ,d;dhr;nrhy; - <Wnfl;lvjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

12) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:jpUts;Sth;> jpUf;Fwspy; midj;Jehl;bdUk; ,dj;jpdUk; jkf;Nfchpanjdf; nfhz;lhLk; tifapy;ng hJikf ; fUj ;Jfisg ;gilj;jth;.

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ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;>nja;tg; Gyth;> ehd; Kfdhh;>khjhD gq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;>ngUehtyh; vd;Dk; rpwg ;Gg ;ngah;fSk; ,tUf;F cz;L.,thpd; fhyk; fp.K. 31 Mk; Mz;Lvd mwpQh; $Wth;.

13) E}w; Fwpg;G:-jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;. jpU –nry;tk;> rpwg;G> moF> Nkd;ik>nja;tj;jd;ik vdg; gy nghUs;nfhz;l xU nrhy;.Fws; - FWfpa mb cilaJ.VO rPh ;fisf; nfhz;l <ubntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ jpUf;Fws;.,e;E}y; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;>,d;gj;Jg;ghy; vd Kg;ngUk;gphpTfshf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.mwk; 38 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;>nghUs; 70 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;>,d;gk; 25 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W.,e;E}iyg; Nghw;wpg; ghuhl;baghly;fspd; njhFg;G jpUts;Stkhiy.jpUf;FwSf;F me;ehspNyNagjpd;kh; ciu vOjpAs;sdh;.mt;TiuAs;> ghpNkyofh; ciuNarpwe;jJ vd;gh;.

14) tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpahh; fz;tpopj;jJk; Kjypy; gbj;j E}y;jpUf;Fws;

15) jpUf;FwSf;F ciunra;j gjpd;kh;:1. jUkh;> 2. jhkj;jh;> 3. ghpjp>4. jpUkiyah;> 5. ghpg;ngUkhs;>6. kzf;Flth;> 7. er;rh;> 8.ghpNkyofh ; > 9. ky;yh ; > 10.fhspq;fh;.

16) nghUe;Jf:- 1. mwk; - Kg;gj;njl;L 2. nghUs; - vOgJ 3. ,d;gk; - ,Ugj;ije;J17) vJifr; nrhw;fis vLj;njOjp

mbf; NfhbLf:-1. kpFjpahd; kpf;fit nra;jhiuj;jhk;jk;jFjpahd; ntd;W tply;.vJif: kpFjp> jFjp2. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk;Nghyj;jk;ik,fo;thh;g; nghWj;jy; jiy.vJif: mfo;> ,fo;

18) nghUs; NtWghL mwpf:1. nghWj;jy; / nghUj;jy;nghWikaha; ,Uj;jy;> nghUe;jr;nra;jy;2. ,wj;jy; / ,uj;jy;caph; tpLjy;> ahrpj;jy;3. epiw / epiurhy;G> thpir4. tz;ik / td;ikts;sy; jd;ik> typik

19) ,UnghUs; jUf:-1. epiw _____> _____>rhy;G> vil2. jiy _____> _____>rpuk>; Kjd;ik

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jpuhtpl nkhopfs;(ciueil)

20) jk; vz;zq;fisAk; fUj;JfisAk; gpwUf;F mwptpf;Fk; fUtpahftpsq;FtJ vJ?nkhop

21) jdf;nfd jdpr;rpwg;Gk; gynkhopfs; Njhd;wp tsu mbg;gilahfTk;cs;s nkhop ve;j nkhop?%ynkhop

22) ,e;jpa nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;:- ,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopfs;>

nkhopapay; mwpQh; vj;jidnkhopf; FLk;gq;fSs; mlf;Fth;?mit ahit?ehd;F nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;1. ,e;Njh - Mrpa nkhopfs;2. jpuhtpl nkhopfs;3. M];jpNuh - Mrpa nkhopfs;4. rPd - jpngj;jpa nkhopfs;

23) ek; ehl;by; vj;jid nkhopfs;Ngrg;gLfpd;wd?Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;f;Fk; Nkw;gl;lnkho pfSk ; mjd ; f pisnkhopfSk;.

24) ,e;jpa ehl;il> _____ vdf;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;?“nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiy”(Museum of Languages)

25) nkhopapay; Nguhrphpah; ahh;?r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;

26) j puhtpl nkhopfs; vj ;jidcs;sd?

,d;W ,Ugj ;J %d;Wf ;Fk ;Nkw;gl;l

27) nkhopfs; vj;jid tifahfg;gphpg;gh;?njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tl jpuhtplnkhopfs; %tifahfg; gphpg;gh;.,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; gd;dpuz;Lnkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd.mtw;Ws;> Ke;E}w;W ,Ugj;ije;Jnkhopfs; Ngrg;gLtjhf ,e;jpakhd plt pay ; fzf ;nfLg ;Gj ;njhptpf;fpd;wJ.

28) njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs ;jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> FlF>JS> Njhlh> Nfhj;jh> nfhufh>,Ush.eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs ;njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhah> $ap>$tp > Nfhyhkp > gh ;[ p >fjgh>Nfhz;lh>ehaf;fp> ngq;Nfh> [jG.tljpuhtpl nkhopfs;F&f;> khy;Njh>gpuhFa;.

29) jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;>fd;dlk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; _____

nkhopfs;.jpuhtplg; ngUnkhopfs;

30) cyfehLfspd; gioikahdehfhpfq;fs; vJ?,e;jpa ehfhpfk;

31) ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; vd;gJ _____

gpwF epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ?nkhfQ ;rjhNu h – mug ; g hmfo;tha;f;Fg;

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32) _____ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNugue;J tphpe;jpUe;j ,e;jpa ehfhpfk;cyf ehfhpfq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk;jhahfTk ; topfhl ;bahfTk ;tpsq;fpapUf;fpwJ.fp.K. 3000 Mz;Lfs;

33) ,e;jpah KOtJk; gue;J tphpe;jpUe;jgok; ngUk; ehfhpfj;ij mwpQh;vt;thW fUJfpd;wdh;?jpuhtpl ehfhpfk;

34) jpuhtplh; Ngrpa nkhop vd;dnkhopahFk;?jpuhtpl nkhopahFk;

35) jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy; _____

vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUtJ.jpuhtpl ehL

36) jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyf;fhy;Lnty; _____ vd;Dk; E}ypy;Fwpg;gpl;L cs;shh;.jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;

37) jpuhtplk ; vd;Dk; nrhy;iycUthf;fpath; ahh;?Fkhhpygl;lh;

38) jpuhtpl nkhopia gad;ghl;bw;Ff;nfhz;L te;jth; ahh;?fhy;Lnty;

39) nkhopapay; mwpQh;> njhlf;ff;fhyj ;j py ; jkpioAk; mjd;fpisnkhopfshd kiyahsk;>njYq ;F > fd ;dlk ; Mf panjd;dpe;jpa nkhopfisAk; _____my;yJ _____ vd;W toq;fpdh;.jkpspad; my;yJ jKypf;

40) jpuhtpl vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny _____vd;Dk; nrhy;ypUe;J cUthdjhFk;.jkpo;

41) jkpo; > jpukps > jputpl > jpuhtpl– cUthapw;W vd ve;j nkhopapay;mwpQh; $wpfpwhh;?<uh]; ghjphpahh;.

42) njhd;ikr; rpwg;Gk; jiyikr;rpwg;Gk; jkpio ,d;W vt;thWcah;e;J epw;fr; nra;Js;sJ?cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhop

43) jkpo; nkhopapYs;s kpfg; gioikahd E}y; vJ?njhy;fhg;gpak;.

44) njhy;fhg;gpak; ve;j E}yhfj;jpfo;fpd;wJ?,yf;fz E}yhf

45) _____ tpOf;fhL mstpw;Fj;j p u ht pl nkho pf ;$Wfisf ;nfhz;Ls;s xNu jpuhtpl nkhop>jkpo;.vz;gJ tpOf;fhL

46) nrt;tpay; nkhopahf xsph;tJvJ?ekJ jha;nkhopahk; jkpNo

47) epug;Gf:1. nkhopfs; gy Njhd;wp tsumbg;gilahd nkhopia _____vd;gh;.%ynkhop2. ,e;jpahit nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr;rhiy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lth; _____mfj;jpaypq;fk;3. xU %y nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wptsUk; nkhopia _____ vd;gh;.fpisnkhop

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vOj;J (,yf;fzk;)48) nkhopiag; gpioapd;wpg; NgrTk;

Nfl;fTk;> fw;fTk; vOjTk; Jiznra;tJ vJ?,yf;fzk;

49) ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?jkpopyf;fzk;> vOj;jpyf;fzk;>nrhy;ypyf;fzk;> nghUspyf;fzk;>ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk;vd Itifg;gLk;.

50) vOj;Jfspd; tif:-vOj;J KjnyOj;J> rhh;ngOj;Jvd ,Utifg;gLk;.

51) KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d?m Kjy; xs tiu capu ;vOj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk; . f; Kjy;d; tiu cs;s nka;naOj;Jfs;gjpndl ;Lk ; Mfpa Kg;gJvOj;JfSk; Kjy; vOj;JfshFk;.

52) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d?Kjy; vOj;Jfisr; rhh ;e ;J,aq;Fk; vOj;Jfs; rhh;ngOj;Jfs;vdg;gLk;.

53) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?caph;nka;> Ma;jk;> capusngil>xw;wsngil> Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk ; > Ifhuf ;FWf ;fk ; >xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> kfuf;FWf;fk;>Ma;jf ;FWf;fk ; vdg ; gj ;Jtifg;gLk;.

msngil54) msngil vd;why; vd;d?

nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJxU nrhy ;y pd ; KjypYk ;,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk;nel;nlOj;Jfs; jkf;Fhpa ,uz;Lkhj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;L xypf;Fk;.

55) msngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?,uz;L tifg;gLk;.mit:-1. capusngil> 2. xw;wsngil

56) capusngil vd;why; vd;d?nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJme;j Xiria epiwT nra;acaph;neby; vOj;Jfs; VOk;msngLf;Fk;. ,/J capusngilvdg;gLk;.

57) capusngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?

%d;W tifg;gLk;mit – 1. nra;Aspir msngil>

2. ,d;dpir msngil> 3. nrhy;ypir msngil.58) nra;Aspir msngil vd;why;

vd;d?nra;Aspy; ,iria epiwf;ftUk;msngiliar ; nra ;Aspirmsngil vd;gh;.

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59) ,d;dpir msngil vd;why; vd;d?Xir Fiwahtpl;lhYk; ,dpaXirf ;f hf msngLj ;jiy,d;dpir msngil vd;gh;.

60) nrhy;ypir msngil vd;why;vd;d?xU nrhy; kw;nwhU nrhy;yhfg;nghUs; gltUk; msngilnrhy;ypir msngil vd;gh;.

61) xw;wsngil vd;why; vd;d?nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwe;jhy;nka;naOj;JfSk; msngLf;Fk;. ,/J xw;wsngil vdg;gLk;.

62) Fwpg;G1. nra;Aspir msngil ( ,irepiwmsngil) nra;Aspd; XiriaepiwT nra;a <uir nfhz;lrPh;fshf kl;Lk; tUk;. (v.fh) cohmh;> glh mh;>

2. ,d;dpir msngil - ,dpa,irf;fhf %tir nfhz;l rPu;fshfkl;Lk; tUk;. (v.fh) nfLg;gJ}ck;>vLg;gJ}ck;.

3. nrhy;ypir msngil – ngah;r;nrhy; msngLj;J> tpidnar;rg;nghUspy; tUk;. , vd;Dk; vOj;jpy;KbT ngw;wpUf;Fk;. (v.fh)eir ,> epwP ,.

4. xw;wsngil – ty;ypdj;J f;> r;>l;> j;> g;> w;> vd;Dk; MWk;>,ilapdj;jpy; h;> o; vd;Dk;,uz ;Lk ; Mf ,e ;j vl ; L

nka ;naOj ;Jfs ; jt pug ; g pwnka;naOj;Jfs; msngLf;Fk;.

63) vOj;Jtif _____ khj;jpiu1. caph;f;Fwpy;> caph;nka;f; Fwpy;- xd;W2. capu;neby;>caph; nka; neby;- ,uz;L3. nka;> Ma;jk; - miu4. capusngil - %d;W5. xw;wsngil - xd;W

64) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:1. cwh mh;f; FWNeha; ciug;gha;- ,j;njhlhpy; _____ te;Js;sJ.nra;Aspir2. cLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck;,y;yhh;f;F - ,f;Fwl;ghj; njhlhpy;_____ msngil te;Js;sJ.,d;dpir3. nrhy;ypir msngiliaj;njhpT nra;f:tudir, ,d;Dk; cs;Nsd;.

65) nghUj;Jf:m. xw;wsngil – muq;q;fk;M. nra;Aspir msngil –cohmh;, . ,d ;d pir msngil –cLg;gJ}ck;<. nrhy;ypir msngil –FbjoP,

66) epug;Gf –1. msngil vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F_____ vd;gJ nghUs;

msG - khj;jpiu vil - vLj;jy;

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vOj;Jfspd; gpwg;G67) vOj;Jfspd; gpwg;G vj;jid

tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?vOj;Jfspd; gpwg;G ,Utifg;gLk;.

1. ,lg;gpwg;G 2. Kaw;rpg; gpwg;G68) ,lg;gpwg;G vd;why; vd;d?

vOj;Jfs; Njhd;Wfpd;w khh;GKjyhdtw ;iw ,lg ; g p wg ; Gvd;gH.

69) Kaw;rpg;gpwg;G vd;why; vd;d?cjL Kjyhd cWg;Gfspd;njhopy; NtWghl;bdhy; xypg;gjid Kaw;rpg;gpwg;G vd;gH.

70) nka;naOj;Jfis xypf;Fk; NghJNtWgl;l %d;W xypfs; ahit?1. ty;ypd xyp2. nky;ypd xyp3. ,ilapd xyp

71) KjnyOj;Jfspd; ,lg;gpwg;Gm) ,ilapd vOj;Jfs; MWk;fOj;jpypUe;J gpwf;fpd;wd.M) nky;ypd vOj;Jfs; MWk;%f;fpypUe;J gpwf;fpd;wd.,) ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; MWk;khh;gpypUe;J gpwf;fpd;wd.

72) Mtp ,ilik ,lkplW MFk;NkTk ; nkd ;ik %f ;Fcuk;ngWk; td;ik

- ed;D}y;> 75Mtp - capnuOj;J,ilik - ,ilapdk;kplW - fOj;Jnkd;ik - nky;ypdk;cuk; - khh;G

73) ,uz;L cjLfs; nghUe;Jtjdhy;gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jfs;.g;> k;nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

74) jkpo; vz;ZUf;fis mwpNthk;1. f2. c

75) jkpo;r; nrhy;ywpNthk;:-1. Rtpl;r; - nghj;jhd;2. I];thl;lh; - Fsph; ePh;3. $y;l;hpq;]; - Fsph;ghdk;4. fpiuz;lh; - kpd; miuit5. gphp[; - Fsph;rhjdg; ngl;b6. B - NjePh;7 . th\pq ;nk\pd; - ryit,ae;jpuk;8. nlypNghd; - njhiyNgrp

76) jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf –

1. Bend the tree while it is young

Ie;jpy; tisahjJ> Ik;gjpy;tisAkh?2. As is the mother, so is her daughter

jhiag;Nghyg; gps;is> E}iyg;Nghy Nriy3. A friend in need is a friend indeed

caph;fhg;ghd; Njhod;4. A man of courage never wants weapons

ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;.5. Blood is thicker than water

jhd; Mlhtpl;lhYk; jd;jir MLk;.

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,ay;,uz;Lnra;As; - rpWgQ;r%yk;

77) fz ;tdg ;Gf ; fz ;Nzhl ;lk ; >fhy;tdg;Gr; nry;yhik – vd;wrpWgQ;r%yk; vd;w ghliyg;ghbath; ahh;?fhhpahrhd;

78) nrhw;nghUs; -1. fz;Nzhl;lk; - ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;2. vz;tdg;G - Muha;r;rpf;F moF3. tdg;G - moF4. fpsh;Nte;jd; - GfOf;F chpamurd;5. thl;lhd; - tUj;jkhl;lhd;

79) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. fz;Nzhl;lk;> nry;yhik>ciuj;jy;> vd;wy; - njhopw;ngah;fs;2. Nfl;lhh;> thl;lhd; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;

80) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; -1. Nfl;lhh; - Nfs; (l;) + l; + Mh;Nfs; - gFjps; - l; MdJ tpfhuk;l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyMh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjpmzp - nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiymzp

81) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-fhhpahrhd;> kJiuj; jkpohrphpah;khf;fhadhhpd; khzth; vdr;rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; $WfpwJ. ,th;>rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,tUk;fzpNkjhtpahUk; xU rhiy

khdhf;fuhth;.ngUk;ghd;ik nghJmwf;fUj;JfSk; rpWghd;ik rkzmwf;fUj;JfSk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

82) E}w; Fwpg;G :-rpWgQ;r%yk; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;FE}y;fSs; xd;W. ,jd; Mrphpah;fhhpahrhd;. ,e;E}ypy;> flTs;tho;j;Jld; njhz;Z}w;NwO ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. fz;lq; fj;jphp>rpWtOJiz> rpWky;yp> ngUky;yp>neUQ;rp Mfpa Ie;J %ypifapd;Nth;fSk; cly; Nehiaj; jPh;g;gd.mJNghy> ,e;E}ypd; xt;nthUghlypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s Ie;JfUj;JfSk; kf;fs; kdNehiag;Nghf;Ftd. Mifahy; ,e;E}y;rpWgQ;r%yk; vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ.epug;Gf:1 . gz ;Zf ;F moF _____ed;nwd;wy; Nfl;Nlhh;.2. gpwhplk; ,ue;J nry;yhik _____moF.fhYf;F

ghQ;rhyprgjk; - ghujpahh;83) ,e;jpu khefiu Mz;L te;jth;

ahh;?ghz;lth;

84) nrhw;nghUs; -1. vk;gp – vd;jk;gp2. klg;gpb – ghQ;rhyp3. fspf;f – kfpo4. Nfhkhd; – murd; ( jpUjuhl;bud;)

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5. Ee;ij – Ek; je;ij6. mltp – fhL7. jle;Njhs; – typaNjhs;8. kzpefh; – mofpa efuk;9. kUq;F – gf;fk;10. NfhyKW – moF kpf;f11. nrwpe;J – mlh;e;J12. fh – fhL13. FyT – tpsq;Fk;14. Qhyk; – cyfk;15. gz;zth; – Njth;16. muk;igah; – Njt kfsph;17. Qhdk; – mwpT18. Gd;ik – ,ope;j jd;ik19. tPW – typik20. rJuq;fr; Nrid – ehy;tifg;gilfs;21. kJunkhop – ,dpa nkhop22. Fryq;fs; Ngrp – eyd; Nfl;ly;

85) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:–1. khefh; – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;2. rhh;e;jth; – tpidahyizAk;ngah;3. Ee;ij – Ek; je;ij vd;gjd;k& c4. mltp kiyahW – ck;ikj;njhif5. fle;J – tpidnar;rk;6. jle;Njhs; – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;7. ghyilAk; eWnea;Ak; NjDk;– vz;Zk;ik8. ePyKb> ed;nra;> Gd;nra; –

gz;Gj; njhiffs;

9. gha;e;J> nrwpe;J – tpidnar;rq;fs;10. Qhynkyhk;> kf;fnsyhk; –

vy;yhk; vd;gjd; njhFj;jy;tpfhuk;.11. fhj;jy; – njhopw;ngah;12. njhy;YyF – gz;Gj; njhif13. jhsKk; NksKk; – vz;Zk;ik14. gjkyh; – cUtfk;

86) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;1. fle;J – fl+ j;(e;)+ j; + cfl – gFjpj; – re;jpj; – e; MdJ tpfhuk;j; – ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyc – tpidnar;r tpFjp2. nry;thd; – nry; + t; + Md;nry; – gFjpt; – vjph;fhy ,ilepiyMd; – Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

87) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; jw;NghijaJ}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;svl;laGuj;jpy; 11-12-1882 md;Wgpwe ;jhh ; . ,th ;jk ; ngw;Nwhh ;rpd;drhkp – ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh;Mth ; . ,th pd ; Jiztpahh ;nry;yk;khs;. rpwe;j gilg;ghsuhdghujpahh; Fapy; ghl;L> fz;zd;ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; KjypaE}y;fisg; gilj;jspj;jhh;. ehL>nkhop> ,iw> ngz;ik Kjypa

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ghLnghUs;fspy; vz;zw;w ghly;,aw;wpdhh;. Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd;fij> juhR Kjypa ciueil,yf;fpaq;fisAk; vOjpdhh;. ,th;1 1 - 0 9 - 1 9 21 md ;W es ;s p uTkiwe;jhh;.

88) E}w;Fwpg;G:-,g;ghlg;gFjp> ghujpahhpd; Kg;ngUk;gilg;GfSs; xd;whfpa ghQ;rhyprgjk; vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; #o;r;rpr;rUf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.midtUk; mwpe;j ,jpfhrf;fijia vspa nrhw;fs;> vspaeil> vspa re;jk; Mfpatw;Wld;$ba ngz;Zhpikf; fhg;gpakhfj;jkpopy; ghujp tbj;Jj; je;jNjghQ;rhyprgjk;. tpahrhpd; ghujj;ijj;jOtp vOjg; ngw;wJ. ghQ;rhyprgjk; ,U ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.,J #o;r;rpr; rUf;fk;> #jhl;lr;rUf ;fk ; > mbikr ; rUf ;fk ; >JfpYhpjy; rUf;fk;> rgjr; rUf;fk;vd Ie ;J rUf ;fq ;fisAk ;ehD}w;Wg; gd;dpuz;L ghly;fisAk; nfhz;l FWq;fhg;gpak;.

89) rpwg;G:ghujpahh; ghl;lf;nfhU Gytd;>ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh>jw;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp>Njrpaf;ftp> kfhftp vd;nwy;yhk;Gfog;ngw;whh;.

RNjrkpj;jpud;> ,e;jpah Kjypa,jo;fspd; Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhh;.,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLg;gl;lhh;.

90) epug;Gf-1. ePL Japy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyhvdg; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wth; ______

Mthh;.ghujpahh;2. JhpNahjdpd; je;ij ______

Mthh;.jpUjuhl;bud;

91) nghUj;Jf1. tdg;G – moF2. gpb – ngz; ahid3. mltp – fhL4. kUq;F – gf;fk;5. tPW – typik6. kJunkhop – ,dpa nkhop,f;fhyf; ftpijfs;

(ciueil)92) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ______>

______ Kk; tpiuthf tsh;e;jd.mwptpaYk;> ,yf;fpaKk;

93) nra;As;> ciueil vd;Dk; ,UtbtpYk; ______ kyh;e;Js;sd.GJtif ,yf;fpaq;fs;

94) ciueilf;fhyk; vd;why; vd;d?,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ciueiltsj;ijf ; fUj ;j pw ;nfhz;LNehf;Fk; NghJ ,f;fhyj;ijciueilf; fhyk; vdyhk;.

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95) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fj;jpy;ehL> nkhop> ,dk;> rKjhak;> fiyvd ve;j ve;jf; ftpQh; gytw;iwg;ghbdh;?ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ftpkzpNjrpfk; tpehafdhh;> ehkf;fy;>,uhkypq;fdhh;.

96) ghujpapd; ftpijfs; ,Ugjhk;E}w;whz;by; vjw;F tpj;jhfmike;jdh;?mUk;gpa kWkyh;r;rpf;F

97) kd;dh;fis kl;LNk kfpo;tpj;Jte;j ftpij kuig khw;wp> vspakf;fis Nehf;fpf ; ftpijf;fUtpiaj; jpUg ;g p mikj;jngUik ahiur; rhUk;?ghujpahiur; rhUk;

98) ghujpjhrdpd; ftpijfs; ahit?jkpo;> jkpoh;> jkpOzh;T> rOjhakWkyh;r ;rp> ngz; tpLjiy>jpuhtpl ,af;fr ; r pe ;jid>nghJTilik

99) tpLjiy ,af;ff; ftpQh; ahh;?ehkf;fy; ftpQh;

100) Fwpg;G –ftpijfspy; fhe;jpar; rpe;jidfs;kpsph ;fpd;wd. ,th; jkpohpd;rpwg;igAk; jkpo;nkhopapd; ,dpikiaAk; Nrh;j;Jg; ghbdhh;?ehkf;fy; ftpQh;

101) tho;f;if rpwf;f xt;nthUtUk; xUnjhopiyahtJ fw;Wf; nfhs;tJey;yJ vd typAWj;jpath; ahh;?ehkf;fy;yhh;

102) Gyth ; Foe ;ij> Kbaurd ;KjypNahh; ftpijfspy; gFj;jwpTNehf;Fk; ______ ,yq;ff; fhzyhk;.Kw ; Ng hf ;Fr ; r p e ; jidAk ;jkpOzh;Tk;

103) ctikf;ftpQh; vd rpwg;Gg ;ngw;wth; ahh;?Rujh

104) Rujh ghly;fspy; ,ilapy; fye;JtUtJ vJ?tuyhw ;Wr ; nra ;j pfSk ; >,yf;fz tpsf;fq;fSk;.

105) Rujh ahiu ctikfshy ;ghuhl;bAs;shh;?kiwkiyabfshiu

106) g h uj pj hridj ; njhlh ; e ;J,aw;ifapd; moif vopYwg; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltjpy; ahUilaftpijfs; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd?thzpjhrd;

107) kuGf ; ft pijfs ; Gide ;Jjkpod;idf;F NkYk; tsKk;ngUikAk; ahh; Nrh;j;Js;sdh;?Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh;> gl;Lf;Nfhl ;ilf ; fy ;ahzRe ;juk ; >ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;> jkpo;xsp

108) kdpjFy tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;wthWrpe ;jid khw;wq;fSk; r%fkhw;wjpd; tpisNt______GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk;

109) mnkhpf;ff; ftpQh; ‘thy;l;tpl;kdpd;’rhaypy; trd ftpij vOjpath;ahh;?ghujpahh;

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110) ghujpjhrdpd; ciueilfs; midj;Jk;______ nfhz;lit?ftpijeil

111) jkpopy; GjpanjhU tbtk; Njhd;wf;fhuzkhf ,Ue;jit?Nkiy ehl ;L ,yf ;f paj ;njhlh;Gk;> rKjhar; #o;epiyAk;

112) Gjpa Mq;fpyf; ftpijfisg;gbj;j jkpouJ rpe;jidapy; ve;jf;ftpijfs; kyh;e;J kzk; gug;gpd?GJf;ftpijfs;

113) kzpf ;nfhb vd;Dk; ,jopy ;GJf;ftpij vOjpath; ahh;?e.gpr;r%h;j;jp> GJikg;gpj;jd;> F.g.,uhrNfhghyhd;> f.eh.Rg ;gpukzpad;.

114) vOj;J vd;Dk; GJf;ftpijfisg;gilj;jth; ahh;?v];.itj;jP];tud;> jUK rptuhK>kzp> rp.R nry;yg;gh KjypNahh;Mth;.

115) Nfhitapy; thdk; ghbf; FOtpdh;ve;jf; ftpijiag; gutyhf;fg;ghLgl;ldh;?GJf;ftpij

116) GJf;ftpij ghLtjpy; <Lgl;Lg;ngU ntw;wp ngw;w ftpQh;fs; ahh;?eh.fhkuhrd;> kPuh(kP. ,uhNre;jpud;)>rpw;gpghyRg;gpukzpad;> thyp>,d;Fyhg;> K.Nkj;jh> ituKj;J>mg;Jy;uFkhd;> <NuhL jkpod;gd;

117) Fwpg;G:-GtpauR> fq;if nfhz;lhd;> rpw;gp>jkpo;ehld;> mf;fpdpg;Gj;jpud;>rf;jpf;fdy;> ,utPe;jpud;> Qhdp> gh.

nrag;gpufhrk;> gpugQ;rd;> ghyh>Nfh.uh[huhk; vd tsUk; ngUk;gl;baiyf; nfhz;lJ thdk;ghb,af;fk;. ,th;fsJ tUiff;Fg;gpd;dh; GJf;ftpij> rKjhak; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Xh; ,yf;fpa tifahfr;rpwg;Gw;wJ.

118) epug;Gf:-1. fhe;jpaf; ftpQh; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgth; ______

ehkf;fy; ftpQh;2. GJf;ftpij tsh;r;rpapy; ______

gq;F Nghw;wj;jf;fJ.ty;ypf;fz;zd;fz;zjhrd;ftpapd;gk;

(Jizg;ghlk;)119) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;f;

ft pQh ; fs pd ; th pira py ;jdf;nfd;W jdp Kj;jpiuiag;gjpj;jth; ahh;?ftpauR fz;zjhrd;

120) vspa nrhw ;fisf; nfhz;Lcs;sj;ij kfpo;tpf;Fk; ghly;fis,aw;wpa ngUik ahUf;F cz;L?fz;zjhrd;

121) tho;f;ifAk; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wparpe;jidfSNk ______ FhpanghUs;fshk;.

ftpijf;Fhpa

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122) coth; ngUkf;fspd; ,y;yj;NjvOfpd;w gy;NtW xirfs; ______>xj;J xypf;fpd;wd?,iaGj; njhilAk;> ,ireaKk;

123) fz;zjhrd; - gilg;GfSk;>rpwg;GfSk;.Kj;ijah vd;w ,aw ;ngah ;nfhz;l fz;zjhrd;> rptfq;ifkhtl;lj;jpYs;s rpW $ly;gl;bvd;Dk; rpw;W}hpy; 24.06.1927 vd;Wgpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; rhj;jg;gd; -

tprhyhl;rp Mth;. fz;zjhrd;ftpijfs; gy njhFjpfshf ntspte;Js;sd. mth;jk; jpiug;glg;ghly;fs; E}y; tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd.

124) Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp> khq;fdp>fy;yf;Fb khfhtpak;> ,NaRfhtpak; Kjypad mth; gilj;jneLq; ftpij E}y;fs;.,uhrjz;lid vd;gJ> fk;gh; -mk;gpfhgjp tuyhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mth;gilj;j,dpaehlfk;. Mapuk; jPT mq;faw;fz;zp> Ntyq;Fbj; jpUtpohKjypa gy Gjpdq; fisAk;fz;zjhrd; gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;.mth; vOjpa ,UgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;lGjpdq;fspy; Nrukhd; fhjyp rpwe;jtuyhw;Wg; GjpdkhFk;. mjw;Fr;rhfpj ;jpa mfhjkpapd; ghpRfpilj ;Js;sJ. fz;zjhrd;njd;wy;> Ky;iy> fz;zjhrd;

jkpo;kyh; Kjypa ,jo;fs; njhlq;fp>mtw;Wf;F Mrphpauhf ,Ue;Jrpwe;j ,jo;g;gzp Mw;wpAs;shh;.ftpijapYk; ciueilapYk; nrhw;nghoptpYk; jpiug;glj; JiwapYk;jkf;nfd xU Gjpa topapidtFj;Jf; nfhz;L jiy epkph;e;Jepd;wth; fz;zjhrd;. mth; jk;ftpijfshy; vd;nwd;Wk; tho;e;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwhh;.ehd; epue;jpukhdtd; moptjpy;iy.ve;j epiyapYk; vdf;F kuzkpy;iy.

- fz;zjhrd ;MFg;ngah;(,yf;fzk;)

125) MF ngah; vd;why; vd;d?xU nghUspd; ngah;> jdf;FhpanghUisf; Fwpf;fhky; jd;NdhLnjhlh;Gila NtnwhU nghUSf;Fg;ngauhfp tUtJ MF ngah;vdg;gLk;.

126) MFngah; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?MFngah; gjpdhW tifg;gLk;

127) msitf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs;______ vd;gh;.msitg;ngah;fs;

128) msitg; ngah;fs; vj;jidtifg;gLk;? mit ahit?ehd;F tifg;gLk;mit1. vz;zy; msit> 2. vLj;jy;msit> 3. Kfj;jy; msit>4. ePl;ly; msit.

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129) vz;zy; msit MFngah;f;F(v.fh) jUfxd;W ngw;why; xspkak;

130) vLj;jy; msit MFngah;f;F(v.fh) jUf?Ie;J fpNyh vd;d tpiy?

131) Kfj;jy; msit MFngah;f;F(v.fh) jUf?ehd;F ypl;lh; Njit

132) ePl;ly; msit MFngah;f;F(v.fh) jUf?%d;W kPl;lh; nfhL

133) nrhy;yhF ngah; vd;why; vd;d?ts;Sth; nrhy; tho;f;iff;F,dpJ. ,j;njhlhpy; ts;Sth;nrhy; vd;gJ> nrhy;iyf; Fwpf;fhJnghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp te;jjhy;.

134) jhdpahFngah; vd;why; vd;d?ghiy ,wf;F – ghypd; ngah;ghiyf; Fwpf;fhky; ghj;jpuj;ijf;Fwpf;fpwJ. Xh; ,lj;jpy; cs;sxU nghUspd; ngah; (jhdp)mJ rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fg;ngauhfp tUtJ.

135) fUtpahF ngah; vd;why; vd;d?aho; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhs;. ,j;njhlhpy; aho; vd;Dk; fUtp,irf;F Mfp te;jjhy;.

136) fhhpathF ngah; vd;why; vd;d?ehd; rikay; fw;Nwd;. ,q;Fr;rikay; vd;Dk; fhhpaj;jpd; ngah;mjd; fhuzj;jpw;Fg; (fUtpf;F)ngauhfp tUtJ fhhpathFngah;.

137) fUj;jhthF ngah; vd;why; vd;d?jpUts;Stiug ; gbj;Jg ;ghh ;,j;njhlhpy; jpUts;Sth; vd;gJmtuhy; ,aw;wg; ngw;w E}Yf;FMf pte ;jjhy ; fUj ;j hthFngauhapw;W.

138) ctikahF ngah; vd;why; vd;d?xUtiug; ghh;j;J > ehjh; tUfpwhh;vdy;.

139) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-1. ‘ehYkpuz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp’ -,j;njhlh; ______ MFk;.vz;zysit MFngah;2. japiu ,wf;F. - ,j;njhlh;______ MFngah; MFk;.jhdpahF ngah;3. jhdk; jhdpf;F (nghUSf;F)Mfp tUtJ ______ MFngah;.,lthF ngah;

140) nghUj;Jf:-1. Kfj;jy; msit MFngah; -,uz;L ypl;lh; jh.2. ctikahF ngah; - fhistUfpwhd;3. nrhy;yhF ngah; - nghpNahh;nrhy; Nfs;4. vLj;jy; msit MFngah; -gj;Jf; fpuhk; nfhLnkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

141) Nth;r;nrhw;fis tpidKw;whf;Ff.1. ehd; ehis re;ijf;Fg; ______(Ngh) tpil: NghNtd;2. khzth;fs; gs;spapy; fy;tp______ (fy;) tpil : fw;fpd;wdH

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3. ahid Nfhgk; nfhz;L ______(gpspW) tpil: gpspwpw;W4. Njrpq;Fuhrh ghuhrhhpf; Fjpiuia______ (mlf;F)tpil : mlf;fpdhH5. ,e;jpa mzp New;iwa fhy;ge;Jg; Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ______(ngW) tpil: ngw;wJ

142) milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; cs;s nrhw;fisr;nrhw;nwhlUf;Nfw;g khw;Wf:-1. mth; ______ (tpiuT) te;Jk;NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.2. khzth;fSf;Fg; ghprspf;FkhW______ (jiyth ; ) Nfl ; Lf ;nfhs;fpNwd;.3. Foe;ijfs; ______ (ngw;Nwhh;)khpahij jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.4. mLg;G ed;whf______ (vhp) tpwFfha;e;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.5. vjpYk; ______ (vspik)filg;gpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.tpilfs;:1. tpiue;J2. jiytiuf;3. ngw;NwhUf;F4. vupa5. vspikiaf;

143) nganur;rj;ij tpidKw;whf khw;wpvOJf:(v.fh) tdg;G kpf;f Nrhiy.Nrhiy tdg;G kpf;fJ.1. Js;sp Xba Gs;spkhd; ______

2. kpfTk; ,dpj;j gok; ______

3. kuq;fs; epiwe;j fhL ______

4. ePjp jtwhj kd;dd; ______

5. New;Wg; nga;j kio ______

144) tpidKw;iwg; nganur ;rkhfkhw;Wf(v.fh) New;W kjpaofd; te;jhd;.New;W te;j kjpaofd;.1. vopyd; tiue;jhd; ______

2. mg;gh rpdk; nfhz;lhh; ______

3. vopy; ghk;igf; fz;lhs; ______

4. Fjpiu tpiuthf XbaJ ______

5. Fuq;Ffs; jhtpf; Fjpj;jd ____

tpilfs;: (ePq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;aTk;),ay; %d;W

nra;As; - GwehD}W148) njz;fly; tshfk; nghJik ,d;wp

– vd;w GwehD}W ghliyg;ghbath; ahh;?kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh;ef;fPudhh;.

149) nrhw;nghUs; :-1. epow;wpa - epoy; nra;j2. eLehs;ahkk; - es;spuT3. JQ;rhd; - Japyhd;4. kh - tpyq;F5. fy;yh - fy;tpawptpy;yhj6. ehop - msTg;ngah;7. <jy; - nfhLj;jy;8. Ja;g;Ngk; - Efh;Nthk;9. jg;Ge - ,of;f

150) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G :-1. ntz;Fil - gz;Gj;njhif2. fy;yh xUtw;Fk; - <Wnfl;lvjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

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3. ehop - MFngah;4. <jy; - njhopw; ngah;5. Ja;g;Ngk; - jd;ikg; gd;iktpidKw;W

151) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. JQ;rhd; - JQ;R+ (M)+ Md;

JQ;R – gFjpM – vjph;kiw ,ilepiy M –

kiwe;jJMd; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp2. <jy; - < + jy;< - gFjpjy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp3. Ja;g;Ngk; - Ja; + g; + g; +

Vk;> Ja; - gFjpg; - re;jpg; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiyVk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;WtpFjp

152) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh;ef;fPudhh;. ,th; ,iwadhh; vOjpafstpaYf;F ciu fz;lth;@gj;Jg;ghl;Ls; jpUKUfhw;Wg;giliaAk; neLey; thiliaAk;,aw;wpath;. ,g;ghlypy; ,th;>cyfpay; cz;ikiaf; $wpAs;shh;.

153) E}w;Fwpg;G:-GwehD}W – Gwk; + ehd;F + E}WGwg;nghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljdhy; GwehD}Wvdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. Gwk; vd;gJ

xUthpd; tPuk;> nfhil> fy;tpKjypa rpwg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk;.,/J vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs;xd;W. ,e;E}ypYs;s ghly;fs;gy ;NtW Gyth ;fshy ; ghlg ;ngw;wit. ,g;ghly;fs; thapyhfg;gz;ilj; jkpo; kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpr;rpwg;G> tPuk;> nfhil> fy;tpKjypatw;iw mwpayhk;. ,e;E}ypd;r py ghly ;fis [p .A .Nghg ;Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.

FWe;njhif (NjtFyj;jhh;)154) epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk;

cah;e;jd;W – vd;w FWe;njhifghliyg; ghbath; ahh;?NjtFyj;jhh;.

155) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. ePH - fly;2. fUq;Nfhy; - fUik epwKilanfhk;G3. cah;e;jd;W - cah;e;jJ4. mstpd;W - mstpidAilaJ

156) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. epyj;jpDk;> thdpDk;> ePhpDk; -cah;Tr; rpwg;Gk;ikfs;2. fUq;Nfhy;> ngUe;Njd; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;

157) gphpj;jwpjy; :-1. MusT = mUik + msT2. fUq;Nfhy; = fUik + Nfhy;3. ngUe;Njd; = ngUik + Njd;

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158) E}w;Fwpg;G :-FWik + njhif = FWe;njhif.Fiwe;j mbasthy; ghlg; ngw;wghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng FWe;njhif.,e;E}y;> vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fSs;xd;W. ,jpy;> flTs; tho;j;Jld;ehD}w;nwhU ghly;fs; cs;sd.mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa ghly;fisg;gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j Gyth;fs; ghbAs;shh;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs;Fiwe;j msthf ehd;fbfisAk;mjpf msthf vl;L mbfisAk;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;E}iyj;njhFj;jth; g+hpf;Nfh. ghujk; ghbangUe;Njtdhh; ,e;E}Yf;Ff; flTs;tho;j;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. ,g;ghlyhrphpah; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.,e;E}y; thapyhfg; gz;ilj; jkpohpd;,y;tho;f;if> xOf;fk;> kfsph;khz;G> mwTzh;T Kjypatw;iwmwpayhk;

159) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:-1. vl;Lj;njhif E}y; ______FWe;njhif2. FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd;vz;zpf;if ______

4013. FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd;mbtiu ______

4-8160) Ie;jpiz

1. FwpQ;rp> 2. Ky;iy> 3. kUjk;>4. nea;jy; 5. ghiy.

jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;

161) jkpo;g;Gyth;fs; ,iwtDf;Fk;jkpOf;Fk; cs;s gpizg;igcWjpg;gLj;jNt ______ Guhzk;Kjypa Guhzq;fis ,aw;wpajhff;nfhs;syhk;.jpUtpisahly; Guhzk;

162) Gyth; jk; Gyikj; jpwj;ij mwpa,iwtid Ntz;br ; ______

ngw;wdh;.rq;fg; gyifiag;

163) tq;fpa Nrfu ghz;badpd; kfd;______ kJiuapy; murhl;rpg;nghWg;ig Vw;wdh; ahh;?tq;fpa #lhkzpghz;bad;

164) #lhkzpghz;baDf;Fr; ______

vd;Dk; ngah; toq;fyhapw;W.rz;gfg; ghz;bad;

165) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. itia ehltd; - ghz;bad;2. ca;a - gpiof;f3. ,ue;J nrg;gpdhd; - gzpe;JNtz;bdhd;4. njd;dtd; Fynja;tk; -nrhf;fehjd;(m) Re;jughz;bad;5. ,d;dy; - Jd;gk;6. ey;fpdhh; - mspj;jhh;7. ,iwQ;rp - gzpe;J8. msf;fpy; Nfs;tpahh; - mstw;wNfs;tpawptpdh;.9. rpuk; Jsf;fp - jiyarj;J

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10. kPdtd; - kPd;nfhbia cilaghz;bad;11. tpGjh; - Gyth;12. J}q;fpa - njhq;fpa13. nghw;fpop - nghd; Kbg;G14) ek;gp - jUkp15. Gwk;G - ntspapy;16. igAs; - tUj;jk;17. gdtd; - me;jzd;18. fz;lk; - fOj;J19. tOT ghly; - Fw;wKs;s ghly;20. Mh;mit - (Gyth;fs;) epiwe;jmit21. fpsj;jpNdd; - nrhd;Ndd;22. rPuzp - Gfo;tha;e;j23. Ntzp - nrQ;ril24. Xuhd; - czuhd;25. mw;Fw;w - (my;F + cw;w ) -,Uisnahj;j26. ehw;wk; - eWkzk;27.Foy; - $e;jy;28. my;F - ,uT29. Vj;Jk; - tzq;Fk;30. Qhdg;g+q;Nfhij - cikak;ik31 . fw ;iwthh ; rilahd ; -rptngUkhd;32. ck;guhh; gjp - Njth; jiytd;(,e;jpud;)33. Ejy; tpop - new;wpf;fz;34 . nghw ;gq ;faj ;jlk ; -nghw;whgpkiuf; Fsk;35. ehtyd; - Gyth;36. fue;jhd; - kiwe;jhd;.

166) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. ciuj;J> ,ue;J - tpidnar;rq;fs;2. nrhy;yp> ,iwQ;rp - tpidnar;rq;fs;3. tpsf;fp> rpwe;J - tpidnar;rq;fs;4. kfpo;e;j - njhopw;ngah;5. J}q;fpa> Ma;e;j - nganur;rq;fs;6. Neh;e;J - tpidnar;rk;7. nfhz;L> itj;J - tpidnar;rq;fs;8. Nehf;fp - tpidnar;rk;9. fpsj;jpNdd; - jd;ik xUiktpidKw;W10. Njuhf;fPud; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg;nganur;rk;11. Gidkyh; - tpidj;njhif12. gw;Wthd;> mQ;rhd; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;13. Fw;wk; - njhopw;ngah;14. Nja;e;j> gha;e;j> Ma;e;j>fha;e;j - nganur;rq;fs;15. tpOe;J - tpidnar;rk;16. nre;jP> ntk;ik - gz;Gj;njhiffs;

167) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;1. ,ue;J = ,u + j;(e;)+ j; + c,u - gFjpj; - re;jpj; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiyc - tpidnar;r tpFjp2. ey;fpdhh; - ey;F + ,d; + Mh;ey;F - gFjp,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

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Mh; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;WtpFjp3. tpsf;fp - tpsf;F + ,tpsf;F - gFjp, - tpidnar;r tpFjp4. J}q;fpdhd; - J}q;F + ,d; + Md;

J}q;F - gFjp,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyMd; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp5. gw;Wthd; - gw;W + t; + Md;gw;W - gFjpt; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiyMd; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp6. Njuhd; - Njh; + M + Md;Njh; - gFjpM - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy (kiwe;jJ)Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp7. Nja;e;j - Nja; + j;(e;) + j; +mNja; - gFjpj; - re;jpj; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiym - nganur;r tpFjp

168)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; ehif khtl;lj;jpYs;s jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz;ak;) vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jhh;.jkpopYk; tlnkhopapYk; Gyikngw;wth; . ,thpd; je;ijahh ;kPdhl;rp Re;ju Njrpfh; Mthh;.guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; Jwtpahfpr;rpthyaq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W

,iwtid topgl;L te;jhh;. mt;thWkJiu efhpid mile;J kPdhl;rpmk;kidAk; NrhkRe;juf; flTisAk;tzq;fpath;. me;efupNyNa rpyfhyk;jq;fpapUe;jhh;. me;efuj;jhh; mtiuf;Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljw;F ,zq;fjpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpdhh;. me;E}iyr; rptngUkhd;jpUf;Nfhtpypd; vjpNu cs;smWfhy; gPlj;jpy; ,Ue;J tlnkhop>njd; nkhopg;Gyth; ahtUk; Nghw;wmuq;Nfw;wpdhh;.,th; jpUtpisahlw; Nghw;wpf;fypntz;gh> kJiug;gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjpKjypa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

169) E}w;Fwpg;G:-jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;> kJiuf;fhz;lk; (gjpndl;Lg; glyk;)>$lw;fhz;lk; (Kg;gJ glyk;)>jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; ( gjpdhWglyk;) vd;Dk; Kg;ngUk; gFjpfisAk; glyk; vd;Dk; mWgj;Jehd;F cl;gphpTfisAk; cilaJ.,jpy; %thapuj;J Ke;E}w;WmWgj;J %d;W tpUj;jg; ghf;fs;cs;sd. kJiuapy; ,iwtd;e pfo ;j ;j pa mWgj ;J ehd ;FjpUtpisahly;fis ,g;glyq;fs;tpsf;Ffpd;wd.,e;E}y;> ,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly;fis tpsf;fp vOe;j E}y;fSs;tphpthdJk; rpwg;ghdJk; MFk;.njhileak; gj;jpr;Rit kpf;f,e;E}Yf;F e.K. Ntq;flrhkpciunaOjpAs;shh;.

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170) epug;Gf:-1 .jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;ij,aw;wpath; ———

guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;2. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy;______ fhz;lq;fs; cs;sd.1. kJiuf; fhz;lk;> 2. $ly;fhz;lk;> 3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk;3. ,iwtdplk; ghliyg; ngw;Wr;nrd;wth; ______

jUkp4. nghw;fpop ngwr;nrd;w jUkpiaj;jLj;jth; ______

ef;fPudh;5. cly; KOtJk; fz;fisAilath; ______

rptngUkhd;171) nghUj;Jf :-

1. kJiuf;fhz;lk; - gjpndl;Lg;glyk;2. $ly;fhz;lk; - Kg;gJ glyk;3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; - gjpdhWglyk;flw;gazk; (ciueil)

172) jkpo; ehl;L thzpf tuyhW kpfTk;______ tha;e;jJ.njhd;ik

173) goq;fhye; njhl;Nl jkpoh; ve;jthzpfj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jdh;.cs;ehl;L> may;ehl;L

174) cs;ehl;L thzpfj;ij tpl ve;jehl;L thzpfk; tUtha; kpFjpahfcs;sJ?may;ehl;L thzpfj;jpNyNa

175) —— vd;Dk; xsit nkhopAk;>—— vd;Dk; fzpad; g+q;Fd;wd;nkhopAk;> jkpoh;fspd; cyfshtparpe;jidf;Fk; gd;dhl;Lj; njhlh;Gf;Fk; rhd;Wfshk;. jpiufly;XbAk; jputpak; NjL>ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;

176) goq;fhyj;jpy; jkpoh; gpwehLfSf;Ff; flw;gazk; Nkw; nfhz;lnra;jp —— tof;fk; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.Ke;ePh; tof;fk;

177) goe;jkpoh; vijj; jk; flikahff;fUjpdh;?nghUsPl;Ljiy

178) njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy;,lk; ngw;Ws;s ve;j gph pTtpsf;FfpwJ.nghUs;tapw; gphpT

179) gphpT vj;jid tifg;gLk; ? mitahit?fhypy; (jiutopg;gphpjy;) gphpT>fyj;jpy; ( ePh;topg;gphpjy;) gphpT

180) gy;yhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNujkpoh; —— fly;top thzpfj;njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;.Nkw;Nf fphPR> cNuhk;> vfpg;JKjy; fpof;Nf tiuapYk;.

181) ve;j ehLfs; jkpohpd; nghUs;fistpUk;gpg; ngw;wd?vfpg;J> ghy];jPdk;> nkrgNlhkpah>ghgpNyhdpah> rPdk;.

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182) VyKk; ,ytq;fKk; ,Q;rpAk;kpsFk; ve;j ehLfspy; ey;ytpiyf;F tpw;fg;gl;ld.Nkw;fhrpa ehLfs;

183) jkpo;ehl;by;> gpwehl;lhs; cs;sj;ijf;ftUk; gy kpFjpahff; fpilj;jd?mit ahit?Kj;Jk; gtsKk; MuKk; mfpYk;ntz;JfpYk; rq;Fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

184) goe;jkpoh;> fpNuf;fiuAk; cNuhkhdpaiuAk; ______ vd mioj;jdh;?atdh;

185) xt;nthU nghpa fg;gYk; vg;gbNjhd;Wk;.kjpy; #o;e;j Nfhl;il Nghy

186) goq;fhyj;jpNyNa jkpofj;jpy;gytifahd ______ fl;lg;gl;ld.fg;gy;fs;

187) Nfhilapd; Njhw;wkhdJ> eLf;flypy ; nry ;Yk ; fg ;gYf ;Fctikahfg; ——— $wg;gl;Lcs;sJ.GWehD}w;wpy;

188) fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;ahit?Mop> Mh;fyp> Ke;ePh;> thuzk;>ngstk;> guit> Gzhp.

189) kuf;fyj;Jf;Fk; jkpo;nkhopapy; gyngah;fs; cs;sd mit?fg;gy;> fyk;> fl;Lkuk;> ehtha;>glF> ghprpy;> Giz> Njhzp>njg;gk;> jpkpy;> mk;gp> tq;fk;>kpjit> g/wp> Xlk; vd;gd.

190) flypy; nry;Yk; ngupa fg;gy; —

vdg;gLk;.ehtha;

191) Fwpg;G:-Gfhh; efuj;jpy; epWj;jg;gl;lehtha;fs;> miyfshy; miyg;Gz;L fl;Lj;jwpapy; fl;lg;gl;lahid mirtJ Nghy; mire;jd.mtw;wpd; cr;rpapy; nfhbfs;mire;J Mbd vdg; gl;bdg;ghiy$Wfpd;wJ.

192) jkpofj;jpy; eilngw;W te;jthzpfj;jpd; gadhfg; gy JiwKfq;fs; flw;fiug; gl;bdq;fshfr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpd. mtw;Ws;——> ——— Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdk;> Krpwp> nfhw;if

193) Krpwp ahUila JiwKfk;?Nrukd;dh;f;FhpaJ.

194) ——— vd;Dk; nghpa Mw;wpy;atdh;fspd; kuf;fyq;fs;> Mw;Wj;Jiwfs; fyq;fpg; NghFk;gb te;Jepd;wd.Rs;sp

195) mf;fyq;fSf;F chpa atdh;fs;nghd;idr; Rke;J te;J> mjw;F<lhf kpsif Vw;wpr; nrd;whh;fs;.vd ;w ,r ;nra ;j pia ______njhptpf;fpwJ.mfehD}W

196) ghz;ba ehl;bd; tsk; ngUf;fpaJve;jj; JiwKfk;.nfhw;if

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197) ntdpR ehl;lwpQh; ahh;?khh;f;NfhNghNyh

198) ‘tpise;J Kjph;e;j tpOKj;J’vd;W Kj;jpid rpwg;ghff; $wpaJahh;?kJiuf; fhQ;rp

199) fly; fle;j jkpo;1. jkpo; - fpNuf;fk;2. mhprp - xiu]h3. fUt+h; - fNuhuh4. fhtphp - fgphpy;5. Fkhp - nfhkhhp6. Nrhgl;bdk; - Nrhgl;dh7. njhz;b - jpz;b];8. kJiu - kNjhuh9. Krpwp - Krphpy;

200) flw;fiuia mLj;J ,Uf;Fk;csh;fs; ______> _____> ,Ue;jd.fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;

201) goe ; jk pofj ;j pd ; thz pfg ;nghUs;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;vq;Ff; fhzg;Lfpd;wd. gl;bdg;ghiyapYk; kJiuf;fhQ;rpapYk;Vw;wkjpahd nghUs;fSs; fPo;fhz;git?,uj;jpdk;> Kj;J> ituk;> kpsF>fUq;fhyp> fUkUJ> Njf;F>re;jdk;> ntz; Jfpy;> mhprp>Vyf;fha;> ,ytq;fg;gl;il> ,Q;rp.

202) jkpofj;jpy; vd;d ,wf;FkjpMapd.rPdj;Jg; gl;Lk; rUf;fiuAk;.

203) ve ;jg ; gy ;fiyf ;fofj ;j pd ;thapyhfg; gl;lk;> gl;laf;fy;tpfw;gpf;fg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd?fly;rhh; gy;fiyf;fofk;

204) ______vd;Dk; ghujpapd; fdT,d;W edthfp cs;sJ?Nkiyf;fly; KOJk; fg;gy;tpLNthk;.

205) nghUj;Jf:-ehL – JiwKfk;1. NruehL – Krpwp2. NrhoehL – fhtphpg;g+k; gl;bdk;3. ghz;baehL – nfhw;if

206) kuGj;njhlh;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpfspy;mikf;f:-1. ifte;jfiy : ______2. mj;jp g+j;jhw;Nghy : ______3. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp : ____

207) ,UnghUs; vOJf:1. jpiu ______> ______>2. fypq;fk; ______> ______>3. fiy ______> ______>4. ftp ______> ______>

208) jpizAk; - epyKk;1. FwpQ;rp - kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j,lKk;2. kUjk; - taYk; tay;rhh;e;j,lKk;3. nea;jy; - flYk; fly;rhh;e;j,lKk;4. ghiy - kzYk; kzy;rhh;e;j,lKk;

nfyd; nfy;yh;(Jizg;ghlk;)

209) mnkh pf ; f ht pd ; Gfo ; ngw ; wvOj;jhsuhfTk; murpay; <LghLnfhz;ltuhfTk; tpsq;fpath; ahh;?nfyd; nfy;yh;

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210) “,e;j cyfj;jpy; mikjp kyuNtz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;Ngd;” - vd;wth;ahh;?nfyd;

211) gj;njhd;gJ khjf; Foe;ijahf,Ue;j NghJ nfyd; nfy;yUf;FVw;gl;l nfhba Neha; vJ?fz;fs; ghuh> fhJfs; Nfsh>tha;NgrhJ.

212) nfyd; nfy;yUf;F MW tajhdNghJ ahUila cjtpahy ;‘ngh;fpd;]; gs;spapy;’ Nrh;e;jhh;?mnyf;rhz;lh; fpufhk;ngy;

213) nfydpd; Mrphpah; ahh;?md;dpry;ypthd;

214) gh];ldpy; cs;s ______ fhJNfshNjhUf;fhd gs;spapYk;>epa+ahh;f;fpy; cs;s ______ gs;spapYk; Kiwg;gb gapd;whh;.N`hu];khd; iul;`{khrd;

215) nfyd;> ve;j Kiwapy; vOjTk;gbf;fTk; fw;whh;?gpnua;yp

216) Mrphpia md;dp mspj;j gaw;rpapd;gadhf> ve;jf; fy;Y}hp EioTj;Njh ;t py ; ntw ; w p ngw ;W >,sq;fiyg;gl;l tFg;gpy; Nrh;e;jJgl;lKk; ngw;whh;?Nfk;gphpl;[; nul;fpsp/g;

217) fz;zpoe;NjhUf;Fk;> fhJNfshNjhh;f;Fk; my;Yk; gfYk; mauhJcioj;jth; ahh;?nfyd;

218) ______ epjp vd xd;widj;njhlq;fp> mjpy; Nrh;e;j njhifahd&gha ; xd ;wiuf ; Nfhbiamg;gs;spfSf;F toq;fpdhh;.nfyd; nfy;yh; epjp

219) ghh;itaw;NwhUf;nfd ve;j E}yfk;xd;wid cUthf;fp> cyfk;KOtjpYk; ,Ue;J E}y;fs; te;JFtpa Vw;ghL nra;jhh;.Njrpa E}yfk;.

220) “tho;f;ifapy; ,og;G vd;gNj,y;iy@ xd;W Nghdhy; ,d;ndhd;WtUk;. me;j ek;gpf;ifapUe;jhy;tho;f;if ntWik MfhJ” vdf;$wpath; ahh;?nfyd;

221) ePq;fs; fz;ghh;it mw;wtuhfTk;fhJ NfshjtuhfTk; ,Ue;Jk; $lvg;gb cq;fshy; rhjpf;f Kbe;jJvd nfydplk; Nfl;lJ ahh;?tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp

222) Mrphpah; md;dp ve;j Mz;L,we;jhh;?1930 Mk; Mz;L

223) md;dp ,we;j gpwF nfyd; ahHcjtpAld; tho;e;jhh;?ghyp jhk;rd;

224) nfyd; ve;j efhpd; Gfo; ngw;wngz;kzpahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;?th\pq;ld;

225) nfyd; nfy;yh; xU ehs; flTspd;mUshy; vj;jid ehs; kl;;LNkjkf;Fg; ghh;it fpl;bajhff; fdTfz;lhh;?%d;W ehs; kl;Lk;

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226) Kjy; ehs; nfyd; nfy;yh ;ghh;j;jJ ahh;?Mrphpah;

227) ,uz;lhtJ ehs; nfyd; nfy;yh;______ Njhd;Wtjidf; fz;lhh;.fjputd;

228) nfyd; ahUila Gfo; ngw;wfiyQh;fspd; Xtpaq;fisAk;fiyg; nghUs;fisAk; fz;Lkfpo;e;jth; ahH?ypadhh; Nlh lhtpd;rp

229) nfyd; ahUila ehlfj;ijg;ghh;j;jhh;.nrfg;gphpaUila

230) %d;whtJ ehs; ghh;j;jhit?efhpd; fpof;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;sMw;Wg;ghyj;ij cw;W Nehf;fpdhh;.epa+ahh;f;fpy; cs;s fk;gPukhd,ul;ilf; NfhGuf; fl;llj;ijf;fz;L fspj;jhh;.kf;fspd; Kfj;jpy; ntspg;gLk;kfpo;r;rp> Jd;gj;ijg; ghh;j;JGhpe;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

231) Fwpg;G:-1880 #d; 27 ,y; mnkhpf;fhtpYs;smyghkh khfhzj;jpy; J];Fk;gpahtpy; gpwe;J> rhjidahsuhfj;jpfo;e;j nfyd;> 1968 Mk; Mz;L#d; Kjy; ehs; ,t;Tyf tho;itePj;jhh;. mtuJ cly; th\pq;ldpy;md;dp> ghyp MfpNahuJcly;fSf;F mUNf ey;ylf;fk;nra;ag;gl;lJ.

232) cyfpd; vl;lhtJ mjprak; vdg;ghuhl;lg; ngw;wth; ahh;?nfyd; nfy;yh;

233) ghh ;itaw;NwhUf;fhd vOj;JKiwia cUthf;fpath; ahh;?gpnua;yp

ngah;r;nrhy; (,yf;fzk;)njhopw;ngah;

234) ngah;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fs;>njhopw; ngah;fisf; $Wf?khjtp> Nfhtyd; - ngah;r;nrhw;fs;fz;L> kfpo;e;jhd; - tpidr;nrhw;fs;Mly; - vd;gJ njhopw;ngah;

235) Mly; gphpj;njOJf:ML + my;

236) njhopw;ngaiuf; Fwpf;f tUk;tpFjpfs;:-jy;>my;> mk;> I> if> it> F>G> c> jp> rp> tp> cs;> fhL> ghL>muT> Mid> ik> J vd;gd.

237) ngWjy; = ngW + jy;Ml;lk; = ML + mk;gwit = gw + itNghf;F = Ngh + FNjhw;wuT = Njhw;W + muTgha;j;J = gha; + JNfhly; = NfhL + my;tho;f;if = tho; + ifGspg;G = Gsp + GtuT = tu + cNfhl;ghL = Nfhs; + ghLNfshid = Nfs; + Mid

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238) njhopw;ngah; tiffs; ahit?njhopw;ngah; ,Utifg;gLk;1). Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;2). Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;

239) Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vd;why;vd;d?njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfNs ,y;yhky;>gFjp kl;Lk; te;J> njhopiyczh ;j ;JtJ Kjd piyj ;njhopw; ngah;.

240) Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;vd;why; vd;d?njhopw;ngahpd; KjdpiyahfpagFjp jphpe;J tUtJ Kjdpiyjphpe;j njhopw; ngauhFk;.

241) tpidahyizAk; ngah; vd;why;vd;d?tpidKw ;W> t pidiaf ;Fwpf;fhky; tpid nra;jtiuf;Fw pg ;gJ tpidahyizAk ;ngah;.

242) njhopw;ngah;f;Fk;> tpidahyizAk; ngah;f;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah ;njhopYf;Fg; njhopy; nra;gtUf;Fg;ngauha; tUk;. ngauha; tUk;.glHf;if ,lj;jpy; %tplq;fspYk; tUk;.tUk;.fhyq;fhl;lhJ. Kf;fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;.

243) gz;Gg; ngah; vjd; mbg;gilapy;Njhd;Wk;?gz;ig czh;j;Jk; ngah; gz;Gg;ngah;. mWtifg; ngah;fSs;

xd;whd gz;Gg; ngah; epwk;> Rit>msT> tbtk; Mfpatw;wpd;mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.1. nrk;ik> ntz;ik> fUik - epwg;gz;G2. tl;lk;> rJuk;> $k;G> nrt;tfk;- tbtg;gz;G3. xd;W> miu> fpNyhkPl;lh; - msTg;gz;G4. fhuk;> Gspg;G> ,dpg;G - Ritg;gz;G

244) gz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs;ik> I> rp> G> c> F> wp> W>mk;> eh;> gk;> J> kd;> ,y; vd;gdgz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs;.

245) Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ jphpAk;ngah;fs;?Ntw;Wik cUGfs; I> My;> F>,d;> mJ> fz; vd;gd. ,tw;iwf;Fwpj;J Kd; tFg;gpy; njspthfg;gbj;jpUg;gPh;fs;. mit jd;ik>Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa %tplg;ngah;fis Vw;W tUk;NghJ vt;thWjphpAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

246) jd;ikg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik cUGVw;Fk;NghJ?ahd; + I = vd;idahd; + My; = vd;dhy;ahd; + F = vdf;F> ahd;ahd; +,d; = vd;dpd;ahd; + mJ = vdJahd; + fz; = vd;fz; vdj;jpupAk;

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247) Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; Ntw;WikcUG Vw;Fk;NghJeP + I = epd;id> cd;ideP + My; = epd;dhy;> cd;dhy;eP + F = epdf;F> cdf;F> ePeP + ,d; = epd;dpd;> cd;dpd;eP + mJ = epdJ> cdJeP + fz; = epd;fz;> cd;fz;vdj; jpupAk;

248) glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; Ntw;WikcUG Vw;Fk;NghJjhd; + I = jd;idjhd; + My; = jd;dhy;jhd; + F = jdf;F> jhd;jhd; + ,d; = jd;dpd;jhd; + mJ = jdJjhd; + fz; = jd;fz; vdj; jpupAk;

249) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-1. njhopw; ngahpd; gFjp jphpe;JtUk; ngah; _____

Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;2. fhl;rp vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah;_____ vdg; gphpAk;.fhz; + rp3. khl;rp vd;gJ _____ MFk;.gz;Gg;ngah;4. ‘te;jhd;’ vd;Dk; tpidKw;W_____ vd tpidahyizAk;ngauha; tUk;.

te;jtd;250) nghUj;Jf:-

1. njhopw;ngah; - #L2. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;- tUjy;

3. gz;Gg;ngah; - ed;wp4. tpidahyizAk; ngah; -mfo;thh;

251) epug;Gf:-1. gFjp kl;Lk; njhopiyf; Fwpg;gJ_____

Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;2. tuT vd;Dk; njhopw;ngahpd;tpFjp _____ vJTkpy;iy.3. tl;lk; vd;gJ _____ ngah;MFk;.tbtg;gz;G4. eP vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;cUNgw;Fk; NghJ _____ vdj;jphpAk;.cd;nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

252) Ie;jpizfs; ahit?FwpQ;rpj;jpiz> Ky;iyj;jpiz>kUjj;jpiz> nea;jy; jpiz>ghiyj;jpiz.1. Kf;fdp – khq;fdp> gyhf;fdp>thiof;fdp2. ehw;gil - Njh;g;gil> ahidg;gil>Fjpiug;gil> fhyhl;gil.3. Ie;jpyf;fzk; - vOj;jpyf;fzk;>nrhy;ypf;fzk;> nghUspyf;fzk;>ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk;.4. mWRit - ,dpg;Gr;Rit> frg;Gr;Rit> fhh;g;Gr;Rit> Jth;g;Gr;Rit>ctHg;Gr; Rit> Gspg;Gr; Rit

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253) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopiamwpf:1. In a fiddler’s house all are dancers

fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;2. No man can flay a stone

fy;ypNy ehh; chpf;f KbAkh?3. Difficulties give way to diligence

fiug;ghh; fiuj;jhy; fy;Yk;fiuAk;.4. Command your man and do it your self

ntz;nzia itj;Jf;nfhz;Lnea;f;F miythNdd;5. Charity is a double blessing

jUkk; jiy fhf;Fk;,ay; ehd;F

nra;As; - jpUf;Fws;254) nrhw;nghUs; -

1. nrtpr;nry;tk; - Nfs;tpr; nry;tk;2. jiy - Kjd;ik3. Ngho;J - nghOJ4. <ag;gLk; - mspf;fg;gLk;5. mtp czT - Njth;fSf;FNts;tpapd;nghOJ nfhLf;fg;gLk;czT.6. Md;Nwhh; - fy;tp> Nfs;tp> gz;G>Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;Njhh;.7. xg;gh; - xg;ghth;8. xw;fk; - jsh;r;rp9. Cw;W - Cd;W Nfhy;10. Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy;11. mw;Nw - Nghd;wNj12. vidj;jhDk; - vt;tsT rpwpNjMapDk;

13. midj;jhDk; - Nfl;l mstpw;F14. Md;w - epiwe;j15. gpioj;Jzh;e;Jk; - jtwhfczh;e;jpUe;jhYk;16. Ngijik - mwpahikapd;ghw;gl;l jPa nrhw;fs;.17. ,ioj;Jzh;e;J - El;gkhfMuha;e;J18. <z;ba - Ma;e;jwpe;j19. jifaNt - jd;ikaNj20. Njhl;fg;glhj - Jisf;fg;glhJ.21. Ezq;fpa - El;gkhfpa22. tzq;fpa - gzpthd23. thapduhjy; - nkhopapidcilath;24. thAzh;tpd; khf;fs;- czTr;Rit kl;Lk; mwpe;Njhh;.25. mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk;

255) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik2. mtpAzT - ,U nganuhl;Lg;gz;Gj;njhif3. Nfl;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W4. ,Of;fy;> xOf;fk; - njhopw;ngah;fs;5. Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;W Nfhy;vd;gjd; typj;jy; tpfhuk;6. Md;w ngUik - nganur;rk;7. Nfshj; jifaNt - <Wnfl;lvjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;8. mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik

256) gphpj;jwpjy; -1. nrtpf;FzT = nrtpf;F +czT

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2. RitAzuh = Rit + czuh3. thAzh;T = tha; + czh;T

257)gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;1. Nfl;f - Nfs; (l;) + fNfs; - gFjps; - l; MdJ tpfhuk;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp2. czh;e;J - czh; + j;(e;) +

j; + cczh; - gFjpj; - re;jpj; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyc - tpidnar;r tpFjp

258) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-1. nrtpf;FzthtJ _____

Nfs;tp2. xOf;fKilahh; tha;r;nrhy; ___

Cw;Wf;Nfhy;259) cilikfs; gj;J

jpUf;Fwspy; gj;J mjpfhug; ngah;fs; cilik vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy;mike;Js;sd.1. md;Gilik2. mlf;fKilik3. xOf;fKilik4. nghiwAilik5. mUSilik6. mwpTilik7. Cf;fKilik8. Ms;tpidAilik9. gz;Gilik10. ehZilik

260) FwSk; VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaUk;jpUf;FwSf;Fk; VO vd;Dk;vz;zpw;Fk; nghpJk; njhlh;Gs;sJ.jpUf;Fws; VO rPh;fshy; mike;jntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. VOvd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; vl;Lf;Fwl;ghf;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.mjpfhuq;fs;> 133. ,jd; $l;Lj;njhif VO. nkhj;j Fwl;ghf;fs;1330. ,jd; $l;Lj; njhifAk; VO.

rPl;Lf;ftp261) Vlhapuq; Nfhb vOjhJ - vd;

rPl;Lf;ftpg; ghliy ghbath; ahh;?me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;.

262) ghl;birf;fhj fe;jUtk; (,ir)>vwpaKbahj fe;Jfk; (ge;J)>$h;ik kOq;fhj Nfhzk; (thl;gil)> gwf;fhj nfhf;F> mdy;tPrhj Nfhil (Ntdpw;fhyk;)> nfhbagilf;fyk; Nghd;W gpbahj Fe;jk;(#yk;)> mzpahj ghlyk; (ghjphpg;g+)> g+thj kh (khkuk;)> kyh;khiymzpahj rbyk; (ril)> nrhy;ypaijj;jpUg;gpr; nrhy;yhj fps;is (fpsp)xd;widf; fhz;Nghh; vy;yhk; GfOkhWmDg;gp itf;f Ntz;LfpNwd;.

263) fe ;jUtk; > fe ;Jfk ; >Nfhzk; >nfhf;F> Nfhil> Fe;jk;> ghlyk;>rbyk;> fps;is vd;gd vijFwpf;Fk; gy ngah;fs;.Fjpiu

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264) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. fe;Jfk; - ge;J2. Nfhzk; - thl;gil3. Fe;jk; - #yk;4. Nfhil - Ntdpw;fhyk;5. ghlyk; - ghjphpg; g+6. kh - khkuk;7. rbyk; - ril8. fps;is - fpsp

265) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. gbj;j tpufd;> jPHj;j nropad;- nganur;rq;fs;2. ghlhj> gwthj> #lhj - vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;3. vjphpyhf; ftp - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;4. tply; - njhopw;ngah;

266)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-tPuuhfth; fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;Jg;g+J}hpy; gpwe;J> nghd; tpise;jfsj;J}hpy; tho;e;jth;. ,thpd;je;ijahh; tLfehjh;. tPuuhfth;gpwtpapNyNa fz;nzhsp ,oe;jth;.vdpDk; Nfs;tpawptpd; thapyhff;fy;tp gapd;whh;. ,th;> VLfs;vOjhky; jk; kdj;jpNyNa vOjpg;gbj;Njd; vdj; jhNk $WtjpypUe;J> mth; fw;gjw;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Kaw;r pia vz;zptpaf;fj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ts;sy;fs;kPJk; rpw;wurh;fs; kPJk; gyjdpg;ghly;fisg; ghbg; ghpRfs;ngw;whh;. ,yq;if nrd;W guuhrNrfu kd;didg; ghb xU ahid>nghw;ge;jk;> Xh;Ch; Mfpatw;iwg;

ghprpyhfg; ngw;W Ch; jpUk;gpdhh;.,jdhy;> ,th;jk; Gfo; fly;fle;Jk; gutpw;W. ,tuJ ghly;fs;jdpg;ghly; jpul;by; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk;> jpUf;fOf;Fd;w khiy> Nra+h; KUfd;gps;isj; jkpo;> jpUth&h; cyh>re;jpu thzd; Nfhit MfpaE}y;fis ,th; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

267) E}w; Fwpg;G:-,g;ghly;> jdpg; ghly; jpul;Lvd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.jkpofj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy;tho ;e ;j Gyth ; gyh ; ghbaghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng ,e;E}y;.,jpy; E}w;Wg;gj;Jg; Gyth;fs;ghba Mapuj;J E}w;Wg; gjpd;%d;W ghly;fs ; njhFf ;fg ;gl;Ls;sd. tPuuhfth; ,aw;wpaKg;gj;njhd;gJ ghly;fs; ,jpy;,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. tPuuhfth;>Nryj;J Nte;jd; nropa jiuaDf;FFjpiu Ntz;b vOjp mDg;gpaghly; ,J.

268) epug;Gf:-1. tPuuhfth; vOjpa E}y;fSs;xd;W _____ Guhzk;.jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg;2. Xiyr;rPl;by; nra;As; tbtpy;vOjg;gLk; fbjtif _____ MFk;.rPl;Lf;ftp3. rPl;Lf;ftpf;F _____>_____>vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.Xiyj;J}f;F> Xiyg;ghRuk;

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269) nghUj;Jf:-1. fe;Jfk; - ge;J2. Fe;jk; - #yk;3. ghlyk; - ghjphpg;g+4. rbyk; - rilMde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg;G

(ciueil)270) xU ehl;Fwpg;ghdJ> mf;fhy

epfo;Tfis ekf;Fj; njspthfvLj;Jiuf;Fk; tuyhw;W Mtzkhfj;jpfo;tJ vJ?Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;G

271) ehl;Fwpg;G vjw;F gjpT nra;tjw;fhfg;gad;gly; Ntz;Lk;?Fwpj;j ehspy; epfo;e;j r%fkhw;wq;fs;> murpay; epfo;Tfs;>,aw;ifapy; Vw;gl;l Nghplh;fs;>cyfpd; rPhpa epfo;Tfs;.

272) Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;G Xh; ____>_____> MtzkhfTk; kjpf;fg;ngWfpwJ.,yf ;f pakhfTk ; > tuyhw ;WMtzkhfTk;

273) Mde;juq;fh; ve;j Ch;> Mz;L>ehs; gpwe;jhh;?Mde;juq;fh;> nrd;idg; gpuk;g+hpy;(nguk;g+h ;) 1709 Mk; Mz;Lkhh;r;Rj; jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs;gpwe;jhh;.

274) Mde;juq;fh; ve;j tajpy; jhia,oe;jhh;.jk; %d;W tajpy;

275) ahhplk; Mde;juq;fh; fy;tp gapd;whh;?vk;ghh; vd;ghhplk; fy;tp gapd;whh;.

276) Mde;juq;fh; je;ij> ikj;Jdhpd;ngah;?jpUNtq;flk;> iedpag;ghpd;

277) Mde;juq;fh; muRg; gzpapy; cjtpahsuhfr; Nrh;e;J> ehsiltpy;_____ gjtp cah;T ngw;whh;.jpthdhfg;

278) Mde;juq;fh; fy;tp fw;w gpd;dh;vd;d elj;jp te;jhh;?ghf;Ff; fplq;;F

279) ‘Ja;g;nsf;R’ vd;Dk; MSehpd;nkhop ngah;g;ghsh; (Jghrp) ,we;jjdhy; gd;nkhopawpT ngw;w ahiumg;gzpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;?Mde;juq;fh;

280) Mde;juq;fh; Jghrpahfg; gzpahw;wpafhyj;jpy; ve;j Mz;L ehl;Fwpg;GvOjpAs;shh;?1736 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1761Mk; Mz;L tiu Vwj;jho,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfs;.

281) ehl;Fwpg;Gf;F Mde;juq;fh; vd;dngahpl;lhh;?j pdg ; gb nra ;j pf ; Fw pg ; G >nrh];jypfpjk;

282) Mde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg;gpd; ngUk;gFj p ve ;j nra ;j pfisNatpthpf;fpd;wd.thzpfr; nra;jp

283) JiwKf efuq;fspy; thOk;kf;fspd; tUtha;f;F mbg;gilaha; miktJ mq;F tUk; _____Nghf;Ftuj;Nj.fg;gy;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;J

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284) 1. nrh];j - njspe;j my;yJchpikAila vd;gJ nghUs;2. ypfpjk; - fbjk; my;yJ Mtzk;3. tsT - tPL4. Jghrp - ,Unkhopg; GyikAilath; (nkhop ngah;g;ghsh;)

285) Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;ghdJ>mf;fhyj;jpy; _____ vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.Ngr;Rj;jkpo;> nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlh;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzf;$Wfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

286) gpnuQ;Rf; fhuh;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpakd;dh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ghykhf,Ue;jth; ahh;?Mde;juq;fh;

287) Krgh; rq;> Mde;juq;fUf;F 1749Mk; Mz;L %thapuk; Fjpiufistoq;fp mtUf;F _____ vd;Dk;gl;lj;ijAk; toq;fpdhh;?kd;RNgjhh;

288) nrq;fw;gl;Lf; Nfhl;ilf;Fj; jsgjpahfTk; mk;khtl;lk; OOikf;Fk;_____ fTk; epakdk; ngw;whh;?[hfPh;jhuuhfTk;

289) _____ gzpahw ;WNthh ; jko ;kf;fspd; jiytuhf mwptpf;fg;gLth;?Jghrp

290) Mde;juq;fUf;Fj; jdpg ;gl ;lchpikfs; ahh; Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd?Ja;g;Ns

291) Mde;juq;fiu ,e;jpahtpd; _____vdTk;> _____ vdTk;> mwpQh;Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;?ngg;gpR> ehl;Fwpg;G Nte;jh;

292) il]; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; nrhy;Yf;Fehs; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Njilhpak; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; nrhy;cUthdJ. ,r;nrhy;Yf;F ehl;Fwpg;G vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Njilhp vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;cUthdJ.

293)Mde;juq;fh; Fwpj;J ntspte;Js;s,yf;fpaq;fs;:-Mde;juq;ff; Nfhit - jpahfuhrNjrpfh;Mde;juq;fd; jdpg;ghly;fs; fs;td;nehz;br; rpe;JMde;juq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo; -mhpkjp njd;dfd;Mde;juq;fh; Gjpdq;fs;Mde;juq;f tp[ark;G - rPdpthrf;ftp (tlnkhop)Mde;juq; uhl;re;jK - f];J}hpuq;ff;ftp (njYq;F)

,yf;fzk;nrhy; (gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;)

294) nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?Xh; vOj;J> jdpj;NjDk; xd;Wf;FNkw;gl;l vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;NjDk;xU nghUis czh;j;Jkhdhy;>mJ> nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

295) nrhy; vd;gjd; NtW ngah;fs;ahit?gjk;> nkhop> fpstp

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296) gjk; gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

297) gfhg;gjk; vd;why; vd;d?gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhj nrhy;gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;.

298) gfhg;gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;

mit-ngah;> tpid> ,il> chp.

299) gFg;gjj;jpd; gphpTfs; -gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy.

300) gFgjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?ngah;g;gFgjk;> tpidg;gFgjk;vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

301) ngah;g;gFgjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid>Fzk;> njhopy; vDk; Mwd;mbahfj; Njhd;WtJ.

302) tpidg;gFgjk; vd;gJ vd;d?gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy Kjypadthfg; gFf;fg;gLk; tpidKw;W>tpidg;gFgjk; vdg;gLk;.

303) gFgj cWg;Gfs; vj;jid cs;sd?gFgj cWg;Gfs; MW cWg;Gfs;

mit-gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp>rhhpia> tpfhuk;.

304) gFjp -gFgjj ;j py ; Kjypy ; e pd ;WnghUs; jUk; Kjdpiyiag;gFjp

305) tpFjp -gFgjj;jpy; ,Wjpapy; epd;WtpFjp vdg;gLk; ,J jpiz>ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iwf;fhl;Lk;.

306) ,ilepiy -gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy;tUtJ ,liepiy vdg;gLk;.1. epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs;2. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs;3. vjph;fhy ,ilepiyfs;4. vjph;kiw ,ilepiyfs;

307) re;jp -gFj pf ;Fk ; ,ile piyf ;Fk ;,ilapy; te;J re;jpf;f itg;gJre;jp.

308) rhhpia -ngah;r ;nrhy;iyAk;> tpidr;nrhy;iyAk; rhh ;e ;J tUtJrhhpia vdg;gLk;.

309) tpfhuk; --gFjp> ,ilepiy> tpFjp Nghd;witNrUk; NghJ ,ilapy; Vw;gLk;khWghL tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.

310) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-1. _____ vd;gJ ngah;g;gFgjk;MFk;.tpil2. ,ilr;nrhw;fs; _____ gjk;MFk;.tpil:3. kJiuahd; _____ngah;g;gFgjk;MFk;.tpil:

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4. gFgjj;jpy; Fiwe;jsT ,Uf;fNtz;ba cWg;Gfs; _____tpil:5. Vty; tpidahf miktJ _____MFk;.tpil:6. ‘,y;’ vd;dk; vjph;kiw ,ilepiy mike;Js;s tpidr;nrhy;tpil:7. nra;jhd; - ,r;nrhy;ypy;mike;Js;s ,ilepiy _____tpil:

311) nghUj;Jf:-m) 1) nghUl;ngah;g; gFgjk; --- nrd;idahd;2) ,lg;ngah;g; gFgjk; -- %f;fd;3) fhyg;ngah;g; gFgjk; -- nghd;dd;4. rpidg;ngah;g; gFgjk; --rpj;jpiuahd;tpil:M) nrhy; -- ,ilepiy1. tUthd; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy(j;)2. fhzhd; - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy(fpW)3. ghh;j;jhd; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy(t;)4. elf;fpwhd; - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy(M)tpil:nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

312) nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;ngah;> tpid> ,il> chpr;nrhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J tifg;gLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. khh;fop> ele;jhd;> ck;>rhy> ghbdhd;> kapyk;> cW>vd;W> fb> nfhy;> mk;k.ngah;r;nrhw;fs; - khh;fop> kapyk;tpidr;nrhw;fs; - ele;jhd;> ghbdhd;,ilr;nrhw;fs; - ck;> vd;W> nfhy;>mk;kchpr;nrhw;fs; - rhy> cW> fb

313) tifg;gLj;Jf:-jhkiu> fhy;> jt> vOjpdhd;>Mdhy;> ntd;whd;> kw;Wk; rhyngah;r;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy; chpr;nrhy;ngaHnrhy;:- jhkiu> fhy;tpidr; nrhy;:- vOjpdhd;> ntd;whd;,ilr;nrhy;:- Mdhy;> kw;Wk;cupr; nrhy;:- jt> rhy

314) xUnghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fSf;F(v.fh)moF - nghypT> vopy;> tdg;G,uf;fk; - mUs;> ghpT> fUizfpsp - jj;ij> Rfk;> fps;iskiy - ntw;G> rpyk;G> nghUg;Gfjputd; - #hpad;> gfytd;>QhapW.

