ad 10. signes
TRANSCRIPT
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10. Signes
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"2001, una odissea de l’espai"(Stanley Kubrick, 1968)
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peça de sílex
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Atapuerca (-300.000)
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protoescriptura
pictogrames
abstracció
representació
endevinalla
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bisó d'Altamira (-30.000)
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Sumeris - Babilonis-3000 ~ -600
- civilització complexa
- tecnologia de
regadius
màquines >càlculs
- escriptura cuneïforme
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Egípcis-3000 ~ 100
- a la vora del Nil
- tecnologia de regadius
màquines >càlculs
- escriptura jeroglífica
(prèviament hieràtica)
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Escriptura
- propaganda
- pronòstic
- identificació
> comptabilitat
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escriptura cuneiforme
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Escriptura jeroglífica
Champolion (1823)
- ideogrames (paraules i pictogrames)
- fonogrames (so sense relació amb objecte)
> vigència actual
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pedra de Rosetta
inscripció enegípci,populari grec
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Maies (i azteques)
- regadius
- calendari
- any basat en Venus (Xac ek)
- calendari lunar molt exacte
- glifos
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Xina
- vall de Yangtze
- ordre còsmic per oposició de yin/yang
- calendari basat en Júpiter
- coordenades celestials
- eclipsis
- escriptura ideogràfica
actualment 20.000 caràcters
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Alfabet
Hebreu -1700 escriptures sagrades: combinacionsde síl·labes, lletres, fonogrames...
(mescla de símbols fonètics i semàntics)> monoteísme
Feníci -1000
Grec -750
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alfabetos
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árbol del alfabeto
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sistemas de escritura
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Càlcul
- representacions simbòliques
- algorismes per a manegar-les
- ajudes mecàniques per implementar-los
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Números
- Base 5, 10, 20, 60...
- Sistema posicional
- Número cero?
Algoritmes
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multiplicació
ab = ((a + b)2 - (a - b)2 ) /4
divisió
a/b = a (1/b)
BabilonisTaules i algoritmes
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Egípcis
papir de Rhind (-1700)
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números maies
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sistemas de numeración
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sistema additiu
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quipú
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àbac (-5000 ~ -3000)
xinesos i babilonis
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Xavier Berenguer
Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, 2008