addressing networking challenges with latest innovations in ipv6
TRANSCRIPT
Addressing Networking Challenges With Latest Innovations in IPv6
Mark Townsley, Cisco Fellow BRKRST-2616
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
How many unique IPv6 Addresses seen by Akamai in ?
3
Date IPv6 Addresses Observed / week
IPv6 Addresses Observed / day Akamai IPv6 Requests / Day
June 2011 (W6D) 280 thousand 8.3 million
June 2012 (W6L) 19 million 3.8 billion
June 2013 300 million 10+ billion
Dec 2013 600 million 20+ billion
Sept 2014 1.23 billion 211 million 38+ billion
Feb 2015 1.70 billion 310 - 448 million 50+ billion
Source: Erik Nygren, Paris IPv6 World Congress, March 2015
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How long did it take for IPv6 Adoption at Telenet to go from to ?
4
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
How much faster is IPv6 than IPv4 for Facebook mobile users?
Faster Slower
Disclaimer: Results are preliminary, more detailed analysis underway. Source: Paul Saab, Facebook
v4
Time to HTTP GET completion
5
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What % of Cable Modems are Managed via IPv6-Only?
Doubled in 5 months
Cable Modem Management
6
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http://6lab.cisco.com
7
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% of IPv6 users as seen by Google in the U.S.
18% Today
30% in one year
Data: Google, Forecasting: Eric Vyncke, Cisco
8
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And in 2 years? Somewhere between
50% and 70%
Source: Eric Vyncke, Cisco
Logistic S-curve Polynomial 3rd order
9
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IPv6 Only
Dual Stack Core
IPv6-Only
Preserve Prepare Prosper
464-xlat Dual-Stack
IPv6 Only
Dual Stack Core
MA
P, LW46…
4 over 6
2015
World IPv6 Day
2011 2012 2013 2014
World IPv6 Launch IPv6 in the laboratory IPv6-Centric Networking
2010
IPv6 at Scale
6
Internet
IPv4 Only
IPv4 Core
IPv4-Only NAT
NAT
Dual Stack Core
IPv4 Only
Dual-Stack
6rd, L2TP…
NAT 6 over 4 4
Dual Stack
Dual-Stack
4 6
10
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616 © 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
IPv6 Source Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Destination Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Source Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Destination Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Source Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Destination Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Source Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Destination Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110a101010010101010011101 01010010111101a010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101 01010010111101010010101011111101 10110010110111010011101010011101 10010010110101010010101010010101
IPv4 Destination Address (32 bits) 10100010110101010010101010011101
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
1001101
1001101
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1001101
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1001101
1001101
1001101
1001101
1001101
1001101
1001101
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1001101
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1001101
1001101
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1001101
1001101
Access Network:
SP Edge Core Transport
DC Network Servers/VM DC Edge Services
DC Edge
Customer Edge
End Point
Apps Services Processes Services Data
1001101
1001101
1001101
1001101
1001101
IPv6 Centric Networking A global conduit of shared information touching applications, services, networks, processes, data…
12
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
Agenda
13
6 different networking challenges addressed with IPv6 Exciting New IPv6-Centric Research and Innovation
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
Network Challenge #1 Build a scalable Carrier Grade IPv4 NAT
14
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IPv6 Only
IPv6-Centric Networking with MAP
> 0 130.67.1 /24 + 01010101 111000
IPv4 Address Port
IPv6 Prefix
Interface ID Subnet-ID 2001:0DB8:00 /42 01010101 111000
IPv4 IPv6
MAP
“IPv4 as a service”
MAP uses IPv6 Routing to provide a stateless, distributed, highly scalable,IPv4 CGN service
MAP
MAP
15
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Free “MAP” IP Address & Port Calculator http://6lab.cisco.com/map/MAP.php
16
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IPv6 Only
Dual Stack Core
IPv6-Only
Preserve Prepare Prosper
464-xlat Dual-Stack
IPv6 Only
Dual Stack Core
MA
P, LW46…
4 over 6
2015
World IPv6 Day
2011 2012 2013 2014
World IPv6 Launch IPv6 in the laboratory IPv6-Centric Networking
2010
IPv6 at Scale
6
Internet
IPv4 Only
IPv4 Core
IPv4-Only NAT
NAT
Dual Stack Core
IPv4 Only
Dual-Stack
6rd, L2TP…
NAT 6 over 4 4
17
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Google Search: % IPv6 vs. IPv4
Source: Google
Glitch
18
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Network Challenge #2 Raising the Bar in Home Networking
19
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1. Networks shall have ample IP address space 2. Routers shall know where to send packets 3. Names resolve to addresses 4. Human touch is not required