315) fPo;f;fhZk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;jgy nrhw;fis vOJf:-tay; -- ----------->----------->-----------fly; -- Mop> MHfsp> Ke;ePHneUg;G -- jP> fdy;

316) jkpo;r;nrhy;1. rk];jhdk; - muR2. Kf;fpa];jh; - Kjd;ikahdth;3. rpdpkhjpNal;lh; - jpiuauq;fk;

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4. fhh; - kfpOe;J5. VNuhg;gpNsd; - thD}h;jp6. ,yhfh - Jiw7. mg;ghapz;l; - gzp mkh;j;jy;8. gpujhdk; - Kjd;ik9. tpQ;Qhdk; - mwptpay;10. g]; - NgUe;J11. ,uapy; - njhlh;tz;b12. f[hdh - fUt+yk;13. cj;jpNahf];jh; - mYtyh;14. bghh;l;nkz;ly; ];Nlhh; -gynghUs; mq;fhb

317) ,u\;a ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w vOj;jhsh;ahh;?ypNah lhy;];lha;

318) ,izahd jkpo;g;gonkhopiamwpf:1. one flower makes no garland

jdpkuk; Njhg;ghfhJ2. little wealth little care

kbapy ; fdkpy ;iynad;why ;topapy; gakpy;iy3. Look before you leap

Mok; mwpahky; fhiy tplhNj4. Some thing is better than nothing

Miyapy;yh CUf;F ,Yg;igg;g+ rh;f;fiu5. Though he endeavours all he can

Gypiag; ghh;j;Jg; g+id #LNghl;Lf;nfhz;lhw; Nghy;,ay; Ie;J - nra;As;

Kj;njhs;shapuk;

319) nrhw;nghUs; -1. ca;k;kpd; - gpioj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;2. ky;yy; - tsik3. ts; - neUf;fk;4. tpRk;G - thdk;5. GwT - Gwh6. epiw - vil7. <h;j;J - mWj;J8. Jiy - Jyhf;Nfhy; (juhR)9. epiw - xOf;fk;10. td;fz; - tPuj;jd;ik11. Nkdp - cly;12. kUg;G - je;jk;13. Crp - vOj;jhzp14. kwk; - tPuk;15. fdy; - neUg;G16. jpUj;jf;f - nry;tk; epiyj;j17. itafk; - cyfk;18. nkha;apiy - neUq;fpaike;j,iy19. khwd; - ghz;ba kd;dd;20. fspW - Mz; ahid

320) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. ky;yy; neLkjpy; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;2. neLkjpy; - gz;Gj; njhif3. thq;Ftpy; - tpidj; njhif4. cah;Jiy - tpidj; njhif5. Fiwahtd; fz; - <Wnfl;lvjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;6. ,iyNty; - ctikj; njhif7. kUg;g+rp> khh;Nghiy - cUtfq;fs;8. khwd; fspW - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

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321) gphpj;jwpjy;:-1. je;Ja;k;kpd; - je;J + ca;k;kpd;2. tpy;nyOjp - tpy; + vOjp3. g+l;Lkpd; - g+l;L + kpd;4. kUg;g+rp - kUg;G + Crp5. khh;Nghiy - khh;G + xir6. vknjd;W - vkJ + vd;W7. nkha;apiy - nkha; + ,iy

322) mzp:-jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpcUtf mzp

323) E}w; Fwpg;G:%Nte;jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;Wnjhs;shapuk; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lE}y; Kj;njhs;shapuk;. MapDk;,e;E}y; KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Gwj;jpul;L vd;Dk; E}y;thapyhf E}w;nwl;L ntz;ghf;fSk;> gioa ciu E}y;fspy;Nkw;Nfhs;fshf ,Ugj;jpuz;Lntz;ghf;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.%Nte;jh;fspd; Ml;rpr;rpwg;G> gilr;rpwg;G> Nghh;j;jpwd; nfhil Kjypanra ;j pfis ,g ; g hly ;fs ;tpsf;Ffpd;wd. rpwe;j ,yf;fpaeaKk; fw;gid tsKk; epiwe;jE}yhf Kj;njhs;shapuk; jpfo;fpwJ.,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.

324) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-1. Nru kd;dhpd; milahsr; rpd;dk;_____tpy;2. Nrho kd;dd; _____ tpidf;fhf;f> jd; jiria mspj;jhd;.Gwh

3. khh;Nghiyapy; vOJk; vOj;jhzp _____je;jk;

325) nghUj;Jf:-1. tpRk;G - thdk;2. Jiy - Jyhf;Nfhy;3. kUg;G - je;jk;4. fdy; - neUg;G5. fspW - ahid

fypq;fj;Jg;guzpraq;nfhz;lhh;

326) nrhw;nghUs; -1. jPapd;tha; - neUg;gpy;2. rpe;ij - vz;zk;3. $u - kpf4. et;tp - khd;5. Kfpy; - Nkfk;6. kjp - epyT7. cF - nrhhpe;j(nghope;j)8. Gdy; - ePh;

327) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1) nte;J> cyh;e;J> vdh> $u> -tpidnar;rq;fs;2. $u - tpidnar;rq;fs;3. nre;eha; - gz;Gj; njhif4. fUKfpYk;> ntz;kjpAk; -vz;Zk;ik5. fUKfpy;> ntz;kjp - gz;Gj;njhiffs;6. flf;f Xb> ,isj;J - tpidnar;rq;fs;7. tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh - nganur;rk;

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328) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :-1. cyh;e;J - cyh; + j;(e;) + j; +ccyh; - gFjpj; - re;jpj; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyc - tpidnar;rtpFjp

329) gphpj;jwpjy; :-1. thapdPh; - thapd; + ePh;2. nte;Jyh;e;J - nte;J + cyh;e;J3. fhbjid - fhL + ,jid4. fUKfpy; - fUik + Kfpy;5. ntz;kjp - ntz;ik + kjp

330)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia ,aw;wpath;raq;nfhz;lhh;. ,th;> jpUth&h;khtl;lj;jpYs;s jPgq;Fb vd;Dk;Chpdh;. Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr;Nrhodpd; muritg; Gytuhfj;jpfo;e;jth;. guzpf;Nfhh; raq;nfhz;lhh; vdg; gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth; ghuhl;bAs;shh;.,irahapuk;> cyhkly; MfpaE}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,tuJfhyk; fp.gp gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L.

331) E}w; Fwpg;G:-Mapuf;fzf;fhd ahidfisg;Nghhpy; nfhd;w tPuidg; Gfo;e;JghLk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; guzpvd;gJ ngah;. ,J njhz;Z}w;whWtif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W.guzp ,yf;fpaq;fSs; jkpopy;

Njhd;wpa Kjy; E}y; fypq;fj;Jg;guzp. fypq;f kd;dd; mde;jgd;kd; kPJ Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr;Nrhod; Nghh;njhLj;J ntw;wpngw;whd;.mt;ntw;wpiag; ghuhl;b vOe;j,e;E}y; Njhy;tpAw;w fypq;fehl;bd; ngauhy; mike;Js;sJ.,e;E}y; Ie;E}w;Wj; njhz;Z}w;nwhd;gJjho pirfs ; cs ;sd. raq ;nfhz;lhhpd; rkfhyg; Gytuhdxl;lf; $j;jh; ,e;E}iyj; njd;jkpo;j;nja;tg;guzp vdg; Gfo;e;Js;shh;.

332) guzp ,yf;fpaq;fs;1. jf;fahfg;guzp>2. Nkhftijg;guzp>3. rPdj;Jg;guzp>4. tq;fj;Jg;guzp>5. ghrtijg;guzp>6. jpuhtplj;Jg;guzp.

333) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-1. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; guzp,yf;fpak; _____fypq;fj;Jg;guzp2. fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia ,aw;wpath;_____raq;nfhz;lhh;3. et;tp - ,r;nrhy;ypd; nghUs;_____khd;4. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; ___ tifg;gLk;.96

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334) nghUj;Jf:-1. rpe;ij - vz;zk;2. et;tp - khd;3. Kfpy; - Nkfk;4. Gdy; - ePH5. cUFjy; - nrhhpjy;cyfshtpa jkpoh;

(ciueil)335) cyf py ; If ;f pa riga pd ;

cWg;Ghpik ngw;w vj;jid ehLfs;kw;Wk; Ml;rpg;Gyq;fSk; cs;sd?E}w;Wj; njhz;Z}w;W ,uz;LehLfSk; ehw;gj;J %d;W Ml;rpg;Gyq;fSk; Mf ,U E}w ;WKg;gj;ije;J ehLfs;.

336) Vwj;jho E}w;iwk;gj;J ehd;FehLfspy; _____ ,dk; gutpAs;sJ.jkpopdk;

337) jk poh ;fs ; may ;ehLfSf ;Fnry;tjw;fhd fhuzk;?thzpfk;> Ntiytha;g;G

338) jpiuflNyhbAk; jputpak; NjLvd;wth; ahh;?xsitahh;

339) rhJtd; thzpfk; nra;Ak; nghUl;Lf;fly; fle;J nrd;w Fwpg;G vjpy;cs;sJ.kzpNkfiy

340) gug;gstpy; rpwpajhd ve;j jPtpy;tho;gth;fSs; ngUk; ghd;ikkf;fs; jkpoh;?Hpa+dpad; jPtpy;

341) gpnuQ;Rf; fhuh;fshy; GJr;Nrhp>fhiuf;fhy;> gFjpfspypUe;Jxg;ge;jf; $ypfshf ahiu Fbakh;j;jg;gl;lhh;fs;?jkpoh;

342) gpuhd;R ehl;bd; xU gFjpahff;fUjg;gLk; mj;j Ptpy; thOk;jk poh ;fs ; ve ;j nkho pa py ;NgRfpwhh;fs;?gpnuQ;R nkhopapy;

343) ,yq;ifapy; thOk; jkpoUs;vj;jid tpOf;fhl;bdh; njhlf;fg;gs;sp Kjy; gy;fiyf; fofk; tiujkpopNyNa fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdH?njhz;Z}w;iwe;J tpOf;fhL

344) ve;j ehLfspy; jkpo; xU ghlkhff;fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ?rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR> kNyrpah>gp[pj; jPTfs;> njd; mnkhpf;fh>fdlh> gphpl;ld;.

345) ,yq;if> rpq;fg;g+h;> kNyrpahMfpa ehLfspy; _____ nkhopahfj;jkpo; jpfo;fpwJ?Ml;rp nkhopahfj;

346) _____> _____> _____> Clfq;fiscynfq ;Fk ; jk poh ; elj ;j ptUfpd;wd.mr;R> xyp> xsp

347) jkpoh;> ehl;il tpl;Lr; nrd;wNghJk; -------------- vd;Dk; cah;Nehf;NfhL tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;?ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;

348) jkpoh; ve;j ehLfs; gytw;wpy;cs;shl;rpj; Njh;jy;fspy; ntw;wp

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ngw;W Ml;rpg; nghWg;GfisAk;tfpj;J tUfpd;wdh;.,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;g+h;.

349) ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky;> rpq;fg;g+h;>nkhhprpaR Mfpa ehLfspy; _____ahf jkpoh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.FbauRj; jiyth;uhf

350) cynfq;Fk; thOk; jkpoh;fs;jq;fsJ gz;ghl;L milahsq;fis kwthky; ,Ug;gJ vJ?jkpod ; vd ;Nwh ,dKz;L>jdpNa mtw;nfhU FzKz;L.

351) jpU tpohf;fspy; _____ vLg;gJk;_____ ,Og ; gJk ; ,d ;Wk ;eilngWfpwJ.fhtb> Njh;

jpU.tp.fypahzRe;jdhhpd;jkpo;g;gzp

(Jizg;ghlk;)352) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; jkJ

jq;F jilaw;w Nkilg; Ngr;rhYk;,ay;ghd nkhopeilahYk; jkpiog;gl;bnjhl;bfs; vy;yhk; gug;gpj;_____ vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;l ngUe;jifah;.jkpo;j;njd;wy;

353) gpwg;Gk;> fy;tpAk;jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;Ch; - nrd;idf;F mUNfAs;s Js;sk;ngw;Nwhh; - tpUj;jhrydhh; - rpd;dk;ikgpwe;j ehs; - 26.08.1883gs;sp -- nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;ilapYs;s nt];yp gs;spapy; gbj;jhh;.

354) jpU.fypahzRe;judhh; cly; eyf;Fiwtpdhy; ,ilepd;W _____Mz;L ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwFkPz;Lk; mNj gs;spapy; Nrh;e;jhh;.ehd;F Mz;L

355) ahhplk; jkpo; gapd;W jkpo;g;Nguhrphpauhf cah;e;jhh;?fjpiu Ntyh;

356) jpU. fypahzRe;judhh; vij fw;gjpy;Nguhh;tq; nfhz;lhh;?,yf;fpaq;fisAk; irt rpj;jhe;jrhj;jpuq;fis

357) vq;Fk; jkpo;> vjpYk; jkpo;vd;gjid KO %r;rhff; nfhz;Ltlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fythky;J}a jkpopNyNa NgrTk; vOjTk;Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpath; ahh;?jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;

358) jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhh; jkpiotsh;f;f vij ntWf;f Ntz;Lk;vd;fpwhh;?gpwnkhopia

359) fhe ;j pabfs; jkpofk ; te ;jNghnjy;yhk; mtuJ Nkilg;Ngr;rpid nkhop ngah;j;jth; ahh;?jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;

360) _____ eil vd;Nw xU jdpeilia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; ,tHNgRtJ NghyNt vOJtJ>vOJtJ NghyNt NgRtJ vd;Dk;Kaw;rpapy; ,th; ntw;wp fz;lth;ahh;?jpU.tp.f.eil

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361) jpU.tp.f.> nty;YQ;nrhy; ,d;ikawpe;J czh;r;rpr; nrhw;fisf;Nfhj;Jf; _____ NgRtjpy; ty;yth;.Nfl;lhh;g; gpzpf;Fk; jifatha;f;NfshUk; tpUk;Gk; tz;zk;

362) jpU.tp.f tha;j;j nkhopeil kiyvdj; jkpOyfpy; Xq;fp cah;e;Js;sJ vdf; $wpath; ahh;?nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;

363) ciueil E}y;fs; (Fwpg;G)KUfd; my;yJ moF> irtj;jpwT> irtj;jpd; rkurk;> flTl;fhl;rpAk; jhAkhdtUk;> ,uhkypq;fRthkpfs; jpUTs;sk;> jkpo; ehLk;ek;kho;thUk;> ehad;khh; tuyhWjkpo; E}y;fspy; ngsj;jk;> fhjyh?Kbah? rPHjpUj;jkh? vd; fld;gzpnra;J fplg;gNj> ,e;jpahTk;tpLjiyAk;> jkpo;r; Nrhiy>cs;nshsp vd;gd ,th; ,aw;wpa,d;d gpw ciueil E}y;fs;.

364) nra;As; E}y;fs;:-KUfd; mUs;Ntl;ly;> jpUkhy;mUs;Ntl;ly;> fpwpj;Jtpd; mUs;Ntl;ly;> mUfd; mUNf> chpikNtl;ly;> nghJik Ntl;ly;>nghUSk; mUSk; my ;yJkhh;f;rpaKk; fhe;jpaKk; Mfpad,tuJ nra;As; E}y;fs;.

365) ve ;j ,jo;fspd; thapyhfj;njhopyhsh; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngwg;ghLgl;lth;?Njr gf;jd;> etrf;jp

366) jpU.tp.f. vOgJ tajhfp fly;jsh;e;J gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;j NghJk;tsh;r ;rpAk; tho;Tk; my;yJgLf;ifg; gpjw;wy; vd;Dk; E}iyahUila cjtpAld; ntspapl;lhh;?K.tujuhrdhhpd;

367) jpU.tp.ftpd; kidtpapd; ngah;vd;d?fkyhk;gpif mk;ikahiu

368) jpU.tp.f ve;j Mz;L jkpo; %r;Rf;Ftpilj;je;jhh;?1953 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh ;jpq;fs; gjpNdohk; ehs; jkJvOgj;Njhuk; tajpy; ,we;jhh;.

tohepiy> tO> tOtikjp(,yf;fzk;)

369) tohepiy vd;why; vd;d?,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wkpy;yhJNgRtJk; vOJtJk; tohepiyvdg;gLk;.

370) tohepiy vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?tohepiy MW tifg;gLk;mit:1. jpiz tohepiy> 2. ghy;tohepiy> 3. ,l tohepiy> 4.fhy tohepiy> 5. tpdh tohepiy>6. tpil tohepiy.

371) tOepiy vd;why; vd;d?,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; NgRtJk;vOJtJk; tO vdg;gLk;.

372) tO vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mitahit?tO VO tifg;gLk;

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mit:1. jpiz tO> 2. ghy; tO> 3.,l tO> 4. fhy tO> 5. tpdhtO> 6. tpil tO> 7. kuG tO.

373) tohepiy MW tiffspd; (v.fh)1. jpiz tohepiy -nry;tpghbdhs;>khLte;jJ2. ghy; tohepiy - fz;zd;te;jhd;>eha;XbaJ3. ,l tohepiy - ehd; te;Njd;>eP tUtha;4. fhy tohepiy - ehis tUNtd;>New;Wg; gbj;Njd;5. tpdh tohepiy - jkpo; ,yf;fzk;vj;jid tifg;gLk;?6. tpil tohepiy - jkpo; ehl;bd;jiyefuk; vJ? vd;w tpdhTf;Fr;nrd;id vd tpilaspj;jy;

374) tOepiy VO tiffspd; (v.fh)jUf?1. jpiz tO - vd; khkh te;jJ2. ghy; tO -- fz;zfp te;jhd;3. ,l tO -- ehq;fs; te;jhh;fs;4. fhy tO - fhpfhyd; ehiste;jhd;5. tpdh tO - Kl;ilapl;lJNrtyh ngl;ilah?6. tpil tO - ehis gs;spjpwf;fg;gLkh?7. kuG tO - eha; fj;Jk;

375) tOtikjp vd;why; vd;d?,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wKilaJvdpDk;> ,yf;fz Mrphpah;fshy;Fw ;wkd;W vd;W Vw ;Wf ;

nfhs ;sg ;gLtJ tOtikjpMFk;.

376) tOtikjpapd; rhd;W:-jpiz tOtikjpfhy tOtikjp

377) tO - gpio> jtW> Fw;wk;toh epiy - gpioapd;ik> jtwpapd;iktOtikjp - gpio - Mdhy;gpioahff; nfhs;shik.

378) gpioiaj; jpUj;jp vOJf:-1. jk;gp New;W te;jhs; -- jk;gpNew;W te;jhd;2. vUJ tz;bia ,Oj;jd - vUJtz;bia ,Oj;jJ.3. khzth; Njh;T vOjpdhd; --khzth; Njh;T vOjpdh;.4. mtd; khztd; my;y - mtd;khztd; my;yd;.5. cilfs; fpope;J tpl;lJ -cilfs; fpope;J tpl;ld.6. vq;f@hpy; xU Gyth; tho;e;jdh;- vq;f@hpy; Gyth; xUth; tho;e;jhh;.

379) ctik vd;why; vd;d?ctik vd;gJ> xU nghUismy;yJ epfo ;it kw ;nwhUnghUNshL my;yJ epfo;NthLxg;Gikg;gLj;JtJ.

380) cUtfk; vd;why; vd;d?ftpQh;> jhk; fUjpa nghUisAk;xg;Gikg; nghUisAk; (ctikiaAk;) ntt;NtW vdf; $whky;>,uz;Lk; xd;nwdf; $WtJcUtfk;.

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381) ctik cUtf khw;wk;:-ctik - cUtfk;jhkiu Kfk; - Kfj;jhkiuNjd;nkhop - nkhopj;Njd;gtstha; - tha;g;gtsk;Kj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;J

382) mbr;nrhy;ypypUe;J nrhw;fiscUthf;Fjy;1. th - mbr;nrhy;2. te;jhd; - tpidKw;W3. te;j - nganur;rk;4. te;J - tpidnar;rk;5. tUjy; - njhopw;ngah;6. gb - mbr;nrhy;7. gbj;jhd; - tpidKw;W8. gbj;j - nganur;rk;9. gbj;J - tpidnar;rk;10. gbj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

383) gpio ePf;fp vOJjy;:-xUth; NgRk; NghJ vOJk;NghJk; gpioapd;wpg; NgrTk;vOjTk; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;rpy; my;yJvOj;jpy; gpioapUg;gpd; nghUs;kaf;fk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt> nrhw;fspYk; njhlh;fspYk; gpiotuhky;fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

384) tOcr; nrhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d?Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fis mg;gbNavOj;jpy; nfhz;L tUtJ jtW.mt;thW vOJtjid tOcr;nrhw;fs; vdf; $Wth;. mtw;Wf;Fhpa vOj;J tof;Fr; nrhw;fisvOJtNj Kiw.

385) tOcr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;Jf:-gpio jpUj;jk;1. mlkio _____2. mhpthkiz _____3. mtuf;fha; _____4. jtf;fis _____5. rpyT _____6. jhthuk; _____7. RLjz;zp _____8. vz;iz _____9. xl;liw _____10. fTW _____11. gr;rjz;zp _____12. eQ;ir _____

386) jkpo;r; nrhy; mwpNthk;:-gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; - jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;1. mq;fj;jpdh; _____2. mh;j;jk; _____3. myq;fhuk; _____4. Muk;gk; _____5. tpQ;Qhdk; _____6. jPgk; _____7. Fk;ghgpN\fk; _____8. rhtp _____9. rhpj;jpuk; _____10. rgjk; _____11. rhjk; _____12. ngsj;jphp _____387) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia

mwpf:1. One doth the act, another hath the blow

1. gop Xhplk; ghtk; Xhplk;.2. Every fox must at last pay his skin to the

flayer

2. gy ehs; jpUld;> xUehs;mfg;gLthd;.

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3. Money makes many things

3. gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;.4. The day has eyes, the night has ears

4. gfypy; gf;fk; ghh;j;Jg; NgR>,utpy; mJTk; NgrhNj5. What comes from the cradle goes to the

grave

5. njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk;.,ay; MW - nra;As;ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;

388) nrhw;nghUs; :-1. gfh;tJ - nrhy;tJ2. njsptPNu - njspAq;fs;3. Jt;th - Efuhj4. mfd;W - tpyfp5. Mop - fly;

389) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. Nehf;fp - tpidnar;rk;2. Jt;th tplk; - <Wnfl;lvjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

390) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafdhh ;fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpYs;sNj&hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,thpd; ngw;Nwhh;rptjhZ - Mjpyl;Rkp mk;ikahh;.,th; ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fisj;jkpopy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;Js;shh;.mg;ghly;fspd; njhFg;G‘ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;’ vd;gJckh;fa;ahk; gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by;tho;e;j ghurPff; ftpQh;. ,tuJKOg;ngah; fpahJjPd; mGy;ghj;ckh;fa;ahk; vd;gJ. ,th; fzpjk;>

thdtpay; Mfpatw;wpy; Gyikkpf;fth;. ,thpd; ftpijfs; kf;fs;milAk; ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk;>,iwtdJ gilg;igAk; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;lit.,th; ,aw;wpa gpw E}y;fs;:-kyUk; khiyAk;> kUkf;fs; topkhd;kpak;> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;>Mrpa N[hjp Kjypad ,tuJfhyk; 1876 Kjy; 1954 Mk; Mz;Ltiu.

391) E}w; Fwpg;G:-,e;E}y; ,k;ik kWik gw;wp &ghaj;vd;Dk; ngahpy; ckh;fa;ahk;vOjpa nra;As;fspd; nkhopngah;g;G. ,jidNa ftpkzpnkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. ,jpy; E}w;Wg;gjpide;J ghly;fs; cs;sd.tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;ij ,g;ghly;fs;tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

392) epug;Gf:-1. md;G nra;apd; mayhUk; mz;bneUq;Fk; _____cwtpduhk;2. Jd;g Nehia ePf;fpL Nky; ____mKjhFk;.Jt;thtplKk;3. Vioahfp vspathpd; _____Ntz;Lklh.Vspadhf

kzpNkfiyrPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;

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393) kzpNkfiy vd ;w ghliy,aw;wpath; ahh;?rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;.

394) NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;jkfs; ahh;?kzpNkfiy

395) ahUila cjtpahy;> mKjRugpiag; ngw;Wg; Gfhh; efiukzpNkfiy milfpwhs;.jPtjpyifapd;

396) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. Mak; - Njhopah; $l;lk;2. Mrdk; - ,Uf;if3. ehj;njhiy tpy;iy - nrhy;Nrhh;tpd;ik4. ahf;if - clk;G5. gpzpNeha; - ePq;fh Neha;6. Ngijik - mwpahik7. nra;if - ,Utpid8. czh;T - mwptpay; rpe;jid9. mU - cUtkw;wJ10. cU - tbtk;11. thapy; - Ik;nghwpfs;12. CW - Gyd;fspd; ,ay;G13. Efh;T - ,d;g Jd;g Efh;r;rp14. Ntl;if - tpUg;gk;15. gtk; - gad; Nehf;fpa nray;16. Njhw;wk; - gpwg;G17. ngUk;NgW - tPLNgW18. NfhL - nfhk;G19. myfpy - mstw;w20. njhf;f tpyq;F - tpyq;Fj; njhFjp21. fsT - jpUl;L

22. fhkj;jP - fhknkDk; nfhbatpUg;gk;23. ciyah clk;G - jsuhj cly;24. Fwis - Gwk; NgRjy;25. nt/fy; - tpUk;Gjy;26. ntFsy; - rpdj;jy;27. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp - khaj;Njhw;wk;28. jhdk; - nfhil29. GiujPh; - Fw;wk; jPh;e;j30. Nfz;kpd; - NfSq;fs;31. Kj;Njh; eif - Kj;Jr; rphpg;G32. ca;k;kpd; - Nghw;Wq;fs;ew;fjpailAq;fs;33. ciwjy; - jq;Fjy;34. $w;W - vkd;35. khrpy; - Fw;wkw;w36. njhOJ - tzq;fp37. Gf;F - GFe;J38. ,lh; - ,d;dy;39. rPyk; - xOf;fk;

397) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. NjtpAk; MaKk; - vz;Zk;ik2. mUe;jth;> et;tpid - gz;Gj;njhiffs;3. tho;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W4. nra;jtk;> tPo;fjph; - tpidj;njhifs;5. ngUk;NgW - gz;Gj; njhif6. Mo;euF - tpidj; njhif7. njspjy; - njhopw;ngah;fs;8. gy;Yaph;> ey;tpid> jPtpid>Nghpd;gk; - gz;Gj; njhiffs;9. Ma;njhb ey;yha; - ,uz;lhk;Ntw ;Wik cUGk ; gaDk ;cld;njhf;f njhif.

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10. fhkj;jP - cUtfk;11. fLQ;nrhy; - gz;Gj; njhif12. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp - <Wnfl;lvjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;13. gad;njhpGyth; -- tpidj; njhif14. miurd; - ,ilg;Nghyp15. ey;ywk; - gz;Gj; njhif

398) gphpj;jwpjy;:-1. vOe;njjph; - vOe;J + vjph;2. mwpTz;lhf - mwpT + cz;lhf3. ehf;njhiytpy;iy - eh +njhiyT + ,y;iy4. gpzp NehAw;Nwhh; - gpzp + Neha;+ cw;Nwhh;5. ,ay;gPuhW - ,ay;G + ,uz;L+ MW6. ed;nkhop - ed;ik + nkhop7. vdf;fplh; - vdf;F + ,lh;8.njhONjj;jp - njhOJ + Vj;jp9. cz;nld;W - cz;L + vd;W10. ey;ywk; -- ed;ik + mwk;

399) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:-1. gpwe;jhh; -- gpw + j;(e;) + j; + Mh;

gpw - gFjpj; - re;jpj; - e; MdJ tpfuhk;j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyMh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

2. mwpFth; - mwp + F + t; + mh;mwp - gFjpF - rhhpiat; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiymh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

3. Njhd;Wth; - Njhd;W + t; + mh;Njhd;W - gFjpt; - vjph; fhy ,ilepiymh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

4. glh;Fth; - glh; + F + t; + mh;glh; - gFjpF - rhhpiat; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiymh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W

5. cz;Fth; - cz; + F + t; + mh;cz; - gFjpF - rhhpiat; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiymh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W

400) Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;rpyg;gjpfhuk;kzpNkfiyrPtf rpe;jhkzptisahgjpFz;lyNfrp

401)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-$ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;,aw;wpaJ kzpNkfiy. rhj;jd;vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;ngah;. ,th;>jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spiar; rhh;e;j rPj;jiyvd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;J kJiuapy;tho;e;jth;. $ythzpfk; ($yk; -jhdpak;) nra;jth;. ,f;fhuzq;fspdhy;> ,th; kJiuf; $ythzpfd;rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; vd;W toq;fg;ngw;whh;. ,sq;NfhtbfSk; ,tUk;rkfhyj;jtuhth;. ,th; filr;rq;fg;Gyth;fSs; xUth;. jz;lkpo;Mrhd;> rhj;jd; ed;D}w; Gytd;

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vd;W ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rhj;jdiug;ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.

402) E}w; Fwpg;G:-kzpNkfiy> Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W. rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzpNkfiyAk; ntt;NtW E}y;fshapDk; xNu fijj; njhlh;Gilad.vdNt ,it ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs;vd toq;fg;ngWk;. kzpNkfiyapd;JwT tho;f;ifiaf; $Wtjhy;>,e;E}Yf;F kzpNkfiyj; JwTvd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L.,e;E}y; nrhw; RitAk; nghUl;RitAk;> ,aw;if tUzidfSk;epiwe;jJ. ngsj;j kjr; rhh;GilaJ@ Kg;gJ fijfisf; nfhz;lJ.Kg;gJ fhijfSs;> ghlg;gFjpahdMGj;jpud; ehL mile;j fhij,Ugj;J ehd;fhtJ fhij.

403) epug;Gf:-1. “mUe;jth;f; fike;j Mrdk;."- ,t;tbapy; ‘mUe;jth;’ vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; _____mwtzbfs;2. nrhy;ypy; Vw;gLk; Fw;wq;fs;_____nrhy;3. kdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; Fw;wq;fs;_____Nguth> fLQ;rpdk;> njsptpyh mwpT4. kWgpwg;G czh;e;jtshff;Fwpg;gplg;gLgts; _____kzpNkfiy

404) nghUj;Jf:m) Mak; - tpUg;gk;M) ntFsy; - Fw;wk; ePq;fpa,) GiujPh; - Gwq; $wy;<) Fwis - rpdj;jy;c) Ntl;if - Njhopah; $l;lk;tpil:

czNt kUe;J(ciueil)405) kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSs;

Kjd;ikahdJ vJ?czT

406) jkpoh; kUj;Jtj;jpy; czT vd;gJmidj;J Neha;fisAk; jPh;f;ff; $bavt;tif kUe;jhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ?rQ;rPtp

407) grpapd; nfhLikiag; grpg;gpzpvd;Dk; ghtp vd;wJ _____ fhg;gpak;.kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak;

408) cz;b nfhLj ; Njhh ; ca p h ;nfhLj;NjhNu vdf; $wpaJ ahh;?GwehD}Wk;> kzpNkfiyAk;

409) jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J vd;Dk;mjpfhuj;jpy; czNt kUe;jhFk;jd;ikiaj; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;jth; ahh;?jpUts;Sth;

410) Kd; cz;lJ nrhpj;jJ fz;Lcz;ghh;f;F kUe;Jz;Zk; NjitVw;glhJ vd;gJ ahUila thf;F.ts;Sth;

411) ePhpd;wikahJ cyF vdf; $wpath;.ts;Sth;

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412) kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy; vd;wth;xsitahh;

413) cliyf; fhj;jypd; NjitiatypAWj;jpath; ahh;?jpU%yUk;

414) mWRitapd; gad;fs;1. ,dpg;G - tsk;>2. Jth;g;G - Mw;wy;3. ifg;G - nkd;ik4. fhh;g;G - czh;T5. cth;g;G - njspT6. Gspg;G - ,dpik

415) epug;Gf:-1. grpg;gpzpf;F czNt _____kUe;J2. Neha;f;F Kjy; fhuzk; _____cg;GNeha; ePf;Fk; %ypiffs;

(Jizg;ghlk;)416) fPo;f;fha; ney;yp vd;W vg;gb

Fwpg;gpLth;fPohney;yp> fPo;tha;ney;yp

417) J}Jtisapd; NtW ngah;fs;?rpq;fty;yp> J}Jis

418) Qhdg;gr;rpiy vd ts;syhh;Nghw;Wk; ,t;tpiy vij Nkk;gLj;Jk;Fuy; tsj;ij

419) fhpryhq;fz;zpf;F NtW ngah;fs;?fh p r hiy> ifahe ;jfiu >gpUq;fuhrk;> Njfuhrk;

420) Jsr p nrb ve ; j Ne hiaFzkhf;Fk;?khh;Gr;rsp> ePh;f;Nfhit> jiytyp

421) fPoh ney;ypr; nrb ve;j NehiaFzkhf;Fk;?kQ;rl; fhkhiy

422) J}Jtis ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;?Rthrfhrk; mfYk;

423) Fg;igNkdp ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;?gLf;ifg; Gz;> rpuq;F ePq;Fk;

424) KUq;if fPiu ve;j NehiaFzkhf;Fk;?Khpe;j vYk;G tpiutpy; $Lk;>fz;ghh ;it xOq;FgLj ;Jk ; >cliy tYthf;Fk;> $e;jiytsur; nra;Ak;

425) fhpryhq;fz;zp ve;j NehiaFzkhf;Fk;?eiuiag; Nghf;Fk; > kQ;rs;fhkhiy

426) kzpj;jf;fhspf;fPiu ve;j NehiaFzkhf;Fk;?tha ; g ; Gz ; > Flw ; Gz ;izf ;Fzkhf;Fk;.

427) ty;yhiuf; fPiu ve;j NehiaFzkhf;Fk;?epidthw;wy; ngUFk;

nghUs;Nfhs; (,yf;fzk;)428) nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d?

xU nra;Aspy; cs;s rPh;fisNahmbfisNah nghUs; czh;Tf;FVw ;w tifapy ; mikj ;Jf ;nfhs;Sk; Kiwiag; nghUs;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;.

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429) nghUs;Nfhs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?vl;L tifg;gLk;1. Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs;2. nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;3. epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs;4. tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs;6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs;7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;8. mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;nfhs;

430) Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;vd;d?,ilawhJ nry;Yk ; Mw ;WePiug; Nghyg; ghlypd; nrhw;fs;Kd;gpd; khwhJ NeNu nrd;WnghUs; nfhs;tJ Mw;W ePh;g;nghUs;NfhshFk;.

431) nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;vd;d?XubAs; cs;s nrhw;fis> mitjUk; nghUSf;F Vw;g khw;wpf;$Wjy ; nkho p khw ;Wg ;nghUs;Nfhs; vd toq;fg;gLk;.

432) epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;vd;d?nra;Aspy; ,Uf;fpd;w nrhw;fisKiw khwhky ; th pirahfmikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tJepuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.

433) tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;vd;d?tpy ;ypd ; ,UKidfisAk;,izj;Jf; fl;Ljy; Nghyr;

nra;Aspd; Kjypy; mike;Js;snrhy;Yk; ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;snrhy;Yk; nghUs;glg; nghUj;JtJtpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;.

434) tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhspd; NtWngah;?G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs;

435) jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;vd;d?CQ;rypd; eLepd;w fapW Kd;Dk;gpd;Dk; nrd;W tUtJ Nghyr;nra;Aspd; eLtpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;nrhy;> nra;Aspd; KjypYk;,WjpapYk; mike;jpUf;Fk; .nrhw;fSld; nghUe;jpg; nghUisj;jUtJ.

436) miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs; Nfhs;vd;why; vd;d?nra;Aspd ; ,WjpapypUe ;Jnrhw ;fis vLj;J Kjypy ;itj;Jf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ.

437) nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;vd;why; vd;d?nra;Aspd; gy mbfspYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;FVw;gf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJnfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;.

438) mbkwpkhw ;Wg ; nghUs;Nfhs ;vd;why; vd;d?nra;Aspd; vy;yh mbfisAk;Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpg; nghUs;nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk;rpijahky; tUtJ.

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439) fPo;f;fhZk; ghliy epiwT nra;f:-1. ghl;Lf;F moF _____nghUs;2.gfYf;F moF _____ntspr;rk;3. tPjpf;F moF _____J}a;ik4. ePjpf;F moF _____Neh;ik5. tPl;Lf;F moF _____tpUe;J6. fhl;Lf;F moF _____kuq;fs;

440) jkpo; gonkhopia mwpf:-1. The wise and the fool have their follows

,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk;2. He who has an art has every where a part

fw;Nwhh;f;Fr; nrd;w ,lnky;yhk;rpwg;G3. Being on the sea. Sail being on the land.

settled

fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w Nfhyk; nfhs;4. No rains no grains

khhpay;yJ fhhpak; ,y;iy5. Bad words find bad acceptance

EzYk; jd; thahw; nfLk;,ay; VO - nra;As;

jpUf;Fws;441) nrhw;nghUs;:-

1. fld; - flik2. rhd;Nwhh; - ey;y Fzq;fs;epiwe;jth;3. ehz; - ehzk;

4. xg;GuT - cjTjy;5. fz;Nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J,uf;fk;6. tha;ik - cz;ik7. rhy;G - rhd;whz;ik8. Mw;Wthh; - nray; nra;gth;9. Mw;wy; - typik10. khw;whh; - gifth;11. Jiyay;yhh; - Mw;wypd;Fiwe;jth;12. fl;lis - ciufy;13. ,d;dh - jPq;F14. ,dpa - ed;ik15. nra;ahf;fhy; - nra;ahtplj;J16. ,d;ik - tWik17. ,sptd;W - ,opthdjd;W18. jpz;ik - typik19. Cop - cyfk;20. Mop - fly;21. ,Uepyk; - nghpa epyk;22. nghiw - Rik

442) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. vd;g - gyh;ghy; tpidkw;W2. Nkw;nfhs;gth; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;3. cs;sJ}ck; - ,d;dpirasngil4. md;W - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W5. fz;Nzhl;lk; - njhopw;ngah;6. nfhy;yh eyj;jJ> nrhy;yheyj;jJ - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg;nganur;rk;.7. gzpjy; - njhopw;ngah;

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8. Mw;Wthh;> khw;whh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;9. ,d;ik> jpz;ik - gz;Gg; ngah;fs;10. rhd;wth; - tpidahyizAk;ngah;11. ,Uepyk; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;12. kd;> X - mirr;nrhw;fs;

443) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;1. mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c

mwp - gFjpj; - re;jpj; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyc - tpidnar;r tpFjp

2. Mw;Wthh; - Mw;W + t; + Mh;Mw;W - gFjpt; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiyMh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

3. gzpjy; - gzp + jy;gzp - gFjpjy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp

444) gphpj;jwpjy;m) xUtw;F - xUtd; + FM) ,sptd;W - ,spT + md;W,) rhy;ngd;Dk; - rhy;G + vd;Dk;

445) epug;Gf:-1) ew;Fzq;fshy; rpwe;jpUj;jy;_____ ngUikahFk;.rhd;Nwhhpd;2) jtk; vd;gJ _____gpw caph;fisf; nfhy;yhikNa3) Njhy;tpia xg;Gf; nfhs;tNjrhd;whz;ikia mse;jwpAk;_____ciufy;

4. khw;whh; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;_____gifth;5. jPq;fpioj;jth;f;Fk; _____ nra;aNtz;Lk;.ed;ikNa

446) nghUj;Jfm) ,d;ik - tWikM) jpz;ik - typik,) Mop - fly;<) Nehd;ik - jtk;

,d;gk; - Rujh447) goe;jkpo; fw;wy; ,d;gk; ---

,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?Rujh

448) nrhw;nghUs; jUf:-1. ,ir gl - GfOld;2. fath; - fPo;f;FzKilNahh;

449) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-1. fsph;f;if - ctikj;njhif2. goe;jkpo;> rpw;wpdk;> ngUq;Fzk;- gz;Gj; njhiffs;3. toq;fp - tpidnar;rk;4. fw;wy;> ngWjy;> tho;jy; -njhopw;ngah;fs;

450)Mrphpah; Fwpg;Gctikf ;ft pQh ; R ujht pd ;,aw;ngah; ,uhrNfhghyd;. ,th;j pUth&h ; khtl ;lj ;j pYs ;sgioaD}hpy; 23.11.1921 md;Wgpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; jpUNtq;flk; -- nrz;gfk; Mth;.

