adhesion rolling sliding torsion - piko · 2012-10-25 · max planck institute for polymer research...
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 1
Adhesion
Rolling
Sliding Torsion
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Adhesion forces between fine particles – Influence of humidity
and way of separation
M. Kappl
M. Farshchi
Ye Ming
W. Jijun
A. Ptak
M. Makowski
H. Gojzewski
G. Sun
M. Zakarin
H.-J. Butt
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Adhesion forces between fine particles – Influence of humidity
and way of separation
• Capillary forces
• Way of separation
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Hydrophilic
How does humidity influence the adhesion force
between two powder particles?
Capillary forces
4
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Capillary forces
5
Hydrophilic particles
Haines, J. Agric. Sci. 1925, 15, 529; 1927, 17, 264
Fisher, J. Agric. Sci. 1926, 16, 492
Vapor
W. Thomson 1824-1907
Capillary condensation
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Theory Haines 1925-27, Fisher 1926, Derjaguin 1934, Cross & Picknett 1963, Philip 1964, Melrose & Wallick 1966-67, Pietsch & Rumpf 1967, Gillespie & Settineri 1967, Princen 1968, Heady & Cahn 1970, Herrmann, Polke, Schubert 1971-73, Hotta, Takeda & Iinoya 1974, Orr, Scriven & Rivas 1975, Smolej & Pejovnik 1976, Mehrotra & Sastry 1980-82, Gao et al. 1997-8, Bocquet, Riedo et al. 1998-2005, Sirghi et al. 2000, Stifter, Marti & Bhushan 2000, Rabinovich et al. 2002, Tselishchev & Val’tsifer 2003, Jang et al. 2004, Pakarinen et al. 2005, Tomas et al. 2007, Sprakel et al. 2008 Review: Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 146, 48
R
RF 2
Macroscopic, smooth spheres: Independent on humidity!
Capillary forces
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Experiment Stone 1930; Bloomquist & Shutt 1940;
Larsen 1958; Mason & Clark 1965; Harris & Morrow 1964; Erle, Dyson & Morrow 1971; Schubert 1973; O’Brien & Hermann 1973; Fisher & Israelachvili 1981; Christenson 1988; Bayramli & van der Ven 1987; Thundat et al. 1993; Bing- geli & Mate 1994; Wanless & Christen- son 1994; Hu, Xiao, Ogletree & Salmeron 1995; Colbeck 1997; Podzeck et al. 1997; Bocquet, Charlaix, Ciliberto & Crassous 1998; Fuji, Machida, Takei, Watanabe & Chikazawa 1998-9; Kohnen, Maeda, Christenson 1999; Pitois, Moucheront & Chateau 2000; Xiao & Qian 2000; Ando 2000; Sedin et al. 2000; Bushan & Dandavate 2000; Rabinovich et al. 2002; Willett, Adams, Johnson & Seville 2000; He, Blum, Aston, Buenviaje, Overney & Luginbühl 2001; Seeman, Herminghaus, Jacobs 2001; Riedo, Levy & Brune 2002; Biggs et al. 2002; Ata, Rabinovich & Singh 2002; Price, Young, Edge & Staniforth 2002; Jones et al. 2002; Garoff & Zauscher 2002; Young, Price, Tobyn, Buttrum & Dey 2003; Hooton et al. 2004; Yoon, Yang, Han & Kong 2003; Kaibara et al. 2003; Duong, Shen, Shinbrot & Muzzio 2004; Götzinger & Peukert 2004; Shinto, Ishida, Higashitani 2005; Weeks, Vaughn & DeYoreo 2005; Barber, Cohen & Wagner 2005. Review: Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 146, 48
Capillary force
7
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Force between glass sphere (R=20 µm) and plate
8
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,00
2
4
6
8
10
Increasing humidity
Decreasing humidity
Forc
e (
N
)
Humidity (%)
Jones, Pollock, Cleaver & Hodges, Langmuir 2002, 18, 8045
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Capillary force versus humidity
9
Shape and roughness Pakarinen et al., Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2005, 13, 1175
Farshchi et al., Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171
High humidity F = surface tension circumference Sprakel et al., Langmuir 2008, 24, 1308
Adsorption Asay, Boer & Kim, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2010, 24, 2363
Soft surfaces Butt et al., Soft Matter 2010, 6, 5930
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Capillary force versus humidity
10
Shape and roughness Pakarinen et al., Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2005, 13, 1175
Farshchi et al., Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171
High humidity F = surface tension circumference Sprakel et al., Langmuir 2008, 24, 1308
Adsorption Asay, Boer & Kim, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2010, 24, 2363
Soft surfaces Butt et al., Soft Matter 2010, 6, 5930
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
AFM experiments: Influence of humidity
M. Farshchi-Tabrizi, M. Kappl
11
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
AFM experiments: Influence of humidity
12
Surfaces Hydrophilic (mica, silicon wafer, glass) + hydrophobic (HOPG) AFM probes Si3N4, SiO2, Glass particle
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Adhesion force
13
AFM tip on mica and silicon
(nN
)
(nN
)
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Adhesion force
14
Silicon surface
SiO2 tip
Si3N4 tip
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Adhesion force
15
Silicon surface heated (800°C) and silicon tip
(nN
)
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Adhesion force
16
Confusion!
