ad hoc network - kasetsart university
TRANSCRIPT
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Ad Hoc Network
รศ. ŕ¸ŕ¸Ł. ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸ŕš ŕ¸ŕ¸Ľŕšŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕšŕ¸Ą
Asso. Prof. Anan Phonphoem, Ph.D. [email protected]
http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~anan
Computer Engineering Department
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Wireless LANs 2012
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Outline
⢠Definition and Challenges
⢠Media Access Control
⢠Routing Protocols
⢠Research topics
Definition and Challenges
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Ad Hoc Network
⢠Meaning
⢠form / deform
⢠temporary
â˘mobile
⢠2 or more devices
â˘Within radio range â they communicate
â˘Outside communication range â need relay
node
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Ad Hoc Network Node
⢠Diversity of mobile devices
â˘Notebook, PDA, phone, badge, etc.
⢠Heterogeneous / Homogeneous
⢠Fixed transmission range
⢠Limited battery
⢠Unrestricted movement
⢠No collision detection
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Ad Hoc Network Topology
⢠Self-organizing
⢠Adaptive (dynamic) topology
⢠join and leave the network at any time
⢠no predefined structure
⢠no global topology info
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Ad Hoc Network Key Points
⢠Shared transmission medium
⢠Each node responses for forwarding data packets for others
⢠Network partitions can occur
⢠Collision avoidance (no collision detection)
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Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
⢠Set of mobile nodes ⢠communicate with each other
⢠roam around at will
⢠No supporting base stations
⢠No guarantee of direct connection ⢠single-hop
⢠Use intermediate nodes to relay packets â˘multi-hop
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MANET Applications
⢠Immediate network deployment
â˘Battlefields
â˘Major disaster areas
⢠Sensor networks
⢠Areas without base stations
⢠Areas where fixed network structures are unavailable
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Challenges
⢠Spectrum Allocation (ISM Band)
⢠Media Access â˘No centralized : TDMA cannot be used
â˘Mobility
â˘Access without collision
⢠Routing ⢠Link break often
â˘Topology change
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Challenges
⢠Multicasting ⢠Tree formation might not work?
⢠Energy Efficiency ⢠battery
⢠Packet forwarding
⢠TCP Performance ⢠Connection oriented assumes node to be static
⢠Packet loss and long RTT
⢠Service Location
⢠Security and Privacy
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Outline
⢠Definition and Challenges
⢠Media Access Control
⢠Routing Protocols
⢠Research topics
Media Access Control
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Media Access Problem
⢠Hidden terminal problem
⢠contention-based protocol
â˘CSMA, IEEE 802.11
â˘RTS/CTS (incompleteness)
⢠Exposed node problem
⢠overhearing from neighbor
⢠separate control channels
⢠directional antennas
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MAC Protocols
⢠Receiver-Initiated
⢠receiver informs sender (ready to receive)
⢠only one control message (no RTS/CTS)
⢠Multiple access with collision avoidance â By Invitation
(MACA-BI)
⢠Sender-Initiated
⢠sender informs receiver (has data for receiver)
⢠MACA
⢠MACA with ack (MACAW)
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Receiver-Initiated MAC
#1 #3 #2 #4
RTR RTR
Data Data
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Sender-Initiated MAC
#1 #3 #2 #4
RTS
CTS
RTS
CTS
Data Data
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MAC examples
⢠Multiple access with collision avoidance (MACA)
⢠Multiple access with collision avoidance by Invitation (MACA-BI)
⢠Power-Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signaling (PAMAS)
⢠Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA)
⢠Media Access with Reduced Handshake (MARCH)
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MACA
⢠Amateur packet radio network (Phil Karn)
⢠Single frequency network
⢠Aim to solve ⢠hidden node / exposed node problems
⢠3-way handshake ⢠RTS-CTS-Data
⢠no carrier sense
⢠Power control features ⢠adjust power according to receiver
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MACA-BI (by invitation)
⢠Fabrizio Talucci
⢠2-way handshake
⢠RTR-Data (no RTS, CTS RTR)
⢠cannot tx if not receive RTR
⢠Receiver guesses (predict) the arrival rate (by queue length)
⢠Performance
⢠Good for constant bit rate (CBR)
⢠Same as MACA for bursty data
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Power-Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signaling (PAMAS)