No matter how many routers or how they are connected…
20
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Reaching the bar IETF Homenet Working Group
• Homenet is commonly in the top 3 (of 120) most well attended WGs
• http://tools.ietf.org/wg/homenet/
Cisco Homenet Tech Fund • Funding for open source
development, prototyping, etc. • http://www.homewrt.org
Open Source
Sta
ndar
ds
21
10.1.2.3/24
192.168.1/24
192.168.1/24
128.66.12.34/32
192.168.4/24
192.168.3/24
192.168.100/24
2001:db8::/64
10.2.2.3/24
0 Home Routers 1 Home Router 2 Home Routers 3 Home Routers 4 Home Routers 5 Home Routers 7 Home Routers 10+ Home Routers
Evolution of an IPv4 home network
IPv4 IPv6
22
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/64 from A,B,C
/64 from A,B,C
/64
from
A,B
,C
/64 from A,B,C
/64 from A,B,C
2. Discover Topology 3. Distribute Prefixes 4. Configure Hosts
1. Identify Border Routers
One active dhcp server per link
ISP A
ISP B
ISP C
(DHCPv6-PD, /56)
(6rd, /60)
(/48, Configured)
1
2
3
4
5
Home Net Control Protocol (HNCP)
HNCP
23
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One active dhcp server per link
ISP A
ISP B
ISP C
1
2
3
4
5
IPv6 focus, but applicable to IPv4
HNCP
1. Identify Border Routers 2. Discover Topology
3. Distribute Prefixes 4. Configure Hosts
2a. Select Private IPv4 Range
24
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Home-wide Service Discovery via “Hybrid Proxy”
1. Routers run dns-sd servers, addresses provided to hosts in DHCP config
2. mdns and dns-sd requests sent by host
3. Homenet Routers relay request as mdns (multicast), exactly once per link in the home
4. mdns replies are sent to host via dns-sd (unicast)
②
③
④
① ②
② dnssd
dnssd
dnssd mdns
dns-sd
dns-sd
mdns
25
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Multiple IPv6 Prefixes – ISP Selection
ISP A
ISP B
DHCPv6-PD A
DHCPv6-PD B
HNCP src addr = B
src addr = A
A B
26
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ISP A
ISP B
DHCPv6-PD A
DHCPv6-PD B Service B
Service A
Multiple IPv6 Prefixes – Service Selection
HNCP src addr = B
src addr = A
A B
27
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Credit: Gert Doering, SpaceNet AG, Munich Germany
IPv6-Centric Application Integration
28
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Network Challenge #3 Tacking up and Tearing Down Transition Tunnels
30
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Auto IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
31
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Auto IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
32
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Auto IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
33
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IOS configuration (example)
interface Virtual-Template0 tunnel mode gre auto-ipv6 tunnel source Loopback0 ipv6 enable ipv6 ospf enable ! router ospf 1 auto-ipv6 virtual-template0 !
34
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Auto-IPv6: “The end of IPv4 in your Network”
Feature/Mechanism BGP Tunneling 6 over 4 with OSPF xxxVPN ISATAP Configured
Tunnels Auto-IPv6
Native Addressing P P P P
Multicast P P P P
Point-to-point Interface (including per interface features)
P P
Self-configuring/ Minimal Configuration P P P
Security P P P
Salability P P
Tunnel Endpoint Discovery P P
Automatic Sunsetting P
35
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Mobile Network Challenge #4 Dual Stack is Difficult
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
IPv6 Only Internet IPv6 Only Network
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP IP
v6
IPv6
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP
Got a AAAA Record?
Yes I do! IPv6 Only Stack
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP
DNS
6 Great! Let’s Talk IPv6!
IPv6 Only Device
Mobile ISP Case #1: IPv6 Application to IPv6 Internet
37
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
Got a AAAA Record?
No, but I can create one
OK, Let’s Talk IPv6 NAT 64
(Stateful)
Synthesized AAAA with ISP NAT64 Prefix + IPv4 Destination
Mobile ISP Case #2: IPv6 Application to IPv4 Internet
“464 xlat”, RFC 6877!
DNS
DNS64
+
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP IP
v6
IPv6
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP IPv6
Only Stack
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP
IPv6 Only Device
4
IPv4 Internet IPv6 Only Network
38
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Got an A Record?
Yes, here is an A Record
OK, Let’s Talk “464” NAT 64
(Stateful)
NAT64 Prefix configured or discovered in advance + IPv4 Destination
Mobile ISP Case #3: IPv4 Application to IPv4 Internet
“464 xlat”, RFC 6877!
DNS
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP IP
v6
IPv6
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP
IPv6 Only Stack
IPv6 Only Device
4
IPv4 Internet IPv6 Only Network
IPv4 APP
IPv4 APP
“CLAT “ IPv4 to IPv6
39
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- Sebastien Marineau, VP of Core OS, Apple
“Because IPv6 support is so critical to ensuring your applications work across the world for every customer, we are making it an AppStore submission requirement, starting with iOS 9.”