Adhesion force varies from
one microcontact to the
other.
Even within one
experiment it can change
with time.
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
17
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
18
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
19
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
20
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
21
l
r
P/P0
r
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
22
P/P0
r
r l
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
23
r l
P/P0
r
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
24
Microcontact geometry l(r)
r l
F
0
1 1exp m
B
P V
P k T r l
Kelvin Eq.
llr
lF 2112
Laplace pressure
Surface tension
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
25
Microcontact geometry l(r)
r l
F
l(r) F(P/P0)
0
1 1exp m
B
P V
P k T r l
Kelvin Eq.
llr
lF 2112
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
26
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,00
500
1000
1500
2000F=4R
vdW
Fo
rce
(n
N)
Relative humidity
R=2 µm
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Calculation of capillary force
27
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,00
5
10
15
20
25
Forc
e (
nN
)
4R
Humidity
van der Waals
Sphere of R=30 nm for different contact angles
Pakarinen, Foster, Paajanen, Kalinainen, Katainen, Makko-nen, Lahtinen & Nieminen, Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2005, 13, 1175
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 28
For nanospheres Fadh–vs–humidity decreases at high humidity
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Roughness
29
Pietsch & Rumpf, Chemie-Ing.-Techn. 1967, 39, 885; Li & Talke, Trib. Mech. Magn. Strorage Syst. 1990, SP 27, 79; Tian & Matsudaira, ASME J. Tribol. 1993, 115, 28; Bocquet et al., Nature 1998, 396, 735; Halsey & Levine, PRL 1998, 80, 3141; Herminghaus, Advances in Physics 2005, 54, 221; Willett et al., Langmuir 2000, 16, 9396; Restagno et al., PRL 2000, 84, 2433; Gulbinski et al., Surf. Sci. 2001, 475, 149; Rabinovich et al., Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 96, 213; Biggs, Cain, Dagastine & Page, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 869; Ata, Rabinovich & Singh, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 337; Riedo, Palaci, Boragno & Brune, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 5324; Farshchi-Tabrizi et al., Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Roughness
30
Pietsch & Rumpf, Chemie-Ing.-Techn. 1967, 39, 885; Li & Talke, Trib. Mech. Magn. Strorage Syst. 1990, SP 27, 79; Tian & Matsudaira, ASME J. Tribol. 1993, 115, 28; Bocquet et al., Nature 1998, 396, 735; Halsey & Levine, PRL 1998, 80, 3141; Herminghaus, Advances in Physics 2005, 54, 221; Willett et al., Langmuir 2000, 16, 9396; Restagno et al., PRL 2000, 84, 2433; Gulbinski et al., Surf. Sci. 2001, 475, 149; Rabinovich et al., Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 96, 213; Biggs, Cain, Dagastine & Page, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 869; Ata, Rabinovich & Singh, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 337; Riedo, Palaci, Boragno & Brune, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 5324; Farshchi-Tabrizi et al., Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Roughness
31
Tian & Matsudaira, ASME J. Tribol. 1993, 115, 28; Li & Talke, Tribol. Mech. Magnetic Strorage Syst. 1990, SP 27, 79; Koka, Viswanathan & Rothschild, Adv. Info. Storage Syst., ASME 1991, 3, 117.
Greenwood & Williamson, Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1966, A 295, 300
z
Probability
X-ray reflectometry, AFM
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Roughness
32
z
Probability
d0
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Roughness
33 Butt, Langmuir 2008, 24, 4715
Simple, statistical modell to take roughness and partly heterogeneity into account
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,00
100
200
300
400
Forc
e (n
N)
Relative humidity
d0 = 0
0.5
nm
1 nm
1.5
nm
R1 = R2 = 1 µm = 20°
z
Probability
d0
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Roughness
34
Surface roughness Nanoscopic size
AFM tip on silicon
Butt, Langmuir 2008, 24, 4715
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Comparison with experiments
35
H
R2
R1
a
Asperity
We can interpret Fadh-vs-humidity curves by structural differences on the 0.5 nm scale
Butt, Langmuir 2008, 24, 4715
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Capillary force: Relevant length scale
36
0
exp expm KP V
P RTr r
Kelvin eq.
Surface tension Molar volume
8.315 J/mol K Temperature
Kelvin length
Water 0.52 nm Acetone 0.70 nm
Toluene 1.20 Diiodomethane 1.63
Ethanol 0.52 Chloroform 0.88
Hexane 0.95 Mercury 2.90
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 37
Why do Fadh-vs-humidity curves sometimes change within one experiment?