⢠Based on MACA
⢠Add separate signaling channel ⢠for RTS-CTS
⢠Selectively power off not active (no Tx Rx)
⢠Operations ⢠Sender RTS
⢠Receiver CTS
⢠Receiver busy tone on signaling channel
⢠Others power off ⢠Others transmit
⢠node has no data to send/receive
⢠probing to detect when should power up
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Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA)
⢠BTMA (by Fouad Tobagi)
⢠aim to solve hidden terminal problem
⢠relay on last-hop architecture
â˘centralize nodes for others
⢠DBTMA (by Zygmunt Haas)
⢠two out-of-band busy tones
⢠different frequencies
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Media Access with Reduced Handshake (MARCH)
⢠Multi-hop ad hoc network
⢠Reduce control overhead
⢠Utilize overheard CTS
⢠for invitation to relay node
⢠reduce RTS packets
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MARCH
#1 #3 #2 #4 RTS1
CTS1
CTS1
Data
CTS2
CTS2
Data Data
CTS3
CTS3
Data Data
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Outline
⢠Definition and Challenges
⢠Media Access Control
⢠Routing Protocols
⢠Research topics
Routing Protocols
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Issues in Ad Hoc Networks
⢠Communication in mobility environment
⢠connection initialization
⢠path selection
⢠path reliability
⢠Energy consumption vs. latency
⢠Throughput
⢠Scalability
⢠Incompatibility standards
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IEFT MANET Working Group
⢠Goals
⢠standardize an interdomain unicast (IP) routing protocol
⢠define modes of efficient operation
⢠support both static and dynamic topologies
⢠A dozen candidate routing protocols have been proposed
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Routing
? ?
?
?
?
? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
Ants Searching for Food
from Prof. Yu-Chee Tsengâs slides
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Routing (Antsâ scenario)
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Three Main Issues in Antsâ Life
⢠Route Discovery:
⢠searching for the places with food
⢠Packet Forwarding:
⢠delivering foods back home
⢠Route Maintenance:
â˘when foods move to new place
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Routing Protocols
⢠Proactive (Global/Table Driven) ⢠route determination at startup
â˘maintain using periodic update
⢠Reactive (On-demand) ⢠route determination as needed
⢠route discovery process
⢠Hybrid ⢠combination of proactive and reactive
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Proactive
⢠Destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV)
⢠Wireless routing protocol (WRP)
⢠Global state routing (GSR)
⢠Fisheye state routing (FSR)
⢠Source-tree adaptive routing (STAR)
⢠Distance routing algorithm for mobility (DREAM)
⢠Cluster-head gateway switch routing (CGSR)
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Reactive
⢠Associativity-base routing (ABR)
⢠Dynamic source routing (DSR)
⢠Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV)
⢠Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA)
⢠Routing on-demand acyclic multi-path (ROAM)
⢠Light-weight mobile routing (LMR)
⢠Signal stability adaptive (SSA)
⢠Cluster-based routing protocol (CBRP)
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Hybrid
⢠Zone routing protocol (ZRP)
⢠Zone-based hierarchical link state (ZHLS)
⢠Distributed spanning trees (DST)
⢠Distributed dynamic routing (DDR)
⢠Scalable location update routing pro. (SLURP)
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Flooding
⢠Simplest of all routing protocols
⢠Send all info to everybody
⢠If data not for you, send to all neighbors
⢠Robust
⢠destination is guaranteed to receive data
⢠Resource Intensive
⢠unnecessary traffic
⢠load increases, network performance drops quickly
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Routing Examples
⢠Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
⢠Cluster Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR)
⢠Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
⢠Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
⢠Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
⢠Location-Aided Routing (LAR)
⢠Distance Routing effect Algorithm for mobility (DREAM)
⢠Power-Aware Routing (PAR)
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Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
⢠Table-driven
⢠Based on the distributed Bellman-Ford routing algorithm
⢠Each node maintains a routing table
â˘Routing hops to each destination
⢠Sequence number
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DSDV
⢠Problem
⢠a lot of control traffic in the network
⢠Solution: two types of route update packets