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ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; kPJ nfhz;lgw;Wf; fhuzkhfj; jk; ngaiur;Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vd khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;. mjd; RUf;fNk RujhMapw;W.Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> RtUk;Rz;zhk;Gk; Rujhtpd; ftpijfs;Kjyhd ftpij E}y ;fis,aw;wpAs;shh;. Njd;kio vd;Dk;ftpij E}y;> jkpof murpd; jkpo;tsh;r;rpj; Jiw toq;Fk; rpwe;jE}Yf;fhd ghpirg; ngw;Ws;sJ.jkpof ,aypir ehlf kd;wj;jpd;fiy khkzpg; gl;lj;ijAk;> jkpofmurpd; ghNte;jh; tpUijAk; ,th;ngw;Ws;shh;.

451) E}w; Fwpg;G:-Njd;kio E}ypy; ,aw;ifnaopy;Kjyhf Muha;r;rp <whfg; gjpdhWgFjpfshff; ftpijfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws;> Njd;Jspfs;vd;Dk; gFjpapy; ,g;ghly; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

452) epug;Gf:1. Foe;ijapd; jsph;f;ifgl;l_____ cz;gJ ,d;gk;.$opid2. fw;wth; Kd; jhk; fw;w _____,d;gk;.fy;tpiaf; $wy;3. ntw;wpia tho;tpy; Nrh;f;Fk;_____ ,d;gk;.tpidgy Ghpjy;4. _____ NruhJ tho;jy; ,d;gk;.rpw;wpdf; fatNuhL

ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;(ciueil)

453) jd;dykw;w jiyth;@ fh;k tPuh;@fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;j Kjy;th; ahh;?fhkuhrh;

454) fhkuhrh; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;?tpUJ efhpy; cs;s Fkhurhkp>rptfhkp

455) fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j ehs;gpwe;jhh;?1903 Mk; Mz;L #iyj; jpq;fs;gjpide;jhk; ehsd;W

456) j pz;izg; gs ;spa py ; jkpo ;vOj;Jfisf; fw;W> Xh; Mz;Ljkpo; ghlk; fw;wth; ahh;?fhkuhrh;

457) fhkuhrh; jdJ VOtajpy; Rtnuhl;bapy; _____ vd;W vOjg;gl;bUg;gijidf; fz;lhh;.te;Nj khjuk;

458) fhkuhrh;> gs;sp nry;y ,ayhjNghJk; ehs;NjhWk; ------------- gbj;Jk;murpay; $l;lq;fspy; jiyth;fspd;nrhw; nghopTfisf; Nfl;Lk;>jk;Kila murpay; mwpittsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.nra;jpj; jhs;fs;

459) nka;fz;lhd; Gj;jfr;rhiy vd;wE}y; epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W _____>_____> _____> Mf p Nah h pd ;tho;f;if tuyhWfisg; gbj;Jj;jpwikahfg; NgrTk; thjk; nra;aTk;njhlq;fpdhh;.,nydpd;> fhpghy;b> neg;Nghypah;

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460) fhkuhrh; ,sikapy; ve;j fhq;fpurpy;Nrh;e;jhh;?Njrpa ,af;fkhd fhq;fpurpy;

461) fhkuhrh; ve;j Nghuhl;lq;fspy;gq;F nfhz;L rpiw nrd;whh;?

irkd; FO vjph;g;G> cg;Gr;rj;jpahfpufk;> nts;isaNdntspNaW.

462) fhkuhriuf; fl;rpapd; nrayhsuhfepakpj;jth; ahh;?jiyth; rj;jpa%h;j;jp

463) fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L rl;lkd;wcWg;gpduhfj; Nje;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;?1937

464) ve;j Mz;L jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpuRf;fl;rpapd; jiytuhff; fhkuhrh;Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;?1939 Mk; Mz;L

465) fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiyth;gjtpapy; vj;jid Mz;Lfs;fhkuhrh; ,Ue;jhh;?gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs;

466) ve;j Mz;L ahUf;F Kjyikr;ruhfg;gjtpNaw;gjw;Ff; fhkuhrh; fhuzkhf,Ue;jhh;?1945 Mk; Mz;L gpufhrk;> 1947Mk; Mz;L Xke;J}h; ,uhkrhkpkw ;Wk ; 1 9 4 9 Mk ; Mz;LFkhurhkp

467) NeUt pd ; kiwTf ;Fg ; g pd ;yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jpapd; kiwTf;Fg;gpd; ahiu Kjd;ikaikr;ruhfMf;Ftjw;F fhkuhrh; ngUk;gq;fhw;wpdhh;.,e;jpuh fhe;jp

468) fhkuhrh; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;?jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth;

469) 1954 ,y; ,uh[h[p Kjyikr;rh;gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpaJk; ahh;mg;gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;?fhkuhrh;

470) fhkuhrh; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Kd;dhs;FbauRj; jiyth;ahf ahh; ,Ue;JcWJizahfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;?Mh;. ntq;fl;uhkd; njhopyikr;r u hfTk ; > r p . Rg ; g p ukzpak ;fy;tpaikr;ruhfTk;

471) fhkuhrh; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jfhyj;jpy ; ve ;j Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lq;fs; epiw Ntw;wg;gl;ld?,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lq;fs;

472) nghpa njhopw; Ngl;ilfs; vq;Fmikf;fg;gl;ld.fpz;b> mk;gj;J}h ; > ,uhzpg;Ngl;il.

473) fhkuhrh; fhyj;jpy; ------------- ,af;fk;Nt&d;wpaJ?$l;LwT ,af;fk;

474) fhkuhrh; Ml;rpapy; ve;j njhopw;rhiyfs; njhlq;fg; ngw;wd?nea;Ntyp> epyf;fhpr; Ruq;fj;njho pw ;rhiy> ,e ;J];jhd ;Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy>fpz;b mWit rpfpr;irf; fUtpj;njhopw;rhiy> rUf;fiu Miy>Nrhlh cg;Gj; njhopw;rhiy>rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy> nguk;g+h;j;njhlh; tz;bg; ngl;bj; njhopw;rhiy> Nkl;̂ h;f; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy.

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475) fhkuhrh; fhyj;jpy; ve;j fy;tpeilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.fl;lhaf; fy;tp

476) gs;sp Ntiy ehs;fis vt;tsthffhkuhrh; cah;j;jpdhh;?E}w;nwz;gjpypUe;J ,UE}whf

477) njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa czTj;jpl;lk; ahuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?fhkuhrh;

478) fhkuhrh; vj;jid khehLfs; $l;lj;ij$l;b te;jhh;?<uhz;Lfspy; E}w;W Kg;gj;J%d;W khehLfs;

479) ahuhy; cah;epiyg; gs;sp ,ytrf;fy;tp nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ?fhkuhrh;

480) kUj;Jtk; fy;Y}hp Kjyhd njhopw;fy ;Y}h pfspy ; gapYk ; Viokhzth;fSf;F _____ fldspf;fVw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ.tl;bapy;yhf; fldspf;f

481) jQ;rht+h;g; gz;izahs; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lj;ijj; jpUj;jpr ; rhFgbnra;Ak; njhopyhspf;F vt;tsTtpOf;fhL gq;F fpilf;f toptifnra;jhh;.mWgJ tpOf;fhL

482) epy cr;rtuk;G _____ Vf;fh; vdf;Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ?Kg;gJ Vf;fh;

483) ve;j Mz;L rPdg;gilnaLg;Gf;Fg;gpd;> fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; nry;thf;Fr;rhpaj; njhlq;fpaJ.1962 Mk; Mz;L

484) GtNdRth; efhpy; ve;j Mz;Lfhq;fpuR khehl;by; fhkuhrh; mfpy,e;jpaf; fhq;fpuRj; jiytuhfg;gjtpNaw;whh;?1963 Mk; Mz;L

485) ,e;jpag; gpujkh; NeU ve;j Mz;Lfhykhdhh;?1964

486) rh];jphp vjph;ghuhj Kiwapy; 1966Mk; Mz;L vq;F caphpoe;jhh;?jh];fz;by;

487) fhkuhrh;> NeUtpd; kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F ve;j gjtp nghUj;jkhdJ?gpujkh; gjtp

488) fhkuhrUf;F eLtzuR _____tpUJ mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ.ghuj uj;dh (,e;jpakhkzp) tpUJ

489) ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; fhkuhrh;f;F ____rpiyia epWtpaJ?MSau ntz;fyr;rpiyia

490) jkpof muR> fhkuhrhpd; fy;tpg;gzpiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy;kJiug; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;Fvd;d ngah; #l;baJ?kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;

491) fhkuhrh; tho;e;j nrd;id ,y;yk;_____ ,y;ykhf Mf;fg;gl;lJ?epidT ,y;ykhf

492) fhkuhrh; muq;fk; vq;F epWtg;gl;lJ?Njdhk; Ngl;ilapy;

493) fhkuhrh; gpwe;j ehshd #iygjpide;jhk; ehis Mz;LNjhWk;_____ mwptpj;Js;sJfy;tp tsh;r;rpehs;

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494) fhe;jpabfs; kPJ mstw;w md;Gnfhz;l fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;Lfhe;jpabfspd; gpwe;j ehshdmf;Nlhgh; ,uz;lhk;ehs; ,t;Tyftho;it ePj;jhh;?1975 Mk; Mz;L,yf;fzk; - Gzh;r;rp

495) Gzh;r;rp vd;why; vd;d?epiy nkhopapd; <Wk; tUnkhopapd; KjYk; NrUtJ Gzh;r;rpMFk;.

496) tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?%d;W tifg;gLk;.mit: Njhd;wy;> jphpjy;> nfLjy;

497) Njhd;wy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUfjkpo; + ghlk; = jkpo;g;ghlk;

498) jphpjy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf?fy; + rpiy = fw;rpiy

499) nfLjy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf?kuk; + Nth; = kuNth;

500) Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;why;vd;d?F> R> L> J> G> W Mfpa MWk;nebyLj;Jk; ,uz;L Kjypa gyvOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;Jk; tUk;NghJ> jd; khj;jpiuastpy;Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jidf;Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;.

501) Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;why;vd;d?epiy nkhopapd; <W (filrp)Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J> tUnkhop

apd; Kjy; vOj;J> a fukhf,Ue;J GzUk; NghJ> cfuk;,fukhfj; jph pAk ; ,jidf;Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;gh;.

502) Nrh;j;J vOJf:1. fhL + Nfhop = fhl;Lf;Nfhop2. MW + ghyk; = Mw;Wg;ghyk;3. fpzW + jtis = fpzw;Wj;jtis4. ehF + fbJ = ehFfbJ5. v/J + rpwpJ = v/FrpwpJ6. tuF + jPJ = tuFjPJ7. Fuq;F + nghpJ = Fuq;FnghpJ8. njs;F + rpwpJ = njs;FrpwpJ9. njs;F + fhy; = njs;Ffhy;10. v/F + rpWik = v/FrpWik11. ehF + jiy = ehFjiy12. kUe;J + ig = kUj;Jg;ig13. ,Uk;G + Mzp = ,Ug;ghzp14. fUk;G + tpy; = fUg;Gtpy;15. nrk;G + Flk; = nrg;Gf;Flk;.

503) epug;Gf:1) thio + kuk; = thiokuk;vd;gJ ______,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp2) kuk; +Nth; = kuNth;. ,J______nfLjy; tpfhuk;3) fd;W + M vd;gJ ______vdg;GzUk;.tpil:

504) nghUj;Jf:-1. ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp - fw;Nfhl;il2. Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; - kuNty;3. nfLjy; tpfhuk; - thiog;gok;

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4. jphpjy; tpfhuk; - nghd; tisay;tpil:nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

505) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;m> ,> c vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;JfismLj;Jk; ‘v’ vd;Dk; tpdhitmLj;Jk; tUk;.ty;ypdq;fshfpa f> r> j> g> kpFk;.(v.fh) , + nrb = ,r;nrb.

506) me;j> ,e;j> ve;j> mq;F> ,q;F>vq;F> mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;wRl;L> tpdhr; nrhw;fis mLj;Jty;ypdk; kpFk;.v .f h me ;j + Nfht py ; =me;jf;Nfhtpy;

507) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tphpapy;ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) E}iy + gb = E}iyg;gb

508) ehd;fhk ; Ntw;Wik tph papy ;ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) gzpf;F + nrd;whd; =gzpf;Fr;nrd;whd;

509) ,uz;L> %d;W > ehd;F> Ie;jhk;Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhifapy; ty;ypdk;kpFk;.(v.fh) kuk; + ngl;b = kug;ngl;b

510) gz;Gj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.( v .f h ) gr ;ir + f ps p =gr;irf;fpsp

511) ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifapyty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) ky;ypif +g+ = ky;ypifg;g+

512) ctikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk;kpFk;(v.fh) kyh; + fz; = kyh;f;fz;

513) XnuOj;J xU nkhopapd; gpd;ty;ypdk; kpFk;(v.fh) g+ + $il = g+f;$il.

514) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd;gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) Xlh+ Fjpiu = Xlhf;Fjpiu

515) td;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd;ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) gj;J + ghl;L = gj;Jg;ghl;L

516) l> w xw;W ,ul;bf;Fk; caph;> neby;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuq;fspd; gpd;ty;ypdk; kpFk;(v.fh) ehL + gw;W = ehl;Lg;gw;W

517) Kw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk;kpFk;(v.fh) jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;

518) rhy> jt Kjypa chpr;nrhw;fspd;gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) rhy + Ngrpdhd; =rhyg;Ngrpdhd;

519) Ma;> vd> ,dp> Mf Kjypa,ilr; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk;kpFk;.(v.fh) ,dp + fhz;Nghk; =,dpf;fhz;Nghk;.

520) ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;: mJ> ,J> mit> ,it vDk;

Rl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; vJ>vit vDk; tpdhr;nrhw;fspd;gpd;Dk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) mJ + gwe;jJ = mJgwe;jJ.

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521) M> V> X vDk; tpdh vOj;Jfspd;gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) mtdh+ nrd;whd; =mtdh nrd;whd;

522) vOtha;j; njhlhpy; ty;ypdk;kpfhJ.(v.fh) kyh; + g+j;jJ = kyh;g+j;jJ

523) mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jidvd;Dk; nrhw ;fSf;Fg ; g pd ;ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) mj;jid + glq;fs; =mj;jid glq;fs;

524) tpidj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk;kpfhJ.(v.fh) CW + fha; = CWfha;

525) ck;ikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk;kpfhJ.(v.fh) fgpyguzh;> ,uTgfy;

526) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy;ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) fly; + fle;jhh; =fly;fle;jhh;.

527) %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspd; gpd;(xL> XL) ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) g+nthL + Nrh;e ;j =g+nthLNrh;e;j

528) vl;L> gj;J jtpug;gpw vz;fSf;Fg;gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) xd;W nfhL xd;WnfhL,uz;L + Ngh; = ,uz;LNgh;

529) tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wf;Fg; gpd;ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) tho;f + jkpo; = tho;fjkpo;

530) ,ul;ilf;fpstp> mLf;Fj; njhlh;fspy;ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) ry + ry = ryry

531) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;jtpug; gpwnganur;rq;fsod; gpd;ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.(v.fh) rpwpa + ngz; = rpwpangz;

532) nghUj;Jf:f + R = fRm + c = f$U + $ = ccc0 + c = fqfm + f0 = f0

533) jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf:-1. Take away the full. The boiling will cease

vhptijg; gpLq;fpdhy; nfhjpg;gJmlq;Fk;2. Practice makes perfect

rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gof;fk;> nre;jkpOk;ehg;gof;fk;3. The law - maker should not be a law -

breaker

Ntypia gapiu Nka;e;jhw; Nghy4. Misfortune never comes single

gl;l fhypNy gLk;> nfl;l FbNanfLk;5. Look no gift horse in the mouth

jhdk; nfhLj;j khl;ilg; gy;iyg;gpbj;Jg; ghh;f;fyhkh?,ay;vl;L - nra;As;ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;

534) nrhw;nghUs;:1) tphpfly; - gue;jfly;

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2) fhAk; utpr;Rlh; - Rl;nlhpf;Fk;#hpaf;fjph;3. Nahfk; - topghL

535) ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; tpsf;fk;.goq;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; vr;rk; vdf;fUjg;gLk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;Vl;by; vOjhf; ftpijfs; MFk;.,it toptopahfg; ghlg;gl;LtUk;tha ;nkho p ,yf ;f paq ;fNs.gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> fijg;ghly;fs;> njhopw;ghly;fs; Kjypadehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;Js; mlq;Fk;.njk; khq;Fg;ghly;> fisnaLg;Gg;ghly;> fjpuWg;Gg; ghly;> kPdth;ghly;> Kjypad njhopw; ghly;fs;.vspa nrhw;fSk; eilKiwtho;f ;ifia xl;ba Mo;e ;jfUj;JfSk; mlq;fpait ,g;ghly;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ fisg;G Vw;glhky; ,Uf;fg;ghlg;gLtd. ehl;Lg;Gwtp ay;Jiwapy; gy;NtW Ma;Tfs;eilngw;w tz;zk; cs;sd.ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> gbf;fhjth;fSk; XusT fy;tpawpT ngw;wth;fSk; ghLtdthf cs;sd.,g;ghly;fs; nrtp topahfg;guTtd. ,tw;iw ,aw;wpath;,d;dhnudf; $wtpayhJ.

536) epug;Gf1. kPdth;fSf;F ,utpy; tpsf;fhftpsq;FtJ _____tpbnts;sp

2. kPd;tiy kPdthpd; _____gbf;Fk; E}y;3 . k Pdth ; fz ;zhbahfg ;gad;gLj;JtJ _____KOepyNt4. kPdthpd; thOk; tPLfl;L kuk;

ngz;ik -nt. ,uhkypq;fdhh;

537) md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; -- vd;w‘ngz;ik’ ghliy ghbath; ahh;?nt.,uhkypq;fdhh;

538) nrhw;nghUs;1. cWjp - CcWjp2. rfpg;Gj;jd;ik - nghWj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;3. nrh&gk; - tbtk;4. juzp - cyfk;5. jhuk; - kidahs;6. Nrit - njhz;L7. mayhh; - cwty;yhNjhh;

539) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk;-- vz;Zk;ik2. ,d;gnrh&gk; -- cUtfk;

540) Mrphpah; Fwpg;GftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fdhh;> ehkf;fy;khtl;lj;jpYs;s NkhfD}hpy;gpwe;jth; . ,th;jk; ngw;Nwhh ;ntq;fl;uhkd; -- mk;kzp mk;khs;Mth ; . ft pijg ; Nghl ;bfs ;gytw;wpy; gq;Nfw;Wg; ghpRfs;ngw;whh;. jkpof murpd; Kjy;

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muritf; ftpQuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;.,tUf;F eLtzuR gj;kg+\z;tpUJ toq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,th;>jkpof kf;fshy; fhe;jpaf; ftpQh;vdg ; ngUikAld; toq;fg ;ngw;whh;. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp 1888Kjy; 1972 tiuahFk;.

541) E}w;Fwpg;Gehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs; vd;Dk;ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; nja;tj;j pUkyh ; > jkpo ;j ; Njd;kyh ; >fhe;jpkyh;> Njrpa kyh;> rOjhakyh;> nghpNahh; Gfo; kyh;> jpUehs;kyh;> rpWfhg;gpa kyh;> ,irkyh;>mwpTiu kyh;> gy;Rit kyh; Mfpajiyg ; Gfs py ; ft pijfs ;mike;Js;sd. ,g;ghly;> rOjhakyh; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

542) ehkf;fy;yhhpd; gilg;Gfs;,ir ehty;fs; - 3fl;Liufs; - 12jd;tuyhW - 3Gjpdq;fs; - 5,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;Tfs; - 7ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs; - 10rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; - 5nkhopngah;g;Gfs; - 4jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik

(ciueil)543) Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;FKiwf;

nfhLikf;F vjpuhf chpikf; Fuy;vOg;gpg; Nghuhbathpd; ngz;zpd;ngah;?

jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik544) jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik ngw;Nwhhpd;

ngah;> Ch;?GJr;Nrhpapy; tho;e;j KDrhkpvd;w nerthspjpy;iyahb vd;Dk; Chpy;gpwe;j kq;fsk;.

545) KDrhkp nerTj; njhopy; ghjpg;ghy; tWikapy; thb NtiyNjbvq;F FbNawpdh;?

njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy;546) tPu kq;if ts;spak;ik ve;j

Mz;L gpwe;jhh;? 1898 Mk; Mz;L547) ts;spak;ik ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;?

njd;dhg; gphpf;fhtpy;548) jhahh; jp;y;iyahbapy; gpwe;jhy;

ts;spak;ik ngah ; vt;thWmiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik

549) ve;j Mz;L njd;dhg; gphpf;fehl;bd; jpUkzg; gjpTr; rl;lg;gbAk;> fpwpj;J kjr; rl;lg;gbAk;j pUkzq;fs ; nry ;yhJ vdcr;rePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;ig ntspapl;lJ?1913 Mk; Mz;L

550) fhe;jpabfs; ve;j Nghuhl;lj;jpidf;jiyik Vw;W top elj;jpdhh;?mwg; Nghuhl;lk;

551) mwg;Nghh; Nghuhl;lk; ve;j Mz;L>ve;j ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ?1913 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gh;j; jpq;fs;23 Mk; ehs; thy;f;];u];l; vd;Dk;,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.

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552) rpiwr; #oyhy; cly; eyk;Fd;wpa ts;spak;ik ve;j Mz;Lkuzk; mile;jhh;?1914 gpg;uthp ,Ugj;jpuz;lhk;e hsd ;W jkJ gj pdhwhk ;mfitapy;.

553) “ek;gpf;ifjhd; mtuJ MAjk;”vd;W jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ikFwpj;J ve;j ,jopy; fhe;jpabfs;vOjpas;shh;?,e;jpad; xg;gPdpad;

554) njd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyhw;wpy; ts;spak;ikapd; ngah; vd;Wk; epiyj;Jepw;Fk; vd;W fhe;jpabfs; _____vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.njd;dhg;gphpf;fr; rj;jpahf;fpufk;

555) fhe;jpabfs;> jkpoh; kPJk; jkpo;nkhopapd; kPJk; kpFe;j <LghLnfhz;ljw;F ahh; fhuzk; vd;W$wyhk;?ts;spak;ik

556) ts;spak ;ikapd ; epiditg;Nghw;Wk; tifapy; ------------------- jkpo;ehL muR mtuJ rpiyiaepWtpAs;sJ.jpy;iyahbapy;

557) Nfh - Mg; - nlf;]; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; jkpo;ehL nerthsh; $l;LwTr;rq;fk; nrd;idapYs;s jdJmWE}whtJ tpw;gid ikaj;jpw;Fj; _____ vdg;ngah; #l;bg;ngUikg;gLj;jp cs;sJ?jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik khspif

,uhzp kq;fk;khs;(Jizg;ghlk;)

558) fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf Ml;rp Ghpe;jth;ahh;?,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

559) kJiu Mz;L te;j nrhf;fehjehaf;fhpd; kidtp ahh;?,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

560) nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh ; > ,uhzpkq;fk;khs; ,th;fSf;F gpwe;jkfd; ahh;?fpUl;bd Kj;J tPug;gd;

561) Kj;J tPug;gd; vj;jid Mz;Lfs;Ml;rp nra;J ve;j Nehahy; cyftho;it ePj;jhh;?Vohz;Lf;fhyk;> mk;ikNeha;

562) ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kUkfspd;ngah;?rpd;d Kj;jk;khs;

563) ve;j nghWg;G ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd;kdj;ijf; fy;yhf;fpapUe;jd?murpay; gl;lwpTk;> Ml;rpg ;nghWg;Gk;

564) ,uhzp kq ;fk ;khs ; ngaud ;tprauq;fr; nrhf;f ehjd; ngaustpy; ve;j Mz;L mhpaizapy;Vw;wg;gl;lhd;.1688 Mk; Mz;L

565) jpUtpjhq;$hpd; kd;dh; ahh;?,utpth;kh

566) ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; fhyj;jpy;ik#h; kd;dd; ahh;?rpf;fNjtuhad;

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567) xt;nthU tUk; jhk; rpwe;jjhff;fUJk; rkaj;ijf; iff; nfhz;Lthot pLtNj jUkk ; vd ; wnfhs;ifNa gpd;gw;wpath; ahh;?kq;fk;khs;

568) kq;fk;khs; kJiuapy; -------------fl;bdhh;?nghpanjhU md;dr;rj;jpuj;ijf;

569) fd;dpahFkhpf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk;,ilNa mike;j neLQ;rhiy>_____ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ?kq;fk;khs; rhiy

570) kq;fk;khs; fl;bait vit?kj;jpar; re;ij> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp>cah; epiyg;gs;spf; fl;llk;>,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpj;jiythpd; gioa mYtyfk;.

571) kq;fk;khspd; ngah;kq;fhj GfNohL tpsq;Fk;

ahg;G - nra;As; cWg;Gfs;(,yf;fzk;)

(vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis)572) nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; vj;jid

tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?nra ;Aspd ; cWg ;Gfs ; MWtifg;gLk;.mit:vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb>njhil.

573) vOj;J vd;why; vd;d?nra;Aspy; Fwpy;> neby;> nka;>Ma;jk ; vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs;Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.

574) mir vd;why; vd;d?vOj;J jdpahfNth> gy Nrh;e;NjhXirg;gl mire;J (gph pe ;J)epw;gJ mir vdg;gLk;.

575) mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mitahit?mir ,uz;L tifg;gLk;mit 1 Neuir> 2. epiuair

576) Neuir vd;why; vd;d?Fwpy; jdpj;Jk; Fwpy; xw;wLj;Jk;>neby; jdpj;Jk; neby; xw;wLj;Jk;tUtJ Neuir vdg;gLk;.

577) epiwair vd;why; vd;d?Fwpy; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; ,ize;Jxw;Wk;> Fwpy; neby; ,ize;Jk;Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J xw;Wk;tUtJ epiuair.

578) rPh; vd;why; vd;d?mirfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk;$b mbf;F cWg;ghf miktJrPh; vdg;gLk;. m/J Xuirr;rPh;><uirr;rPh;> %tirr;rPh;> ehyirr;rPh;vd ehy; tifg;gLk;.

579) Xuirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d?ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir>epiuairAs; VNjDk; xd;Wjdpj;J epd;W rPuha; mikAk;.mtw;iw Xuirr;rPh; vd;gh;.

580) Xiur;rPh; ehy;tifg; tha;g;ghL?ehs; (Neh;)> kyh; (epiu)> fhR(Neh;G)> gpwg;G (epiuG).

581) <uirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d?,uz;L mirfs; Nrh;e;J xU rPh;MtJ <uirr;rPh;. Nehpy; KbtJ,uz;Lk ; > epiuapy ; KbtJ,uz;Lkhf <uirr;rPh; ehd;F Mfk;.

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582) rPh; tha;g;ghL 1. Neh; Neh; -- Njkh 2. epiu Neh; -- Gspkh 3. epiuepiu -- fUtpsk; 4. Neh; epiu -- $tpsk;

khr;rPh; -- 2(Njkh> Gspkh> vd khtpy ;Kbtjdhy; khr;rPh;)tpsr;rPh; -- 2(fUtpsk;> $tpsk; vd tpsj;jpy;Kbtjdhy; tpsr;rPh;)

583) %tirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d?%d;W mirfs; Nrh;e;J xUrPh;MtJ %tirr;rPh;. Neuirapy;KbtJ ehd;Fk; epiu mirapy;KbtJ ehd;Fkhf %tir;rPh ;vl;L MFk;.

584) fha;r;rPh; ehd;F:1. Neh; Neh; Neh; -- Njkhq;fha;2. epiu Neh; Neh; -- Gspkhq;fha;3. epiu epiu Neh; -- fUtpsq;fha;4. Neh; epiu Neh; -- $tpntz;ghtpw;F chpad Mjypd;ntz;gh chpr;rPh; vdTk; $Wth;.

585) fdpr;rPh; ehd;F:1. Neh; Neh; epiu --- Njkhq;fdp2. epiu Neh; epiu -- Gspkhq;fdp3. epiu epiu epiu - fUtpsq;fdp4. Neh; epiu epiu -- $tpsq;fdp(,it tQ;rpg;ghtpw;F cupajhy;tQ;rpAspr;rPH vdTk; $WtH)

586) ehyirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d?%tirr;rPh ; vl;Lld; Neuir>epiuairfisj; jdpj;jdpahfr;

Nrh;j;jhy; ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhWfpilf;Fk; ,jidg; nghJr;rPh;vdf; $Wth;.

587) jis vd;why; vd;d?epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk; tUk; rPhpd;KjyirAk; xd;wpAk; xd;whkYk;tUtJ jis vdg;gLk;.

588) jis vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mitahit?VO tifg;gLk;.mit:1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis5. fypj;jis6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis7. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis

589) Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis vd;why;vd;d? v.fh jUf?khKd; Neh; tUtJ Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis.v.fh Neh; -- Neh; Nrh;e;J tUtjhy;Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis

590) epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis vd;why;vd;d? v.fh jUf?tpsk;Kd; epiu tUtJ epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis.v.fh epiu - epiu Nrh;e;J tUtjhy;epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis.

591) ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis vd;why; vd;d?khKd; e piuAk ; > tpsKd;NeUk;tUtJ ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis.

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592) ntz;rPh; ntz;lis vd;why; vd;d?fha;Kd; Neh; tUtJ ntz;rPh;ntz;lis.v.fh. Neh; Neh; Neh; -- Njkhq;fha;

593) ntz;ghtpw;F chpa jisfs;1. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk;2. ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk;

594) fypj;jis vd;why; vd;d?fha;Kd; epiu tUtJ fypj;jis

595) xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis vd;why; vd;d?fdpKd; epiu tUtJ xd;wpatQ;rpj;jis.

596) xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis vd;why;vd;d?fdpKd; Neh; tUtJ xd;whjtQ;rpj;jis vdg;gLk;.

567) chpatpilj; Njh;e;njOJf1. nka;Ak;> Ma;jKk; ahg;gpy;_____ vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.tpil2. fha;r;rPh; _____ tifg;gLk;.ehd;F3. Mrphpag;ghtpw;F chpa rPh;fs; -_____ MFk;.tpil4. fha;Kd; Neh;thpd; _____ MFk;.tpil5. ntz;ghtpy; cah;T vd;Dk;<w ;Wr ;r Ph py ; tUk; Xuirapd;tha;g;ghL _____tpil

597) flndd;g ey;yit vy;yhk ;fldwpe;J rhd;whz;ik Nkw;nfhs;gth;f;F

599) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopiamwpf1.The servant of the king is also a king

vy;yhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;ddh;2. Frest and fraud have foul ends

#Jk; thJk; Ntjid nra;Ak;3. The place where you find your food is

your paradise

NrhW fz;l ,lk; nrhh;f;fk;.4. No advice like fathers

je;ij nrhy; kpf;f ke;jpuk; ,y;iy.5. When the head is there, the tail should

not wag

jiyapUf;f thy; Mlyhkh?,ay; xd;gJ -- nra;As;tQ;rfkha neQ;rNkhL

nkhopjy;600) khakhd tho;it ek;gpj; _____

tQ;rkha neQ;rNkhL nkhopjy;vd;w ghliy vOjpath; ahh;?kJuftp gh];fujh];

601) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. kdf;Fuq;F -- cUtfk;2. ehL efh; -- ck;ikj; njhif3. nrk;nghd; -- gz;Gj; njhif4. khLk; MLk; -- vz;Zk;ik

602)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:gh] ;fujh] ; kJiu efh py ;gpwe;jth;. ,th; ,dpa ,iraikg;ghy; Gjpa gy ,irAUf;fismikj;jth;. ,irg;GyikAld;ehlfg;GyikAk; ngw;wth;. ehlfNkilfspy; tpL jiyg;ghly;fis

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,irj;jth;. ,thpd; ,irg;ghly;fisf; Nfl;l fhe ;jpabfs;>,tiug; nghpJk; ghuhl;bdhh;.,tiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy;kJiuapy; ,th; tho;e;j gFjpf;FkJuftp gh];fujh]; efh; vdg;ngahpg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,thpd; fhyk;fp.gp 1892 Kjy; 1952 tiuahFk;.ghlg;gFjpapYs;s ghly; kJiftpgh];fujh]; f Ph ;j ;jidfspd;,uz ;lhk ; ghfj ;j py ; ,lk ;ngw;Ws;sJ.xg;gilg;G:jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy; jUkpf;Fnghw;fpop mspj;j glyf; fijiag;nghk;kyhl;lkhf tbtikj;JtFg;gpy; elj;jpf; fhl;Lf.,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;vr;.V fpUl;bddhh;

603) ,iw kfdhfpa ,NaR ngUkhd;ngj;jyNfkpy; ahUf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhh;?khpad;idf;F

604) ,NaR ngUkhd; je;ijapd; ngah;?Nrhrg;Gk;

605) Foe ;ij ,NaRit> VNuhJkd;ddpd; nfhLikapypUe ;Jfhg;ghw;w je;ij Nrhrg;Gk; jha;khpad;idAk; ve;j ehl;bw;Fnrd;wdh;?vfpg;J

606) ,NaRtpd; Njhs;fspd; rpYitapidr; Rkj;jpj; Jd;GWj;jpf; ve;jkiyf;Ff; nfhz;L Nrh;j;jdh;?fy;thhp kiyf;Ff;

607) nrhw;nghUs;:1. <z;L -- ,t;tplk;2. Gfy;tJ -- nrhy;tJ3. fhz;lF -- fhzj;jf;f4. ,Ug;ghzp -- ,Uk;G Mzp5. flhtpdhh; -- mbj;jhh;6. fPz;L -- Njhz;b7. nrw;wk; -- rpdk;8. FUR -- rpYit9. nrhw;w -- nrhd;d10. Jsf;fk; -- tpsf;fk;11. RUjpKjy; -- kiw Kjy;tuhfpa,NaR ehjh;12. rijg;Gz;L -- rpijf;fg;gl;L13. gd;dhpa -- nrhy;Yjw;fhpa14. gyghL -- gyJd;gk;15. ,Uk;nghiw -- ngUk; nghWik16. tpj;jfd; -- Mz;ltd;17. njhOk;gh; -- mbahh;18. ,ir ngWjy; -- Gfo; ngWjy;19. JQ;rpdth; -- cwq;fpath;20. fPz;L -- gpse;J21. ,Ug;G Kis -- Mzpapd; Edp22. tijg;Gz;L -- Jd;gkile;J23. khz;LgLk; NghJ -- ,wf;Fk;epiyapy;24. ,ul;rfh; -- fhg;gth;25. kd;whLk; -- kpf Ntz;Ljy;26. Mfbak; -- Vsdk;

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608) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. nrq;if> Nrtb> ntt;tpUg;G -gz;Gj; njhiffs;2. ,Ug;G -- typj;jy; tpfhuk;3. fdptha; -- ctikj; njhif4. td;kwNthh; -- gz;Gj; njhif

609) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;1) jPz;bdhh; -- jPz;L + ,d; +Mh;jPz;L - gFjp

,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyMh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp2) flhtpdhh; -- flhT + ,d; + Mh;flhT - gFjp,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyMh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

610) gphpj;jwpjy;:m) kw;wpuz;L -- kw;W + ,uz;LM) FUNrw;wp -- FUR + Vw;wp,) jd;dhpa -- jd; + mhpa<) jtpg;nga;jp -- jtpg;G + va;jpc) ,j;jifa -- , + jifaC) kdeyk; -- kdk; + eyk;v) gq;fpl;lhh; -- gq;F + ,l;lhh;V) vOj;jpl;lhh; -- vOj;J + ,l;lhh;I) vd;whfbakhd - vd;W +Mfbak; + Md

611)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpf E}yhrphpah;vr;.V fpUl;bddhh;. jpUney;Ntypkhtl;lj ;jpYs;s fiuapUg ;Gvd;Dk; Chpy;> 1827 Vg;uy; ,Ugj;J%d;whk; ehs; gpwe;jhh;. ,tUilaje;ij rq;fu ehuhazh; ngUk;

Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. md;idahh;ngah; nja;t ehafp mk;khs;.,th;fs; nul;bahgl;bapy; tho;e;jth;fs;. gpwF> fiuapUg;G nrd;Wtho;e;j fpUl;bddhh;> Kg;gjhtJmfitapy; jk; ngaiu vr;.Vf pUl ;bddhh ; vd itj ;Jf ;nfhz;lhh;.fpUl;bddhh; je;ijaplk; jkpopyf;fpaq;fisAk; khzpf;f thrfj;Njthplk; ,yf;fzq; fisAk;> gpytzr;Nrhjplhplk; tlnkhopiaAk; fw;whh;.rhah;Guk; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhfg;gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,ul;rzpa rkaeph;zak;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;>,ul ;rzpaf ; Fws ; vd ;Dk ;E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhh;. fpwpj;Jtf;fk;gh; vdg; Gfo;g; ngw;w ngUq;ftpQh; 1900 gpg;uthp %d;whk; ehs;,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

612) E}w;Fwpg;G:,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;gjd;nghUs; (caph;> jd;idf; fhf;fNtz;b) ,iwtid Nehf;fpr;nry;Yk; gazk; vd;gJ. Md;k<Nlw;wj;ij tpUk;Ggth; vd;gJk;nghUe;Jk;.

[hd; gd;ad; vd;Dk; Gfo; ngw;wMq;fpy E}yhrphpah; ,aw;wpagpy;fphpk;]; GNuhfpu]; vd;Dk;E}iyj; jOtp> n`d;wp My;gh;l;LfpUl;bddhh; top E}yhfj; jkpopy;,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;Dk;ngahpy; ,aw;wpdhh;.

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613) epug;Gf:1. fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; vdg; Gfog;ngWgth; ______Vr;.v fpUl;bddhh;2. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; ______E}iyj;jOtp ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.gpy;fphpk;]; GNuhfpu];

nghq;fy; jpUtpoh(ciueil)

614) jkpoh; jpUehs; vJ?nghq;fy; tpoh> ijj;jpq;fs;ehs; tpoh> jkpopdj;jpd; jdptpoh> gz;ghl;Lg; ngUtpoh.

615) tsikapd; milahsNk ______!mWtilf; fhyk;

616) tPLk;> ehLk; J}a;ikg;gLfpw>Rw;Wg;gwr; #oiyg; Nghw;Wfpd;w,dpa jpUehs; vJ?Nghfpj; jpUehs;

617) coTf;F cWJizahd khLfised;wpAzh;NthL kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wpLk;jpUehs; vJ?khl;Lg; nghq;fy;

618) Mapukhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;NgXhplj;jpy; epiyj;J coTj; njhopy;nra;J> gz;gl;l ehfhpf tho;itNkw; nfhz;lth;fs; ahh;?jkpoh;fs;

619) Me;jpuh> fUehlfh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; kfu rq;fuhe;jp vdTk; [g;ghd;>[hth Kjypa ehLfspy; mWtilj;jpUtpoh vdTk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

jkpofk; kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if>kNyrpah> nkhhPrpaJ> rpq;fg;g+h;>,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh Nghd;wfly ; fle ; j ehLfs pYk ;nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

(,yf;fzk;)ahg;G - nra;As; cWg;Gfs;

(mb> njhif)620) mb vd;why; vd;d?

rPh;fs; gy mLj;J elg;gJ mbvdg;gLk;.

621) mb vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mitahit?mb Ie;J tifg;glk;.mit - 1. Fwsb> 2. rpe;jmb> 3. mstb> 4. nebyb> 5.fopnebyb.

622) Fwsb vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk; ,Ur;rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtJ Fwsb vdg;gLk;.v.fh.. Kf;jp Ntz;LNky;

623) rpe;jb vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk; %r;rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtJ rpe;jb vdg;gLk;.v.fh gOjp yhJ gapw;wpdh;.

624) mstb vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk; ehd;F rPh ;fisg;ngw;W tUtJ mstb my;yJNeub vdg;gLk;.v.fh tha;nkhop jg;gplh tifapy;Mw;Wtd;.

625) nebyb vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk; Ie;J rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtJ nebyb vdg;gLk;.

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v.fh ePLk; Filiaj; jhpj;jgpuhdpe;j ePs; epyj;jpy;

626) fopnebyb vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk; MW my;yJ mjw;FNkw;gl;l gy rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtijf; fopnebyb vdf;$Wth;.

627) njhil vd;why; vd;d?kyh;fisj; njhLg;gJ NghyNtrPh;fspYk; mbfspYk; NkhidKjypad mikaj; njhLg;gJnjhil vdg;gLk;.

628) njhil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?njhif vl;L tifg;gLk;.mit - 1. Nkhidj; njhil>2. vJifj; njhil> 3. Kuz;njhil> 4. ,iaGj; njhil>5 . msngilj ; njhil> 6.,ul;ilj; njhil> 7. me;jhjpj;njhil> 8. nre; njhil.

629) Nkhidj; njhil vd;why; vd;d?nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; Kjy;vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJmbNkhidj; njhil vdg;gLk;.

630) vJifj; njhil vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk ; KjnyOj ;Jmsnthj;J (Xirapy;) epw;f>,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ mbnaJifj; njhilvdg;gLk;.

631) Kuz; njhil vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPh; Kuz;glj;njhLg;gJ mbKuz; njhilvdg;gLk;.

632) ,iaGj; njhil vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ mb,iaGj; njhilvdg;gLk;.

633) msngilj; njhil vd;why; vd;d?mbNjhWk; Kjy; rPh; msngLj;JtUtJ mbasngilj; njhilvdg;gLk;.

Nkhid:634) ,izNkhid vd;why; vd;d?

,izNkhid (1>2)ehyb nfhz;l rPUs; KjypUrPh ;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ ,izNkhidvdg;gLk;.

635) nghopg;G Nkhid (1>3) vd;why;vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjw;rPhpYk;> %d;whk;rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xj;J tUtJnghopg;G Nkhid vdg;gLk;.

636) x&cNkhid (1>4) vd;why; vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjw; rPhpYk;> ehd;fhk;rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ> xUcNkhid vdg;gLk;.

637) $ioNkhid (1>2>3) vd;why; vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk;r Ph ;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wptUtJ $ioNkhid vdg;gLk;.

638) Nkw;fJtha;Nkhid (1>3>4) vd;why;vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk;rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJ tha;Nkhid.

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639) fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid vd;why;vd;d? (1>2>4)XubAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> ehd;fhk;rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhidvdg;gLk;.

640) Kw;WNkhid (1>2>3>4) vd;why;vd;d?Xh; mbapd; ehd;F rPh;fspYk;KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJKw;WNkhid vdg;gLk;.

vJifj; njhil:641) ,iz vJif vd;why; vd;d? (1>2)

KjypU rPh;fspd; KjnyOj;Jmsnthj;J epw;f (Xirastpy;),uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ ,iz vJif vdg;gLk;.

642) nghopg;G (1>3) vd;why; vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjw; rPhpYk;> %d;whk;rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;Jepw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg ;gJ nghopg ;G vJifvdg;gLk;.

643) x&c vJif (1>4) vd;why; vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjy; rPhpYk; ehyhk;rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;Jepw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptUtJ x&c vJif vdg;gLk;.

644) $io vJif (1>2>3) vd;why; vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk;rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;Jepw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg ;gJ $io vJifvdg;gLk;.

645) Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4) vd;why;vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk;rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;Jepw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJtha; vJifvdg;gLk;.

646) fPo;f;fJtha; vJif (1>2>4) vd;why;vd;d?Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> ehd;fhk;rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;Jepw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ fPo;f;fJtha; vJifvdg;gLk;.

647) Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4) vd;why; vd;d?Xh; mbAs; cs;s ehw;rPh;fspYk;KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f>,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ Kw;nwJif vdg;glk;.

648) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;;njOJf:1. njhil ______ tifg;gLk;.vl;L2. Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy;Nkhid xj;J tUtJ.Nkw;fJtha;3. mstbf;F ______ vd;Dk; NtWngaUz;L.Neub4. ,iznaJif vd;gJ ____________> rPh;fspy; ,uz;lhk; vOj;Jxd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ.1>2

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649) nghUj;Jf:m) $io --- 1>2>3 rPh;fspy; tUk;M) Nkw;fJtha; -- 1>3>4 rPh;fspy;tUk;,) fPo;f;fJtha; -- 1>2>4 rPh;fspy;tUk;<) Kw;W -- 1>2>3>4 rPh;fspy; tUk;

650) jkpo;g; gonkhop:-1) Anger is sworn enemy

Nfhgk; Fyj;ijf; nfLf;Fk;.2) Break my head and bring a plaster

gps;isiaf; fps;sp tpl ;Lj ;njhl;biyAk; Ml;LtJ.3) There is danger in mens smiles

njhOj ifAs;Sk; gil xLq;Fk;.4) Like hand and glove

efKk; rijAk; Nghy5) Wealth is best known by want

epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njhpAk;.,ay; gj;J - nra;As;

Xa;Tk; gaDk;651) Xa;thf ,Uf;ifapy; jk;gp - eP

Xt pak ; tiue ;J goF! - -,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;?ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;

652)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd;,aw;ngah; Jiu> khzpf;fk;.,tuJ Ch; Nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;srKj;jpuk;. ,thpd; ngw;Nwhh; Jiurhkp> FQ;rk;khs; Mth;. 10.03.1933md;W gpwe;j ,th;> 11.06.1995 Mk;ehs; kiwe;jhh;.

fdpr;rhW> Iia> nfha;ahf;fdp>g ht paf ; nfhj ;J > gs ;s p g ;gwitfs;> E}whrphpak; Kjypa gyE}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. njd;nkhop> jkpo;r; rpl;L> jkpo; epyk;Mfpa ,jo;fs; %yk; cyfj;jkpohpilNa jkpOzh;it ,e;E}y;FQ;RfSf;F> gwitfSf;F>kzpnkhop khiy vd;Dk; %d;WgphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ.

653) epug;Gf:1. ,irahy; ______ kiwe;J NghFk;.Jd;gk;2. cyf epfo;Tfis mwpe;jhy;______ Nkk;gLk;.mwpTj;jpwd;3. Vl;Lf;fy;tpawpTld; ______fy;tpawpT?fiyaTk ; > njho pw ; fy ;t p >mwptpaw; rpe;jid4 . gs ;s p g ; gwitfs ; E }y ;______gphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ.%d;W

vjph;fhyk; ahUf;F -- kPuh654) cjph;fhyk; ,dpNkNy - vd;w

vjph;fhyk; ahUf;F vd;w ghliyghbath; ahh;?kPuh

655) nrhw;nghUs;:Njl;il -- nry;tk;

656) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:k P u h vd ;Dk ; ngah ; k P .,uhNre;jpud; vd;gjd; RUf;fk;.

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,th; 1938 Mk; Mz;L rptfq;ifapy;gpwe;jhh;. jhk; gbj;j rptfq;iff;fy;Y}hpapy; NguhrphpauhfTk;>Kjy;tuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;.,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs;> %d;Wk;MWk;> NfhilAk; tre;jKk;>Crpfs;> fdTfs; fw;gidfs;fhfpjq;fs;> Ff;$ Mfpa ftpijE}y;fisAk; th ,e;jg;gf;fk; kPuhfl ;Liufs ; Mfpa fl ;LiuE}y;fisAk; gilj;Js;shh;.

jkpo; tsh;r;rpf; fofg; ghpR>ghNte;jh; tpUJ> rpw;gp ,yf;fpatpUJ> jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; NguittpUJ Kjypatw;iw toq;fpj;jkpOyfk; ,tiur; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ.

657) E}w;Fwpg;G:,g;ghly; ,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs;vd ;Dk ; njhFg ; g py ; ,lk ;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g;ghly;fisj;njhFj;jth; Nre;jp cilaehjGuk;r Pdpthrd;. ,e;E}y;> rpWJspngUnts;sk; vd;Dk; ngUe;jiyg;gpDs ; mOjj ;Jspfs ; > Njd ;Jspfs;> fz;zPh ;j ; Jspfs;>gd;dPh;j;Jspfs;> kioj;Jspfs;>FUjpj;Jspfs; vd;Dk; rpWjiyg;Gfspd; fPo; ehw;gj;ije;J ftpijfs;cs;sd. ,f;ftpij> kioj;Jspfs;vd ;Dk ; jiyg ; g py ; ,lk ;ngw;Ws;sJ.

658) epug;Gf:1. Vh; gpbj;J ciog;gtUf;Ff;fpilg;gJ --------

ey;y vjph;fhyk;2. mwr;rhiy ------------ tpijg;ghUf;Nffpl;Lk;.caph ;fspd; ,d;dy; e Pf ;Fk;mUshsh;f;Ff;

caph;f;Nfhsk; (ciueil)659) caphpdq;fs; tho;tjw;F Vw;w

caph;f;Nfhskhf mJ khWtjw;Fr;------------------- Mz;Lfs; NkyhdJ.Rkhh; E}w;iwk;gJ Nfhb

660) caph;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; vjpy;Njhd;wpd?ePhpy;

661) ve;j mz;lj;jpy; epyTk; Nfhs;fspy;caphpdq;fs; tho ,ayh?re;jpud;> nrt;tha;

662) epyj;jpy; kl;LNk caph;fs; tho,aYkhjyhy;> mjid ______vd toq;FfpNwhk;.caph;f; ;Nfhsk;.

663) caphpdq;fspd; ,ay;ig ahh;Muha;e;jd?mwpQh;

664) kdpjNd ______ ikak;.caph;f; Nfhsj;jpd;

665) caph;f;Nfhsk; jd;dfj;Nj gy,aw ;iff ; fhl ; r p fisfPo;f;fhz;Nghk;?gue;j thd;ntspAk;> cah;e;jkiyKfLk;> kiytPo; mUtpAk;>tw;whky; tsk; gug;Gk; MWk;>ftpd;kpF NrhiyAk;> fdpjUk;kuq;fs;> caphpdq;fSk; mjd;epiyfsd;fs; MFk;.

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666) caph;fspd; tho;f;if ,aw;ifr;#o;epiyfshfpa ______> ______>nfhz;L eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.fhw;W> ePh;

667) ______ kw;Wk; ______ epyg;gFjpfs; flypy; %o;fptpLtJk;> Gjpaepyj; Njhw;wq;fs; cUthtJk;cz;L.vhpkiyfs;> epyeLf;fq;fs;

668) kdpj tho;iff;Fj; Njitahd______> ______> Kjypatw;iwtoq;Ffpd;wJ.cg;G> jhJg;nghUs;

669) fly ; vd ;d nghUs ;fismspf;fpd;wJ?Kj ;J> gtsk ; > f ps pQ ;ry ; >flw;gQ;R> rq;F

670) ePh;g;ghfj;ij ______ vd;Wk;> fhw;Wkz;lyj;ij ______ vd;Wk;$Wth;.ePh;f;Nfhsk;> tspf;Nfhsk;

671) fhw;W kz;lyj;jpd; fyit ahJ?caph;tsp ( Mf;rprd;) 21%cg;Gtsp (iel;burd;) 78%kw;w tspfs; 1%

672) Rw;W #oy; vd;gJ vd;d?caphpdq;fs; thOk; gFjpapy;cs ;s e pyk ; > e P h ; > fhw ;WNghd;wit mlq;fpa epiyfs;.

673) cyf tspf;Nfhsk;> cauj;ijAk;ntg;gepiyiaAk; mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L gy gphpTfspy; ,uz;L vJ?mbtsp kz;lyk;> Nky;tspkz;lyk;

674) mbtsp kz;lyk; vd;why; vd;d?epyj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia xNurPuhd epiyapy; itj;jpUf;fg;nghpJk; cjTfpwJ.

675) Nky;tsp kz;lyk; vd;why; vd;d?caph ;tspg ; glyk; (XNrhd;)caph ;fs; nropf ;f ,aw;ifms pj ;j pUf ;Fk ; g hJfhg ; GmuzhFk;.

676) fjputdplkpUe;J ntsptUk; GwCjhff; fjph;fs; epyg;gug;igj;jhf;fhj tifapy; ve;j glyk;jLf;fpwJ?caph;tspg; glyk; (XNrhd;)

677) Fsph;gjdg; ngl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; -------- ,t;Taph; tspg;glyj;ijr;rpijg;gjpy; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.FNshNuh/ GSNuh fhh;gd;

678) jpz;k> ePh;k> thAg;nghUs; fopTfshy; vJ rPh;NfL milfpd;wJ?epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W

679) epyk; khRiltjw;fhd fhuzk;?Fg;igfs;> tptrhaf; fopTfs;>njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfs;.

680) fhw;W khRiltjw;fhd fhuzk;?Nghf;Ftuj;J Ch;jpfs;> njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntsptUk; er;Rg;Gif>mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; ntspNaw;Wk; fjphpaf;f khR Kjypatw;wpdhy; fhw;W ngUksT khRmilfpd;wJ.

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681) kuq;fisj; njhlh;e;J mopj;JtUtjdhy; ______ epfo;fpd;wd.epyr;rhpT> kz; mhpg;G> kioapd;ik

682) kiotsk; ngUf ______ tsh;j;jy;Ntz;Lk;.kuk;

,yf;fzk; mzp683) mzp vd;why; vd;d?

jk; fw;gid Mw;wyhYk; nkhopg;GyikahYk ; nrhy ;y pYk ;nghUspYk; moF Nrh ;j ;Jg ;ghly;fs; ,aw;Wth; ,j;jifanra;Al;fspy; fhzg;gLk; moNf.

684) VfNjr cUtf mzp vd;why;vd;d?ftpQh; jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lgynghUs;fis cUtfg;gLj;jpf;$Wk;NghJ xd;iw kl;Lk;cUtfg;gLj;jp> mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kw;nwhd;iw cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ.

685) ,y;nghUS ctikazp vd;why;vd;d?cyfpy; ,y;yhj nghUisxd;wpw;F ctikahf;fpf; $WtJ,y;nghUs; ctik mzp vdg;gLk;.

686) gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp vd;why; vd;d?Gytd;> jhd; fUjpa nghUisNeubahfr; nrhy;yhky;> mjNdhLnjhlh ; G ciladtw ;iwr ;nrhy;yp tpsq;fitg;gJ gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp MFk;.

687) Ntw;Wikazp vd;why; vd;d?nra;Aspy; ,UnghUs;fSf;F,ilNa cs;s xg;Gikiaf;$wpa gpd;dh; mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;LtJ Ntw;Wik mzpahFk;.

688) epuy;epiw mzp vd;why; vd;d?nrhy ;iyAk ; > nghUisAk ;thpirahf (epuyhf) epWj;jp>NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy;epiw mzpahFk;.nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp

689) 1) xUikr; nrhw;fisg; gd;ikahfkhw;Wf(v.fh) ahidapd; fz; rpwpaJahidapd; fz;fs; rpwad2) gz;ikia xUikahf khw;Wf:(v.fh) gRTk; fd;Wk; Nka;e;jdgRTld; fd;W Nka;e;jJ.

690) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopiamwpf1. a wolf in sheeps clothing

gRj;Njhy; Nghh;j;jpa Gyp2. union is strength

xw;WikNa typik3. no smoke with out fire

neUg;gpy;yhky; GifahJ.4. might is right

ty;yhd; tFj;jNj tha;f;fhy;5. many things fall betaeen the cup and

the lip

iff ;F vl ; baJ tha ;f ;Fvl;ltpy;iy.

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gj;jhk; tFg;G,ay; - 1

nra;As; - tho;j;J1. “nka;jhd; mUk;gp tpjpHtpjpHj;”

vd;Dk; ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH?khzpf;fthrfH

2. khzpf;fthrfH Fwpg;G?irt rkaf;FutH ehy;tUs; xUtHkhzpf;fthrfH. ,tH kJiuf;FmUfpy; jpUthjt+upy; gpwe;jtH.mupkHj;jd ghz;badplk; jiyikaikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wpatH.“mKJ mbaile;j md;gH” vd;gH.,tH mUspa E}y;fs; “jpUthrfKk; jpUf;NfhitahUk; MFk;.,tH vOg;gpa Nfhtpy; jw;NghJMTilahh; Nfhtpy; vd toq;fg;gLk;jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; (GJf;Nfhl;ilkhtl;lk;) cs;sJ. ,tH jk;fhyk; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;LMFk;.

3. "jpUthrfKk; jpUf;NfhitahUk;"irtj;jpU Kiwfspd; ve ;jjpUKiwapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?vl;lhk; jpUKiwapy;

4. jpUthrfj;jpy; vj;jidg; ghly;fs;,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?658

5. jpUthrfj;jpd; rpwg;ig czHe;j[p.A.Nghg; vk;nkhopapy; nkhopngaHj;jhH?Mq;fpyj;jpy;

6. "rjfk;;" - vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?E}W ghly;fs;

7. nghUj;Jf nrhy; - nghUs;1. tpiu - cly;2. foy; - ngUfp3. jJk;gp - kzk;4. nka; - mzpfyd;

tpil:(1 2 3 4)jpUf;Fws;

xOf;fKilikrpwg;G$Wfs;:

Kjw;ghtyH> nja ;tg ;GytH>nre;ehg;NghjhH> ngha;apy; GytH>ngUehtyH Kjypa ngaHfshy;Nghw;Wfpd;wJ. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.K31,y; gpwe;jtH. jkpof muR ijj;j pq ;fs ; ,uz;lhk ; ehisj ;jpUts;StH ehshf mwptpj;Jf;nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wJ. jpUf;Fws;gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs;xd;W. Mq;fpyk;> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;Kjypa cyfnkhopfs; gytw;wpYk;,e;E}iy nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk; E}y;,tuJ ngUikfisg; Gfo;fpwJ.

8. jpUf;Fwis ve;j Mz;L ahHgjpg;gpj;jhH?kiyaj;Jtrd; kfd; Qhdg;gpufhrk; 1812,y; jQ;irapy;ntspapl;ltH.

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9. ",izapy ;iy Kg ;g hYf ;F,e;epyj;Nj" vdg; ghbatH ahH?ghujpjhrd;

10. cupa nrhy;iyj; NjHe;njOJf:-m) ,Wtiu fhzpd; _____(fpof;fhk;/fpsf;fhk;jiy)tpil: fpof;fhk;M) kdtypikAilNahH vd;Dk;nghUs; jUk; nrhy ; _____(cuNthH/cwNthH)tpil: cwNthH

VyhjpfzpNkjhtpahH

11. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:rkz rkaj;jtH fhyk; fp.gp.Ie;jhk;E}w;whz;L.,tH "jpizkhiyE}w;iwk;gJ" vd;Dk; E}iyAk;,aw;wpAs;shH. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; Vyhjp xd;W.81 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.,ytq;fk;> rpWehtw;g+> Rf;F> kpsF>jpg;gpyp Mfpatw;wpdhy; MdkUe;Jg; nghUSf;F Vyhjp vd;gJngaH.

ciueilcaHjdpr; nrk;nkhop

12. “tPWil nrk;nkhop jkpo;nkhopcyfk; Nt&d;wpa ehs;Kjy;capHnkhop" vd;w tup vOjpatH“ ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhH"

13. jpUe;jpa gz;Gk;> rPHj;j ehfupfKk;nghUe;jpa J}a;nkhop jkpo;r;nrk;nkhopahk;" vd;W gupjpkhw;

fiyQH nrk;nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk;tFj;Js;shH.

14. gjpdhW nrt;tpay; jd;ikfisf;nfhz;lJ nrk;nkhop vd;gH mitahit?1. njhd;ik 2.Kd;ik 3.Ez;ik4. jpz;ik 5.vz;ik 6.xz;ik7. ,dpik 8.jdpik 9.,sik10.tsik 11.jha;ik 12.J}a;ik13.Kk;ik 14.nrk;ik 15.,ad;ik16.tpad;ik

15. 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Nkw;gl;ltuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAila nkhopfs;rpyNt ,tw;Ws; tof;fpoe;J Nghdnkhop ahit?jkpo;> rPdk;> rk];fpUjk;> ,yj;jPd;.<g;U> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPDk;> <g;UTk;tof;fpoe;J Nghapd.

16. "vd;WKs njd;jkpo;" vd;wtH ahH?fk;gH

17. ve;j nkhopfSf;F jkpo;nkhopjha;nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpwJ?fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;>JStk;

18. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nkhj;jmbfs; vj;jid?26>350

19. “ fkpy ;Rtygpy ;" ve ;j ehl ;Lnkhopapay; NguwpQuhthH?nrf; ehl;L

20. “khf;RKy;yh;" vd;Dk; nkhopE}ywpQNuh jkpNo kpfTk; gz;gl;lnkhop nad;Wk;> mJ jdf;Nfcupa ,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fisg;

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ngw ;w pUf ;Fk ; nkhopnad;Wk ;ghuhl;bapUf;fpd;whH.

21. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis ,g;gbAk;miog;gH?kf;fs; ,yf;fpak;

22. jkpo; ,yf;fzk; gbf;fg; gbf;ftpUg;gj;ij cz;lhf;FtJ vd;ghHahH?nfy;yl;

23. njhy;fhg;gpaupd; Mrpupauhfpamfj;jpaH ve;j Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fis vOjpAs;shH?vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G>mzp> ,d;E}Yf;F mfj;jpak;vd;gJ ngaH.

24. "ahJk; CNu> ahtUk; NfspH" -GwehD}W"gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capHf;Fk;"- jpUf;Fws ;

25. kf;fl; gz;gpy;yhjhiu vjw;Fxg;gpLfpwhH ts;StH?kuk;

26. "murpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwk;$w;whFk;" vd;w mwnewp fUj;ij$Wk; E}y; vJ?rpyg;gjpfhuk;

27. ,d;iwa nkhopapay; ty;YeHfs;Ngzpg; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f topKiwfisj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wfpd;wJvd;wtH ahH?KidtH vkpNdh

Jizg;ghlk; ,ay;-1gupjpkhw;fiyQH

28) Fwpg;G:-#upaehuhaz rh];jpupahH vd;Dk;jk; ngaiug; "gupjpkhw;fiyQH"vdj; jdpj; jkpohf;fpf; nfhz;ltH.je;ij ngaH: Nfhtpe;jrptdhHjhahH ngaH : ,yl;Rkp mk;khs;%d;whtJ kfdhf 1870Mk; Mz;L#iyj; jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehs; gpwe;jhH.kJiuia mLj;j tpshr;Nrupvd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; gpwe;jhH.nrd;idf; fpwpj;jtf; fy;Y}upapy;gp.V. gapd;whH.

29. jd;dplk; jkpo; fw;w khztHfisgupjpkhw;fiyQH vt;thW mioj;jhH?,aw;wkpo; khztH

30. ghRfuNrJgjp jiyikapy; ghz;bj;Jiu Nkw;ghHitapy; gupjpkhw;fiyQH c.Nt.rhkpehjH ,uhftdhHMfpa NguhrpupaHfs; JizAld;kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ.

31. jpuhtpl rh];jpup vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg;gl;lj;ij gupjpkhw;fiyQUf;F#l;ba aho;g;ghzj;J jkpowpQHahH?rp.it.jhNkhjudhH

32. "jdpg;ghRuj; njhif" vd;Dk;E}ypid ,aw;wpatH ahH?gupjpkhw;fiyQH

33. "tpLedp fbJ" - vd;w nrhy; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; vJ?fk;guhkhazk;-Ffg;glyk;

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34. gupjpkhw;fiyQH ,aw;wpa ew;wkpo;ehlfq;fs; ahit?&ghtjp> fyhtjp

35. "rpj;jpuf;ftp" vd;Dk; E}iyvOjpatH ahH?gupjpkhw;fiyQH

36. FkuFUguupd; ePjpnewp tpsf;fj;jpd;vj;jid ghly;fSf;F ciunaOjpciuahrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhH?51 ghly;fs;

37. K.rp.g+Hzypq;fk; njhlq;fp itj;j______ vd;Dk; ,jiog; gupjpkhw;fiyQH elj;jpdhH.QhdNghjpdp

38. 33mfitapy; ,aw;if va;jpdhH?gupjpkhw;fiyQH(2.11.1903),yf;fzk;: vOj;J

capH gd;dpuz;Lk;> nka; gjpndl;Lk;Mf Kg ; gJ vOj ;JfisKjnyOj;Jfs; vd;gH .I-,uz;L khj;jpiu

m. tisak;-,r;nrhy;ypd; Ifhuk;______ khj ;j piu Fiwe ;Jxypf;fpwJ.,ilapy; te;J xU

M) <w;wpy; Ifhuk; Fiwe;J te;J nrhy;_____ MFk;.1.jpz;iz 2.tisak; 3.Ie;J

,) gy; + jPJ vd;gJ _____ vdg;GzUk;1. gy;jPJ 2.g/wPJ 3. gyjPJ

<) FWf;fq;fs; Ifhuf;FWf;fk; >xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> _____ Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd ehy;tifg;gLk;.kfuf;FWf;fk;

39. nghUj;Jf:-1. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; -m) K/BJ2. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; -M) jiytd;3. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; -,) Nghd;k;4. kfuf;FWf;fk; -<) ntsthy;

tpil:- 1-M> 2-<> 3-m> 4-,,ay;-2 nra;As;rpyg;gjpfhuk;

(kJiuf;fhz;lk;)(tof;Fiu fhij)

40. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; NrukugpdH je;ij,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd; jha;ew;Nrhiz. ,tHjk; jikad;Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;;.

41. E}w;Fwpg;G:rpyk;G + mjpfhuk; = rpyg;gjpfhuk;1. GfhHf;fhz;lk; 2. kJiuf;fhz;lk; 3. tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; vd;Dk;Kg;ngUq; fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.Kg;gJ fhijfisAk; cilaJ.GfhHf;fhz;lk; 10 fhijfisAk;>kJiuf;fhz;lk; 13 fhijfisAk;>tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; 7 fhijfisAk;nfhz;lJ. "ciuapilapl ;lghl;Lilr;nra;As;" vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;. Kjw;fhg;gpak;> Kj;jkpo;f;fhg;gpak;> xw;Wikf;fhg;gpak;>ehlff;fhg;gpak; vdr; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijg; Nghw;wpg;Gfo;tH."neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk;vd;NwhH kzpahuk ; gilj;jjkpo;ehL" vdg; ghujpahH Gfo;e;jhH.

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42. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;gitvit?vit?

1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 2. kzpNkfiy 3. rPtfrpe;jhkzp 4. tisahgjp 5. Fz;lyNfrp43. rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij vt;tifapy;

mike;Js;sJ?,irehlfkhf

44. rpyg;gjpfhuk; czHj;Jk; %d;Wcz;ikfs; ahit?1. murpay; gpioj;NjhHf ;Fmwq;$w;whFk;>2.ciurhy; gj;jpdpia caHe;NjhHVj;JtH3. Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;

45. ghz;ba kd;ddpd; JiwKfk; -nfhw;if

jkpo;tsHr;rpghNte;jH ghujpjhrd;

46. ghNte;jH ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaH-Rg;Guj;jpdk;gpwg;G : 1891 Vg;uy; 29 GJitapy;gpwe;jhH.jha;: ,yf;Fkpje;ij : fdfriggilg;Gfs; :FLk;gtpsf;F> ,Uz;ltPL> jkpopaf;fk;> ghz;bad; gupR>mofpd; rpupg;G

,ay;-2ciueil

nghpahupd; ngz;tpLjiyr;rpe;jidfs;

47. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-1. jkpoHfsplk; ,d;W gutpAs;s

_______ xd;W cz;L.ngUNeha;

2. ngupahH r%f _______ vjpHj;jtH@%lf;fUj;Jfis _______Kuz;fis> Kl;lWj;jth;

,ay;-2,yf;fzk; nrhy;

1. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs;jUtJ _______jdpnkhop

2. njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ______tpidr;nrhy;

3. tpidKw;W _______> _______ vd,Utifg;gLk;.njhpepiy tpidKw;W> Fwpg;GtpidKw;W

4. XH vr;r tpid _______ nfhz;LKbe;jhy;> mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.ngaiuf;njhifr;nrhw;fis

tpupj;njOJf48. ,Utpid - 1. ey;tpid

2. jPtpid49. Kj;jkpo;

1.,ay; 2.,ir3.ehlfk;

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50. %Nte;jH 1. Nrud; 2.Nrhod;

3.ghz;bad;51. ehdpyk;

1.FwpQ;rp 2.Ky;iy3.kUjk; 4.nea;jy;

52. Ie;jpiz1. FwpQ;rp 2. Ky;iy3. kUjk; 4. nea;jy;5. ghiy,ay;-3 - nra;As;fk;guhkhazk;

mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;Ffg;glyk;

53. MrpupaH Fwpg;Gfk;gH gpwg;G - NjuOe;J}H (ehifkhtl;lk;)je;ij - Mjpj;jd;fhyk; - ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jtH.Mjupj;jtH - jpUntz;nza;ey;Y}Hr; rilag;g ts;sy;fk;guJ fhyk; - fp.gp.12 E}w;whz;L

54. fk;gH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;?fk;guhkhazk;> rlNfhgue;jhjp>VnuOgJ> rpiynaOgJ> ruRtjp>me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;.

55. rkfhyj;Jg; GytHfs;:-raq;nfhz;lhH> xl;lf;$j;jH>GfNoe;jp.

56. "ahkwpe;j GytupNy fk;gidg;Nghy;"vd;W ghujpahH Gfo;e;J ghbAs;shH

57. tlnkhopapy; fk;guhkhazj;ijthy;kPfp KdptH vOjpdhH. fk;gHjhk; ,aw;wpa E}Yf;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vdg; ngaupl;lhH.

58. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; cs;s 6 fhz;lq;fs;1. ghyfhz;lk;2. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;3. Muz;a fhz;lk;4. fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;5. Re;ju fhz;lk;6. Aj;j fhz;lk;

59. "jkpOf;Ff; fjp" vd;w rpwg;Gk;fk;guhkhazj;jpw;F cz;L.

60. Ffg;glyj;ij fq;ifg;glyk; vdTk;$Wth;.nghUj;Jf:-1. ,lH - epyT2. ehtha; - Jd;gk;3. ,iw - glF4. ,e;J - jiytd;tpil: 1.Jd;gk; 2.glF 3.jiytd;4.epyTciueilmz;zy;mk;Ngj;fH

61. mk;Ngj;fH kuhl;ba nfhq;fz;khtl;lj;jpy; jNghyp vd;Dk;mk;gthNl gpwe;jhH.gpwe;j ehs; -14.4.1891je;ij - ,uhk;[p rf;ghy;jha; - gPkhgha;,tHfSf;F 14MtJ gps;isahfg;gpwe;jhH.,aw;ngaH- gPkhuht; uhk;[p

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62. fy;tpg;gazk;:-gs;sp- 1908 ,y; vy;gpd;];ld; gs;spapy;caHepiyg;gbg;G 1912 ,y; gk;gha;vy;gpd;];ld; fy;Y}upapy; ,sq;fiyg;gl;lk; ngw;whH.1915 ,y; mnkupf;fhtpy; nfhyk;gpahgy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; KJfiyg;gl;lk;.1916 ,y; ,yz;ld; nghUshjhuj;jpy;KidtH gl;lk; ngw;whH. kPz;Lk;,yz;ld; nrd;W mwptpay;KJfiyg; gl;lKk; ghup];lHgl;lKk; ngw;whH.

63. mk;Ngj;fH Kjypy; elj;jg ;ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs;!1924Mk; Mz;L Nfushtpy ;itf;fj;jpy; elj;jpa xLf;fg;gl;NlhHMyaEioT Kaw;rpAk;>1927 Mk;Mz;L khHr;R jpq;fs; ,Ugjhk;ehs; mk;Ngj;fH kuhl;baj;jpy;kfhj;Jf; Fsj;jpy; elj;jpajz;zPH vLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lKk; kdpjcupikf;fhf Kjypy; elj;jg; ngw;wNghuhl;lq;fs; vdyhk;.

64. tl;lNkir khehL ve;j Mz;Leilngw;wJ?1930

65. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr;rl;lk;tFf;f vj;jid NgH nfhz;l FOmikf;fg;gl;lJ?vOtH

66. ,e;jpah KOikahd FbauRehlhfj; jd;id mwptpj;Jf;nfhz;l ehs;?1950 - 1 - 26 ehs;

67. kf ; fs ; fy ;t pf ; fofj ;ijj ;Njhw;Wtpj;jtH ahH? ve;j Mz;L?mk;Ngj;fH 1946

68. Fwpg;G:-rpj;jhHj;jh caHfy;tp epiyaj;jpy;,d;iwa mwpT tsHr ;r pf ;FNtz;ba midj;J ghlq;fSk;fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

69. ",e;jpahtpd; Njrpag; gq;FtPjk;"- vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH?mk;Ngj;fH

70. mk;Ngj;fH GfOlk;G va;jpa ehs;?1956 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gH jpq;fs;Mwhk; ehs;

71. ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh (,e;jpakhkzp) vd;Dk; caupa tpUijmz;zy; mk;Ngj;fUf;F ve;jMz;L toq;fp ngUikg;gLj;jpaJ?1990

Jizg;ghlk;md;whl tho;tpy; rl;lk;

72. murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 19(1) MtJgpuptpd;gb Fbkf;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk;KOikahd Ngr;Rupik> vOj;Jupikcz;L.

73. jfty; mwpTk; cupikr;rl;lk; ruj;vd;d?2005 gpupT 6,yf;fzk; - nghJ

74. vOj;jpyf;fzk;>nrhy;ypyf;fzk;Mfpa ,uz;bYk; $wg;glhjnghJthd nra;jpfs; nrhy;yg;gLtjhy; ,J nghJ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ

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75. "xUnkhop xopjd; ,dq;nfhsw;Fupj;Nj" vd;w E}l;gh ,lk; ngw;wE}y;?ed;D}y; (359)

76. ,stofd; te;jhd; ,J ________njhlHm) Fwpg;G M) ntspg;gil,) vJTkpy;iytpil: M

77. "khL" vd;Dk; nrhy; _____ MFk;.m) caHjpizg; nghJg;ngaHM) m/wpizg; nghJg;ngaH,) tpuTg;ngaHtpil: M

78. khL fd;iw <d;wJ ,j;njhlupy;khL vd;gJ _______ Fwpf;Fk;m) gR M) fhis,) fd;Wtpil: m

78. nghUj;Jf:-1. ntspg;gilr; nrhw;fs; - NrhWcz;lhd;2. Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; -fy;>kz;3.,dq;Fwpj;jy; - khL ghy; fwe;jJtpil. 1. fy;>kz;

2. khL ghy; fwe;jJ 3. NrhW cz;lhd;

79. ,sikg; ngaHfisg; ngUj;Jf1. ML - fd;W2. khd; - gps;is3. fPup - Fl;b4. rpq;fk; - FQ;R5. Nfhop - Fuistpil: 1. Fl;b 2. fd;W 3. gps;is4. FUis> 5. FQ;R

80. gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r;nrhw;fis vOJf:-1. N\j;jpuq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;Wtpf;fpuq;fis topgLf.Gz;zpaj;jye;NjhWk; nrd;WflTs; rpiyfis topgLf.2. ,k;khu;f;fj;jpy; ahj;jpiu nry;Yq;fs;,t;topNa Gz;zpag; gazk;nry;Yq;fs;.3. ,e;j \Hl; kpfTk; fh];l;ypahdJ.,e;j Nkyhil kpFe;j tpiykjpg;Gs;sJ.4. ehis elf;f tpUf;Fk; Nkl;rpy;,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf tpd; nra;Ak;ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nghl;bapy;,e ;j pah cWjpaha ; ntw ;w pngWk;.5. ehd; ,e;jf; fhNy[pd; Xy;l;];Llz;l;ehd; ,e;jf; fy;Y}hpapd; Nkdhs;khztd;.

,ay; - 4nra;As; - ew;wpiz

81. kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhH vOjpaghly; ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; cs;sJ.kpis vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;jtuhjyhy;> kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhHvd;Dk; ngaH ngw;whH.

82. "ey;" vd;W milnkhop nfhLj;Jg;Nghw;wg;gLtJk; ew;wpizNa!

83. ew ;wpizapd; njhFg;gpj ;jtHgd;dhL je;j khwd; tOjp

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784. ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; ehD}WghbNdhH275

85. ew;wpiz xd;gjbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk;_____ Ngnuy;iyAk; nfhz;l E}y;.gd;dpuz;L mbg;

86. "mup" vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;_____new;fjph;GwehD}Wf; fz;zfdhH

87. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhodpd; mitf;fsg;GytHfSs; xUtuhf jpfo;e;jtH?fz;zfdhH

88. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;WGwehD}Wciueil Ngr;Rf;fiy

89. Ez;zpa E}y; gy fw;wtHf;Nfmike;j mupa fiy _____m) Xtpaf;fiyM) ,irf;fiy,) Ngr;Rf;fiytpil: ,

90. Nkilg;Ngr;rpy; kf;fis <Hj;jtH_____

m) NguwpQH mz;zhM) K.tujuhrdhH,) jpU.tp.ftpil: m

,yf;fzk;tpdh-tpil tiffs;xUnghUl; gd;nkhop

91. nghUj;Jf:-1. mwptpdh - tUthah? vdpy;"thNud;" vd;gJ2. Vty;tpil - cz;lhah? vdpy;>"tapW typf;Fk;" vd;gJ3. kiwtpil - ,jidr; nra;thah?vdpy; "ePNa nra;" vd;gJ4.cWtJ $wy; - ",jd; nghUs;ahJ?" vd MrpupaH khztuplk;Nfl;gJtpilfs;:1. ,jd; nghUs; ahJ? vdMrpupaH khztuplk; Nfl;gJ2. ,jidr; nra;thah? vdpy;>“ePNa nra;” vd;gJ3. tUthah? vdpy;> “thNud;”vd;gJ4. cz;lhah? vdpy;> “tapWtypf;Fk;” vd;gJ

92. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-m) xU nghUs; Fwpj;JtUk;nrhw;fisNa _____ vd;gH.xUnghUl; gd;nkhopM) xU nghUl; gd;nkhopf;Fr;rhd;W _____

Xq;fp cah;e;j,) ',J nra;th' vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F"tapW typf;Fk;" vdf; $WtJ_____ tpilcWtJ $wy;<) Mlj;njupAkh vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;Fg;ghlj; njupAk; vdf; $WtJ _____tpil ,dnkhop

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207

c) ed;D}y; fpilf;Fkh vdf;filf;fhuhplk; Nfl;gJ _____ tpdh

nfhsy;93. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit

ahit?MWtifg;gLk;.mwptpdh> mwpahtpdh> Iatpdh>nfhsy; tpdh> nfhil tpdh>Vty; tpdh

94. tpil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mitahit?vl;L tifg;gLk;Rl;L tpil> kiwtpil> NeH tpil>Vty; tpil> tpdh vjpHtpdhjy;tpil> cw;wJiuj;jy; tpil> cWtJ$wy; tpil> ,dnkhop tpil

,ay; -5nra;As; - ngupaGuhzk;mg;g+jpabfs; Guhzk;

95. MrpupaH Fwpg;GngupaGuhzj;ij mUspatH -Nrf;fpohHgpwg;G - Fd;wj;J}upy; gpwe;jtH(fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;),aw;ngaH - mUz;nkhopj;NjtHgzp - meghar; Nrhodplk;jiyik mikr;ruhfj; jpfo;e;jtHngw;w gl;lk; - cj;jk Nrhog;gy;ytH vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;wtHrpwg;G ngaH - nja;tr; Nrf;fpohHvd;Wk; njhz;lHrPH guTthHfhyk; - fp.gp.12 E}w;whz;L

96. E}w;Fwpg;GjdpabahH - 63njhifabahH - 9nkhj;jk;rptdbahH = 72

97. ngupaGuhzj;jpw;F Nrf;fpohH ,l;lngaH"jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk;"

98. "cynfyhk;" vd;W mbnaLj;Jf;nfhLf;fg; ghlg;ngw;w njdTk;$WgtH?jpy;iy eluhrg; ngUkhd;

99. "gj;jpr; Ritedp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg;ghba ftp tyt" vd;W Gfo;e;Jiuj;jtH ahH?kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhH

100. "cyfk;> capH> flTs;" Mfpa%d;iwAk; xUq;Nf fhl;Lk; fhtpae;jhd; ngupaGuhzk; vd;wtH ahH?jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhH

101. jk; tPl;bYs;s midj;Jg; nghUs;fSf;Fk; jpUehTf;furH vdg;ngaH #l;batH _____mg;g+jpabfshH

102. nghUj;Jf:-1. Nkjp - m) rptd;2. re;jk; - M) vUik3. Nfhjpy; - ,) moF4. mq;fzH - <) Fw;wkpy;yhj gRtpil: 1-M> 2-,> 3-<> 4-m

ciueiljpiug;glf;fiy cUthd fij

103. xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; Kiwia ve;jMz ;L vl ;t HL ikg p u p l ; Rfz;Lgpbj;jhH?1830

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208

104. glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwiafz;Lgpbj;jtH?<];l;kd;

105. gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R vd;w mnkupf;fH1894 ,y; upr;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy;,af;fg;glj;ijg; gyUk; ghHf;Fk;tifapy; tbtikj;jhH.

106. jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk;glr;RUs; _____ vd;Dk; nghUshy;MdJ.nry;Yyha;L

107. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-1. ebg;ghw ;wy; kpf ;ftiuAk;ebg;igf; fw;Wj; jUgtiuAk; ____vd miog;gH.,af;Feh;2. glg;gpbg;Gf; fUtpia _____nghUj;JtJk; cz;L.efh;j;Jk; tz;bapy;3. ,aq;FUg; glq;fs; ghHg;gjw;F_____ ,Uf;Fk;.Ntbf;ifaha;

108. nghUj;Jf:-1. <];l;kd; -m) xUtH kl;Lk; ghHf;Fk;

glf;fUtp2. vbrd; -M) glr;RUs;3. vl;tHL ikgpupl;R -,)fUj;Jg;glk;4. thy;l; b];dp -<),af;fg;glk;

tpil: 1-M> 2-m> 3-<> 4-,Jizg;ghlk;ghujuj;dh

vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud;109. ghujuj;dh vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud;

,yf;ifapYs;s fz;bapy; 1917Mk; Mz;L rdtupj; jpq;fs;gjpNdohk; ehs; gpwe;jhH.

110. je;ij - NfhghyNkdd;jha; - rj;aghkh ,UtUf;Fk; 5kfdhf gpwe;jhH.

111. Gul;rp ebfH>kf;fs; jpyfk; vd;WNghw;wg;gl;lhH.

112. mw pQH mz ;zh mtHfs ;vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpuid ,jaf;fdpvd;W Nghw;wpdhH.

113. 1963 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khepyr;rl;l kd;w Nkyit cWg;gpduhdhH.

114. 1967 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nghJj;NjHjypd; NghJ guq;fpkiyj;njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;whH.

115. 1972 Mk; Mz;L jhkpUe ;j,af;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpg; Gjpafl;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhH.

116. 1977 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w jkpofr;rl;lkd;wj; NjHjypy; ngU ntw;wpngw;W Kjy;tuhfg; gjtp Vw;whH.

117. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; mtuJgzpfisg; ghuhl;b> lhf;lH gl;lk;toq;fpaJ.

118. kj;jpa muR mtHjk; gzpiag;ghuhl;b caupa tpUjhd ghujuj;dh(,e;jpakhkzp)tpUJ toq;fpaJ.,t;tpUJ mtUila kiwTf;Fg;gpd; 1988 Mk; Mz;L toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,yf;fzk;ctk cUGfs;

ctk cUG - njhlH1. Nghy - fpspNghyg; Ngrpdhs;2. Giua - Nta;Giu Njhs;3. xg;g - jhnahg;gg; NgRk; kfs;4. cwo - KoT cwo; jlf;if

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5. md;d - kyud;d Nrtb "Nghy Giua xg;g cwo khd fLg;g ,iag Va;g;g Neu epfu md;d ,d;d vd;gTk; gpwTk; ctkj; JUNg."

ed;D}y; 367ctik cUtfk;mKjnkhop - nkhopaKJfaw;fz; - fz;fay;Njd;jkpo; - jkpo;j;Njd;g+tpuy; - tpuy;g+kjpKfk; - Kfkjpkyub - mbkyHKj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;Jtpw;GUtk; - GUttpy;kyHg;ghjk; - ghjkyH

,ay; MWnra;As;: jkpo; tpL J}J

E}w;Fwpg;G:-1. Nghypg;GytHfisj; jiyapy;

Fl;Lgth; _____mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;.

2. ehy;tifg; ghf;fSk; taYf;F_____ mike;Js;sd.tug;Gfsha;"nrtpia mWg;gjw;F tpy;ypGj;J}uZk; jiyia ntl;Ltjw;Fxl;lf;$j;jDk; ,Ue;jikahy;jkpNo eP fpisj;Jr; nropj;Jtsh;e;jha;

,ay; - 6ciueil -

njhd;ikj; jkpofk;119) "kdpj ehfhpfj; njhl;by;" vd;W

miof;fg;gLtJ?,nyKhpah

120) ve;j gaph; tiffis jkpoh;fs;tpw;whh;fs;?ney;> fk;G> Nrhsk;> Nfo;tuF>jpid> rhik> tuF Kjypajhdpa tiffisAk;> cSe;J>fliy> mtiu> Jtiu> jl;il>gr;ir> nfhs;S> vs;S KjypagaW tiffisAk; jkpoh;fs;tpw;whh;fs;.

121) fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng fpNuf;fk;>cNuhkGhp> vfpg;J Mfpa ehLfSf;Fvg;nghUs;fis mDg;gg;gl;ld?mhpr pAk ; > ka py ;NjhifAk ; >re;jdKk;.

122) fp.K.gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by; murd;rhykDf;F ahidj; je;jKk;>ka py ; NjhifAk ; > thridg ;nghUs;fSk; jkpofj;jpypUe;JmDg;gg;gl;ld.

123) kJiuj ; jkpo ;r ;rq ;fj ;ijNaFwpf;Fk; GwehD}W> gupghlypy;,lk; ngw;w nrhw;fs; ahit?jkpo;nfO $ly;> jkpo; Ntyp

124) "$lypy; Ma;e;j xz;jPe; jkpopd;"- vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ?kzpthrfk;

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125) ghzd;> ghbdp> $j;jd;> tpwypvd;W ,aypir ehlff; fiyQh;fs;,Ue;jikiaAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

126) "gz;nzhL jkpnohg;gha;" - vd;wtup ,lk; ngw;w E}y;?Njthuk;

127) "cOJz;L tho;thNu tho;thh;" -vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y;?jpUf;Fws;

128) "fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff;flNd" vd;Dk; gupghly;

129) jdf;Ftikapy;yh xU ---------------jkpo; ,dk;.jdp,dk;Jizg;ghlk;:- jw;fhyj;njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;

130) njhy ;y paiy Mq;f pyj ;j py ;"Mh;f;fpahy[p" vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;.

131) ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh;1963 Mk; Mz;L g+k;Gfhh; mUfpy;cs;s fPohh;ntsp vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;Nkw;nfhz;l fly; mfoha;tpd;NghJ fp.K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr;rhh;e;j fl;ll ,bghLfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.

132) KJkf;fs; jhopfs; vd;why; vd;d?gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,we;Njhiumth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUs;fSld; xU jhopapypl;Lg; Gijf;Fk;tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;tifj;jhopfisNa KJkf;fs; jhopfs;vd;fpNwhk;.

,yf;fzk; Gzh;r;rp133) ,Unrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ Njhd;wy;>

nfLjy;> jphpjy; Mfpa khw;wq;fs;Vw;gLkhapd; mtw;iw tpfhug;Gzh;r;rp vd;gh;.(v.L) 1. thio + gok; - thiog;gok;- Njhd;wy;2. kuk; + Nth; - kuNth; - nfLjy;3. nghd; + Flk; - nghw;Flk; -jphpjy;

134) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-1. tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg;ngaNuhLgpw jpirfs; te;J NrUk; NghJ_____m) epiynkhop <W ePq;Fk;M) epiynkhop <Wk; nka;Ak;ePq;Fk;,) tUnkhop Kjy; nfLk;tpil: M2. Nkw;F + ehL vd;gJ _____vdr;NrUk;.m) Nkw;F ehL M) NkehL ,)NkdhLtpil: ,3. fUik + Fop vd;gJ _____vDk;tpjpfspd; gb GzUk;.m) MjpePly;> ,dkpfy;.M) jd;ndhw;wpul;ly;> ,ilAfuk,) Mjy;

,) <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy;tpil: ,

135) nghUj;Jf:-1. mb mfuk; I mjk; - m) ntw;wpiy2. MjpePly; -- M) fUk;gyif

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3. ,dkpfy; -- ,) igq;$o;4. jd;ndhw;wpul;ly; - <) %J}h;tpil: 1-,> 2-<> 3-M> 4- m,ay; VO nra;As; jpUf;Fws;nghpahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly;

136) ,y;yhiu ----------- vs;Sth;.vy;yhUk;

137) mwdPDk; ,d;gKk; <Dk; _____jPjpd;wp te;j nghUs;.jpwdwpe;J

138) jpwdwpe ;J Njh ;e ;J nfhs;sNtz;bath; _____1. md;Gs;s ngw;Nwhh;.2. Mh;tKs;s ez;gh;.3. %j;j mwpTilahh;tpil: 3

139) mhpatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mhpJ _____Ngzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy;1. rpwpath; 2. nghpahh; 3. cwtpdh;tpil: 2

140) Kjypyhh;f;F -------------- ,y;iy.1. Cjpak; 2. el;G 3. Giftpil: 1

Njthuk; - jpUehTf;furh;141)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-

jpUehTf;furh; jpUth%upy; gpwe;jth;.ngw;Nwhh; Gfodhh;. khjpdpahh;,tuJ jkf;ifahh; jpyftjpahh;>jpUehTf;furUf;Fg; ngw;Nwhh; ,l;lngah; kUzPf;fpahh;. ,tUf;Fj;jUkNrdh;> mg;gh;> thrPrh; vd;Dk;NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. ,tuJnewp njhz;L newp.

irt mbahu;fis ehad;khu;fs;vd;W toq;Fth;. ,th;fs; mWgj;J%th ; . irt rkaf ; Futh ;ehy;tUs; xUth; jpUehTf;furh;.,th;jk; ghly;fs; Njthuk; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th; jhz;lfk;ghLtjpy; ty;yth; Mjyhy;> ,th;j hz ;lf Nte ;j h ; vdTk ;toq;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,tuJ fhyk;fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;L jpUth%u;flY}h; khtl;lk; gz;ZUl;biamLj;Js;sJ.

142) E}w;Fwpg;G:-Njthuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyj; Nj +thuk; vdg; gphpj;Jj; nja;tj;jd ;ikia cila ,irg ;ghly;fs; vd;Wk; Nj + Muk; vdg;gpupj;Jj; nja;tj;jpw;Fr; #l;bg;ngw;w ghkhiy vd;Wk; $Wth;.irtj; jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;lDs;Kjy; VOk; %tu; Njthuk;>jpUehTf;furh; ghb mUspa ghly;fs;ehd;F> Ie;J> Mwhk; jpUKiwfs;ekf;Fg; ghlkhf mike;Js;sghly; jpUehTf;furh; mUspaMwhe;jpU Kiwapy; cs;sJ.

143) "ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk;" vd;Dk;ghly ; _____ "mr ;rk py ;iymr;rkpy;iy" vdg; ghlj; J}z;baJ.1. ghujpjhrid 2. Rujhit3. ghujpahiutpil: 3

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ciueiljkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay;

rpe;jidfs;144) "mwpT mw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp" -

jpUts;Sth;145) cyfk; cUz;il vd;gijg;

gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpwNfNkiy ehl;bdh; cWjp nra;jdh;.

146) cyfk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r;nrhy; _____vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ.cyT

147) cyT vd;gJ Rw;Wjy; vd;wnghUisj; jUk;.

148) Qhyk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy; "Qhy;"vd;Dk; nrhy;ybahfj; Njhd;wpaJvd;gh;. "Qhy;" vd;gjw;Fj; njhq;Fjy;vd;gJ nghUs;.

149) "twpJ epiy,a fhaKk;" ,t;tup,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? Gwk;(30)

150) "tytd; Vth thD}h;jp" - Gwk;(27)151) "jPk;gpop ve;jpuk; ge;jy; tUe;j" vd;w

thp ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ?gjpw;Wg;gj;J

152) "me;jf; NfzpAk; ve;jpuf; fpzWk;"- ngUq;fij

153) "cWkplj; Jjth cth;epyk;" -GwehD}w;W thpfs;

154) "gathf; fsuidau; fy;yhjth;"- jpUf;Fws;

155) "Xh; mZtpidr; rj$wpl;l NfhzpDk;- csd;" - ahu; $wpaJ?fk;gh;

156) "clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth;"- jpU%yh;

157) kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; -jpUf;Fws;

158) "Gy;yhfpg; g+lha;" - jpUthrfk; thp,yf;fzk;: nghUs;

,yf;fzk; mfg;nghUs;159) md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vit?

FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;>ghiy

160) Kjw;nghUs; vd;git mfnthOf;fk;epfo;jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk; epyKk;nghOJk; MFk;.

161) Itif epyq;fs;1. FwpQ;rp - kiyAk;> kiyrhh;e;j ,lKk;2. Ky;iy - fhLk; fhLrhh;e;j ,lKk;3. kUjk; - taYk; tay;rhh;e;j ,lKk;4. nea;jy; - flYk; fly;rhh;e;j ,lKk;5. ghiy - kzYk; kzy;rhh;e;j ,lKk;162) nghOJfs; 2 tifg;gLk;:-

1. ngUk;nghOJ2. rpWnghOJ

1) ngUk;nghOJ:-m) fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp> Gul;lhrpM) Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif,) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khu;fop> ij<) gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp> gq;Fdpc) ,sNtdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrpC) KJNtdpw;fhyk; - Mdp> Mb

2) rpWnghOJ:-m) fhiy - fhiy 6 kzpKjy;10 kzptiuM) ez;gfy; - fhiy 10 kzpKjy;2 kzptiu

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,) vw;ghL - gpw;gfy; 2 kzpKjy;6 kzptiu<) khiy - khiy 6 kzpKjy;,uT 10 kzptiuc) ahkk; - ,uT 10 kzpKjy;,uT 2 kzptiuC) itfiw - ,uT 2 kzpKjy;fhiy 6 kzptiu(vw;ghL - vy; + ghL> vy; - QhapW- ghL - kiwAk; Neuk;)

163) jpizAk; nghOJk;:-kqj{!! ohVl<<!ohiPK!! sqXohiPK!GxqR<sq!!Gtqi<gizl<?!!!!

Le<heqg<gizl<!!!!bill<!

Lz<jz! giv<gizl<!! lijz!!lVkl<! NXohVl<ohiPKgt<!!!jugjx!ofb<kz<! NXohVl<ohiPKgt<!!!wx<hiM

hijz! -tOueqz<?!LKOueqz<?!hqe<heq!!

f{<hgz<!

164) mfk;> Gwk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; _____,yf;fzk; MFk;.nghUs;

165) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> Kjypa Ie;Jk;_____ vdg;gLk;.mfd; Ie;jpiz

166) nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa epyg;gFjp_____ gFjpahFk;.

flYk; fly;rhh;e;j167) ahkk; vd;gJ ,uT 10 kzpKjy;

_____ tiu MFk;.2 kzp

168) kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa ,uz;lDf;Fk;_____ ngUk;nghOJfSk; tUk;.MW

169) jpUkhy; _____ epyj;jpw;Fhpanja;tk;.Ky;iy

170) kzKoh> ney;yupfpiz Mfpa,uz;Lk; _____ jpizf;Fhpagiwfs;.kUjj;

171) nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa njhopy;fs;_____ MFk;.kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;Gtpistpj;jy;

172) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-m) nghUspyf ;fzk; _____tifg;gLk;.1.,uz;L 2.%d;W 3.Ie;Jtpil:1M) mfj;jpizfs; _____ tifg;gLk;.1.%d;W 2.Ie;J 3.VOtpil:3,) khh;fop> ij Mfpa ,uz;Lk;_____ fhyj;jpw;Fhpad.1.Kd;gdp 2.gpd;gdp 3.,sNtdpy;tpil:1<) ghiy epyj;jpw;Fhpa gwitfs;_____1.fpsp> kapy; 2.ehiu> md;dk;3.Gwh> gUe;Jtpil:3

173) nghUj;Jf:-1.FwpQ;rp - m) Kay;> khd;2.Ky;iy - M) Gyp> fub3.kUjk; - ,) Kjiy> Rwh4.nea;jy; - <) vUik> ePh;eha;

tpilfs;:- 1-M 2-m 3-< 4-,

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,ay; vl;Lnra;As; rPwhg;Guhzk;tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;Gyp trdpj;j glyk;

174)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-ngah; - ckWg;Gyth;

,th; vl;laGuk; fbif Kj;Jg;Gythpd; khzth;. mg;Jy;fhjph;kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd; Ntz;LNfhspd; tz;zNkckWg;Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzk; vOjj;njhlq ;f pdhh ; . E}y ; Kw ;Wk ;Kd;dNk rPjf;fhjp kiwe;jhh;.mtUf;Fg;gpd;> mGy;fhrpk; vd;wts;sy; cjtpahy; rPwhg;Guhzk;epiwTw;wJ. ckWg;Gyth; ts;sy;ngUkf;fis E}ypd; gytplq;fspy;epidT$h;e;J Nghw;Wfpwhh;.,th;vz ; gJ ghf ; fshy ; Mf paKJnkhop khiy vd;Dk; E}iyAk;gilj;jspj;Js;shh;. ,th; fhyk;gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L.

175) ,iwtdpd; jpUj;J}jh; egpfs;ehafj;jpd; rPhpa tuyhw;wpidvLj;jpak;Gk; ,dpa E}y; vJ?rPwhg;Guhzk;

176) rPwh - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? tho;f;if177) Guhzk; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?

tuyhW178) rPwhg;Guhzk; vj;jid tpUj;jg;

ghf;fshy; MdJ?Iahapuj;J ,Ugj;NjO

179) rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; Kg;ngUk; gphpTfis vKJf?tpyhjj;Jf;fhz;lk;> EGt;tj;Jf;fhz;lk;> `p[;uj;Jf; fhz;lk;

180) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-m) rPwhg;Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpath;______ckWg;Gyth;M) ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj ;jts;sy; ______rPjf;fhjp

181)chpa nrhy;iyj; Njh;e;njOJf:-m) rPwhg;Guhzk; ______ fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.1. %d;W 2. Ie;J 3. VOtpil:1M) 'Nfoy;” vd;gjd; nghUs;______1.vUik 2.Gyp 3.gd;wptpil:3

182) ahh;> ahhplk; $wpa njhlh; ,J:-m) ntd;wp thsuNr,J> Gypiag;gw;wpf; $wpatd;Kfk;kJ egpaplk; $wpajhFk;.M) NtnwhU fhl;bdpw; GFf,J> Kfk;kJ egp> Gypaplk;$wpajhFk;.

183) rPh;Nkhidia vOJf:-kd;w Yd;wpa Kfk;kjpd; kyubtzq;fprPh;Nkhid. kd;wy; - kyub

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184) mb vJifia vOJf:-e Pz;l thy;epyk; Gilj;jplf;fple;Jly; epkph;e;J $z;l fhy;kbj;jpUtpop fdy;fs; nfhg;gspg;gmb vJif ePz;l - $z;l

185) nghUj;Jf:-1. fhd; - m) fub2. cOit - M) rpq;fk;3. klq;fy; - ,) Gyp4. vz;F - <) fhLtpil:- 1-< 2-, 3-M 4-mciueil fhe;jpak;

186) fhe;jpabfs; rpWtdhf ,Ue;jNghJ> F[uhj;jpg; ghly; xd;widf;Nfl;lhh;. "jhfj;jpw;F ePh; jUtjpy;xd;Wkpy;iy: jPik nra;jth;f;Fk;ed ;ikNa nra ; > cz;ikg ;nghUz;ik cz;L" vd;w mg;ghly;,d;dh nra;ahik (mfpk;ir)vd ;Dk ; fUj ;j pid mtUs;tpijj;jJ.

187) cz;ikia kl;LNk NgRk; murd;mhpr;re;jpuid xU ngha; Ngritf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt gy,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shf;fpath;ahh;?Kdpth; tpRthkpj;jpuh;

188) mwtop - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?md;G> mUs;

189) mwtop tpLjiyg;Nghh;:-typa Nghhpy; rhfpd;wth;fspd;vz;zpf;ifia tpl> mwtopg;Nghhpy; ,wg;Nghhpd; vz;zpf;if

kpff; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk;>kw;w cyf ehLfs; ,jidVw;fhtpbDk; ,e;jpah mjid Vw;Welj;jp> Vida ehLfSf;F xUtopfhl;bahfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk;vd;W tpUk;gpdhh;. fhe;jpabfspd;mwtopg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F kf;fs;MjuT ngUfpaJ: fjh; ,af;fk;>kJtpyf;F> jPz;lhik xopg;G Mfpa,af;fq;fs; gutpd. fhe;jpabfs;jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j NghJ Viocoth;fs; tWikahy; miuahilcLj;jpaijf; fz;lhh;. jhKk;md;W Kjy; Nkyhil mzptjidepWj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. miuahilAld; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ele;j tl;lNkir khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;sr;nrd;w NghJ> mg;Nghija ,q;fpyhe;JKjd;ikaikr;rh; rh;r;rpy;> 'miuepUthzg;gf;fphp' vd;W Vsdk;nra;jNghJk;> fhe;jp abfspd;Kfj;jpy; Gd;dif jto;e;jJ.

190) njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,e;jpah;f;Fvjpuhd ve;j epwr; rl;lq;fisf;fhe;jpabfs; nfhSj;jpajhy;>rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;?fWg;G

191) ve;j Mz;by; fhe;jpabfis Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;?1948 Mk; Mz;L> rdthp 30>jpq;fs;

192) ,isQh;fspd; flik:-ehl;by; ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy;ehl;Lg;gw;W> nja;tg;gw;W> nkhopg;

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gw;W tsUk; tifapy; fy;tpmikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

193) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:m) fhe;jpabfs; ______ vd;Dk;ehlf E}iyg; gbj;jhh;.rputz gpJh;gj;jpM) jpUf;Fwis nkhop ngah;j;jcUrpa mwpQh; ______jhy;Rjha;

194) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-m) fhe;jpabfs; ______ ehlfj;ijg;ghh;j;J cz;ikNa Ngr Ntz;Lk;vd;W cWjp g+z;lhh;.1.rputzgpJ}h;gj;jp 2.mhpr;re;jpud;3.gf;jg;gpufyhjd;tpil:2M) giftdplKk; md;Gfhl;L vdf;$wpa E}y; ______1.gftj;fPij 2.ed;D}y; 3.iggps;tpil:3,) mwnewpahfg; Nghw;wg;glNtz;bait ______1.Mlk;guk;> tPz;nryT 2.vspik>rpf;fdk; 3.md;G> mUs;tpil:2

195) tpdhj;njhlh;fs; mikf;f:-m) fhe;jpabfs;> 'gyNfhb kf;fspd;gl;bdpiag; Nghf;Fk; tho;thjhuk;”fjh; vd;W fUjpdhh;.'gyNfhb kf;fspd; gl;bdpiag;Nghf ;Fk; tho ;thjhuk ;” vdvijf; fhe;jpabfs; fUjpdhh;.

M) ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;> nkhopg;gw;Wk;> nja;tg;gw;Wk;

tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy;Ntz;Lk;.,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; vittsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy;Ntz;Lk;.

196) xUik gd;ikg ; gpiofisePf;fp vKJf:-m) Xh; ,sk;ngz; E}nyhd;iwtpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.,sk;ngz; xUj;jp E}nyhd;iwtpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;.M) kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;e;jjhfTk;J}a;ikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy;kl;Lk; Nghjh.kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;thdjhfTk;J}a;ikahdjhfTk;> ,Ue;jhy;kl;Lk; NghjhJ.

197) nghUj;Jf:-1. rj;jpa Nrhjid - m) jpUts;Sth;2. gftj; fPij - M) fpwpj;Jt rkaE}y;3. jpUf;Fws; - ,) fhe;jpabfs;4. iggps; -<) ,e;J rkaE}y;

tpilfs;: 1-, 2-< 3-m 4-M,yf;fzk; Gwg;nghUs;

198) Gwg;nghUs; vdg;gLtJ> tho;f;iff;Fj;JizGhpAk; fy;tp> nry;tk;> Gfo;>tPuk;> murpay; Kjypa nghUs;fisg; gw;wp $WtJ.

199) mfg;nghUs; tho;tpay; vdpy;>Gwg;nghUs; cyfpay; MFk;. Gwk;gw ;w pa newpfisf ; $WtJGwj;jpiz MFk;.

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200) Gwj;jpizfs; ntl;rpapd; tiffs;vj;jid?gd;dpuz;L

201) gd;dpuz;L tifahd Gwj;jpizfs;ntl;rp vOJf:-1. ntl;rpj;jpiz2. fue;ijj; jpiz3. tQ;rpj; jpiz4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz5. nehr;rpj; jpiz6. copiQj; jpiz7. Jk;igj; jpiz8. thifj; jpiz9. ghlhz; jpiz10. nghJtpay; jpiz11. iff;fpisj; jpiz12. ngUe;jpiz

202) ntl;rpj;jpiz:-gifehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; njhlq;FKd;> me;ehl;bYs;s MepiufSf;Fj;jPq;F Neuf; $lhJ vdf; fUJk;kd;dd;> jd; tPuh;fis mDg;gpmtw;iwf; fth;e;J tur; nra;tJntl;rpj ; jpiz. mt;tPuh ;fs;ntl;rpg;g+itr; #br; nry;thh;fs;.

203) fue;ijj; jpiz:-ntl ;r p t P uh ;fshy ; fth ;e ;Jnry;yg;gl;l jk; Mepiufisf;fue;ijg; g+itr; #br;nrd;WkPl;gJ> fue;ijj; jpiz MFk;.

204) tQ;rpj; jpiz:-kz;zhir fhuzkhfg; gifth;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjp tQ;rpg;g+itr; #bg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ>tQ;rpj;jpiz.

205) fhQ;rpj;jpiz:-jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;jkhw;wurNdhL fhQ;rpg; g+itr; #bvjph;j;Jg; Nghhply; fhQ;rpj;jpiz.

206) nehr;rpj;jpiz:-gifaurdhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;ljk; kjpiyf; fhj;jy; Ntz;b>cs;spUe;Nj> ntspNa ,Uf;Fk;gifaurNdhL nehr;rpg; g+itr;#bg; Nghhpl;L> mk;kjpiyf; fhg;gJnehr;rpj;jpiz.

207)copiQj;jpiz:-copiQg; g+itr; #ba jd; tPuh;fSld; khw;wurd; Nfhl;ilf;Fs;GFe;J kjpiyr; Rw;wp tisj;jy;copiQj;jpiz.

208) Jk;igj;jpiz:-gifNte;jh; ,UtUk; ntw;wpxd;iwNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L>jk ; t P uh ;fSld ; Nghh pLtJJk;igj;jpiz. ,t;tPuh;fs; Jk;igg;g+itr; #bg; NghhpLth;.

209) thifj;jpiz:-ntw;wpngw;w kd;dd; thifg;g+r;#b kfpo;tJ> thifj;jpiz.

210) ghlhz;jpiz:- ghLjw;Fj; jFjpAila Xh; Mz;

kfdpd; fy;tp> tPuk;> nry;tk;> Gfo;>fUiz Kjypatw;iwg; Nghw;wpg;ghLtJ> ghlhz;jpiz.

211) nghJtpay; jpiz:- ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz;tiu cs;s

Gwj;jpizfspd; nghJthdtw;iwAk;>

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218

mtw;Ws; $wg;glhjdtw;iwAk;$WtJ> nghJtpay; jpiz.

212) iff;fpisj; jpiz:-iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf; fhkk;.,/J Mz;ghy; $w;W> ngz;ghy;$w;W vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

213) ngUe;jpiz:-ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ nghUe;jhf;fhkk; ,JTk; Mz;ghw; $w;W>ngz;ghw; $w;W vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

214) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLOJf:-1. Gwj;jpizfs; ------------- tiffs;vj;jid?m) Ie;J M) VO ,) gd;dpuz;Ltpil:,2. epiufth;jy; vd;gJ -------------m) fue;ij M) ntl;rp ,) copiQtpil:M3. kz;zhir fUjpg; NghUf;Fr;nry;tJ -------------m) tQ;rpj;jpiz M) fhQ;rpj;jpiz,)thifj;jpiztpil:m4. ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ ----------- $WtJ.m) Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfs;M) Nghhpd; jd;ikfs;,) ngz; kfspd; xOfyhWfs;tpil:m

5. xUjiyf; fhkk; vd;gJ --------------m) md;gpd; Ie;jpizM) iff;fpis ,)ngUe;jpiztpil:M

6. jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;jkhw;wurNdhL vjph;j;Jg; NghhpLtJ----------- MFk;.m) nehr;rp M) Jk;ig ,) fhQ;rptpil:m

,ay; xd;gJnra;As; gFjpfypj;njhif

215)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-ey;ye;Jtdhh; rq;f fhyj;jth;.,tiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; VJk;fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy. ,th;>nea;jy; fypapy; Kg;gj;J %d;Wghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. fypj;njhifiaj; njhFj;jtUk; ,tNuvd;gh;.

216) E}w;Fwpg;G:-vl;Lj; njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f,yf;fpaq;fs;. vl;Lj; njhifAs;xd;whd fypj;njhif fypg;ghf;fshy;mike;jJ. ,J ehlfg; ghq;fpy;mike ;Js ;sJ . ,irNahLghLtjw;Nfw;wJ. fypj;njhifapy;flTs; tho;j ;ijAk; Nrh ;e ;JE}w;iwk;gJ ghly;fs; cs;sd.fypj;njhif FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy>kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;Dk;Ik;ngUk; gphpTfis cilaJ.fypg ;gh Js;sy ; Xiriaf ;nfhz;lJ. ekf;Fg ; ghlkhfmike;Js;s gFjp> new ;jw ;fypahFk;. ,jid ,aw;wpath;ey;ye;Jtdhh;. ,g;ghly;fisg;gbf;Fk;nghOJ> fUj;jhoKk;Xirapd;gKk; ek; cs;sj;jpidf;nfhs;is nfhs;Sk;. vdNt,jidj; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; 'fw;wwpe;jhh; Vj;Jk; fyp” vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;$Wth;.

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219

217) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-m) fypj;njhif ------------- E}y;fspy;xd;W.1.gj;Jg;ghl;L 2.vl;Lj;njhif3.gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;Ftpil:2M) nea;jy; fypiag; ghbath; ---------1 . X uk ; N g hf pa h h ; 2 . fg py h ;3.ey;ye;Jtdhh;tpil:3,) 'Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy;” vd;gJ----------- vdg;gLk;.1.nghiw 2.Kiw 3.epiwtpil:1

218) nghUj;Jf:-1. gz;G - m) $wpaJ kwh mik2. md;G - M) Ngijahh; nrhy;Nehd;wy;3. mwpT - ,) jd;fpis nrwhmik4. nrwpT - <) ghlwpe;J xOfy;tpilfs;: 1-< 2-, 3-M 4-m

ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;ee;jpkd;dd; tPuk;

219)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfj;Jf;F ,e;E}iytoq;fpathpd; ngaUk; CUk;mwpag; ngwtpy;iy.

220) E}w; Fwpg;G:-ee;jpth;kdpd; ngUikiag; Nghw;Wk;E}yhfh ,J jpfo;fpwJ. gy;ytkd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kidg;ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L

ghlg;ngw;w fyk;gfk; Mjypd;>ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; vdg; ngah;ngw;wJ. ,e;E}ypd; fhyk; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L fyk;gfE}y;fspy; ,JNt Kjy; E}y;vd;gh;.fyk;gfk; vd;gJ> njhz;Z}w;whWtifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W.gytifg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wpg;gytifg; ghly;fisf; fye;J,aw;wg;ngWk; E}y; fyk;gfk;vdg ;gLk ; . fyk; + gfk; =fyk;gfk;. fyk; - gd;dpuz;L: gfk;- MW. gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf;nfhz;ljhy; (GatFg;G> mk;khid>fhh;> Cry;> ,uq;fy;> kwk;> jio>jtk;> rpj;J> ghz;> iff;fpis>J}J> tz;L> Fwk;> fhyk;> khjq;fp>fpsp> rk;gpujk;) fyk;gfk; vd;Dk;ngah; te;jJ vdTk; $Wth;.

221) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-1) fyk ; gfk ; - - - - - - - - - - - tifr ;

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W.m) njhz;Z}w;whW M) gjpndl;L,) gj;Jtpil:m

2) giz vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;---------------m) muR M) My; ,) %q;fpy;tpil:,

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220

ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk;

222)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-Nfus khepyj;jpYs;s jpUtQ;irf;fsj;jpy; gpwe;jth; FyNrfuMo;thh;. ,uhkgpuhdplk; gj;jpk pFjpahf tha ;f ;fg ; ngw ;wfhuzj;jhy;> ,th; FyNrfug;ngUkhs; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.,th; gd;dpU Mo;thh;fSs; xUth;.,th; mUspa ngUkhs; jpUnkhop>ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy;xd;W. ,jpy; E}w;iwe;J ghRuq;fs;cs ;sd . ,th ; tlnkho p >njd;nkhop ,uz;bYk; ty;yth;.FyNrfuh ; jkpopy ; ngUkhs;jpUnkhopiaAk;> tlnkhopapy;KFe;jkhiy vd;Dk; E}iyAk;,aw ;w pAs ;shh ; . FyNrfuh ; >jpUtuq;fj;jpd; %d;whtJ kjpiyf;fl;bajhy; mjw;Ff; FyNrfud;tPjp vd;Dk; ngah; ,d;Wk; toq;fptUfpwJ. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.9Mk;E}w;whz;L.

223) E}w;Fwpg;G:-jkpofj;jpd; gok;ngUk; rkaq;fSs; xd;W itztk;.itztk;jpUkhiy KO Kjw; flTsha;f;nfhz;L Nghw;Wk; gd;dpU Mo;thh;fs;ghbaUspa NjdpDk; ,dpa jPe;jkpo;g;gDty; ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk;. ek; ghlg;gFjp FyNrfuMo;thh; ghba ngUkhs; jpUnkhopapd;Kjyhapuj;jpy; cs;sJ.

224) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-m) jhh; Nte;jd; Nfhy; Nehf;fp thOk;

------------- Nghd;wpUe;NjNdFb

M) ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy;------------- FyNrfuh; ghbajhFk;.jpUtha;nkhop

225) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-m) ngUkhs; jpUnkhopfspy; -------------

ghRuq;fs; cs;sd.1.,UE}w;iwe;J 2.E}w;iwe;J 3.E}Wtpil:2

M) FyNrfuho;thh; ghly; -------------njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ.1.jpUtpaw;gh 2.Kjyhapuk; 3. nghpajpUnkhoptpil:3

ciueiljpUtUl; gpufhr ts;syhh;

226) rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;fg;ghij mikj;jts;syhh; ahh;?,uhkypq;f mbfs;

227) ve ;j E}w ;whz;ilj; jkpopd ;kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; vd mwpQh;Nghw;Wth;?gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;ilj;

228) mf;fhyj;Nj Gyth; ngUkf;fshYk;r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jr; nrk;ky;fshYk;Nghw;wg;gLk; ngUQ; rpwg;gpidg;ngw;wth; ahh;?ts;syhh;

229) ,uhkypq;fh; ve;j khtl;lk;> ve;jtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;?flY}h ; khtl ;lk ; r pjk ;guk ;tl;lj;jpy; cs;s kUJ}hpy;

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221

230) ,uhkypq;fh; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhh;?05.10.1823

231) ,uhkypq;fh; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;?,uhikah> rpd;dk;ik

232) ,uhkypq;fh; ngw;NwhUf;F vj;jdhtJkfd;?Ie;jhtJ kfd;

233) Mya me;jzh; ,uhkypq;fiuvt;thW ghuhl;bdhh;?,iwaUs; ngw;w jpUf;Foe;ij

234) ,uhkypq;fh ; je;ij vg;NghJkiwe;jhh;?,uhkypq;fh; gpwe;j MwhtJjpq;fspy;

235) ,uhkypq;fUf;F Ie;J tajpy;fy;tp fw;g;gpj;j Mrphpah; ahh;?rghgjpaplk;

236) xd;gJ tajpNyNa ,uhkypq;fh;vjpy; jpwd; ngw;wpUe;jhh;?ghly; GidAk; jpwd;

237) jpfk;gu rhkpahh; ,uhkypq;fh;nrd;wNghJ vt;thW $wpdhh;?',Njh Xh; cj;jk kdpjh; Nghfpwhh;'

238) jUkkpF nrd;idapYs;s fe;jNfhl;lj;J ,iwtid tzq;fp kdKUfg;ghb kfpo;e;jth; ahh;?,uhkypq;fh;

239) ,uhkypq;fh; ghlypd; njhFg;Ng?nja;t kzpkhiy

240) ,uhkypq;fh; -------------- vd;Dk;E}iyAk; jpUnthw;wpa+h;r; rptngUkhd;kPJ> -------------- vd;Dk; E}iyAk;ghbdhh;.tbTil khzpf;fkhiy> vOj;jwpAk;ngUkhd; khiy

241) ,uhkypq;fh; ghly;fs; vt;tifahJ?,dpaghly;fs;> fy;yhh ;f ;Fk;vspj py ; nghUs ; t psq ;Fk ;fUj;Jepiw ghly;fs;

242) vij tpUk;gpa ts;sw; ngUkhd;.xUik tho ;T> xUikauR>xUikAyfk;

243) MZk; ngz;Zk; rknkd;Wciuj;jth; ahh;?,uhkypq;fh;

244) rq;ffhyj;jpy; xU Ky;iyf;nfhbapd; Jah; ePf;f> ve;j ts;sy;jd; NjiuNa <e;jhh;.ghhp ts;sy;

245) ghhp ts;siyg;Nghy ts;syhh;$wpaJ vd;d?'thba gapiuf; fz;lNghnjy;yhk;thbNdd;'

246) ts;sw;ngUkhd; tlY}hpy; -----------epWtpr;rhjp> kj NtWghbd;wpg;grpj;Njhh;f;nfy;yhk; cztpl;lhh;.rj;jpa jUkr;rhiy

247) ts;syhh; vt;thW tho Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; kd;gijf;F czh;j;jpdhh;.kdpjNeaj;Jld;

248) 'caphpuf;fNk Nghpd;g tPl;bd;jpwTNfhy;' vd;W $wpath; ahh;?ts;syhh;

249) rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rq;fj;jpidve;j Chpy; epWtpdh;?tlY}hpy;

250) ,uhkypq;fh; mUspa ghly;fs;vt;thW epiwe;jit?mUl;fUiz

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251) ,uhkypq;fh; MWnjhFjpfs; nfhz;lghly ;fis vt;thW kf ;fs ;Nghw;Wfpd;wd?jpUtUl;gh

252) ghujpahh; ,uhkypq;fiu vt;thWNghw;wpdhh;.'GJnewpfz;l Gyth;”

253) ts;syhh; ----------- kpf;fth;.nkhopg;gw;W

254) mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; ve;j Mz;Lijg;g+rj; jpUehsd;W ,wthepiyva;jpdhh;?1874

255) epug;Gf:-m) ,uhkypq;fh; jkpo;nkhopNa ---------------- jUk; vd;W fUjpdhh;?,wthjepiy

256) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;J vOJf:-m) “cynfyhk; czh;e;J Xjw;fhpatd;" vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly;,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; ----------------nghpaGuhzk;M) ts;syhhpd; ,aw;ngah; --------,uhkypq;fh;

257) ts;syhhpd; gd;Kf Mw;wy;fs;:-1. rpwe;j nrhw;nghopthsh;2. Nghjfhrphpah;3. ciuahrphpah;4. rpj;jkUj;Jth;5. grpg;gpzp Nghf;fpa mUshsh;6. gjpg;ghrphpah;7. E}yhrphpah;8. ,johrphpah;9. ,iwad;gh;10. Qhdhrphpah;11. mUshrphpah;

258) ts;syhh; gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs;:1. rpd;ka jPgpif2. xoptpnyhLf;fk;3. njhz;l kz;ly rjfk;

259) ,aw;wpa ciueil E}y;fs;:1. kDKiw fz;l thrfk;2. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk; jpUtUl;gh(MW jpUKiwfs;)mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;;

(Jizg;ghlk;)260) E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

jkpofj;jpy; gpwe;J> khngUk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;tjw;F tpj;jpl;lth; ahh;?fhj;jtuhad; vd;Dk; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;

261) fhj;jtuhad; vd;Dk; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; kf;fs; vy;yhUk;vt;thW Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;Js;sdh;?njhd;dpe;jpar; r%fr; rPh;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; je;ij

262) ,tuJ ew;fUj;Jfs; ve;j ehLfspy;gRkuj; jhzpaha;g; gjpe;Js;sd.jkpofk; > ik#h ; > Me;jpuk ; >jpUtpjhq;$h;> gh;kh> kNyrpah>M];jpNuypah> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh>,yq;if.

263) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j efhpy;gpwe;jhh;?nrd;id Mapuk; tpsf;fpy; cs;s>kf;fpkh efhpy;

264) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;jMz;L> ehs; gpwe;jhh;?1845 Mk; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs;,Ugjhk; ehs;.

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265) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; je;ijngah;.fe;jrhkp

266) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ngw;Nwhh;,l;l ngah; vd;d?fhj;jtuhad;

267) gs;spf;Fr; nrd;W fy;tp fw;Fk;NghJ mth; gpQ;R neQ;rpy; eQ;rha;ve;j nfhLik ,wq;fpaJ?jPz;lhikf; nfhLik

268) tP.mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; vd;gthplk;ahh; fy;tp fw;wdh;?fhj;jtuhad;

269) fhj;jtuhad; vij gapd;whh;?rpj;j kUj;Jtk;

270) fhj;jtuhad; gilj;j ftpijiag;gpw;fhyj;jpy;> jhk; njhlq;fpa ve;j,jopy; ntspapl;lhh;.xU igrhj; jkpod;

271) fhj;jtuhad; ,aw;ngaiu tpLj;JahUila ngaiu #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;?Mrphpah; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;

272) fhj;jtuhad; ePyfphp kiyg;gFjpapy; thOk; Njhlh; ,dg;gphptpy; ve;j jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;lhh;?fyg;G jpUkzk;

273) vj;jid Mz;Lfs; mNahj;jpjhrg;gz;bjh; ,uq;$d; nrd;W tho;e;jhh;.gj;J Mz;Lfs;

274) mNahj;jpjhrh; ve;j kjf; fUj;JfisMo;e;J fw;wth;?,e;Jkjk;

275) Gj;jkjf; fUj;Jfis vLj;Jiuj;jth;ahh;?mNahj;jpjhrh;

276) mNahj;jpjhrh; gpwe;j kfd; ---------ngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;?gl;lhgpuhkd;> khjtuhk;> rhdfpuhkd;>,uhrhuhk;

277) mNahj;jpjhrhpAla kfSf;F vd;dngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;.mk;gpfhNjtp vd;Wk;> khahNjtp

278) rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; ifNjh;e;jjhy;>mNahj;jp jhriu vt;thW miof;fg;ngw;whh;?kUj;Jth; vd;Dk; gz;bjh; vd;Wk;

279) jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;Ff; fy;tpfw;f mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;l #oypy;ve;j rig Vw;gLj;jpdhh;?gpuk;k Qhdrig

280) nrd;idapy; Kf;fpakhd Ie;J,lq;fspy; My;fhl; (1832 - 1907)------------- vdj; jypj;JfSf;F,ytrg; gs;spfis epWtpdhh;?gQ;rkh; gs;spfs;

281) xU igrhj;jkpod; vd;w ,jo; ve;jMz ;L Kjy ; nrd ;id,uhag;Ngl;ilapy; ,Ue;J Gjd;NjhWk; ehd;F gf;fq;fSld;ntspte;jJ.19.06.1907

282) kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapd;gb> vs;nrbapd; tpijapypUe;J nea; fz;Lgpbj;j jpUehNs jPghtsp vd;WGjpaNjhh; tpsf;fk; je;jth; ahh;?mNahj;jpjhrh; gz;bjh;

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283) ve;j ehl;by; ,d;Wk; Efh;nghUs;fz;Lgpbg;Gj; jpUehshfj;jhd;jPghtspiaf; nfhz;lhLfpwhh;fs;?rg;ghd; ehl;by;

284) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j E}iy,Ugj;njl;Lf; fhijfs; nfhz;lngU E}yhf vOjpdhh;?Gj;juJ MjpNtjk;

285) Gj;juJ MjpNtjjk; rhd;whf KjypaE}y;fisj; Jiz E}y;fshff;nfhz;lhh;?ngUq;FwtQ;rp> tPuNrhopak;>ed;D}y; tpsf;fk; > ehadhh ;jph pFws; > rpj ;jh ; ghly;fs; >ituhf;fpa rjfk;> kr;r Kdpth;Qhdk;.

286) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;jnkhopfis JizAld; vOjpAs;shh;.MjpNtjj;ijg; ghyp> Mq;fpyk;

287) tPukhKdptiug; Nghy; vOj;Jr;rPh;j;jpUj;jKk; nra;Js;sth; ahh;?mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;

288) ew;rhd;Nwhh; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j ehs;nghd;Dly; ePj;Jg; GfOlk;Gva;jpdhh;?1914 Nk khjk; Ie;jhk; ehs;,yf;fzk; gh tiffs;

289) gh vj;jid tifg;gLk; mitahit?gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;.mit: ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh>tQ;rpg;gh

290) ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;?1. <w ;wb Kr;r Puha ; Vidambfs; ehw;rPuha; tUk;.2. ,uz;lb Kjy; gd;dpuz;Lmbtiu tUk;.

291) ntz;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?ntz;gh MW tifg;gLk;.Fws; ntz;gh> Nehpir ntz;gh>,d;dpir ntz;gh> g/nwhilntz;gh> Nehpirr; rpe ;jpay;ntz;gh> ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay;ntz;gh vd;gd

292) xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ (Fws; - ,uz;lb)Fws; ntz;gh

293) Kjy; ,uz;lb> xU tpfw;gkhAk;>filrp ,uz;lb xU tpfw;gkhAk;>ehd;fbfSk; xU tpfw;gkhAk;tUtJ vJ?Nehpir ntz;gh

294) ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;ngw;W Ie;jb Kjy; gd;dpuz;Lmbtiu ngw;W tUtJ?g/nwhil ntz;gh

295) xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj;jhDk; %d;wbfsha; tUtJ?Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh

296) ntz;ghtpd; %d;wb nfhz;ljha;j;jdpr; nrhy;ypd;wp xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; gy tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ?,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh

297) Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs;? mitahit?Mrphpag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

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Nehpir Mrphpag;gh> ,izf;Fws;Mrphpag;gh> epiy kz;by Mrphpag;gh> mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh

298) <w;wayb %r;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs;ehw;rPuhAk; tUtJ?Nehpir Mrphpag;gh

299) KjybAk; filrpabAk; ehw;rPh;mbfshfTk;> ,ilapy; cs;smbfs; ,UrPh; (Fwsb) mbfshAk;Kr;rPh; (rPe;jb) mbfshAk; tUtJ?,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh

300) vy;yh mbfSk; ehw;rPh; mbfsha;tUtJ.epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh

301) vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhfkhw;wp khw;wpg; gbj;jhYk; XirAk;nghUSk; khwhJ tUtJ?mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh

302) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-1) ntz;ghtpd; xir ------------- MFk;.nrg;gNyhir2) Mrphpag;ghtpd; NtW ngah; ------------- MFk;.mftw;gh3) Mrphpag;ghtpd; Xir -------------MFk;.mftNyhir

303)t.vz; rPh; mir tha;g;ghL

1 ,y;/yh/iu Neh;Neh;Neh;Njkhq;fha;

2 vy;/yh/Uk; Neh;Neh;Neh;Njkhq;fha;

3 vs;/Sth; Neh;epiu $tpsk;4 nry;/tiu Neh;epiu $tpsk;5 vy;/yh/UQ; Neh;Neh;Neh;

Njkhq;fha;6 nra;/th; Neh;Neh; Njkh7 rpwg;/G epiuNeh; epiuG

gpwg;Gnkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp:

304) kuGr;nrhw;fs;:-xypkuG

MLfj;Jk;Me;ij myWk;vUJ vf;fhskpLk;fhfk; fiuAk;eha; Fiuj;jJfpsp NgRk;Fjpiu fidf;Fk;Fapy; $Tk;Fuq;F myg;Gk;$if FoWk;rpq;fk; Koq;Fk;Nfhop nfhf;fhpf;Fk;ehp CisapLk;Nrty; $Tk;Gyp cWKk;Gwh FDFk;G+id rPWk;kapy; mfTk;ahid gpspWk;tz;L FuYk;vyp fPr;rpLk;

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305) tpid kuG:-mk;G va;jhh;jz;zPh; Fbj;jhd;Mil nea;jhh;ghy; gUfpdhs;ckp fUf;fpdhs;g+g; gwpj;jhs;Xtpak; Gide;jhd;kuk; ntl;bdhd;$il Kile;jhh;khj;jpiu tpOq;fpdhd;Rth; vOg;gpdhd;KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;nra;As; ,aw;wpdhd;NrhW cz;lhd;

306)vz; gpwnkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy;1. mq;fj;jpdh; - cWg;gpdh;2. mjpfhhp - mYtyh;3. mjpgh; - jiyth;4. me;epah; - mayhh;5. mgpN\fk; - ePuhl;L6. mg+h;tk; - GJik7. myq;fhuk; - xg;gid8. mDkjp - ,irT9. Mgj;J - ,lh;10. Muhjid - topghL11. MrPh;thjk; - tho;j;J12. ,yQ;rk; - ifa+l;L13. ,yhgk; - tUtha;14. cj;juT - Miz15. cj;jpNahfk;- gzp16. cgNahfk; - gad;17. fpuhkk; - rpw;W}h;

18. Fkhud; - kfd;19. rhtp - jpwTNfhy;20. e\;lk; - ,og;G21. eh\;lh - rpw;Wz;b22. ghf;fp - epYit23. f[hdh - fUt+yk;24. tpQ;Qhdk; - mwptpay;25. [dq;fs; - kf;fs;26. epGzh; - ty;Yeh;27. M];gply; - kUj;Jtkid28. B ];lhy; - NjePh;f;fil29. g]; ];lhz;l;- NgUe;J epiyak;30. Ngh];l; MgP];- mQ;ryfk;307) Fwpg;G:-

rpyp ehl;by; xU Ruq;fk;. mJg+kpf;fbapy; <uhapuk; mb Mok;cilaJ. jhkpuKk; jq;fKk;vLg;gjw;fhf ntl;lg;gl;l Ruq;fk;.

308) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfismwpf:-1. Manners Make the Man

xOf;fk; cah;T jUk;2. All is well that ends well

ey;y njhlf;fk; ey;y Kbitj; jUk;.3. Misfortunes never come single.

gl;lfhypNy gLk;> nfl;l FbNa nfLk;.4. Do well what you have to do

nra;td jpUe;jr;nra;.5. Every tide has its ebb

Vw;wk; cz;lhdhy; ,wf;fk; cz;L.

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,ay; gj;J - nra;As;epw;f Neukpy;iy

309) rPf;fpuk; nry;Yf Neh;topapy; -vd;Dk; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;?rhiy. ,se;jpiuad;

310) nrhw;nghUs;:-m) nrj;ij - Fg;ig $sk;M) ,isg;ghWjy; - Xa;ntLj;jy;

311) gphpj;jwpjy;:-m) fz;zpuz;L - fz; + ,uz;LM) XhpuT - Xh; + ,uT

312)Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-rhiy. ,se;jpiuadpd; ngw;Nwhh;,uhikah> md;dyl;Rkp. ,th;gpwe;j Ch; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s rhiyeapdhh; gs;spthry;.jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;j;Jiw jiytuhdhh;. cyfj;jkpo;Muha;r ;r pf ; fofk;> ,e;jpag;gy;fiyf; fofj; jkpohrphpah;kd;wk;> jpy;ypj; jkpo; vOj;jhsh;rq;fk;> cyfj; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L,af;fk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhdth;rhiy.,se;jpiuad;. 1991 ,y;jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUJngw;whh;. jk; tho;ehs; KOtJk;jkpopd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw; fhdgilg;Gfis toq;fp vOr;rpa+l;bdhh;.,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 06.09.1930 -04.10.1998

313) E}w;Fwpg;G:-ghlg;gFjpapy; te;Js;s ftpij>'g+j;jJ khDlk;” vd;Dk; ftpijj;njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ. rhiyahpd;

gilg;Gfshd 'Gul;rp Kof;fk;”'ciutPr;R” Mfpa E}y;fs; jkpofmurpd; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd ghpRfs;ngw;Ws;sd.

ciueilgy;Jiw Ntiytha;g;Gfs;

314) 'tpidNa Mlth;f;Faph;” vd;gJ?FWe;njhif

315) 'Ke;ePh; tof;fk; kf^c Nthby;iy”vd;gJ?njhy;fhg;gpak;

316) ngz;fs; ----------- nry;yf; $lhnjdTk;$wp te;jdh;.fly; fle;J

317) ehs;NjhWk; ----------- cUthfpd;wd.GJg;GJj; Jiwfs;

318) gzptha;g;Gf;F chpa fy;tpj;jFjpfis gythfg; gFf;fyhk;fPo;fhz;Nghk;.njhopw;fy;tp> njhopy; El;gf;fy;tp>fiy mwptpay; fy;tp> rpWnjhopy;fy;tp

319) njhopw;fy;tpj; Jiwfs; ahit?kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;> Ntshz;ik>rl;lk;

320) Nkdpiyf ;fy ;t pa py ; Njh ;r ;r pngw;wth;fspd; gapw;rp?,ilepiyahrph pah ; gapw ;r p >nrtpypah; gapw;rp> $l;LwTg; gapw;rp%yk; Ntiy tha;g ;Gfisg;ngwyhk;.

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321) jkpo; topapy; gapYk; khzth;fSf;F muRg; gzpfspy; vt;tsTtpOf;fhL xJf;fpj; jkpof muRMiz ntspapl;Ls;sJ?,UgJ tpOf;fhL

322) gl;lk; ngw;wth;fs; ve;j Jiwfs;elj;Jk; Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfspy;fye;J nfhz;L ntw;wp ngw;Wg;gy;NtW Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg;ngwyhk;?jkpo;ehL muRj; Njh;thizak;>eLtzuRj ; Njh ;thizak ; >tq;fpj;Jiw> MAs; fhg;gPl;Lj;Jiw> njhlh; tz;bj;Jiw.

323) muRg;gzpf;fhff; fhj;jpuhky;mtuth; ------------- njhopy; njhlq;fpg;gyUk ; Ntiy tha ; g ;igg ;ngUf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.Ra njhopy;

324) Ranjhopy; njhlq;Ftjw;F vd;dcjtpfs; muR mspf;fpwJ?to pfhl ; Ljy ; > ga pw ; r pfs ; >flDjtpfs;

325) ,uhZtk;> fhty;Jiwapy; NruKjypy; ----------- Njh;T eilngWk;?clw;$W

326) ---------------> -------------- vd;Dk; jpU%yh;thf;Fgb Kiwahf ,uhZtk;>fhty;Jiwapy ; clw ;gapw ;r pnra;jth;fs; ,j;Njh;tpy; ntw;wpngw ,aYk;?clk;ig tsh;j ;Njd;: caph ;tsh;j;Njd;

327) ve;j gzpfSf;Fk; clw;$W jFjpAilath;fs; kl;LNk Nru ,aYk;?Xl;Leh;> elj;Jeh;

328) 'tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; %yjdk;' vd;Dk;ghlypd; Mrphpah; --------------jhuhghujp

329) ngUk;ghyhd gzpfSf;F mbg;gilj;jFjp vJ?gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;GJizg;ghlk; - E}yfk;

330) goq;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; jkJ vz;zq;fisAk; nra;jpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; ve;j gytifg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;?fw;ghiwfs;> fspkz; gyiffs;>kug;gl;ilfs;> Njhy;fs;> Jzpfs;>gid Xiyfs;

331) gid Xiyfisg; gjg;gLj;jp -------------- Xiyr; Rtbfshf;fpdh;.vOjj;jf;f

332) cyf ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; epfo;e;jxU khngUk; Gul;rp --------------fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.fhfpjk;

333) cyfehLfs; midj;jpYk; fle;jrpy E}w;whz;Lfshf --------------> ------------- fhfpjq;fisNa gad;gLj;jj;njhlq;fpdh;?vOjTk;> mr;rplTk;

334) gz;ilaf;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpawpTngw;Nwhhpd; vz;zpf;if vt;tsthf,Ue;jJ?FiwthfNt

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335) muz;kidfspYk; khspiffspYk;klq;FfspYk; Nfhtpy;fspYk;gbf;Fk; Nehf;fpd;wpg; ngUikNrh;f;Fk; Nehf;NfhL vij mLf;fpitf;fg;gl;bUe;jd?E}y;fs;

336) fy;tp vjid gfph;e;J nfhs;sj;J}z;baJ?kf;fisj; jj;jk; vz;zq;fisAk;>tpise;j mwpitAk;.

337) E}y; nghJ E}yfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lhy; ----------- mJ gyh;f;Fk;gad;gLk;.gad;kuk; cs;Sh;g; gOj;jijg;Nghd;W

338) ,e;jpah cs;gl cyfehLfs;midj;jpYk; kf;fSf;fhd vd;djpwf;fg;gl;ld?nghJ E}yfq;fs;

339) E}yfj;jpd; gy;NtW ngah;fs;?Gj;jfr;rhiy> Vlfk;> Rtbafk;>Rtbr ;rhiy> thrfrhiy>gbg;gfk;> E}y; epiyak;> gz;lhuk;.

340) E}yfk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahfMq;fpy nrhy; jUf?'iyg;uhp'

341) ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; 'ypg;uh' vd;Dk;nrhy;ypw;Fg; vd;d ngah;?Gj;jfk;

342)m) xU kdpjd; Mz;Lf;F 2000gf;fq;fshtJ gbj;jhy; jhd;md;whl cyf elg;Gfis mwpe;jkdpjdhff ; (Informative Man)

fUjg;gLthd; vd 'And]; Nfh”$wpAs;sJ.M) fphP]; efu muRfNs Kjd;Kjyhf kf;fSf;fhd E}y;epiyaq;fis mikj;jd.,) ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s E}yfq;fspy; fy;fj;jh Njrpa E}yfk;Kjd;ik ahdJ. ,jpy;> gj;J,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs;cs;sd.

343) E}yfkpy;yh CUf;F -------------vd;Dk; GJ nkhopAk; cz;ikiatpsk;GfpwJ vd;gjid mwpQh;Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;?mwpT gho;

344) ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd; Kiwahfj;jkpof muR jhd; ve;j Mz;Lnrd;idg; nghJ E}yfr; rl;lj;ij,aw;wpaJ?1948

345) gs;sp vd;gJ vij nfhz;Lmwpit tpijf;Fk; fsk;.ghlE}y;fisf;

346) ----------- mwpit tsh;j;Jr; nrOikg;gLj;Jk; kw;nwhU fskhFk;?E}yfNk

347) gs;spapy; khzth;fs; Xhplk;>E}yfk; Ntwplk; vd;w epiyiakhw;w> ek; gs;spf; fy;tpj;Jiw ve;jtFg;giw E}yfj; jpl;lj;ijj;njhlq;fpAs;sJ?'Gj;jfg; g+q;nfhj;J”

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348) NtW rpy tbtq;fspYk; E}y;fs;cUkhw ;wk ; ngw ;W E}yfg ;gad;ghl;by; cs;sd?,izaj;js E}yfk;> FWtl;Lfs;>kpd;dZ xsptl;L> Ez; RUs;

349) E}yfj;jpy; cs;s E}y;fisf; ---------------> ------------- ghJfhj;jy; ekJflikahFk;.fpopahkYk;> rpijTwhkYk;

350)m) ghgpNyhdpahtpy; cs;s epg;g+h;vd;w Chpy; fp.K.2000 Mz;bw;FKe;ija Rkhh; 2500 fspkz;gyiffspy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jE}y;fspd; njhFg;G fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.M) E}yfg; gad;ghl;bw;fhdtpjpfis cUthf;fpj; je;jrPh;fhop rP.,uh.muq;fehjd; ,e;jpaE}yfj; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.

351) jkpofj;jpYs;s kpfg; goikahdE}yfq;fs;.

1. ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfk;> jQ;ir.(1820)

2. murpdh; fPo;j;jpirr; Rtb E}yfk;nrd;id.

3. fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;> nrd;id (1869)4. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fof E}yfk;

(1907)5. mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fof

E}yfk;. rpjk;guk;(1929)6. lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}yfk;> nrd;id

(1947)

7. kiwkiy mbfshh; E}yfk;>nrd;id (1958)

8. kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofE}yfk; (1966)

9. cyfj; jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdE}yfk;> nrd;id(1970)

10. jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofE}yfk; (1981)

,yf;fzk; mzp352) mzp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F vd;d

nghUs;?moF

353) xU ghliyr; nrhy;yhYk; nghUshYk;moF ngwr; nra;tJ vJ?mzp

354) ,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd; kPJ>ftpQh; jk; Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf;$WtJ.jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp

355) jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpia gphpj;njOJf:jd; + Fwpg;G + Vw;wk; + mzp

356) Gfo;tJNghyg; gopg;gJk;> gopg;gJNghyg; Gfo;tJk; ----------- mzpvdg;gLk;.tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp

357) xU nrhy; ,U nghUs;gl mike;JtUtJ,ul;Lw nkhopjy;

358) ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzpia vt;thWtoq;Fth;?rpNyil

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359) rpNyil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit?rpNyil ,Utifg;gLk;nrk;nkhopr; rpNyilgphpnkhopr;rpNyil

360) xU nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; gphpTglhky; epd;W> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;lnghUis jUtJ.nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil

361) xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xUnghUisAk;> mJNt gphpe;J epd;WNtnwhU nghUisAk; jUkhWmikj;Jg;ghLtJ.gphpnkhopr;rpNyil

362) nghUs;:-m) nra; - tay;> tPLM) gyif - gy tiffs;,) jhs; - Kaw;rp<) Ja;a - jq;f> mofhd

363) g pd ;tU epiyazp vj ;jidtifg;gLk;? mit ahit?gpd;tUepiyazp %tifg;gLk;.mit:-1) nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp2) nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp3) nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp

364) nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;jnrhy;>kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J ntt;NtWnghUisj; jUtJ.nrhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp

365) nra;Aspy; xNu nghUs; jUk; gynrhw;fs; tUtJ.nghUs; gpd;tUepiymzp

366) Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ.nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp

367) ctikiaf; $wpg; nghUisg;ngw itg;gJ ----------- MFk;.gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp

368) B.A.,- Bachelor of Arts - ,sq;fiyM.A.,- Master of Arts - KJfiyB.SC., - Bachelor of science -,sk; mwptpay;M.SC., - Master of science - KJ mwptpay;B.COM., - Bachelor of commerce- ,sk;

tzpftpay;M.COM., - Master of commerce -KJ tzpftpay;B.Lit., - Bachelor of literature - ,sq;fiy

,yf;fpak;B.Ed., - Bachelor of Education- ,sk ;

fy;tpapay;M.Ed., - Master of Education -KJ fy;tpapay;Ph.D., - Doctor of philosophy - Kidth;I.A.S.,- Indian Administrative service - ,e;jpa

Ml;rpg;gzpI.P.S. - Indian police service - ,e;jpaf;

fhty;gzpI.F.S., - Indian forest service -,e;jpa tdg;gzpI.R.S., - Indian Revenue service - ,e;jpa

tUtha;g;gzpB.E.,- Bachelor of Enginering -,sk; nghwpapay;M.E.,- Master of Enginering -KJ nghwpapay;B.Tech - Bachelor of Techology - ,sk; njhopy;

El;gtpay;M.Tech - Master of Technology - KJ njhopy;

El;gtpay;M.Phil., - Master of Philosophy - Ma;tpay;

epiwQh;C.A.,- Chartered Accountant - fzf;fhah;

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nkhopahf;fk;369) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfis

vOJf:-1. small rudders guide great ships

rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;.2. you must walk before run

rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gL3. Distance lends enchantment to the view

,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir4. Measure is a treasure

msTf;F kPwpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R5. Make hay while the sun shines

fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;

11 Mk; tFg;G (jkpo;;)ciueilg; gFjp

1. fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk; -kiwkiyabfs;

tpsf;fk;:-nts;sj;jhy; mopahjjha; nte;joyhy; Ntfhjjha; murHfshYq;ifg;gw;wg;glhjjha;f; nfhLf;fnfhLf;f Fiwahjjha;f; fs;tHfSf;F mQ;r Ntz;LtJ ,y;yhjjha; ekJ mwptpDs;Ns ,Uj;jyhw;fy;tpg; nghUisg; ngWtjw;FkpfTk; Kaw;rpAilatHfsha;,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W fy;tpNamopah nry ;tk ; vd ;gjidkiwkiy mbfshh; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.

nts;sj;jhy; mopahJ nte; joyhy;NtfhJ Nte;j uhYq;

nfhs;sj;jhd; KbahJ nfhLj;jhYk;

2. nja;tr; rpjk;guj; Njth cd;rpj;je; jpUk;gp tpl;lhw;ngha; itj;j nrhg;gdkhk; kd;dHtho;Tk; GtpA nkq;Nfnka; itj;j nry;tnkq;Nfkz;l yPfHjk; Nkil naq;Nfif itj;j ehlf rhiy naq;NfapJ fz; kaf;Nf -

,e;jg; ghliy mUspr; nra;jtHgl;bdj;Jg; gps;isahh;3) fy ;t pa pd ; r pwg ;ig vLj ;J

ciuj;jtHfs;?xsitg; gpuhl;bahh;> jpUts;StH

4) 'Nfby; tpOr; nry;tq; fy;tpnahUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait'vd;W $wpatH ahh;?jpUts;StH

5) “kd;dDk; khrwf; fw;ndhDQ; rPHJhf;fpd; kd;ddpw ; fw;Nwhd;rpwg ;Gilad; - kd;dDf;Fj;jd;Nwr ky;yhw; rpwg;gpy;iyfw;NwhHf;Fr; nrd;wtpl nky;yhQ;rpwg;G" vd;W ghbatH ahh;?xsitg; gpuhl;bahh;

6) 'tpyf;nfhL kf;fs; midaH,yq;F Ehy;fw;whNuh Nlid atH”fz;Zila nud;gH fw;Nwhh ;Kfj;jpuz;LGz;ZilaH fy;yh jtHvd;W jpUtha; kyh;e;jUspath;ahh;?jpUts;St ehadhh;

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7) Kw;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;Jtpsq;fpa ngz;kzpfs; ahtH?xsitahh;> g+jg; ghz;bad;kidtp> ngUe; Njtpahh;> fhiuf;fhyk;ikaH> kq;ifah;f; furpahh;

8) ngz;fs ; fy ;t pa py ; r pwe ;Jtpsq;fpAs;shh;fs; vd;gJ ahh;$w;W %yk; njhpa te;Js;sJ?fk;gH

9) ngUj;j lq;fl; gpiwWjyhh;f; nfyhk;nghUe;J nry;tKq; fy;tpAk;g+j;jyhy; tUe;jp te;jtHf; fPjYk;itfYk; tpUe;J kd;wp tpistdahitNa vd;W $wpath;?fk;gH

10) mopah nry;tk; vJ -------------fy;tp

11) mopahr; nry;tkhfpa fy;tpiaehk; vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJKiwahFk; vd;gij vjd; %yk;mwpayhk;.“fw;wwpthh; fz;lJ mlf;fk;mlq;fhjhh; nghr;rhe;Je; jk;ikGfo;e;Jiug; ghh;"

2. tPur;Rit:-e.K.Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh;

12) Rit vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy;Yk;> ------------ vd;Dk; tlnrhy;Yk; xNunghUs; cilad.u]k;

13) ehtpdhy; czug;gLk; Ritvj;jid tifg;gLk;?MW tifg;gLk;

14) nrtpahy; Efug;gLgit vit?Fz> myq;fhuq;fshfpa nrhw;Ritfs;

15) nghUl; Rit vj;jid tifg;gLk;?xd;gJ tifg;gLk;

16) vJ mg;nghONj mfd;W tpLk;?ehthw; Ritj;J cz;lit

17) vg;nghOJ epiyngw;W ,d;gk;gag;gJ vJ?nrtpahw; Ritj;jJ

18) xd;gJ tifahd nghUl;Ritia$W:eif> mtyk;> ,opg;G> tpag;G>mr;rk;> tPuk;> ntFsp> ctif>rkdpiy vd;gd

19) tpopahYk;> RitahYk; Efug;gLitfs; vit?nghUl; Ritfs;

20) xd;gJ RitAs; rkdpiyahtJvJ?rhe;jk;

21) rhe;jk; vd;gJ ahJ?Ik;nghwpAk; mlq;fg; ngw;Wg; gpwHitapDk;> tho;j;jpDk; thshw;NghopYk;> jhspy; tzq;fpDk;>kde;jhpahJ mtw;iwr; rkkhff;nfhz;L epw;Fk; epiyikNarhe;jk; vdg;gLk;.

22) Rit vd;gJ --------- vd;W $wg;gLk;.nka;ghL

23) njhy;fhg;gpaH --------- vd;gjidngUkpjk; vd;DQ; nrhy;yhw;Fwpf;fpd;wdh;?tPuk;

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234

24) ve;j nrhy;yhy; tPuk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ?ahtnuhLk; xg;g epy;yhJ Nkk;gl;Lepw ;wypd; ngUkpjk; vd;Dk;nrhy;yhy; tPuk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

25) ngUkpjk; gpwf;Fk; ehd;F nray;fs;ahit?fy;tp> jWfz;> ,ir> nfhil

26) nfhil tPuj;ijAk;> gil tPuj;ijAk; vLj;J fhl;Lk; ghl;Lnky;y te;njd; ey;yb nghUe;jp<nad ,uf;Ft uhapd;> rPUilKuRnfO jhaj;J muNrh jQ;rk;,d;Dap uhapDk; nfhLf;Fntd;.vd;W eyq;fps;sp vd;w Nrhokd ;dd ; giftUld ; Nghh ;njhlq;F Kd; $Wjy;.

27) ghhpapd; MUapH ez;gH ahh;?fgpyH

28) gwk;ehL vj;jid CHfis cilaJ?Ke;EhW CHfis cilaJ

29) Ke;EhW CHfisAk; ahh; ngw;wdh;?ghprpyH ngw;Wtpl;ldH

30) cyfj;J NtW vk;nkhopapYk;fhzg;glhjJ vJ?nghUspyf;fzk;

31) nghUspyf;fzk; vj;jid gphpTfiscilaJ?,U gphpTfis cilaJ.1. mfg; nghUs;> 2. Gwg; nghUs;

32) mt;tpU tif ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fshYk; czHj;jg;gLtd ahit?mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk;cWjpg; nghUs;fSf;F VJthfpafhjnyhOf;fk;> tPunthOf;fk;

33) tPuUf;F vJ Njhy;tpahf mikAk;vd;W jpUts;StH $Wfpwhh;?giftiu ntFz;L Nehf;fpa fz;mth; Nty; nfhz;L vwpAkplj;J,ikj;J tpLkhapDk; tPuh;f;FmJ Nt Njhy;tpahFk;.$w;Wld;W Nky;thpDk; $bnajpH epw;Fk;Mw;w yJNt gil vd;fpwhh;ts;StH

34) thNshL tlf;fpUe;J capH ePj;jtd;ahh;?fhpfhyNdhL Nghh; Ghpe;j ngUQ;Nruyhjd; vd;Dk; Nru kd;dd;

35) jk po ; kf ;fspd ; ,izaw ;wtPuTzh;r;rpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ve;jEhypy; cs;sd?GwehDhW

36) gifth; Nkw; nra;Ak; tz;fz;ikiag; ------------ vd;W nrhy;tH.Nguhz;ik

37) Nguhz ;ik nad ;g jWfz;xd;Ww;wf; fhy;Cuhz;ik kw;wjd; v/Fvd;w Fws; ,uhtzd; Nghhpy;Njhy;tpAw;W ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,uhkd;,d;W Ngha; ehis tUtha; vdmUs; Ghpe;jdd; vd;Dk; nra;jpiafk;gehlhh; njhptpf;Fk;

3. fhsj;jpNtlDk; fq;ifNtlDk;-uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is

38) ahuhy; NtlH Fyk; ngUikAw;wJ?fhsj;jp Ntld; fz;zg;gd;kw;Wk; fq;if Ntld; Ffd;

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39) fhsj;jp Ntld; ahh;?fz;zg;gd;

40) fq;if Ntld; ahh;?Ffd;

41) Njthuj;jpYk;> jpUthrfj;jpYk;ahUila ngUik Ngrg;gLfpwJ?fz;zg;gd;

42) irt rkaj;ij epiy epWj;jpaehy;tUf;Fk; Ke;jpatd; ahh;?fz;zg;gd;

43) fhsj;jp ehjid tzq;fpatH?jpUQhd rk;ge;jH

44) ve;j Ntlid fUthff; nfhz;Lfq;if Ntldhfpa Ffid fk;gHtbj;Js;shh;?fhsj;jp Ntlid

45) Nfhriy ehl;L ,sturd; ahh;?,uhkd;

46) tlnkhop fhtpaj;jpy; ,uhkidfhz Ffd; tUtJ vt;thW$wg;gl;Ls;sJ?XH murd; kw;Nwhh; muridfhz tUfpd;w jd;ikapy;

47) fk;gH Ffid vt;thW mikj;jpUf;fpwhh;?Mz;ltidf; fhzr; nry;Yk;mbatdhf Ffd; Nfhyj;ijj;jpUj;jp mikj;Js;shh;.Njth epd;foy; Nrtpf;f te;jndd;ehtha; Ntl;Ltd; ehabNad;

48) Ffd; vLj;J nrd;w nghUs;?NjDk;> kPDk;

49) ,iwtdplk; gad; fUjh gf;jpg+z;ltHfs;?Ffd; kw;Wk; fz;zg;gd;

50) fq ;if fiuapNy ,uhkidNrHe;jtd; ahh;?Ffd;

51) fp\;fpe;ijapy; ,uhkid NrHe;jtd;ahh;?Rf;hPtd;

52) ,yq;ifapy; ,uhkid NrHe;jtd;ahh;?tpgP\zd;

53) ifk;khW fUjhj md;gpd; ePHikiaed;F tpsf;fpf; fhl;batd; ahh;?Ffd;

54) tpgP\zd; ,uhkid mile;Jvijg; ngw;whh;?,yq;ifauirg; ngw;whh;

55) Rf;hPtd; ,uhkid mile;J vijg;ngw;whh;?fp\;fpe;ij

56) rPijf;fhf fhl;by; ,uhtzDld;Nghh; Ghpe;j fOfpd; Nte;jd; ahh;?rlhA

57) “jd;DapH Gfo;f;F tpw;w rlhA"vd;W nrhy;ypa nrhy;ypd; nry;td;ahh;?mDkhd;

58) gujid vjpHj;J Nghhpl;ltd; ahh;?Ffd;

59) Ffidg; NghyTk;> rlhA NghyTk;,uhkDf;fhf caph; Jwf;fTk;,aytpy;iy vd tUe;jpatd;?Rf;hPtd;

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60) md;gHfSf;F fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhfmike;jtHfs; ahh;?fhsj;jp NtlDk;fq;if NtlDk;

61) y - s- o xyp NtWghLmyF - gwitapd; %f;FmsF - ngz; kapy;moF - ftpd;> tdg;G> vopy;miy - fly; miymis - Gw;Wmio - $g;gpL,iy - kuk;> nrb> nfhbfspd;

,iy,is - (cly;) ,isj;jy;,io - Ehy;fiy - ftpd; fiyfs;fis - ePf;F> gapHfisfio - %q;fpy;jiy - xh; cWg;Gjis - tpyq;Fjio - jioj;jy;typ - typik> typj;jy;tsp - fhw;Wtop - ghij4. Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; -nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;

62) Kb kf;fs; fijfs; ahit?tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; fijkjdfhkuhrd; fijjpUtpisahly;fs;esd; fijmhpre;jpud; fijJhpNahjdd; fij,uhkH fij

63) tlnkhopapd; 'Mjp fhtpak;' vd;WGfog; ngWtJ?thd;kPfpapd; ,uhkhazNk

64) fpNuf;fHfs; goq;fhg;gpak; vdghuhl;LtJ?N`hkH ghba ,y pal ;vd;gijahFk;

65) nkdy]; vd;w murh; ngUkhdpd;mofpa kidtpapd; ngah?n`yd;

66) n`yid rpiw vLj;jtd; ahh;?ghhp]; vd;w ,ypa ehl;L ,sturd;

67) ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; goq;fhg;gpak;vJ?tH[py; vd;w ghthzh; ghba <dpl;

68) <dpl; ahUila tuyhw;wpid$WfpwJ?<dpa]; vd;w murH ngUkhdpd;tuyhw;wpid

69) jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Kjy;Kjyhf fhg;gpak; vdr; rpwg;Gwj;Njhd;wpaJ vJ?rpyg;gjpfhuk;

70) Fbkf;fs; fijahf tpsq;FtJ vJ?rpyg;gjpfhuk;Nfhtyd; Fbkf;fSs; xUtd;khjtp - guj;ijahpy; xUj;jp,tHfSila rpf;fy; tho;f;ifNarpyg;gjpfhur; rpj;jpuk;

71) Fbkf;fs; tuyhNw Mjp fhg;gpakhfve;j ehl;by; mike;J tpsq;FfpwJ?jkpo; ehl;by;

72) rq;f fhyNk ------------ fhyk; MFk;.Gul;rp

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73) Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; fhjy;tho;it fhl;LtJ?Gfhh; fhz;lk;

74) fztid ,oe;j fz;zfpNa mtyr;Ritapd; Moj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ?kJiuf; fhz;lk;

75) fz;zfpf;fhf vLj;j fy;ypidtlmurH jiy kPJ Vw;wp te;jnrq;Fl;LtdJ tPuj;ij ghLtJ?tQ;rp fhz;lk;

76) u - w- xyp NtWghLmhp - jpUkhy;> rpq;fk;> fha;fis mhpmwp - mwpe;J nfhs;myhp - myhpg;g+mywp - mOJ,uj;jy; - gpr;irnaLj;jy;,wj;jy; - rhjy;cuT - typikcwT - Rw;wk;ciu - nrhy;ciw - jiyaiz ciwvhp - jPvwp - tPRfhp - ahidfwp - fha;fwp> kpsFFuq;F - thduk;Fwq;F - njhil$iu - tPl;Lf; $iu$iw - JzprPhpa - rpwe;jrPwpa - rpde;jguit - fly;gwit - gwg;githfpa caphpdk;kiu - khd;> jhkiukiw - Ntjk;

77) fz;zfpf;fhf gj;jpdp Nfhl;ltd;vLj;jtd; ahh;?fathF kd;dd;

78) Kbkf;fs; tho ;tpy ; fhZk;rpwg;Gf;fs; vy;yhk; Fbkf;fs;tho;tpy; fz;lhy; ----------- ,dpf;Fk;.fhg;gpak;

79) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ------------ fhg;gpak;MFk;.Kj;jkpo;

5. Xa;T - NguwpQH mz;zh80) ahUf;F Xa;T Neuk; Ntz;Lk;?

ghLgLgtDf;F Xa;T Neuk;Ntz;Lk;

81) NtiyNa ,y;iy> ehnsy;yhk;thshtpUf;fpwhd;?Xa;T my;y mJ nfhLik

82) Ntiy ,Uf;fpwJ - Ntiynra;ahky; thshtpUf;fpwhd;mjw;F ----------- vd;W ngah;.Nrhk;gy;

83) Ntiy ,Uf;fpwJ - Ntiy nra;jmYg ; g pdhy ; Ntiy Neuk ;Kbe;jJk; fl;il Nghy fPNotpOfpwhd; Jhq;fp tpLfpwhd;mjw;Fg; ngaH -Nrhh ;T

84) xU NtiyAk; nra;a Ntz;baepiyapy; ,y;iy vg;NghJk; Rk;kh,Uf;fpwhd;. mjw;Fg; ngaH?xa;ahuk;

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85) Nuhk; ehl;ltH Xa;T Neuj;ijvt;thW nrytpl;ldH?kw;Nghh;> thl;Nghh;> kpUfq;fSld;Nghhpl;L mitfis nty;tJMfpatw;iw Xa;thf fUjpdh;

86) fpNuf;fHfs; Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thWnrytpl;ldH?fhg;gpak; vd;w juk; ngw;w Gjpaehlfq;fis fhz;gJ

87) ];ngapd; ehl;lthpd; Xa;T Neuk;?Kul;Lf; fhisAld; NghhpLtJ

88) goe;jkpoH jkJ Xa;T Neuj;ijvt;thW nrytpl;ldH?VWjOTjy;> kw;Nghh;

89) ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;lthpd; Xa;T Neuk;vt;thW nrytplg;gl;lJ?Nfhopr; rz;il> fubr; rz;il

90) vOr;rp juj;jf;f nghOJ Nghf;fhff;vij nfhz;Ls;sJ mnkhpf;fh?Fj;Jr; rz;ilf;fhf ngUk;gzk; nrytplg;gl;L tUfpwJ

91) mz;zh xU rPhpa rpe;jidahsHvd ; gjid ve ;j fl ; LiunjspTg;gLj;JfpwJ?Xa;T

6. rkaq;fspd; nghJ ePjp -Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;

92) rkak; vd;gJ ahJ?kdpj cs;sq;fis ,d;g md;gpd;tpis epykhfj; jFjpg;gLj;jpg;gf;Ftg;gLj;Jk; jj;Jtj;jpw;Ftho;f;if Kiwf;F rkak; vd;Wngah;

93) kdpj tho;f ;ifia gf;Ftg;gLj;JtJ vjdpd; Nehf;fk;?rkaj;jpd; Nehf;fk;

94) rka epajp kw;Wk; ePjp vJ?xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;

95) ghrg; gopKjy; gwpg;ghh; Nghy vd;W$wpatH?Nrf;fpohh;

96) Jd;g Neha;f;F kUe;jhf miktJ?md;G

97) md;G tpijia tpijg; Ngdhfvd;Wk; kf;fs; vd;dplk; md;GnrYj ;Jtjw ;F Kd ; e hd ;mth;fsplk; md;G fhl;LNtd; vd;Wnrhd;dtH ahh;?mh;r; /gpuhd;]p]; vd;w nghpahh;

98) KfkJ rhNfgpd; mUs; thf;F vJ?“gpwH md;G ghuhl;lhkYk; gpwHmd ;Gf ;F ghj ;j p ukhfhkYk ;,Ug;gtdplk; ew;Fzq;fs; ,uh"

99) Gdpj FH - Mdpd; cgNjrk; ahJ?khe;jH Fyk; xd;Nw vd;gJk;mtHfs; midtUk; xU Fykhfthof; flikgl;bUf;fpd;wdHvd;gNj Gdpj FH - Mdpd;cgNjrk;

100) rPd Njrj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Qhdp ahh;?fd;g+\Pa];

101) cdf;Fg; gpbf;fhj xd;iw ePgpwUf;Fg; gpbf;Fnkd;W epide;Jnra;ahNj vd;W $wpatH ahh;?fd;g+\Pa];

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102) ,tH tw;GWj;jpa ew;Fzq;fs;vj;jid?Ie;J

103) Rd;[P vd;gJ vj;jidahtJew;Fzk;?Ie;jhtJ

104) rpj;jhh;j;jiug; Gj;juhf;fpaJ vJ?md;Gjhd;

105) ,e;J Ntjq;fSs; kpfTk; goikahdNtjk;?Hpf; Ntjk;

106) jkpo; kiw je;jth; ----------jpU%yH

107) jpUke;jpuk; tFj;J ciuf;Fk;nra;jpfs;rka tho;f;if epajpfs;xOf;fq;fs;

108) jpU%yH vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; rkatopg;gl;l flikfs; vj;jid?ehd;F

109) irt cyfj;jpd; nrQ;QhapW?mg;gubfs;

110) e> z> -d xyp NtWghLmzy; - jhbmdy; - neUg;GMzp - ,Uk;ghy; Md MzpMdp - jkpo; khjk;Cz; - czTCd; - ,iwr;rpfzk; - $l;lk;fdk; - ghuk;Ngz; - fhg;ghw;WNgd; - jiyapy; thOk; Ngd;

kzk; - eWkzk;kdk; - cs;sk;kiz - cl;fhUk; gyifkid - tPLkhd; - Gs;spkhd;Ke;ehs; - %d;W ehs;Kd;dhs; - Ke;ija ehs;NjePH - Njapiy ePh;NjdPH - Njd; Nghy ,dpa ePHjpiz - xOf;fk;> epyk;jpid - jhdpatiffid - Fjpiu fidf;fpwJfiz - mk;G

111) kuk; - kwk;kdpjHf;F chpaJ kwk; (tPuk;)md;Nwy; mtH kuk;!

112) Cd; - Cz;Cz; - caphpfspd; czTCd; - caphpfspd; cly; gFjp

113) fy; - kiyapy; ,Ug;gJ fy; fs; - gidapy; ,Ug;gJ fs;114) guit - gue;J ,Ug;gjhy; fliyg;

guit vd;wdH.gwit - gwe;J tUtjhy; Gs;,dj;ijg; gwit vd;wdH

115) ,uj;jy; - ,wj;jy;gz;ila GyNthh; ,uj;jypDk;,wj;jy; (capH tpLjy;) ed;nwdtho;e;jdH.

116) ghp - gwpmf;fhyf; fs;tHfs; ghp (Fjpiuapy;) te;J (topg;gwp) gwpj;jy;nra;jdh;.

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117) fhp - fwpfhp mLg;gpy; fwp rikg;NghUk;cz;L

118) mhp - jpUkhy;mwp - epid

119) gdp - gdpf;fhyk; gzp - Ntiy120) fsp - fyp

esidg ; g pbj ;j pUe ;j fy pePq;fpaJ (rdp)esDk; fspg;gile;jhd; (kfpo;T)

121) tpiy - tpiy Fiwe;jJ tpis - tpisr;ry; kpFe;jJ122) xyp - nrtpahy; Nfl;gJ xsp - fz;zhy; ghh;g;gJ123) tpsp - miog;G tpop - fz;tpop124) xU - xU &gha; xWg;G - jz;lid125) kdk; - kzk;

kyhpd; kzj;jpy; kdj;ijg;gwpnfhLj;Njd;

7.fy;ntl;Lfs; -jp.ig.rjhrptg; gz;lhuj;jhh;126) rpw;Wsp nfhz;L fy;jr;rHfshy;

ng hw pf ; fg ; gl ; lJ vt ;thWmiof;fg;gLfpwJ?fy;ntl;Lfs; vdTk; rpyhrhrdq;fs; vdTk; miof;fg ;gLfpwJ.

127) fy;ntl;Lfs; ek; jha; nkhopahfpajkpopy; vOjg; ngw;witfNsvd;gij mwpTWj;jpatHfs; ahh;?Nky; ehl;L NguwpQHfs;

uhgHl; rpnty;> lhf;lH fPy`hh;d;>lhf;lH gHdy;> lhf;lH g+yH>lhf;lH \Py;l;\;

128) eLfy; tpoh gw;wp $Wk; Ehy;?GwehD}W

129) eLfy;ypd; Nky; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy;,we;j tPudpd; ngaUk; ngUikAk;tiuag;gLk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJvd;gij Fwpf;Fk; Ehy;fs; ahit?mfehD}W> GwehD}W> kiyg;gLflhk;

130) ,we;j tPuHfspd; eLfw;fspd; Nky;nghwpf ;fg ;gl ;l mtHfSilangaUk; gPLNk ek; ehl;by; Kjypy;Njhd;wpa ----------- MFk;.jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs;

131) filr; rq;fj;jpYk; eLfy; tof;fk;,Ue;jij tpsf;Fk; Ehy;?jpUth&H Kk;kzpf; Nfhit

132) Nrukhd ; ngUkhs ; ehadhh ;,aw;wpaJ?jpUth&H Kk;kzpf; Nfhit'gl;Nlhh; ngaUk; Mw;wYk; vOjpel;;lfy;Yk; %JhH ej;jKk;'

133) mf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs; ,f;fhyj;jpy;vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ?nrQ;rpf;fLj;j jpUehjH Fd;wpYk;>jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sMiz kiyapYk;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spFd;wpYk;

134) fp.gp.Vohk; Ehw;whz;L Kjy;xd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;L tiu jkpo;ehl;bd; Ml;rp Ghpe;jtHfs; ahh;;?gy;ytH

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135) ahh; Kjypy; fUq;fw; Nfhapy;fs;mikj;jdH?gy;yt murHfs;

136) nka;f;fPHj;jp mikj;J Ml;rpahz;LtUk; Kiw ahuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?Kjy ; ,uhruhr Nrhodhy ;fp.gp.893 Mk; Mz;L

137) nka;f ;f PHj ;jpfNshL mike;jfy;ntl ;Lfs; vy ;yhk ; ve ;jMuha;r;rpf;F rpwe;j Mjuq;fshf,Uf;fpd;wd?tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf;F

138) fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; kq;fythh;j;ij?];t];jp =8. jkpof kfspH -

m.fhkhl;rp Fkhurhkp139) kidf;F tpsf;fhf tpsq;Fgts;

------------ngz;

140) tPl;L tho;f;ifapYk; ehl;L tho;f;ifapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatHfs;?xsitahh;> Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp>g+jg;ghz;bad; kidtp> fz;zfp>kzpNkfiy

141) jkpof kfspH jk; fztd;khUf;Fg;ngUik Njbje;jijAk;> tPl;bYk;ehl;bYk; GfOld; nghypAk; kfspHjkf;F kidtpauha; tha;g;gjNangUk; Ngwhf fUjpdH MltHvd;W $Wk; Ehy; vJ?FWe;njhif ghly; (14)

142) JwTf;Fk; njhz;Lf;Fk; rpwe;jvLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsq;FtJ ahh;?kzpNkfiy

143) cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu vd;W czTf; nfhilGhpe;jtH?kzpNkfiy

144) je;ij nfhLj;jDg;gpa nfhOQ;Nrhw;iwAk; nfhs;s tpUk;ghJ>jw;nfhz;lhd; tsj;jpw;Nfw;g>ehSf;F xU Ntis czNtcz;Zk; epiyia ve;jg; ghly;fhl;LfpwJ?ew;wpiz 10

145) ehLtpl;L ehL nrd;W eak;glj;JhJiuj;jtHxsitahh;

146) tPl;bYk; khiyapy; ky;ypifkyh;e;jJk; tpsf;fpidNa ney;Yk;kyUe;Jhtp topg;gl;ldH ngz;fs;vd;gjid ve;j Ehy; $WfpwJ?neLey;thil

147) rq;f fhyj;jpy; Fbirf; ifj;njhopy;fs; vdg; nghpJk; Ngrg;gLk;Ehy ; Ehw ;G > Xiy NtiyKjypad eilngw;wd vd;gijtpsf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlHfs; ahJ?gUj;jpg; ngz;bh;> ,Uk; gdq;Filvd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlHfs;

148) k hjt pa pd ; Mly ; g hly ;jpwikfis $Wk; ghl;L?mfehDhw;W ghly;

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242

149) tpUe;Njhk;gypd; ngUe;jd;ikiatpsf;FgtH ahh;?xy;fhg; Gfo; njhy;fhg;gpah;

150) mf;fhyj;jpy; tpUe;J vd;w nrhy;------- vdg; nghUs; gl;lJ.GJik

12 Mk; tFg;Gciueilg;gFjp:-

1. caHjdpr; nrk;nkhopghpjpkhw; fiyQH

tp.Nfh.#hpaehuhaz rhj;jphpahh;1) jkpo ; nkhop vj;jid gph pT

fSilaJ?,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd %d;WgphpTfisAilaJ

2) ,aw;wkpnod;gJ ahJ?nghJikapd; ,Utif tof;fpDk;,aq;Ffpd;w trdKQ; nra;ASkhFk;

3) ,irj; jkpnod;gJ ahJ?gz;nzhL fye;Je; jhsj;njhL$baJ> ,jd;fz;> fPHj;jdq;fSk; thpg;ghl;LfSk;> rpe;J>Mde;jf;fspg;G> Fk;kp> njk;ghq;FKjypait mlq;Fk;

4) vitnay;yhk; ,ir jkpohFk;?,ir EZf;fk;> jhs tifNahj;J,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Njthuk;,f;fhyj;J ntspg;gl;LyTfpd;wfe;j Guhzf; fPHj;jid> nghpaGuhz fPHj;jid> rq;fPj re;jphpif

5) ehlfj; jkpOf;F Kd;NdhLahfmike;jJ?,irj; jkpo;

6) ehlfj; jkpOf;F rpwg;G tpsf;fk;je;jJ vJ?,irj;jkpo;

7) ehlfj; jkpOf;F ,d;wpaikahJvJ?,irj; jkpo;

8) ehlfj; jkpo; ahUf;fhf tFf;fg;gl;lJ?ifapy; EhnyLj;Jg; gbj;jw;Fhpa mtfhrkpy;yhj Ntiyf;fhuHfSf;Fk; gbf;fj; njhpahjth;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpT Gfl;Lk;Nehf;NfhL GFj;jg;gl;lJ.

9) cyfj;jpd; ,ay;gpid cs;sijAs;sthNw Gide;J fhl;LtJ vJ?ehlfj; jkpo;

10) rh];jpuf; fy;tpAilahh;f;Fg; ------,d;wpaikahNjghi\awpTk;

11) jkpopd; topnkhopfs; vJ?njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;>JS

12) cz;zhl;L nkhopfs; ahit?njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;>JS

13) jdpnkhop vd;gJ ahJ?jhd; toq;Fk; ehl;bw; gapYk;kw;iwa nkhopfspd; cjtpapd;wpjdpj;J ,aq;Fty;yNj jdpnkhopvdg;gLk;

14) njd;dhl;LaH jdpr; nrk;nkhopvJ?jkpo;

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243

15) jpirr; nrhw;fs; rhh;e;j nkhopfs;1. Fy;yh - ghh;]p2. hpf;\h - [g;ghdp3. g[hh; - ghh;]p4. mykhhp - Nghh;r;RfPrpak;5. vf;fr;rf;fk; - njYq;F6. egh; - mugp7. Ngdh - Nghh;RfPrpak;8. ,dhk; - cUJ9. &gha; - ,e;J];jhdp10. [h];jp - cUJ11. Jl;L - lr;R12. gPNuh - gpnuQ;R13. fLjhrp - Nghh;r;RfPrpak;

16) kuGr; nrhw;fis mwpf:gyhg;gpQ;R - gyh%Rthiog;gpQ;R - thiof;fr;ry;KUq;ifgpQ;R - KUq;ifr;ruLmtiug;gpQ;R - mtiug; nghl;Lkhk;gpQ;R - khtL,se;Njq;fha; - tOf;ifKw;wpa Njq;fha; - new;W

2. rkurk; - jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh;

17) kdpjid vJ rkur Qhdpahf;Ftjpy;iy?mOf;fhW> mth> ntFsp Kjypad

18) mOf;fhW vd ftpQH Fwpg;gpLtJvJ?ehL> nkhop> rkanewp> rhjp

19) ehL vd ;Dk ; gw ;why ; vij,of;fpd;wdH?rkurk; (kw;w ehLfis jhf;Ftjd; %yk;)

20) rkurf; Nfhapiy tlYhhpy ;mikj;jtH?,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs;

21) mUl; ngUQ; Nrhjpia mUspr;nra;jtH?,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs;

22) vJ cs;stiu rkurk; Qhdk; ngwKbahJ?Ntw;Wik czHT cs;stiu

23) epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:-1. fhy; Gs;sp (>)2. miug; Gs;sp (;)3. Kf;fhy; Gs;sp (:)4. Kw;Wg; Gs;sp (.)5. Kg;Gs;sp (…)6. Nfs;tpf; Fwp (?)7. czr;rp Fwp (!)8. ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp (“ ” )9. xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‘ ’ )10. jdp Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‘ )11. Nkw;gb Fwp (“ )12. gpiw milg;G ( )13. rJu milg;G [ ]14. ,izg;Gf; NfhL (-)15. rha; NfhL (/)16. mbf;NfhL (-)17. cLf;Fwp (*)3.ftpij NguhrphpaHv];.itahGhpg; gps;is

24) trdj ;j pw ;Fk ; > ftpijf ;Fk ;,yf;fzk; tFj;jtH?Nfhyhpl;[;

25) “nrhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy;itg;gJ” vJ?trdk;

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244

26) rpwe;j nrhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy;itg;gJ vJ?ftpij

27) ftpijiag; gw ;wp Nthh ;l ;];nthh;j;jpd; fUj;J?Mw;wy ; e p uk ;g pa nrhw ;fs ;jhkhfg; nghq;fp toptJ ftpij

28) fPl;]; vd;w ftpQH ftpijia gw;wp$WtJ?fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; nga;jxspkioNa ftpij vd;wdH

29) [hd; u];fpd; ftpijia gw;wp$WtJ?rPhpa czh;r;rpf;Fhpa fhuzq;fisg ; ghtdh rf ;j pahy ;Fwpg;gLtJ ftpijahFk;

30) Ehjd Mq;fpy Ngufuhjp ftpijiagw;wp vd;d $WfpwJ?nra;As; newpapy; ,aw;wg;gLtNjftpij vd;W $WfpwJ

31) ftpijapd; KjyhtJ ,ay;G vJ?KjyhtJ ,ay;G nra ;As ;tbtpy; mike;jpUj;jy;

32) ftpijapd; ,uz;lhtJ ,ay;GvJ?cyf cz;ikia fhl;bYk;ghtdh rf;jpapd; ,ay;GfisNaNkw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

33) ,uhgHl; gl;ld; vd;gtH $WtJahJ?vy;yhf; ftpQHfSk; igj;jpaf;fhuh;fNs

4. kf;fs; tho;f;if34) mf;fhy kf;fspd; ey;ypay;G

fshfTk; rpwe;j nfhs;iffshTk;tpsq;fpatd ahit?,dpikahf NgRjy ; > eLTepiyikahf ,Uj;jy;> ,ad;wtiug; gpwHf;F cjTjy;> gpwHnra;j cjtpia vf;fhuzq;nfhz;Lk; vd;Wk; kwthjpUj;jy;

35) mf;fhy kf;fspd; njhopy; tiffs;?coT> thzpfk;> nerT

36) mf;fhy kf;fspd; xw;Wikapy;jPh;khd nfhs;if vJ?“ahJk; CNu ahtUq; NfspH"

37) jk;NkhL gofpatHfs; jkf;F eQ;RCl ;bDk ; mjid kwhty ;cz;ghh ; ? mij ve ;j Ehy;tpsf;FfpwJ?ew;wpiz“ Ke ;ij ,Ue ;J el ; Nlh h ;nfhLg;gpd; eQ;Rk; cz;gH edpehfhpRH"

38) capH Neak; vd;gJ ,y;yhj tiuvd;W nrhy;tjw;F topapy;iy?ehfhpfH

39) fw;wtHfs; ve;j Ntw;WikAq;fUjhky; kjpf;fg;gl;L te;jdHvd;gij $Wk; Ehy;?GwehDhW

40) mf;fhy kf;fs; ----------- ia ,opthffUjpdH.,uj;jy;

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41) ve;j Ehypd; %yk; mf;fhy kf;fs;gpwH nghUis tpUk;GtJ ,y;iyvd;gij czuyhk;?FWe;njhif

42) cyfk; ehlhfthtJ ,Uf;fl;Lk;:fhlhfthtJ ,Uf;fl;Lk; vq;Nfey;ytHfspUf;fpd;whh;fNsh mq;NfmJTk; ey;yjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;wfUj;J ,Uf;Fk; ghly; vJ?GwehDhWehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwhmtyh nfhd ;Nwh k pirahnfhd;Nwhvt;top ey;yt uhlyHmt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd

43) xw;iwg; gpiwf;NfhL tUk; ,lq;fs;:-1. nkhop ngaHg;G:

njhiyf;fhl;rp (Television) vd;gJ,e;ehspy; Clfq;fspy; (Media)Kjd;ik ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ

2. nghUs; $wy;: epiynkhop(mjhtJ Kjypy; epw;fpd;w nkhop)

3. nrhy;tU tpUj;jy;:-kyub (jhkiu) kyH Nghd;w ghjk;

44) ,ul;ilg; gpiwf; NfhL tUk;,lq;fs;:-

1. gythpfSf;Fg; nghJthd nra;jpfz;zdJ fU epwk;fz ;zdJ moF - Mwhk ;Ntw;Wikj; jw;fpoik

2. fhy,lf; Fwpg;G:,lk;: jQ;rht+Hehs;: 10.02.2004 gfu milg;GtUkplk; thpf;F kpQ;rpa gFjp

xUikAld; epdJ jpUkyubepidf;fpd;w cj;jkH jk; cwTNtz;Lk;NgR vd;gJ Vty; tpidKw;WNgRf vd;gJ tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W.Mq;fpyj;jpy; mUs; $He;J> jaTnra;J NgRf vd;Dk; nghUspy;tUk; Please speak vd;W nrhy;tijg;NgRf vd;W $wpdhw; NghJk; mNjnghUisj; jUk;Please speak - NgRfPlease bring - nfhzh;fPlease type - jl;lr;R nra;f

45) jkpopirapy; ,Ue;j ehd;F ,irKiwfs; ahit?Maghiy> tl;lghiy> jphpNfhzghiy> rJu ghiy

46) Vl;L Rtbfspy; --------- nra;jpfs;nghjpe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?rpj;j kUj;Jtk;

5.MTe; jkpoUk;47) nkhop QhapW vd;W miof;fg;

gl;ltH ahh;?NjtNeag; ghthzH

48) jkpo; ehl;by; jiy rpwg;ghfNghw;wg;gl;lJ vJ?'M”

49) kf;fs; ehfhpfj;Jf;F chpa ehd;Fepiyfs; ahit?FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> efuk;

50) ve;j epiyAilatUf;Nf 'M”njhlHG ,Ue;jpUf;f $Lk;?FwpQ;rp epiy

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51) 'M” thdJ Kjd; Kjypy; ahh;epyj;jpw;Nf chpa tpyq;F?FwpQ;rp

52) Ml;ilAk; khl;ilAk; ngUthhpaha; tsHj;J mtw;wpd; CidAk;ghiyAk; cz;L tho;e;jtHfs;Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ,Ue;j MaHfs;

53) MaHfs; vij rpwg;ghf tsHe;jdH?khl;il rpwg;ghf tsHe;jdH

54) jw;fhyj;jpy; 'M” vd;Dk; ngaHve;j ghiy Fwpj;jJ?ngz; ghiy Fwpj;jJ

55) ---- vd;gJ tpyq;Fg; nghJ ngah;>Fjpiug; ngaHkh

56) --- vd;Dk; ngaNu M vd;Wjphpe;jpUf;fyhk;kh

57) khL vt;thW Kf;fhukpLk; -----------khmm

58) Ky;iy epyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ?coT

59) coT ve;j epyj;jpy; rpwg;gile;jJ?kUj epyj;jpy;

60) “gfL ele;j $o;" vd;W $WtJvJ?ehybahh ;

61) khl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk; nghUs;fs;ahit?CDk; ghYk;> Njhy;> nfhk;G>curid (Nuhrid)> thy;kapH>rhzk;

62) t Pl ;ilj ; Jg ;GuT nra;aTk;mLg;nghpf;fTk; gapUf;FukplTk; --------- cjTfpwJ.rhzk;

63) rpwe;j czTk; kUe;Jk; vJ?japUk; NkhUk; ntz;nzAk;nea;Ak; ghypUe;J vLf;fg;gLtd

64) Kd;idj; jkpoH vij nry;tkhffUjp te;jdH?khl;bdj;ijr; nry;tkhf fUjpte;jdH

65) ghy; Kjy; nea;aPwhfTs;s Ie;Jk;----------- vdg;gLk;.IaKjk; (gQ;rhkpUjk;)

66) jpiz tOTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LjUf:-'vd; mk;ik te;jhs;mtSf;Fg; Gy;ypL”vd; mg;gd; te;jhd;mtDf;Fj; jz;zPH fhl;L

67) MTf;Fk; M Ntw;Wf;Fk; kf;fs;,l;l ngaHfs; ahit?rhj;jd; rhj;jp> nfhw;wd; nfhw;wp>Kltd; Klj;j p > nfhLk ;GwkUjd;> nfhLk;Gw kUjp

68) khLNghYioj;jy; vd;Dk; nrhy;tof;F vjdhy; vOe;jJ?fhis kf ;fl ;f hf k pfcioj;jypdhy;

69) fhis tpliy vd;Dk; ngaHfs;ahUf;F ctikahF ngauhftoq;fp te;jd?kwtHf;Fk;> FWk;gurHf;Fk; toq;fpte;jd

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70) ,isQhpd; typikia mwptjw;F--------msitahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.VW jOty;

71) Mokhd Mw;iw vijg; gw;wpfle;jdH?Mtpd; thiyAk;> M NtWtpd;thiyAk;

72) MNtW vd;gJ ------- Fwpf;Fk;.fhisia

73) tho;f me;jzH thdth; Mdpdk;vd;wth; -------------jpUQhdrk;ge;jH

74) M tpw;F --------- vd;Wk; ngah;.Nfh

75) vd; jh vd;Dk; tpid ,e;jpapy; ----------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.Njt;

76) jh - vd;Dk; tpid ,yj;jPdpy; ---------- vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.Njh

77) Nfhtd; vd;gJ ahiu Fwpf;Fk;?murid Fwpf;Fk;

78) fpwpj;jthpd; rka MrphpaH Mq;fpyj;jpy; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;?Nka;g;gH vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;

79) Nfhtd; -- rptd;(Mad ; Mepiuia fhg ;gJNghy; flTs; kf;fis fhj;JtUjy;)

80) Mkh vd;Dk; jkpo; nrhy; -----------Fwpf;Fk;.fhl;Lg; gRit

81) Nfh vd;Dk; Fiwr; nrhy; ahiuFwpf;Fk;?muridAk ; > je ;ijiaAk ;Fwpf;Fk;

82) "epd;Nfh thpD kpq;Nf" vd;Dkplj;jpy; 'Nfh' vd;gJ ahiuFwpf;Fk;?je;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk;

83) kpsF ePiur; (rhw;w KJ) rhj;jKJvd;gJ ahUila kuG?itztH kuG

84) jPkpjpay; jpUtpohtpy; jPf;Fopiag;------- jPkpjpaiy ----- vd;Wk;nrhy;Yjy; kuGG+f;Fopnad;Wk;> g+kpjpay;

85) j pUkzk ; Kjy pa kq ;fyepfo;r;rpfSf;F fPw;W Ntatjidnfhl;lif vd;gJ ------------- kuGnrl;b ehl;L

86) Mrphpaiu IaH vd;Nw miog;gJ-------- kuGNtYhh; Mk;g+H tl;lj;jhh;

87) mkpo;jj;ij cg;Gr;rhW vd;W$WtJ -------------- kuGrPuq;fk; Nfhtpy;

88) “Nfby; tpOr; nry;tq; fy;tpnahUtw;Fkhly;y kw;iw ait" vd;Dk;Fws; $Wk; fUj;Jgz;ilAyfk; KOikAk; khNl>kf;fs; nry;tkhape;jJ mjdhy;nry;tk; khnldg;gl;lJ

89) czit tpistpg;gJk; jhDk;cztspg;gJk; vJ?khL

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6. ePjp Ehy;fspy;,yf;fpa eak;

90) ePjpfisf; $w vOe;jit?ePjpEhy;fs;

91) ,t;thW elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wtpjpj;Jk;> ,t;thW elf;ff; $lhJvd;W tpyf;fpAk; nry;tJ ------vd;wEhy;fspd; ,ay;G.ePjp Ehy;fspd; ,ay;G

92) tho;f;ifiar; rPHgLj;j mike;jEhy; --------ePjp Ehy;fs;

93) jkpopy; mwEhy;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ?jpUf;Fws;

94) ,ilf;fhldhh; Fwisg; gw;wp$wpa fUj;J ahJ?“fLifj; Jisj;J Vo;fliyg;Gfl;bf; FWfj;jwpj;j Fws;"

95) rpwe;j eaq;fisj; jd;ghy; mlf;fpf;nfhz;bUg;gJ vJ?jpUf;Fws;

96) jpUts;StH jhd; fz;l nghpafdtpd; topahf kf;fSf;F FWfpambfspy; ve;j Fwis mUsr;nra;jhh;.',ue;Jk; caph;tho;jy; Ntz;bw;gue;JnfLf cyfpaw;wp ahd;”

97) ,uj;jy; nfhbaJ vd;w ePjpiafhl;l tpUk;Gk; Ehy;?jpUf;Fws;

98) fPo;kf;fis -------- Mfpa giwf;Fxg;ghfr; nrhd;dhh;jk;gl;lk;

99) fathplk; ,ufrpak; $wf; $lhJvd;w ePjpia tpsf;Fk; Fws;?miwgiw ad;dH fath;jhq; Nfl;lkiwgpwh;f;F caj;Jiuf;f yhd;

100) ,uz;lbapy; ePjpia $Wk; Ehy;?jpUf;Fws;

101) ehd;F mbapy; ePjpia $Wk; Ehy;--------ehybahh ;

102) nry;tk; epiyNgWilajd;W mope;JNghFe; jd;ikaJ vd;w fUj;ijtpsf;Fk; ghl;L --------ehybg; ghl;L

103) tapw;iw tsHg;gjw;fhf ------- Ngrpjphpa Ntz;lhk;,r;rfk;

104) tapw;iw tsHg;gjw;fhf ,r;rfk;Ngrp jphpa Ntz;lhk; vd;gijtpsf;Fk; ghly; vJ?“ Nghw;wpNa Nghw;wpNa nad;WGJr;nry;tk;Njhw;wpahh; fz;nzyhk; njhz;NlNghy; - Mw;wy;gapw;wpg; gapw;wpg; gyTiug;gnjy;yhk;tapw;Wg; ngUkhd; nghUl;L

105) yso NtWghLmiy - fly; miy miye;Jjphpjy;mio - $g;gpLmis - japH> gpir

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106) ,iy - kuk;> nrb nfhbfspd;,iy

,io - nra;> Ehy; ,io ,is - nkype;J Nghjy;107) ciy - rikf;f ciy itj;jy;>

ciyf;fsk; cio - ghLgLjy;> ciog;G cis - gplhpkaph;> NrW108) xyp - xir

xop - mopj;JtpL> njhiyj;J tpLxsp - ntspr;rk;> gJq;fpnfhs;

109) fiy - tpj;ij> fiye;JNghjy;fio - %q;fpy;fis - taypy; fisnaLj;jy;Kfj;jpd; xsp

110) fpyp - mr;rk;> gyk;fpop - Jz;lhf; fpopj;jy;> NfhLfpopj;jy;fpsp - xU gwit

111) jiy - Kjd;ik> rpuRjio - Gy;> ,iyjis - fl;Ljy;

112) jhyp - fztd; kidtpf;Ff; fl;Lk;rpd;dk;

jhop - Flk; thafd;w ghz;lk; jhsp - xU tifg; ghid> Fok;G

jhspj;jy;113) tiy - kPd; gpbtiy

tio - xUtif kuk;> RuGd;idkuk;tis - nghe;J> tisay;> tisT

114) thy; - tpyq;fpd; thy;gFjpntz;iktho; - capH tho;> gpioj;jpUths; - ntl;Lk; fUtp> xsp nghUe;jpa

115) thiy - ,sk; ngz;thio - kutifthis - kPd;tif

7. kdpjH tho;f - lhf;lHK.tujuhrdd;

116) rpWtd; vijg; Nghw;Wfpd;whd;gyifAk;> gy;g;gj;ijAk;

117) goq;fhyj;jpy; ele;j NjHjy; KiwahJ?ifia caHj;Jtjd; %yk;> FlXiy %yk; NjHjy; eilngw;wJ

118) ahh ; tho;tjw;fhfNt kf;fs;fUtpahf gad;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ?fl;rpfs;

119) fl;rpfis fhg;ghw;w gad;gLtJNkilfSk;> gj;jphpf;iffSk;

120) kf;fs; goq;fhyj;jpy; ------- > -------fz;L kaq;fpdhh;fs;gilfisAk;> gilfUtpfisAk;

121) ,d;iwa kf;fs; ----- > ------- Nfl;Lkaq;fpwhh;fs;gj;jphpf ;iffisAk;> Nkilg;Ngr;RfisAk;

122) vj;njspT Vw;gLk; fhyk; te;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwJ?vg;nghUs; ahh; ahh; tha;Nfl;gpDk;mg;nghUs; nka;g;nghUs;fhz;gJ mwpT vd;w fhyk; te;J

123) fpuhk kf;fs; vij ek;gp thoj;njhlq;Fthh;fs;?$l;LwitAk;> ciog;igAk;ek;gp thoj; njhlq;Fthh;fs;

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250

124) kdpj tho;tpy; cz;ikahdmbg;gilahf cs;sit?ciog;G kw;nwhd;W $l;LwT

125) $l;LwTf;F ,ilAWfhf ,Ug;gitnty;y ----- Ntz;Lk;?mwg;gil Ntz;Lk;

126) ciog;Gf;Fg; gQ;rk; te;jhy;mjnty;y ----- Ntz;Lk;cOepyk;

127) Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak;miktjw;F vJ topRuz;LNthUk;> Ruz;lg;gLNthUk;,y;yhj rhjp rkak; fl;rp ,tNaVw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak;cUthtjw;F topahFk;

128) mytYff; fiyr; nrhy; - mtw;wpd;jkpohf;fk;:1. nuf;fhh;l; - Mtzk;2. nrful;lhp - nrayH3. NkNd[H - NkyhsH4. igy; - Nfhg;G5. GNuhNehl; - xg;Gr;rPl;L6. ghy;fdp - Kfg;G khlk;7. gh];Nghh;l; - flTr;rPl;L8. bird; - tbtikg;G9. tprh - EioT ,irT10. nlypNfl; - NguhsH11. ];ng\y; g]; - jdpg; NgUe;J12. GuNghry; - fUj;JU13. Ml;Nlhfpuhg; - tho; njhg;gk;14. tprpl;bq; fhh;L - fhz;Gr;rPl;L15. gphPg; Nf]; - FWk; ngl;b16. yk;rk; - jpul;rpj; njhif17.nkapd; NuhL - Kjd;ikr; rhiy

18. GNuhl;Nlhfhy; - kuGj;jfT19.nrf; - fhNrhiy20. urPJ - gw;Wr;rPl;L21. rhk;gpad; - thif #b8. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fiyr;

nry;tq;fs;129) “Mafiyfs; mWgj;J ehd;F"

vd;w KJ nkhopf; Nfw;g gytifahd fiyfis ghq;Fwmikj;jtH?jkpoh;fs;

130) kpfkpfg ; goq;fhyk; KjNyjkpofj;jpy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;W tpsq;Fk;fiyfs; ahit?fl;llf;fiy> rpw ;gf ; fiy>Xtpaf; fiy

131) g+k;Gfhhpy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy;fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;?Gj;j tpfhuk; kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; Kfj;Jthuf; fl;llKk; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;ld

132) fp.gp.11-12 Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; NrHe;jfl;llg; gFjpfs; ve;j mfo;tha;tpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld?nfhw;ifapy; ele;j mfo;tha;tpy;

133) jkpo; ehL muR njhy; nghUs;Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ vJ.Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod;vLgpj;J tho;e;j muz;id gFjpfz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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251

134) jkpo ; ehl ;by ; fhzg ;ngWk ;Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fSs; kpfTk;goikahdJ?,uhkehjGuk ; khtl ;lj ;ijNrHe;j gps;isahh; gl;b vd;Dk;Chpd; Filtiuf; Nfhapy; (,Jghz;baHfsJ gilg;ghFk;)

135) ve;j Ehw;whz;NlhL Filtiuf;Nfhapy;fs; mikf;Fk; gzp epd;Wtpl;lJ?fp.gp;.9 Mk; Ehw;whz;L

136) Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fis mikj;jtHfs; ahh;?gy ;ytHfs ; > g hz ;baHfs ; >mjpaH> Kj;jiuah;

137) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr; nrJf;fpNfhapyhf;Fk; Kiw ahUilafhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ?gy;ytH> ghz;baH

138) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfis nrJf;fpnfha pyhf ;Fk ; Kiw ve ;jEhw;whz;NlhL epd;W tpl;lJ?fp.gp.8 Mk; Ehw;whz;L

139) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr; nrJf;fpNfhapyhf;Fk; Kiwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mike;j Nfhapy;?khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s Ie;Jujq ;fSk ; > fOFkiya py ;cs;s ntl;Lthd; NfhapYk;

140) fw;fis xd;NwhL xd;whf mLf;fpmikf;Fk; Nfhapw; gzp ahUilafhyj;jpYk; ,e;ehspYk; njhlHe;Jepytp tUfpwJ?gy;ytH> ghz;baH

141) gy;ytH fhyj;J rpwe;jitfshffUjg;gl;lJ vJ?khky;yGuj;J flw;fiuf; Nfhapy;>fhQ ;r pGuj ;J ifyhaehjHNfhapy;

142) ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; rpwe;jJ?jpUg;gj;Jhh; jpUj; jspehjH

143) NrhoH fhyj;J rpwe;jitfs;?ehh;j;jhkiy tprahya NrhoPr;Ruk;> jQ;ir ,uhruhNrr;Ruk;>vd;Dk; jQ;irg; ngUTilahh;Nfhapy; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jf; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoPr;Ruk;> jhuhRuk;> IuhtNjRtuHNfhapy;> jphpGtdk; jphpGtdtpNur;Ruk;

144) Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk; mikj;jy;ahUila fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ?gy;ytH fhyj;jpy;

145) Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk; mikj;jy;cd;djepiy mile;j fhyk;?tpraefu kd;dHfs; fhyj;jpy;

146) gy;ytH fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs; vijnrJf;Ftjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh;?ahidapd; cUtj;ij

147) rpw;g ,ay; ty;YeHfs; ahiughuhl;bg; NgRtH?gy;ytH fhyj;J rpw ;gpfisghuhl;bg; NgRtH

148) gy;ytH fhyj;J rpw;gpfs; vjw;fhfghuhl;lg; ngw;wdH?Nfha piyNa xU r pw ;gkhftbj;njLj;jjhy;

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252

149) ahUila fhyj;jpy ; kdpjj;jd;ikf;Fk; clw; $WfSf;Fk;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;ld?tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyq;fspy;

150) tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyq;fspy;ahUila fyhr;rhuj; jhf;fk;Vw;gl;lJ?Kfk;kjpaH

151) -------- Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Njjkpo; ehl;by; nrg;Gg;gbkf; fiykpf cd;dj epiyapy; tsHr;rpmile;Js;sJRkhh; 2800

152) nrg;Gg;gbkf; fiyf;F rhd;WahJ?Mjpr;r ey;Yhhpy; (jpUney;Ntypkhtl;lk;) fpilj;Js;s nja;tr;nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp

153) gy;ytH fhy nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfSf;FvLj;Jf;fhl;L?$uk ; > elu hrH > nfhLKb>jphpGuhe;jfH> jphpGuRe;jhp

154) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspd; nghw; fhyk;vd;gJ ahUila fhyk;?NrhoH fhyk;

155) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; nra;jspg;gijj; jhk; ,k;kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;jjd; flik vd;W vz;zpatHfs;?nrk;gpad; khNjtp

156) NrhoH fhyj;J nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs;vt;thW nra;ag;gl;ld?Mfk Ehy;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJNghd;W mjw;Nfw;gr ; nra;angw;wit

157) nrg;Gg; gbkf; fiy ahUilafhyj;jpy; rpwg;gpoe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ?tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyj;jpy;

158) Xtpaj;ij ntWe; njhopyhff;fUjhJ xU ------ rhjdkhfNtfUjpdH.Nahf

159) ve;j Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w?Vwf ;Fiwa f p . g p 7 Mk ;Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J

160) Xtpaf; fiyf;F mUk; gzpaw;wpakd;dHfs;?gy;yt kd;dHfs; kw;Wk; Nrhokd;dHfs;

161) gy;yt kd;dHfspy; ahh; rpwe;jXtpadhf tpsq;fpdh;?kNfe;jputHkd;

162) Xtpa fiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;tpsq;Fk; Nfhapy;fs;?khkz;^Hf; Fiffspd; ntspkz ;lgj ;j pYk ; > fhQ ;r p G uk ;ifyhrehjH Nfhapy;> gdkiyNfhapy;> jQ;irg; ngUTilahh;Nfhapy;

163) ve;j Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpak;kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ?gdkiyapy; cs;s kz;lgj;jpy;fhzg;gLk; vopyhh;e;j Mly;kfspd; Xtpak;

164) kur;rpw;gf;fiy ve;j Ehw;whz;bypUe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ?fp.gp.16 Mk; Ehw;whz;L

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253

165) je;jr; rpw;gf; fiy ahUilafhyj;jpy; jhd; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ?ehaf;f kd;dHfs;

166) ,tHfSila fhyj;jpy; je;jj;jhy;nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs; ahit?flTsH cUtq;fSk;> murmurpaH cUtq;fSk;ngl ;b> gy ;ytHf ;Fj ; jz;LNghd;w nghUs;fSk; je;jj;jhy;nra;ag;gl;bUfpd;wd

167) ve;j Chpy; ehaf;f kd;dH mtuJgl;lj;jurp MfpNahuJ cUtq;fs;>ehd;fb cauj;jpy; je;jj;jpy;fk;gPukhf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd?jpUtuq;fj;jpy;

168) rpw pa mstpy; cs;s je;jrpw;gq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?mofH Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

169) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSf;Fhpatpjp1 . <Wnfl ; l vj p H kiwg ;nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;W kpFk;.2. me;j> ,e;j vd;Dk; Rl;Lj;jphpGmLj;Jk; ve;j vd;Dk; tpdhj;jphpGmLj;Jk; xw;W kpFk;.(v.fh) me;jr;rpiy> ve;jf;fhyk;3.nra;ntd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;WkpFk;(v.fh) Xlf; fz;lhh;4.td; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wr;nra;njd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;W kpFk;(v.fh) Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhd;,fu <w;Wr; nra;njd; vr;rj;jpd;gpd;Dk; kpFk;

(v.fh) vOjpg;ghh;170) z> e> d NtWghL mwpf:-

muz; - kjpy;> ghJfhg;G Nfhl;ilmud;> rptd;

171) mz;zk; - Nky;tha;md;dk; - xU gwit

172) Mzp - $hpa ,Uk;Gj; Jz;LMdp - xU khjk;

173) Miz - fl;lisMid - ahid

174) cz;Z - rhg;gpLcd;D - epidj;Jg;ghh;

175) Cz; - czTCd; - ,iwr;rp

176) vz;z - epidf;f> vz;zpg;ghh;f;f vd;d - Nfs;tp177) fiz - mk;G

fid - fidj;jy;178) fzk; - Neuk;

fdk; - gS> Rik179) fhz; - ghh;

fhd; - fhL180) jzp - mlq;F

jdp - jdpj;jpUj;jy;181) Jzp - rPiy

Jdp - Jd;gk;> Nfhgk;> mr;rk;182) jpiz - epyk;> xOf;fk;

jpiz - jhdpa tif183) ehz; - fapW> ehzk; ehd; - jd;idf; Fwpg;gJ> jd;ik

,lg;ngaH184) jpz;ik - typik

jpd;ik - jPik185) tz;ik - tsk;> toq;Fjy; td;ik - typik

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254

186) flTs; ngaHfs; - tlnkhopapy;1.mq;faw; fz;zp - kPdhl;rp2.mwk; tsHj;jhs; - jHkrk;tHj;jpdp3. vhprpdf;nfhw;wit - nusj;jpuJHf;if4. Iahwg;gH - gQ;rejpRtuH5. nrk;nghd; gs;spahh; - nrhh;zGhPr;RuH6. ePs; neLq;fz;zp - tprhyhl;rp7. ahopYk; ed; nkhopahs; - tPzhkJu

gh\pzp8. Njd;nkhopg;ghit - kJu trdp9. gokiyehjH - tpUj;jfphPr;RuHnkhoptsq; fhl;Lk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;:-187) njhy;fhg;gpak;:- 3 mjpfhuk;> 27

,ay;fs;> 1610 Ehw;ghf;fs;188) ts;Stk; : - 3 ghy ;fs ; > 133

mjpfhuq;fs;> 1330 Fwl;ghf;fs;189) rpyg;gjpfhuk;:- 3 fhz;lk;> 30

fhijfs;> 5001 thpfs;190) kzpNkfiy:- 30 fhijfs;> 4755

thpfs;191) rPtfrpe;jhkzp:- 13 ,yk;gfq;fs;>

3145 ghly;fs;192) nghpaGuhzk;:- 2 fhz;lk;> 13

rUf;fq;fs;> 4286 ghly;fs;193) fk;guhkhazk;:- 6 fhz;lq;fs;> 118

glyq;fs;> 10589 ghly;fs;194) ey;yhgps;is ghujk;:- 18 gUtq;fs;>

11000 ghly;fs;195) fe;j Guhzk;:- MW fhz;lq;fs;>

135 glyk;> 10345 ghly;fs;196) jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;:- %d;W

fhz;lk;> 3363 ghly;fs;197) Njk;ghtzp:- 3 fhz;lk;> 36

glyq;fs; 3615 ghly;fs;198) rPwhg;Guhzk;:- 3 fhz;lq;fs;> 92

glyq;fs;> 5027 ghly;fs;199) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;:- 5 gUtq;fs;>

47 glyq;fs;> 3776 ghly;fs;

200) ,uhtz fhtpak;:- 5 fhz;lk;> 57glyq;fs;> 3100 tpUj;jq;fs;

201) VR fhtpak;:- Ie;J ghfk;> 149mjpfhuk;> 810 tpUj;jq;fSk;> 2346mftybfSk; nfhz;lJ

202) ve;j nkhopapYk; fhzf;fpilf;fhjmsT gf;jp ghRuq;fs; epuk;gpankhop?jkpo;

203) irtKk; itztKk; topgLk;ke;jpuk;1. gd;dpUjpU Kiw2. ehyhapu jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk;

204) Fwpg;ghf vOjg;gLk; nrhw;fSf;Ftphpthd nrhy;

j.eh.kp.th - jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpak;j.eh.F.t.th -jkpo; ehL FbePH tbfhy; thhpak;m/kp nrse;juty;ypj; jhahh ; -mUs;kpF nrse;juty;yp jhahh;m.ep.F.vz; - mQ;ry; (gpd;NfhL)epiyaf; FwpaPl;L vz;njh.Ng.vz; - njhiy Ngrp vz;M.fh.f - Mas; fhg;gPl;L fofk;,.M.g - ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpv];.v];.V - (rHtrpf;\h mgpahd;)midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk;,.v];.V - njhopyhsH <l;LWjp fofk;lal; - khtl;l MrphpaH gapw;rp epWtdk;bgp.,.gp - khtl;lj; njhlf;ff; fy;tpj;

jpl;lk;ng.M.f - ngw;Nwhh; MrphpaH fofk;bl;b < MHl;b - MrphpaH fy;tp

Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,af;fk;(DTERT)

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