†cv÷ mÖvry‡qu ww‡cøvgv bb iæivj...

†cv÷ MÖvRy‡qU wW‡cøvgv Bb iæivj †W‡fjvc‡g›U

†WBwi GÛ wed †cÖvWvKkb

GÛ gv‡K©wUs

†WBwi GÛ wed †cÖvWvKkb GÛ gv‡K©wUs

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K welqe¯‘ Aby‡gvw`Z|

Dc‡`óv t cÖ‡dmi W. †gvt wMqvmDÏxb wgqv

fvBm P¨v‡Ýji, weGmGgAviGBD

Gg G gwZb

gnvcwiPvjK, AviwWG

cÖKvkbv t gnvcwiPvjK

cjøx Dbœqb GKv‡Wgx

e¸ov-5842, evsjv‡`k

e-mail:[email protected]: www.rda.gov.bd

m¤úv`bv t Gg G gwZb

G‡KGg RvKvwiqv wcGBPwW

K…ZÁZv t

wcwRwWAviwW KvwiKzjvg Dbœqb I M‡elYvq mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨

K¨vUvwj÷, WvwbWv, GmwWwm, BD‡KGBW, myBm K›Uv± Ges

weGmGgAviGBD †K K…ZÁZv Rvbv‡bv n‡jv|

Acknowledgement : We acknowledge the contribution of Katalyst with DANIDA, SDC, UKaid, Swisscontact and BSMRAU for supporting the research work related to curriculum development of PGDRD.

cÖYq‡b t Wvt †mL dRjyj evix

mgxi Kzgvi miKvi

Wvt †gvnv¤§` wiqvRyj Bmjvg

gvkiædv ZvbRxb

1g cÖKvk t wW‡m¤^i 2017

ISBN: 984-556-349-X

g~j¨ t 500 UvKv|

i

m~PxcÎ

µwgK bs welq c„ôv

1. f~wgKv 1

2. Miæi RvZ cwiwPwZ Ges AwaK `y» Drcv`bkxj Mvfxi êwkó¨ 2

3. Miæi RvZ DbœZ Kivi †KŠkj I K…wÎg cÖRbb 6

4. Mevw`cïi evm¯’vb wbg©vY bxwZ I c×wZ 8

5. Mvfx Wv‡K Avmv ev Mig nIqvi jÿY, bxie Mig I myôz cÖRbb eë¯’vcbv 14

6. Mvfxi Mf©ve¯’v wbY©q 16

7. Mf©eZx Mvfxi hZœ I Mvfxi Lv`¨ eë¯’v 18

8. cÖm‡ei c~e©vfvm I cÖm‡ei c~‡e© KiYxq 20

9. m`¨ cÖm~Z evQy‡ii cwiPh©v I kvj`ya/KuvPjv `y‡ai ¸Yv¸Y 22

10. evQyi jvjb-cvjb, evQy‡ii Lv`¨ eë¯’vcbv, eKbvi cÖRbb I †ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v 23

11. Mevw`cïi Lv`¨ I Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z cÖbvjx 26

12. Mevw`cïi Lv‡`¨ BDwiqv eënvi 34

13. `y» Lvgvi jvfRbK Kiv Z_v `y» Lvgv‡ii AZ¨vek¨Kxq Kvh©vejx 37

14. Mvfxi `y‡ai cwigvY I Dcv`vb cwieZ©‡bi KviY, `ya `ywlZ nIqvi KviY I cÖwZKvi 40

15. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v 42

16. Mevw`cï my¯’ _vKvi jÿY Ges Mevw`cïi ‡ivM 45

17. Mevw`cïi ciRxexRwbZ †ivM I Zvi cÖwZKvi 46

18. Jla Ges Jl‡ai cÖ‡qvM wewa 49

19. Mvfxi Mf©cv‡Zi KviY 51

20. Mevw`cïi fvBivmRwbZ †ivMmg~n 55

21. Mevw`cïi e¨K‡UwiqvRwbZ †ivM 60

22. Mevw`cïi mvaviY †ivMmg~n t Mevw`cïi †cUduvcv I D`vivgq 66

23. Mevw`cïi wUKv cwiwPwZ I wUKv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vejx 70

24. Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY Kg©m~wP 73

25. Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi cwiKíbv 74

26. Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi avcmg~n 77

27. Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡bi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ wgkªY cÖ¯‘Z Ges cwi‡ekb 80

28. cï cvjb welqK cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vejx 81

29. 25wU Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY cÖK‡íi Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve weeiYx 83