⢠full dump (All available routing info)
⢠incremental (Only changed info)
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Cluster Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR)
⢠Table-driven for inter-cluster routing
⢠Uses DSDV for intra-cluster routing
M2
C3
C2
C1
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Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
⢠On-demand driven
⢠Nodes that are not on the selected path do not maintain routing information
⢠Route discovery
⢠source broadcasts a route request packet (RREQ)
⢠destination (or intermediate node with âfresh enoughâ
route to destination) replies a route reply packet (RREP)
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AODV
N2
N4 N1
N3
N5
N6
N7
N8
Source
Destination
N2
N4 N1
N3
N5
N6
N7
N8
Source
Destination
RREQ
RREP
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AODV
⢠Problem
⢠a node along the route moves
⢠Solution
⢠upstream neighbor notices the move
⢠propagates a link failure notification message to each of its active upstream neighbors
⢠source receives the message and re-initiate route discovery
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Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
⢠On-demand driven
⢠Based on the concept of source routing
⢠Required to maintain route caches
⢠Two major phases
â˘Route discovery (flooding)
â˘Route maintenance
â˘A route error packet
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DSR
N2
N4 N1
N3
N5
N6
N7
N8
N1
N1
N1-N2
N1-N3-N4
N1-N3-N4
N1-N3-N4-N7
N1-N3-N4-N6 N1-N3
N1-N3-N4
N1-N2-N5
N2
N4 N1
N3
N5
N6
N7
N8 N1-N2-N5-
N8
N1-N2-N5-
N8
N1-N2-N5-
N8
Route Discovery
Route Reply
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Modified DSR
⢠Route information determined by the current network conditions
⢠number of hops
⢠congestion
⢠node energy
⢠Other considerations
⢠fairness
⢠number of route requests
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Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
⢠Hybrid protocol
â˘On-demand
⢠Proactive
⢠ZRP has three sub-protocols
⢠Intrazone Routing Protocol (IARP)
⢠Interzone Routing Protocol (IERP)
â˘Bordercast Resolution Protocol (BRP)
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Zone Radius = r Hops
Zone of Node Y
Node X
Zone of Node X Node Z Zone of Node Z
Border Node
Border Node
Bordercasting
Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
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Location-Aided Routing (LAR)
⢠Location information via GPS
⢠Shortcoming (maybe not anymore 2005)
â˘GPS availability is not yet worldwide
⢠Position information come with deviation
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LAR
source(Xs,Ys)
Request Zone Expected Zone (Xd+R, Yd+R)
R
Destination (Xd,Yd)
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Distance Routing effect Algorithm for mobility (DREAM)
⢠Position-based
⢠Each node
â˘maintains a position database
⢠regularly floods packets to update the position
â˘Temporal resolution
â˘Spatial resolution
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Power-Aware Routing (PAR)
+
â
+
â
+
â
+
â
+
â
+
â
SRC
N1 N2
DES
T
N4 N3
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Outline
⢠Definition and Challenges
⢠Media Access Control
⢠Routing Protocols
⢠Research Topics
Research Topics
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Current routing protocols
⢠Many do not consider energy conservation
⢠lead to partitions
⢠shorten network life
⢠fairness to intermediate nodes not incorporated
⢠fail to work well in both sparse and dense networks
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Interesting Research Topics
⢠Energy Awareness Routing
⢠Multipath Routing
â˘more paths used to send information, more reliable the transmission
⢠Clustering (Hierarchical Routing)
⢠dynamic management of subnetworks
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More Research Topics
⢠Topology Control
⢠adjustment of transmission power to simplify routing
⢠Internetworking
⢠managing wired and wireless networks
⢠Heterogeneous Networks
⢠Different devices on the network have different capabilities
⢠Content Aware Networks
⢠Location of services within the network (Printers)
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More Research Topics
⢠Delay-Tolerent Network (DTN)
⢠Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET)
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References
⢠Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks â Protocols and System,
C-K Toh, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN: 0-13-007817-4
⢠âIntroduction to Ad Hoc Networkingâ, Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng