ad hoc multicast routing. category of ad hoc multicast routing protocols underlying data delivery...
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Ad Hoc Multicast RoutingAd Hoc Multicast Routing
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Category of Ad Hoc Multicast Category of Ad Hoc Multicast Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
Underlying Data Delivery Structure
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Flooding-Based Tree-Based Mesh-Based
AMRIS
Hybrid-Based
MAODV
LAM
CAMP
OMDRP
FGMP
MCEDAR
ADB
AMROUTE
Broadcast
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Category of Ad Hoc Multicast Category of Ad Hoc Multicast Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols
State Maintenance
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Unconstrained Stateless Constrained
DDM AMROUTE
PAST-DM
LGT
PBM
POMA
Tree-based scheme
Mesh-based scheme
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Flooding - BroadcastingFlooding - Broadcasting
Results in minimal state retention and high reliability which makes it a viable candidate for multicast protocols in very dynamic MANET.
Heavy-handed in terms of overheadObtains the best results in terms of
reliable deliveryProblem
Broadcast storm[12]
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AMRIS: Ad Hoc Multicast Routing AMRIS: Ad Hoc Multicast Routing Protocol Utilizing Increasing Id-Protocol Utilizing Increasing Id-NumbersNumbersOn-demandShared tree
Tree is rooted at special node called Sid (Smallest Id) : one of sources
increasing msm-id (multicast session member id, assigned dynamically)
Initiate a sessionNEW-SESSION msg
(Sid’s msm-id, metrics) Join a session,
unicast JOIN-REQ to its potential parent node
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1111
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msm-id = Sid = 0
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MAODV: Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand MAODV: Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector ProtocolDistance Vector Protocol Based on unicast
AODV Discovers multicast
route on-demand using a broadcast route discovery mechanism
Route discoveryRREQ
• To join a group, • or to send to a group if
no route
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ODMRP: On-demand Multicast ODMRP: On-demand Multicast Routing ProtocolRouting ProtocolMesh-based, soft stateForwarding group: a subset of nodes
forwards the multicast packets
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Join query
Join
que
ry
Join query
Join query
Join queryJoin query
Join
que
ry
Join query
Join queryJoin query
Join query
Join reply
Join replyJo
in rep
ly
Join
repl
yJoin reply
Join replyJoin reply
Join reply
source
receiver
receiver
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DDM: Differential Destinations DDM: Differential Destinations MulticastMulticastExplicit Header
All destinations are placed in the packet headers
Data ForwardingReferring underlying unicast routing table
Two modesStatelessSoft state
Membership ManagementSource controls multicast group membership
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LGT: Location Guided TreeLGT: Location Guided TreeA small group
multicast schemes based on packet encapulation
Builds an overlay multicast packet distribution tree on top of the underlying unicast routing protocolUsing the geometric
location information without knowing the global network topology
Construct a tree with geometrically shorter tree edges
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n1
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Outstanding ProjectsOutstanding Projects
UCLA Wireless Adaptive Mobility Laboratory
Computer Communication Research Group at the University of California, Santa Cruz
Rice University Monarch ProjectWireless and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks at
University of Southern California
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GeocastingGeocasting
Geocast Region – A specified geographical area
A variant of the conventional multicasting problem
Deliver Packets to a group of nodes in Geocast Region.
The location information of all the nodes will be known by GPS
Whenever one node in Geocast region receives message from outside, it will flood it to all its neighbors.
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LBM: Location-based MulticastLBM: Location-based Multicast
Extend LAR for geocastingFlooding approach
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LBM Scheme 1 LBM Scheme 2
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VDG: Voronoi Diagram based VDG: Voronoi Diagram based GeocastingGeocasting To enhance the success rate
and decrease the hop count and flooding rate of LBM
Carve up the whole plane into several Voronoi regions based on the source and its neighbor
Only neighbor nodes (B, E) which are in the same Voronoi region as the Geocast Region will be selected to receive the message from Source.
VDG reduces the flooding rates of LBM Scheme 1
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PBM: Position Based MulticastPBM: Position Based Multicast Design Goal
Minimize total hops to all destinationsMinimize length of path to individual destination
Sender has the knowledge (assumptions)Position of destination(s)Position of neighbor(s) It’s own position
Greedy multicast forwardingEach destination exists at least one neighbor which is
closer to that destination than the forwarding node itself.
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K: Forwarding node
N: Set of all neighbors of K
W: Set of all subsets of N
Z: Set of all destinations
d(x,y): distance between x and y
Greedy Multicast Forwarding
min ( , )| |( ) (1 )
| | ( , )m wz Z
z Z
d m zwf w
N d k z
Minimize the expression
No. of neighbors that packet is transmitted
toRemaining distance to all destinations
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Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Power-Aware and Energy-Efficient Broadcast and Multicast InfrastructureSolution 1: Lifetime of a bottleneck node is
improved by reassigning its farthest children to other nodes in the tree with the goal of improving the lifetime of the multicast tree.
Solution 2: finding a tree with the least consumed power becomes a conventional optimization problem on a graph where the weighted link cost corresponds to the transmission power required for transmitting a packet between the two nodes of the link
Energy Consumption from Retransmission at the Data-Link LayerSolution: maximizing sleep mode operation
supported by the lower level protocol 15