30. Mevw`cïi RvZ I DcRvZ 83

31. mnvqK MÖš’vejx 125

†WBix GÛ exd †cÖvWvKkb GÛ gv‡K©wUs

1

f~wgKv

gvby‡li ˆ`wnK e„w× I gvbwmK weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Avwgl RvZxq Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb|

cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì cov‡jLv I ¯^vfvweK RxeY hvc‡bi Rb¨ Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^”QjZv Ges

Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| msKi Rv‡Zi Mvfx cvjb I Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K

†hgb cywói Pvwn`v c~ib Kiv Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^”Qj nIqv m¤¢e|

evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi GKwU eo Ask GL‡bv cywónxbZvq f~M‡Q| Miæi `ya I gvsm

mvaviY gvby‡li cywói Afve c~i‡Y Ges AvwglRvZ Lv`ï Drm wnmv‡e A‡bK eo

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| `ya GKwU Av`k© Lvv`¨| ¯^v¯’¨ iÿv‡_© †h mg¯Í Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi

cÖ‡qvRb Zvi cÖvq me KwUB G‡Z we`¨gvb| GKRb Kg©ÿg gvby‡li cÖwZw`‡b †h

cwigvY `ya LvIqv cÖ‡qvRb mieivn †m Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg|

†`kx Rv‡Zi Mvfx mvaviYZ 1.5-2.5 wjUvi `ya †`q| Aciw`‡K msKi Rv‡Zi Mvfx

10-20 wjUvi ev Zvi PvB‡Z †ekx `ya w`‡q _v‡K| `ya Drcv`‡bi †h NvUwZ i‡q‡Q Zv

c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †`kx Mvfxi cwie‡Z© DbœZgv‡bi msKi Rv‡Zi Mvfx cvj‡bi w`‡K mvaviY

gvbyl‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

G‡`‡ki cÖvq 70 †_‡K 80 fvM MÖvgxY cwieviB cï cÖwZcvj‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ _vK‡jI

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY Kjv †KŠkj ev cÖhyw³ eënviKvix cwiev‡ii msL¨v LyeB Kg| Z‡e

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY cÖK‡íi ¸iæZ¡ bv Rvb‡jI A‡bK cwievi GKwU ev `ywU evošÍ lvuvo

evQzi µq K‡i cÖhyw³ e¨wZwi‡K jvjb cvjb K‡i hLb ¯^v¯’¨ fvj nq ZLb weµq K‡i

†`q| mvaviYZ †ewk weµqg~j¨ cvIqvi Avkvq AwaKvsk †jvKB †Kvievbxi mgq Zv‡ì

cvjbK…Z Miæ weµq K‡i| welqwU m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv, e¨vcK cÖPvi I cÖwkÿ‡bi Afv‡e

cÖhyw³wU e¨vcKfv‡e cwiwPwZ cvqwb| Z_vwc miKvix, AvavmiKvix I GbwRI cÖwZôvbmg~n

†cÖvwU‡bi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv, Kg©ms¯’vb, `vwi`ª we‡gvPb I †eKvi hyeK‡ì Avq e„w×i j‡ÿ¨

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi Dci wewfbœ cÖwkÿY, Avw_©K Aby`vb, mnR Dcv‡q †jvb BZ¨vw` w`‡q

mn‡hvMxZv Ki‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq f~wgnxb bi-bvix I †eKvi hyeK‡ì Avq I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi

†ÿÎ ˆZwi Ges hviv mviv eQiB Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g jvfevb n‡Z Pvb Zv‡ì

†ÿ‡Î G cÖhyw³ e¨vcK f~wgKv ivL‡e| Mevw`cï †_‡K ïaygvÎ `ya ev gvsm QvovI wewfbœ

iKg RvZ ev DcRvZ ˆZwii gva¨‡gI e¨vcKfv‡e jvfevb nIqv m¤¢e|

ZvB Avgv‡ì †`‡ki e„nr Rb‡Mvôxi Avwg‡li Drm Z_v cywói Pvwn`v cyiY, MÖvg evsjvi

N‡i N‡i wkwÿZ hyeK I hye gwnjv‡ì cvwievwiK ch©v‡q I Lvgvi K‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi

my‡hvM m„wóª Ges cvjbKvix‡ì Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^”QjZv, ˆRe mv‡ii †RvMvb, ev‡qvM¨vm

Drcv`b Ges †`‡ki RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z weivU f~wgKv ivLvi Rb¨ Mvfx I luvo cvj‡bi

