addiction and genetics
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Addiction and Genetics. By: Joe Geraghty, James Robertson. Objectives:. Define, recognize different types of addiction Learn causes of addiction Interpret addiction at the molecular level Discover possible treatment options. What is addiction?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Addiction and Genetics
By: Joe Geraghty, James Robertson
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Objectives:O Define, recognize different types of
addictionO Learn causes of addictionO Interpret addiction at the molecular
levelO Discover possible treatment options
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What is addiction?O “persistent, compulsive dependence
on a behavior or substance”O Two forms of addiction
1. Substance addiction2. Process addiction
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Substance AddictionO A dependency on specific items
O Eventually, afflicted persons’ ability to function dependent on use of item
O Ex: Alcoholism, drug abuse, obesity (possible)
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Process AddictionsO A need to perform a certain mood-
altering activity involving risk for stimulation
O Ex: Shopping, gambling, eating, sexual activity
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What is “tolerance”?O Effect where a substance/activity
must constantly be used/performed either more frequently or at a higher intensity than in previous instances
O Is the body’s way of adapting to excessive stimulation
O Occurs when an addictive substance or risky activity is abused
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Nature Vs. NurtureO Is addiction due to genetic factors or
environmental factors, or both?
O Nature v. Nurture is a common psychology debate
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Nature (Biological Aspect)
O Twin studies are an effective means of approach
O In alcoholism, monozygotic twins are more concordant than dizygotic twins
O Genetic influence = Mono concordance > di concordance
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Nurture (Social Aspect)O Study of cocaine addicts and their
siblings who experienced a traumatic childhood
O Siblings displayed “higher-than-normal levels of impulsive and compulsive behaviors”; did not use drugs
O Traits are known to increase risk of drug addiction
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Nature AND NurtureO While there is some debate, many
sources believe addiction is a combination
O Genetics and environment equally contribute
O Essential to be informed of family history and keep a healthy environment
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Genetic AspectO Addiction is the result of many
interacting genesO Genes for addiction can involve
metabolism and neuron pathwaysO People with same addiction do not
necessarily have similar responsible genes
O Genes alone will not determine your fate
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What is Dopamine?O Integral neurotransmitter of the
reward system of the brainO Essential to central nervous system
functionsO Reduction of concentration related to
Parkinson's’ disease
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How Addiction WorksO Brain’s pleasure centers create good feeling
when something you enjoy or helps you is done
O Neurons in the reward pathway create dopamine
O Dopamine creates euphoriaO Reward pathway reinforces performed action
by linking to memory portion of the brainO Recognition or thought of substance/activity
will initiate a craving
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How Addiction Works cont.
O High dopamine levels result in tolerance via decrease of dopamine receptors
O More substance/activity required to produce euphoria
O Eventually, ability to function in day-to-day life relies on substance/activity
O Persons with low dopamine levels tend to be more prone to forming addictions
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Drugs on the Nervous System
O Cocaine prevents dopamine reabsorption, excess dopamine binds to receptor sites
O Amphetamines, nicotine release more dopamine
O Alcohol increases dopamine levels, increases serotonin, releases endorphins, negates glutamate and magnifies GABA (creates depressant effect)
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Process Addiction Activities
O Reward pathways tend to prematurely stimulate production of dopamine in anticipation of the reward or action
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TreatmentO Two types of treatment:
O MedicalO SocialO Both can be used in conjunction
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Medical TreatmentO Hospitalization, depending on severityO Anti-addiction medications
O MethadoneO Maltrexone
O Researchers can identify genes that may cause addictions, and create medication to compensate for the gene
O Ritalin helps with cocaine withdrawal, but can be subject to abuse
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Social TreatmentO Individual or group psychotherapy
O Effective when addict ceases satisfying their addiction
O 12-Step ProgramO Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)O Narcotics Anonymous (NA)
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PreventionO Early education of the effects of drugs
O Learning one’s family history to learn of genetic predispositions, and adjusting environment accordingly
O “The most effective form of prevention is having a stable family that understands the dangers of using mood-altering substances and practices.”
O Abstaining from risky behaviors or addictive substances
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Pedigree InvestigatorO Learn how pedigrees are created and
interpreted
Pedigree Investigator
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MediaO Bottoms Up to Finding Connection Be
tween Genes and Addiction – PBS
O Addiction Explained on “The Dr.”
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Self Assessment1. What is addiction?2. How do genetic and environmental
factors contribute to addiction? Is there a dominating factor?
3. What options are available for addiction treatment?
4. Define “process addiction” and provide an example of one.
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Answers1. A persistent compulsive dependence on a
behavior or substance.2. Twin Studies have shown that if one identical
twin was an addict, then the other has a high percentage to be an addict. Other studies have shown that experiences in a person's childhood will shape their activities in the future. No, both factors play an equal role.
3. Hospitalization and individual/group therapy.4. Process addiction is the desire to perform mood
altering behaviors. Gambling, Shopping, Eating, etc…