ThisdocumentismadepossiblebythegeneroussupportoftheAmericanpeoplethroughtheUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID).ThecontentsaretheresponsibilityoftheGSLEPSecretariat,WWFandSLT,anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofUSAIDortheUnitedStatesGovernment.

Green,ResilientEconomicDevelopmentinSnowLeopardLandscapeManagementPlanning

InterimAdviceDocumentAddendumtotheGeneralGuidelinesforClimateSmartSnowLeopardLandscapeManagementPlanningLeadAuthor:RyanBartlett,(ryan.bartlett@wwfus.org),WWF,125024thStNW,Washington,DC20037,USAContributingEditors:NilangaJayasinghe(nilanga.jayasinghe@wwfus.org),ChrisCzarnecki(chris@snowleopard.org)

1. Background…………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………….2

Appendices………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………..……..4

Appendix1:TheThimphurecommendationsonsmartgreeninfrastructureintigerconservationlandscapes……………………………………………………………………………..…………………….……………………………………..….4

Appendix2:NinePrinciplesofaGreenEconomy,fromtheGreenEconomyCoalition…………………………….8

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1. BackgroundArecentreportestimatesglobalinfrastructurespendingtoreachnearly$80trillionby2025,withonethirdofthisexpectedtooccurindevelopingcountries1.Whilecriticaltoalleviatingpoverty,increasingaccesstomarkets,andeconomicgrowthingeneral,ifdonewithoutproperconsiderationofcurrentandfutureimpactsonsurroundinglandscapes,suchdevelopmentwillhaveconsiderableimpactsonecosystems,theirservices,andbiodiversitythatisinmanycasesalreadyfacingthedownsideofeconomicdevelopment.Theserangefromseveredmigrationpathwaysandhabitatdestruction,towaterqualitydegradationandimpactsonwaterflows,tonamejustafew.Inthelargercontextofthisdevelopmentpressure,theeffectsofclimatechangecontinuetoworsen,creatingincreasinglyfrequentandintenseextremehazardslikedroughts,floods,extremestorms,andincrementalimpactsduetoincreasedtemperatures,fromglacialmelttodesertification.Theconfluenceofthesetwolargedriverspresentthegreatestchallengetoecosystemandbiodiversityconservationtoday.

Itisthuscriticalforgovernmentsaroundtheworldtoembraceholisticandintegratedlandscapemanagementapproachesthateffectivelybalancetrade-offsforinfrastructuredevelopment,naturalresourcemanagementandbiodiversityconservationthatbuildclimateresilienceforcommunitiesandecosystems.Importantadvancementshavebeenmadeinrecentyearstodevelopsuchaframework,especiallyinstrivingformoresustainabledevelopmentpathwaysinemergingeconomiesinthedevelopingworld,throughnewapproachestosustainable,or“green”infrastructuredevelopment,includingprinciplesfora“GreenEconomy”developedbytheGreenEconomyCoalition—aconsortiumofcivilsocietygroupsandtheprivatesectors—andmorespecificallyandconcretelyforwildlifeconservation,“SmartGreenInfrastructureinTigerConservationLandscapes,”developedinBhutanbygovernmentandcivilsocietyrepresentativesin2011.Theseapproaches,however,haveyettotrulyincorporateconsiderationsofclimatechangeimpactsandtheneedforclimateresilience.Asisevidencedthroughbothfieldobservations,consultationswithlocalstakeholders,andsubstantialpeer-reviewedresearch,thisisanespeciallyimportantconsiderationforthesnowleopardrange,whichisalreadyexperiencingtheeffectsofclimatechange,andinmanycasesmoreextensivelyandrapidlythanmanyotherregionsaroundtheworld.

AkeyaspectoftheapproachbeingusedbyGSLEPistoacknowledgelegitimaterolesofallstakeholders,includingcommunities,governmentsandbusinesses,intheGSLEPlandscapeanddevelopmanagementplansthatbalancetheneedsofconservationanddevelopment.Usingprinciplesof‘greendevelopment(economy)’,andinparticular‘greeninfrastructure’isthusakeymeansofthisapproach.