¸iæZ¡¡ Acwimxg|


2

Miæi RvZ cwiwPwZ Ges AwaK `y» Drcv`bkxj Mvfxi êwkó¨

jÿ¨t 1| GB Awa‡ek‡b AskMÖn‡Yi ci AskMÖnYKvixe„›` Miæi RvZ wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| †Kvb †Kvb Rv‡Zi Miæ G‡`‡ki MÖv‡g-M‡Ä jvjb cvjb Kiv nq Zv eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| AwaK `y» Drcv`bkxj Mvfxi êwkó¨¸wj wK wK †m m¤ú‡K… eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZ t

†Kvb wbw`©ó GjvKvi GKB iKg †Pnviv, AvKvi I PvwiwÎK êwkó¨ ev ¸Yvejxi

AwaKvix cÖvYx mg~n‡K RvZ (Breed) e‡j|

wewfbœ Rv‡Zi Miæ

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g-M‡Ä mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi Miæ †`Lv hvqt

1) †`kx Rv‡Zi Miæ- †`kx Miæ AvKv‡i †QvU IR‡b Kg Kv‡RB gvsm Kg nq Ges `ya

Drcv`b I Kg nq| G Kvi‡b †`kx Rv‡Zi Miæ cvjb AjvfRbK|

2) DbœZ ev ksKi Rv‡Zi Miæ- †`kx Mvfxi mv‡_ we‡`kx / DbœZ Rv‡Zi lvo wKsev

lv‡oi exR w`‡q K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖRbb Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g †`kx Rv‡Zi Miæ‡Z DbœZ ev

k&sKi Rv‡Z cwibZ Kiv nq| ksKi Rv‡Zi Mvfx †_‡K AwaK `ya cvIqv hvq ( 10

†_‡K 20 wjUvi), AvKv‡i eo nIqvi Kvi‡b AwaK gvsm cvIqv hvq Ges GB mKj Miæ

cvjb Kiv jvfRbK| evsjv‡`‡ki kni Ges MÖv‡g wb¤œwjwLZ DbœZ ev ksKi Rv‡Zi

Miæ cvjb Ki‡Z †`Lv hvqt

y nj‡óBb wd«wRqvb (Holstein Friesian)

y Rvwm© (Jersey)

y jvj wmwÜ (Red Shindhi)

y kvnxIqvj (Sahiwal)

y nwiqvbv (Hariana)

K‡qKwU we‡`kx I DbœZ Rv‡Zi Miæi mswÿß cwiwPwZ wb‡¤œ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv -

njw÷b wd«wRqvb (Holstein Friesian) t

GB Rv‡Zi Mvfxi Avwèvm nj¨v‡Û Z‡e GLb c„w_exi cÖvq me©ÎB cvIqv hvq| eZ©gv‡b

me‡P‡q †ekx `y» `vbKvix RvZ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ| eQ‡ii 305 w`‡b Mo `y» Drcv`b

10,000-15,000 wjUvi, Mv‡qi is mvaviYZt Kv‡jv mv`v‡Z wgkv‡bv| eo Mvfxi IRb

550-675 †KwR Ges luv‡oi IRb 900-1000 †KwR| Ab¨vb¨ Rv‡Zi Zzjbvq G RvZ

AvKv‡i eo| Mvfxi wcQ‡bi w`K fvix, Ijvb eo, gv_v j¤^v, Nv‡oi KzuR bvB, Lye †L‡Z


3

cv‡i| Giv Kg eq‡mB ev”Pv †`q cÖ_g ev”Pv cÖ`v‡bi eqm 22 †_‡K 30 gvm| Mf©aviY

Kvj 280-290 w`b|

Rvwm© (Jersey) t

Bsj¨v‡Ûi Rvwm© bvgK ¯’v‡b G‡ì Avwèvm| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡kB cvIqv

hvq| GK mgq G‡`‡kI wQj wKš‘ AvenvIqvi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi ÿgZv Kg e‡j

eZ©gv‡b wejywßi c‡_| Mv‡qi is wd‡K jvj, AwZwi³ ms‡e`bkxj I fxZz| wcV †mvRv,

AvKv‡i wd«wRqv‡bi Zzjbvq A‡bK †QvU, 305 w`‡b Mo `y» Drcv`b 4,000-4,500

wjUvi| Mvfxi IRb 400-500 †KwR, luv‡oi IRb 600-700 †KwR| Mf©aviY Kvj

280-290 w`b| cÖ_g ev”Pv cÖ`v‡bi eqm 30-38 gvm|

kvnxIqvj (Sahiwal) t Avwèvm cvwK¯Ívb| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`kmn cvK-fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q|