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Wear
38
Before measurement After measurements
Before measurement After measurements
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Summary 1
39
Good news:
We can interpret Fadh-vs-humidity curves
Bad news:
Capillary forces can not be predicted quantitatively
At best: Statistical prediction
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Bioadhesion
S. Gorb, MPI Metal Research
Capillary, van der Waals or
hydrodynamic forces 2F RF R
J.P. Barnes A. Del Campo M. Kappl F. Schoenfeld M. Zakarin
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Capillary force between very soft elastic spheres
41
0,1 1 10 100 1000
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0,01 E = 1e9 Pa
E = 3e9
E = 1e10
E = 3e10
Ad
he
sive
fo
rce
(N
)
Radius (µm)
Fogden, White, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 138, 414; Maugis, Gauthier-Manuel, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 1994, 8, 1311.
r = 1 nm
F R
2F R
Soft Matter 2010, 6, 5930
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 42
Adhesion force Work of adhesion
The way two particles are separated
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 43
Effect of spring constant
Separation speed
Bridging versus contact adhesion
The way two particles are separated
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Work of adhesion
44
Forc
e
Distance
D
0
Adhesion force
Butt, Makowski, Kappl & Ptak, KONA 2011, 29, 53
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 45
Forc
e
Distance
D
0
Hard spring
Soft spring
Work of adhesion depends on the effective spring constant
Butt, Makowski, Kappl & Ptak, KONA 2011, 29, 53
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 46
Forc
e
Distance
0
Hard spring
Soft spring
Butt, Makowski, Kappl & Ptak, KONA 2011, 29, 53
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 47
AFM cantilever retracting from silica spheres 1 µm
Heim, Butt, Schrapler & Blum, Australian J. Chem. 2005, 58, 671
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
The way two particles are separated
48
Effect of spring constant
Separation speed
Bridging versus contact adhesion
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Separation speed
49
Ru
ptu
re f
orc
e
Log(loading rate)
Activation barrier
Bell, Science 1978, 200, 618 Lee, Chrisey, Colton, Science 1994, 266, 771. Florin, Moy, Gaub, Science 1994, 264, 415 Grandbois, Beyer, Rief, Clausen, Gaub, Science 1999, 283, 1727
Single bond
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 50
Single bond
Evans & Ludwig, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2000, 12, A315
Streptavidin -biotin
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Si3N4 tip
Silicon wafer
Thiol Gold
Gold
Wafer
CH3
(CH2)13
SH
NH2
(CH2)11
SH
Ptak, Kappl & Butt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 263109
Nonanethiol on Au(111)
Separation speed
51
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 52
Ptak, Kappl, Moreno-Flores, Gojżewski & Butt, Langmuir 2009, 25, 256; Gojzewski, Kappl, Ptak & Butt, Langmuir 2010, 26, 1837
Humidity
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 53
Adhesion force in general depends on the loading rate and the specific surface chemistry
Ptak, Kappl, Moreno-Flores, Gojżewski & Butt, Langmuir 2009, 25, 256; Gojzewski, Kappl, Ptak & Butt, Langmuir 2010, 26, 1837
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
The way two particles are separated
54
Effect of spring constant
Separation speed
Bridging versus contact adhesion
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Contact adhesion
55
Forc
e
Distance
0
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Polymer melt
R 50 nm
CH3
O-Si CH3 n
PDMS CH3
O-Si CH2
CH3 n
PEMS PDMS-b-PEMS
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
PDMS-b-PEMS on silicon oxide
0 20 40 60 80 100
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Distance (nm)
Fo
rce
(n
N)
Mw = 15100, Mw/Mn = 1.08
Tip
Silicon wafer
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
PDMS-b-PEMS on silicon oxide
0 20 40 60 80 100
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Fo
rce
(n
N)
Distance (nm)
Mw = 15100, Mw/Mn = 1.08
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Bridging adhesion Contact adhesion
Sun & Butt, Macromolecules 2004, 37, 6086; Butt & Kappl, “Surface and Interfacial Forces”, Wiley-VCH, 2010
Forc
e
Distance
0
Adhesion force
Work of adhesion
Forc
e Distance
0
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 60
Roughness Nano-size
Ad
hes
ion
fo
rce
RH %
Fadh-vs-humidity can be interpreted with realistic contact geometries
Capillary force is not predictable
Spring constant
Loading rate
Forc
e
Distance
Forc
e
Distance
Contact Bridging
Conclusions
Adhesion force depends on the way of separation
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 61
Thanks for financing:
DFG
Humboldt
EC
Core-to-core
(Ko Higashitani)
A. Ptak (Poznan)
H. Gojzewski M. Makowski
M. Farshchi
M. Kappl G. Sun
J. Wang
Ming Ye
M. Zakarin
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Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research