1https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/capital-projects-infrastructure/publications/cpi-outlook/assets/cpi-outlook-to-2025.pdf

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Movingforward,acriticalnextstepwillbetodevelopguidelinesthatspecificallyaddressthechallengesofgreener,moresustainableandclimateresilientdevelopmentacrosstheuniquelandscapesofthesnowleopardrangestretchingacrossmillionsofsquarekilometresinCentralandSouthAsia.Whiletheseguidelinesaredeveloped,theprinciplesfromthesetwokeyresources—theGreenEconomyCoalitionandBhutanguidelinesforsmartgreeninfrastructure—canserveasusefulguidelinesinthedevelopmentofsnowleopardlandscapemanagementplansacrosstherange.Ofcourse,notallofthemwillberelevant,giventhedifferencesbetweentigersandsnowleopards,buttheyshouldneverthelessprovideausefulstartingpointforconsideringtheseissues.

9PrinciplesforaGreenEconomy

1. TheSustainablePrinciple:agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyisameanstodeliversustainability

2. TheJusticePrinciple:agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomysupportsequity

3. TheDignityPrinciple:Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomycreatesgenuineprosperityandwellbeingforall

4. HealthyPlanetPrinciple:Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyrestoreslostbiodiversity,investsinnaturalsystemsandrehabilitatesthosethataredegraded

5. TheInclusionPrinciple:Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyisinclusiveandparticipatoryindecision-making

6. TheGoodGovernanceandAccountabilityPrinciple:Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyisaccountable

7. TheResiliencePrinciple:Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomycontributestoeconomic,socialandenvironmentalresilience

8. TheEfficiencyandSufficiencyPrinciple:Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomydeliverssustainableconsumptionandproduction

9. TheGenerationsPrinciple:Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyinvestsforthepresentandthefuture

Fromwww.greeneconomycoalition.org.SeeAppendix2forfulldescriptionsofeachprinciple.

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Appendices

Appendix1:TheThimphurecommendationsonsmartgreeninfrastructureintigerconservationlandscapes

Thimphu,BhutanMay30-31,2011OnMay30-31,2011,inThimphu,Bhutan,representativesfromdiverseministries,civilsociety,andtheprivatesectorinBhutan,nationalexpertsfromotherTigerRangeCountries(TRCs)andinternationalexpertsmettodiscusshowtoensuretigerconservationamidacceleratingdevelopmentpressuresintigerconservationlandscapes(TCLs).Theoutcomeof‘SmartGreenInfrastructureinTigerConservationLandscapes:APractitioner’sWorkshop’,whichwasjointlyorganizedbytheRoyalGovernmentofBhutanandtheGlobalTigerInitiative,isasetofrecommendationsforplanningandimplementingSmartGreenInfrastructure(SGI)toolswithapplicationtoland-useplanning,hydroelectricpower,roadsandecotourismdevelopmentthatcanpotentiallyimpactTCLs.TheserecommendationsmayhavewideapplicabilityinTRCs.RecommendationsonLand-UsePlanning

Recommendationsatthepolicylevel(NationalandProvincialLevel)• DevelopTCLMasterPlansencompassingcorehabitats,bufferzones,corridorsandthewider

productionlandscapetoensureinviolabilityofcorehabitatsandcompatiblelanduseintheremaininglandscapeunderavailablenationalorsub-nationalland-usepoliciesorrelevantphysical/spatialplanningacts.

• Adoptcomprehensivenationalphysical/spatialplanninglegislationwhereverenablingland-useplanninglegislationisabsenttoensurehierarchicalland-useplanningcoveringeconomic,social,environmentandnaturalresourceconservation,aswellasinfrastructureandurbanandruraldevelopment.

• IncludeSGIprinciplesinenvironmentalcompliancelegislationthroughthedevelopmentoftoolsandguidelines.

• FinancetheincrementalcostofSGIthroughthedesignandadoptionofinnovativebusinessmodelsbuildingonthenotionofCorporateEnvironmentalResponsibilityandoffsetbanking,includingeconomicandecosystemvaluationmethodologiestosupportSGI.

RecommendationsattheTCLlevel(LandscapeLevel)

• AdoptcoreprinciplesofSGI,i.e.thattigerrangeareasareinviolateandthatinfrastructureintheremainderofthelandscapeincorporatesengineeringsolutionsforbiodiversity.

• PrepareanannualStateoftheTCLReportbasedonatransparentmonitoringframeworkusingthebestavailablesciencetoreportonchangesintigerhabitat.ThisReportwillalsobuildawarenessofSGIprinciplesandholdstakeholdersaccountablefortheiractionstoimplementtheseprinciples.

• ShareresponsibilityforensuringSGIacrosspublicagencies,theprivatesector,andcivilsociety.Conservingtigerlandscapesisnotthesoleresponsibilityofforestandwildlife

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departments,butasharedresponsibility.Humancapitalandtechnicalcapacitytodesign,implementandsuperviseSGImustbebuiltwithininfrastructure,planningandfinancialinstitutions.Allsectorsmustcontributetheresourcesnecessaryforthis.