nvjKv jvj, ev`vgx I mv`v is‡qi nq| gv_v Lv‡Uv, Kcvj DuPz, Kvb Szjv‡bv| KzuR I

MjK¤^j eo I Szjv‡bv| bvfx †ek Sz‡j _v‡K| wks †QvU, `yB wks‡qi gaëZx© ¯’vb DuPz,

Mvfxi wks‡qi †Mvov boe‡o| Mvfxi IRb 300-400 †KwR, luv‡oi IRb 500-600

†KwR| 300 w`‡b Mo `y» Drcv`b 4,000-4,500 wjUvi| Mf©aviY Kvj 280 w`b|

cÖ_g ev”Pv cÖ`v‡bi eqm 30-43 gvm|

wmwÜ (Shindhi) t Avwèvm cvwK¯Ívb| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`kmn fviZ, _vBj¨vÛ, B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z we¯Ívi

jvf K‡i‡Q| kix‡ii is jvj, Kvj‡P njy` A_ev Mvp ev`vgx is‡qi n‡Z cv‡i| kixi

gvSvix AvKv‡ii Z‡e myMwVZ, kvšÍ wkó| Mvfxi is Mvp jvj nq| KzuR eo, MjK¤^j

Szjv‡bv, wks †gvUv I Lv‡Uv Ges wcQb w`‡K evKv, Ijvb †ek eo| wewfbœ AvenvIqvq

Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i| Mvfxi IRb 300-400 †KwR, luv‡oi IRb 450-500 †KwR|

Mf©aviY Kvj 280 w`b| 300 w`‡b Mo `y» Drcv`b 4,000-5,500 wjUvi| cÖ_g

ev”Pv cÖ`v‡bi eqm 30-43 gvm|

nwiqvbv (Hariana) t

Avwèvm fvi‡Zi nwiqvbv †Rjvq| †`‡ni is mv`v, gv_v j¤^v, †Pv‡Li DcwifvM DuPz,

†`n †ek eo, Nvo j¤^v I Miæ, kixi myMwVZ| gv_v DuPz K‡i nuv‡U| `yB wks‡qi gaëZx©

¯’vb DuPz, wks Miæ I PKP‡K| KzuR †ek eo, MjK¤^j †QvU I cvZjv| bvfx kix‡ii

ms‡M jvMv‡bv| Pvgov cvZjv, gm„b| 300 w`‡b `ya m‡e©v”P 3200 wjUvi n‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ_g ev”Pv cÖm‡ei eqm cÖvq 54 gvm| luv‡oi Nv‡oi `yÕcv‡k Dc‡ii w`‡K Kv‡jv †jvg

wgkv‡bv _v‡K hv `yi †_‡K aymi eY© g‡b nq| evsjv‡`‡kI G Rv‡Zi Miæ †`Lv hvq|

jv½j I Mvox Uvbvi Rb¨ †ekx Dchy³|


4


5

AwaK `y» Drcv`bkxj Mvfxi êwkó¨t

‡h Mvfx AwaK `ya †`q Zvi kvixwiK AvKvi I wewfbœ ‰ewkó¨ †`‡LB MvfxwUi `ya

Drcv`b m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB †Kvb e¨w³ hLb `y‡ai Rb¨ Mvfx wKb‡Z

hvb ZLb Mvfxi gvwjK ev `vjvj MvfxwUi `ya Drcv`b m¤ú‡K© †h Z_¨B w`b bv †Kb

µqKvix e¨w³i hw` AwaK `y»`vbKvix Mvfxi êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv _v‡K Z‡e

wZwb wb‡RB MvfxwU fvjfv‡e †`‡L hvPvB K‡i MvfxwUi `y» Drcv`b ÿgZv m¤ú‡K©

aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

AwaK `y» Drcv`bkxj Mvfx (njw÷b wd«wRqvb)

