Adaptation-mitigation synergies in forest and agricultural landscapes

Side event on “Linking Adaptation and Mitigation to Address Multiple Risks: New Research Findings and Field Examples”. Warsaw, Poland, 14 November 2013.

Bruno Locatelli (CIRAD-CIFOR), Giacomo Fedele (CIFOR)With contributions by Florie Chazarin, Emilia Pramova (CIFOR), Charlotte Pavageau (CIFOR & ETH Switzerland), Rico Kongsager (U Copenhagen Denmark), Monica di Gregorio (U Leeds, UK), Virginie Fayolle, Alastair Baglee (Acclimatise, UK)

Synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and

mitigation

Growing interest in exploring how these two strategies can be pursued simultaneously • win–win options?

However, concerns about:• feasibility of implementing these strategies jointly• possible drawbacks of a ‘forced marriage‘

How can landscape management contribute to both adaptation and mitigation?

(Dang et al. 2003; Klein et al. 2005; Kok and de Coninck 2007; Swart and Raes 2007; Tol 2005; Locatelli et al. 2011)

Landscape management highly relevant to both adaptation and mitigation

MITIGATION

Greenhouse gas concentrations

Climate change

Impacts

Responses

ADAPTATION

Forests and agriculture in landscapesEmissions / Removals

Landscape-based mitigation (e.g. REDD+)

Vulnerability Products and services for people livelihoods and protection

Adaptation for landscapes

(e.g. fire management)

Landscape-based adaptation(e.g. protecting watersheds for

downstream vulnerable populations)

Synergies between adaptation and mitigation in landscape management

1. What do we know?2. What is being done at the local level?3. What is being done at the global level?

1. Science

2. Local projects

3. Global funding

Systematic literature review,

139 papers

Fund analysis,22 interviews of major fund

representatives

Analysis of local initiatives,

235 projects

1. What do we know?

Science

Systematic literature review, 139 papers

Increased carbon in vegetation or soils, reduced emissions

Examples of topics in the reviewed papers

Agroforestry, silvopastoril systems, soil management

Agriculturalresilience

AdaptationMitigation

1. Science

Synergies between ecosystem services (carbon vs. “adaptation services”).

But also trade-offs, e.g.:

more carbon in plantations less water downstream

forest protected under REDD+ restricted access for livelihoods

vulnerability

Coastalprotection

Role of mangroves andcoastal ecosystems

Products as safety nets,livelihood diversification

Impacts ofREDD+ projects

Watershed protection,water balance and regulation

Impacts of forest plantations

Gap in

know

ledge

1. Science

<5 papers

6-14 papers

>15 papers

2. What is being done at the local level?

Local projects

Analysis of local initiatives,

235 projects

The 235 adaptation and mitigation project analyzed

Number of projects

1-2

3-4

5-6

7-8

9-10

Mitigation Adaptation0

20

40

60

Africa (n=111)

Mitigation Adaptation0

20

40

60Latin America (n=72)

Mitigation Adaptation0

20

40

60Asia (n=52)

Mixed

Agriculture

Forestry

AsiaAfricaLatin America

2. Projects

Project consideration of the other goal

8915 37 1 22

Mitigation projects (n=123):Contribution to adaptation?

Adaptation projects (n=112):Contribution to mitigation?

Explicit

Explicit with

evidence

Explicit with

evidence No No

71

Synergies

Possible synergies

2. Projects

Explicit

More mitigation projects consider adaptation than the contrary

Example project

Adaptation project in Colombia:• resilient agricultural practices • livelihood diversification• ecosystem restoration with flood-resistant trees

for reducing flooding downstream

• expected outcomes likely to result in increased carbon storage in soils and trees (e.g. soil restoration, agroforestry and reforestation).

“Reducing Risk and Vulnerability in Region of La Depresion Momposina, Colombia”

2. Projects

Agricultural adaptation

People’s adaptation

Ecosystem adaptation

Mitigation

People’s adaptation

Large potential for synergies

Potential contribution• A projects M

- E.g., more carbon in forests, soils,…

• M projects A- E.g., livelihood/income diversification,

institution strengthening, capacity building,... Larger potential for integrating A and M in:

2. Projects

78%

100%

mixed forest-agriculture projects (landscape level)

mitigation projects certified by CCB Gold Standards

adaptation projects under the Adaptation Fund.