Source: Apple WWDC 2015 Platforms State of the Union 40
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
Recommended Testing Procedure for Application Developers:
IPv6 only IPv4
41
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Network Challenge #5 Overlapping IPv4 in the Enterprise
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
IPv4
NAT-ting Between Sites
IPv4 NAT 44
10.100/16
10.100/16
64
M&A, IPv4 Scarcity, reorgs
43
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IPv6 Core
Exploding the NAT to the Edge
IPv6
IPv6
IPv4 NAT 64 192.168/16
192.168/16 IPv4 NAT
64
IPv6 Prefix IPv4
All host addresses unique NAT64 expenses aligned with where IPv4 remains
IPv6
IPv6 Only Data Center
44
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Got a AAAA Record?
No, but I can create one
OK, Let’s Talk IPv6 NAT 64
(Stateful)
Synthesized AAAA with ISP NAT64 Prefix + IPv4 Destination
Mobile ISP Case #2: IPv6 Application to IPv4 Internet
“464 xlat”, RFC 6877!
DNS
DNS64
+
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP IP
v6
IPv6
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP IPv6
Only Stack
IPv6 APP
IPv6 APP
IPv6 Only Device
4
IPv4 Internet IPv6 Only Network
IPv6 Only DC:
45
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NAT 64
Mobile ISP Case #2: IPv4 Internet to IPv6 Application
IETF Internet Draft: draft-ietf-v6ops-siit-dc!
IPv6 Only DC
4
IPv4 Internet IPv6 Only Network
IPv6 Only DC:
DNS
NAT64 mapping between IPv6 and IPv4
“Split” DNS A and AAAA entries
46
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Network Challenge #6 Not enough IPv4 for my Data Center
47
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
/24 for every rack – Genius!
▪ Math is easy
▪ Subnet mask is easy to remember
▪ Wastes a lot of space
▪ 254 usable addresses
▪ 80 addresses in a rack
▪ /25 is what we could re-number into
▪ Not enough savings
▪ Do it if you want to get to IPv6 faster
Solutions
▪ re-number/re-subnet IPv4
▪ Too much code assumed racks are /24
▪ Too much code assumed clusters are /n (where n < 24)
▪ /25 doesn’t save us much
▪ IPv6
▪ Easier to overlay IPv6 on top of the network than re-subnet
▪ Can be done without taking datacenters/clusters offline
▪ Most importantly, you can test incrementally and iterate
48
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Quotes on Motivation for IPv6 (Paul Saab, Paris IPv6 World Congress) Scale: • “Ran out of RFC 1918” Simplicity: • “Much easier to handle
two stacks at the edge, one internally”
Service: • “ip:port no longer a
reasonable way to identify a service”
• “Engineers asking if they can start writing IPv6-only code”
Graph from NANOG 59 Presentation by Facebook, IPv6 notations added based on Paul Saab’s report
traffic growth
100% IPv6
12 % IPv6 and growing
IPv6-Centric Data Center
49
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• IPv6 Routing. No NAT. • No VLANs Needed • Isolation via filtering on IPv6 address or
via extension headers • Dual stack tenants via MAP
IPv6-Only Data Center
50
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IPv6 Centric Research and Innovation
51
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IPv6 Source Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Destination Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Source Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Destination Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Source Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Destination Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Source Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Destination Address (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110a101010010101010011101!01010010111101a010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv6 Segment Routing (128 bits)
11010010110101010010101010011101!01010010111101010010101011111101!10110010110111010011101010011101!10010010110101010010101010010101!
IPv4 Destination Address (32 bits) 10100010110101010010101010011101!
52
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
IPv6-Centric In-band OAM
Stop probing the wrong path with “ping”
Trace the live traffic: Detect the flaky link!
!
Debug ECMP Networks
Simplify Operations
Always on app visibility
Enhance Applications
Charge level for battery-operated devices (sensors) included in data traffic: No need to drain
battery for OAM
R1
R2
R4
R5
R3 R6
Derive IPv6 Traffic Matrix
Optimize Planning
Delay Trend Analysis
Enhance Visibility
A trip-recorder for your traffic at line rate performance
53
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Data Service Network
IPv6 Segment Routing Stack of 128-bit Segment IDs within the IPv6 header
54
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Routing beyond the network interface
IPv6
55
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“Hunting” for chunks at each IPv6 SR hop
DASH Manifest (SR List)
IPv6 SR Content Delivery System
Chunks delivered where found
IPv6 address per chunk of content
Can be cached at any node
56
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
v6
v6
v6
v6
v6
v6 v6
v6
v6
v6
v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6
v6
v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6 v6
v6 v6
v6
v6 v6 v6
v6 v6
v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6
v6 v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6
v6 v6 v6 v6 v6 v6
v6 v6
v6
57
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
IPv6 – A Platform For Innovation
“256 bits of opportunity”
IPv6
ISP B
Multilple Prefixes & Policies in IPv6
Platform for Innovation
Global Conduit of Information IPv6 SR, iOAM…
ISP A
Service C
58
© 2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BRKRST-2616
Key Takeaways
Shift to IPv6 is happening, fast
Addressing network challenges
IPv6-Only coming to enterprise
A new platform for innovation
59
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