• Identifyandmapcriticalbiological/ecologicalcorridorslinkingTCLsandlinkingtigerhabitatswithinTCLs.Theirmanagementmustbemainstreamedinbothland-useplanningandTCLmasterplanstoensuretigermobilitywhileallowingforsustainablelivelihoodsandsmartgreeninfrastructure.

• TRCs,includingBhutan,areundergoinganintensivepaceofurbanization.Citiesareexpandingandmushroominginanunregulatedmanner.Itiscriticaltoregulateunplannedurbansprawlthroughastrictcompliancewithlanduseplanningandzoningandtocontaintheecologicalfootprintofcities,particularlythoseinthecontiguitiesofTCLsandothersensitiveandhigh-valueecosystems.

RecommendationsonHydropowerDevelopment

Recommendations• Developanoverallhydropowerdevelopmentstrategythattakesintoaccountsensitive

environmentalareas,includingcoretigerbreedingzones.SuchastrategyshouldbuildonStrategicEnvironmentalAssessmentofthehydropowersectorandmakeupfrontchoicesofwhat,whenandwhereprojectsshouldbedeveloped.

• Define,delineateanddesignateNo-GoAreasforcoretigerhabitatsassoonaspossible.• Aframeworkforestablishingbaselinesenvironmentalstatusandregularmonitoring

processesshouldbeestablishedandimplemented.• Institutionalarrangementsshouldbeestablishedinvolvingnationalandsub-nationalentities,

andbetweensectorsforplanningspecificprojects,managingsocialandenvironmentalrisksandpromotingadaptivemanagementduringtheimplementationoftheproject.

• AccelerateskillenhancementandhumanresourcecapacitybuildinginordertoenablethedevelopmentandimplementationofSGIinthehydropowersector.

• Promotetheprincipleofthedevelopermeetingthefullenvironmentalandsocialcostsoftheproject,includingpayingforthevalueofecosystemservicesprovidedtotheprojectandmakingcontributionstoenvironmentaloffsetsasappropriatetotheprojectandcountry.

• Useindependentpanelsondamsafety/constructionandsocial-environmentalissueswhichareaccountabletothegovernmenttoensureexpertmonitoringandestablishcommongroundbetweendevelopersandgovernment.

• Promotetheuseofvoluntary,industry-adoptedcorporatetoolkitsamongdevelopersfordefininggoodpracticesandaframeworkforsustainabilityassessments.

• HighlighttherightofLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)tocompensationforforegoneopportunitycostsofnon-developmentinNo-GoAreasinfavourofGlobalPublicGoodvalues.

RecommendationsonRoads

ObjectivesTomanageroadconstruction,operationandmaintenancetosupportviablepopulationsoftigersineachlandscapeinwhichroadsandtheirancillaryinfrastructureintersect.By2022,ademographicallystablemeta-populationoftigersinBhutantoco-existcompatiblywithrurallivelihoods.

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BuildingtheprocessCapacity-building,institutionalcoordinationandfinancialresources(frompartnerships,publicpurse,etc.)toconstruct,operateandmaintainroadsinTCLs,andsuperviseimplementationofEnvironmentally-FriendlyRoadConstruction(EFRC).Recommendations

• Useandenhanceexistingin-parkroadguidelines2throughoutTCLstoapplyminimumstandardstoallroadconstruction,maintenanceandoperationinTCLs.(Leadresponsibility:DepartmentofForestsandParkServices)

• Developmonitoringtools/indicatorsforsupervisingimplementationofguidelinesinEIAprocess.Thisshouldincludedevelopingtheunitcostofenvironmentalspecifications,includingsupervisionandmonitoring.ThesetoolswouldapplytobothcontractorsintheirEMPsandagenciesthatsuperviseroadoperationandmaintenancefollowingtheconstructionphase.(Leadresponsibility:DepartmentofRoadswithDepartmentofQualityandStandards).

• Distillessonslearnedfrompilotapproachesintheon-goingnationalhighwayproject.• Developbiddingdocumentsthatcapturetheunitcostofenvironmentalmitigationand

monitoringaspartofthesubmittedbid(estimate/km).(Leadresponsibility:MinistryofFinance).

• ClearlymapandinstilmitigationmeasureswithprinciplesofavoidanceandSGItoexistingandproposedinfrastructureinTCLstomaintaintigerpopulations.ThisneedstolinkwithMasterPlansforTCLsandbeintegratedintotheNationalRoadPlan.