3. What is being done at the global level?

Global funding

Fund analysis,22 interviews of major fund

representatives

Global funders perceive more the benefits of integrating adaptation into mitigation projects than the contrary

“it will be difficult, if not impossible, to undertake REDD+ projects successfully

without incorporating adaptation” (one fund manager)

3.Funding

Clear benefits of integrating A into M projects?

Clear benefits of integrating M into A projects?

Funders’ interest in synergies but limited action so far

Fund plans to better harness AM synergies? 37%

Fund more likely to accept projects contributing to other goal? 32%

Fund provides guidance on synergies to project developers? 11%

Project template integrates adaptation and mitigation? 0%

3.Funding

Uncertain Agree Strongly agree

The integration of adaptation and mitigation will gain

importance in the future

Perceived barriers to integrating adaptation and mitigation

Different rationales => Different priority locations and sectors Mitigation where most cost-effective and highest emissions Adaptation where most vulnerable (equity, fairness)

Different agendas and budgets Funding from different budgets or agencies, with either

adaptation and mitigation agendas

Complexity and transaction costs Risk of wanting to 'do everything' and losing focus

Lack of awareness and guidance E.g. adaptation metrics

3.Funding

Reasons for integrating adaptation and mitigation

2. Projects 3. Funding1. Science

Reasons rarely mentioned

46% of reviewed papers mention 13 reasons (but more opinions than evidence)

Focus on benefits at multiple levels + policy coherence

1. Science

Reasons for integrating adaptation and mitigation

2. Projects

3. Funding

Holistic approach, fairness

Dialogue and capacity building

Permanence , lower risk

Local relevance, legitimacy

National priorities, policy coherence

Carbon funding, certification

Cost efficiency

AintoM

MintoA

A M

Global benefits

Conclusions

Gaps in knowledge (e.g. social aspects)

Many projects can harness synergies. But no clear rationale for doing so

Limited action so far on synergies. But interest and potential to promote synergies in the future

2. Projects

3. Funding

1. ScienceStronger evidence needed, particularly at local level

Beyond analyzing project documents: Monitoring implementation

Need to also understand the role of national policies

Thank you!

bruno.locatelli@cirad.fr g.fedele@cgiar.org

Further reading Locatelli B., Imbach B., Wunder S., 2013. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem

services in Costa Rica. Environmental Conservationhttp://www.journals.cambridge.org/article_S0376892913000234

Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Forests and trees for social adaptation to climate variability and change. WIREs Climate Change 3:581–596.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.195/pdf

Pramova E., Locatelli B., Brockhaus M., Fohlmeister S., 2012. Ecosystem services in the National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Climate Policy 12(4): 393-409.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2011.647848

Guariguata M.R., Locatelli B., Haupt F., 2012. Adapting tropical production forests to global climate change: risk perceptions and actions. International Forestry Review 14(1), 27-38. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AGuariguata1201.pdf

Locatelli B., Evans V., Wardell A., Andrade A., Vignola R., 2011. Forests and Climate Change in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation. Forests 2(1): 431-450.http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/2/1/431/pdf

CIFOR 2013. Mitigation–Adaptation Synergies. CIFOR Briefhttp://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/factsheet/4263-factsheet.pdf

Locatelli B., 2011. Synergies between adaptation and mitigation in a nutshell. COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/cobambrief/3619-cobambrief.pdf

Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2008. Facing an uncertain future: How forests and people can adapt to climate change. Forest Perspectives no. 5. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 97 p.http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0801.pdf

Pour en savoir plus

Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Le rôle des forêts et des arbres dans l’adaptation sociale à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. Brief. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesiahttp://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4023-infobrief.pdf

Locatelli B., 2011. Les synergies entre adaptation et atténuation en quelques mots. COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.http://goo.gl/lcvTZ

Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2009. Face à un avenir incertain : comment les forêts et les populations peuvent s'adapter au changement climatiquehttp://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901F.pdf

Para saber más

Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Bosques y árboles para la adaptación social al cambio y la variabilidad del clima. Brief. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia.http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4024-infobrief.pdf

Locatelli, B., Evans, V., Wardell, A., Andrade, A., Vignola, R., 2011. Bosques y cambio climático en América Latina: Vincular adaptación y mitigación, In: Gobernanza forestal y REDD+: Desafíos para las políticas y mercados en América Latina. Petkova E., Larson A., Pacheco P. (eds.). CIFOR, Bogor, pp. 79-95.http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPetkova1101.pdf

Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2009. Ante un futuro incierto: Cómo se pueden adaptar los bosques y las comunidades al cambio climático.http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901.pdf