Photo1.AbulldozerhaphazardlydigsaroadoutofahillsideinNepal'sTsumValley.EventuallythisroadwillreachallthewaytoTibet.Photo:ChrisCzarnecki

2Guidelinesalreadyexistforroadsinprotectedareas.

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RecommendationsonSustainableTourism

ObjectiveTopromotesustainabletourisminTCLs,recognizingthatcontrolledandmanagedtourismcanhelpsupportandprotectgloballysignificantbiodiversity,tigersandtheirhabitat.PriorityRecommendations

• DevelopguidelinestoregulatetourisminandaroundTCLs.• IncludeatourismandvisitormanagementcomponentinallTCLMasterPlans.• Acknowledgethatconservationcomesfirst,andthatsustainabletourismisatooltohelpfund

TCLs,notapanaceaforprotection.• Developtourismasacomplementaryratherthananalternativelivelihoodforrural

communitiesinandaroundTCLs.• Maximizetheuseofsmartgreentechnologiesinalltourismfacilities(e.g.buildings,water

supply,wastemanagement,renewableenergy,etc.).• Recognizethatcommercialviabilityisvitalforthesustainabilityofprivatesectorandother

partnerswhomanagetourismoperations.• Enforcelegalregulationsandzoningtocontroladhocprivatesectordevelopmentinand

aroundTCLs.

BuildingtheProcess• Capacity-building,institutionalcoordinationandfinancialresourcesforSGItofacilitate

sustainabletourisminandaroundTCLs.• Buildcommunityandhostcapacitytoengageinresponsibletourism,toreaplivelihood

benefits,andtomanagefinancialflowsinandaroundTCLs.• ForgepartnershipsamongTCLtourismstakeholderstoensurecoordinationandresponsible

stewardship.• DevelopinterpretationandguidestandardsforeachTCLtoenrichvisitorexperienceand

createawarenessofconservationissues.• Developproductsandamenitiestomatchtherangeoftargetmarketsegments(high-endto

budget,includingdomestic)inandaroundTCLs.• Becarefulnottoraisetourismandconservationexpectationsatacommunityandnational

levelthatcannotbemet.• DevelopindicatorstomonitorandevaluatevisitorimpactsinTCLs.

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Appendix2:NinePrinciplesofaGreenEconomy,fromtheGreenEconomyCoalitionThefollowingaretheninebasicprinciplesofagreeneconomy,fromtheGreenEconomyCoalition,whichconsistsofvariouscivilsocietygroupsandtheprivatesector.Seewww.greeneconomycoalition.orgformoreinformation.NinePrinciplesofaGreenEconomy

Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyprovidesabetterqualityoflifeforallwithintheecologicallimitsoftheplanet.

1. TheSustainablePrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyisameanstodeliversustainability.

- Itisoneofthevehiclestodeliversustainabledevelopment–notareplacementforit.- Itrespectsitsdependencyonahealthyenvironmentanditstrivestocreatewellbeing

forall- Itaddressesallthreedimensions(environmental,socialandeconomic)anddevelops

policymixesthatintegrateandseekthebestresultsacrossallofthem2. TheJusticePrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomysupportsequity

- Itsupportsequitybetweenandwithincountriesandbetweengenerations- Itrespectshumanrightsandculturaldiversity- Itpromotesgenderequalityandrecognisesknowledge,skills,experienceand

contributionofeachindividual- Itrespectsindigenouspeoplesrightstolands,territoriesandresources

3. TheDignityPrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomycreatesgenuineprosperityandwellbeingforall

- Italleviatespoverty- Itdeliversahighlevelofhumandevelopmentinallcountries- Itprovidesfoodsecurityanduniversalaccesstobasichealth,education,sanitation,

water,energyandotheressentialservices- Ittransformstraditionaljobsbybuildingcapacityandskills,respectstherightsof

workersandactivelydevelopsnew,decentgreenjobsandcareers- Itachievesajusttransition.- Itacknowledgesthecontributionofunpaidwork- Itpromotestheself-empowermentandeducationofwomen- Itsupporttherighttodevelopmentifdeliveredinasustainableway

4. HealthyPlanetPrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyrestoreslostbiodiversity,investsinnaturalsystemsandrehabilitatesthosethataredegraded

- Itrecognizesitsdependencyontheproductivityofecosystemsandbiodiversity- Itdoesnotviolate,disrupt,oroverstepecologicalboundariesandcommitstoco-

operatewithinthem,includingreducingpollution,safeguardingecosystems,biodiversityintegrity,othernaturalresourcesincludingair,water,soil,andbio-geochemicalcycles

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- Itensuresthatenvironmentalintegrityismaintainedbeforeallocatingresourcesamongcompetinguses

- Itensuresanefficientandwiseuseofnaturalresources,includingwater,naturalgas,oilandmineralresources,withoutcompromisingfuturegenerationsprospects

- Itsupportstherespectofallformsoflife- Itappliestheprecautionaryprinciple- Itassessesthepotentialimpactofnewtechnologiesandinnovationsbeforetheyare

released- Itassessestheenvironmentalimpactsofeconomicpoliciesandseekstofindtheleast

disruptive,mostpositivebenefitfortheenvironmentandpeople- Itpromotestherestorationofbalancebetweenecologicalandsocialrelations

5. TheInclusionPrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyisinclusiveandparticipatoryindecision-making

- Itisbasedontransparency,soundscienceandthevisibleengagementofallrelevantstakeholders

- Itsupportsgoodgovernanceatalllevelsfromlocaltoglobal- Itempowerscitizensandpromotesfullandeffectivevoluntaryparticipationatalllevels- Itrespectsculturalvalues,istoleranttoreligiousviewsandlifestylechoices,and

sensitivetoethicalconsiderations- Itbuildssocietalawareness,developingeducationandskills- Itistransparent,inclusiveandparticipatory,givingequalopportunitiesto,and

advocatingfurtherfortherightsof,youngandold,womenandmen,poorandlowskilledworkers,indigenouspeoples,ethnicminoritiesandlocalcommunities

6. TheGoodGovernanceandAccountabilityPrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyisaccountable

- Itprovidesaframeworktostructuremarketsandproductioninconsultationwithallstakeholders

- Itreportsitssustainableprogressonenvironmental,socialandeconomicmeasures,incompany,nationalandinternationalaccounts.

- Itachievestransparency- Itpromotesinternationalcooperationanddefinesinternationalliability- Itpromotesglobalpolicycoherenceandfairinternationalcooperation- Itpromotescommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities- Itcommitstointernationalhumanrightsstandardsandenvironmentalagreements

7. TheResiliencePrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomycontributestoeconomic,socialandenvironmentalresilience

- Itsupportsthedevelopmentofsocialandenvironmentalprotectionsystems,andpreparednessagainstandadaptationforclimateextremeeventsanddisasters

- Itcreatesauniversalsocialprotectionfloor.- Itpromotesavarietyofgreeneconomymodelsrelevanttodifferentcultural,socialand

environmentalcontexts- Itconsidersindigenouslocalknowledgeandpromotesthesharingofdiverseknowledge

systems

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- Itbuildsonlocalskillsandcapacitiesanddevelopsthesefurther- Itsupportssustainable,diverseeconomiesandlocallivelihoods- Itpromotessystemsapproaches,recognisingtheinterdependenceandintegrated

natureofthesesystems,underpinnedbycultureandethicalvalues8. TheEfficiencyandSufficiencyPrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomydelivers

sustainableconsumptionandproduction- Itseekstoensurepricesreflecttruecostsincorporatingsocialandenvironmental

externalities- Itimplementsthepolluterpaysprinciple- Itsupportslife-cyclemanagement,andstrivesforzeroemission,zerowaste,resource

efficiencyandoptimalwateruse- Itprioritisesrenewableenergyandrenewableresources- Itseeksabsolutedecouplingofproductionandconsumptionfromnegativesocialand

environmentalimpact- Itdeliverssustainablelifestylessupportingamajorculturaltransformation- Itpromotessocial,economicandenvironmentalinnovation- Itgivesfairrightstoaccessintellectualpropertywithinagloballegalframework

Photo2.Eco-campforchildreninMongolia.PhotoCredit:NatureConservationFoundation/SnowLeopardTrust

9. TheGenerationsPrinciple.Agreen,fairandinclusiveeconomyinvestsforthepresentandthefuture

- Itdeliversinter-generationalandintra-generationalfairness- Itpromotesconservationofresourcesandthequalityoflifeoverthelongterm- Itinfluencesandregulatesthefinancesectorsothatitinvestsinthegreen,fairand

inclusiveeconomyandachievesastableglobalmonetarysystem- Itprioritiseslong-term,scientifically-sounddecisionmakingabovetheshort-term- Itpromotesequitableeducationatalllevelsandsustainabilityeducationforchildren