`y»eZx Mvfxi êwkó¨

y kvšÍ ¯^fv‡ei Ges wai-w¯’i n‡e;

y ‡`‡ni mvgv‡bi w`K nvjKv I wcQ‡bi w`‡K fvix n‡e;

y kix‡ii MVb wX‡j-Xvjv I Pvgov cvZjv n‡e;

y cvuR‡ii nvo Clr †`Lv hv‡e A_©vr nvo¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ eySv hv‡e;

y Ijvb †ek eo I kix‡ii m‡½ my›ìfv‡e †j‡M _vK‡e| Ijvb †`‡LB Zvi `y»

aviY ÿgZv m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kiv hv‡e;

y Ijv‡bi MVb my›ì n‡e I evU¸‡jv GKB AvKv‡ii Ges my›ìfv‡e mgvb

`yi‡Z¡ mgvšÍivjfv‡e mvRv‡bv _vK‡e;

y `y‡ai wkiv¸wj †gvUv n‡e Ges bvfxi cvkw`‡q AvKuv-euvKvfv‡e we¯Í…Z _vK‡e;

y `y‡ai wkiv¸wj Ijv‡bI cÖKUfv‡e we¯Í…Z _vK‡e hv ¯úófv‡e †`Lv hv‡e;

y Pvgovi is D¾¡j n‡e I †jvg¸‡jv gm„Y I PKP‡K n‡e;

y ‡PvL D¾¡j n‡e;


6

y cv gReyZ I duvK n‡q Qwo‡q _vK‡e;

y cÖwZ eQi ev”Pv w`‡e;

Miæi RvZ DbœZ Kivi †KŠkj I K…wÎg cÖRbb

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Miæi RvZ wKfv‡e Dbœqb Kiv hvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| ‡`kx Rv‡Zi Mvfx †_‡K wb‡RivB DbœZ Rv‡Zi Mvfx I evQyi Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Miæi RvZ DbœZ Kivi †KŠkj I K…wÎg cÖRbb

Avgv‡ì ‡`‡ki Mevw`cï AvKv‡i †QvU, `ya I gvsm Kg ‡`q, GQvov wej‡¤^ gv nIhvi

Dc‡hvMx nq, `ywU ev”Pv cÖ`v‡bi gaëZx© mgq `xN© - GBmKj g›` ¸Yvejx m¤úbœ

Mevw`cï cvjb †gv‡UI jvfRbK bq| Aciw`‡K, DbœZ Rv‡Zi Mevw`cï Aí eq‡m

gv nIqvi Dchy³ nq, cÖwZ eQi ev”Pv †`q, †ekx w`b I AwaK cwigv‡Y `ya †`q|

Mevw`cï cvjb jvfRbK Ki‡Z n‡j DbœZRvZ jvjb-cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

‡`kx Miæi RvZ Dbœqb c×wZt

evevi A‡×©K ¸Y I gv‡qi A‡×©K ¸Y wb‡qB mvaviYZt ev”Pv Rb¥ jvf K‡i| ZvB hw`

‡`kx AbybœZ Rv‡Zi Mvfx‡K DbœZ Rv‡Zi luv‡oi exh© Øviv cÖRbb Kiv‡bv hvq Zvn‡j

†`kx Mvfx †_‡KB gvSvgvwS ¸‡Yi evQyi cvIqv hv‡e| Gfv‡e LuvwU DbœZ Rv‡Zi luv‡oi

exh© Øviv AbybœZ ‡`kx Mvfxi Kb¨v mšÍvb‡ì esk ci¯úivq cÖRbb Kiv‡bvi ci 7g

ev‡i wM‡q cÖvq LuvwU DbœZ Rv‡Zi evQyi cvIqv hvq| cÖRbb mvaviYZ 2 cÖKvi| h_v-

¯^vfvweK cÖRbb I K…wÎg cÖRbb| eZ©gv‡b †`‡k DbœZ Rv‡Zi luv‡oi exh© Øviv K…wÎg

cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g Mevw`cïi RvZ Dbœq‡bi eë¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q| K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g

mn‡RB †`kx Mvfx †_‡K DbœZ Rv‡Zi evQyi cvIqv m¤¢e| eZ©gv‡b ‡`‡ki cÖvq AÂ‡jB

Kg-†ekx †`kx Mvfx †_‡K K…wÎg cÖRbb Øviv Drcvw`Z DbœZ Rv‡Zi Miæ-evQyi †`Lv

hvq| Gme DbœZ RvZ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AvenvIqvq ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †eu‡P †_‡K AwaK

cwigvY `ya w`‡”Q, Ggb wK w`‡b 30 wjUv‡iiI AwaK `y» Drcv`‡bi †iKW© Av‡Q|

K…wÎg cÖRbbt

Mf©avi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ K…wÎgfv‡e msM„nxZ I cÖwµqvRvZK…Z luv‡oi exh© K…wÎgfv‡e Mvfx/

eKbvi Rivqy‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi c×wZ‡KB K…wÎg cÖRbb e‡j|

K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi myweav mg~n

y GKwU luvo †_‡K cÖwZev‡i msM„nxZ exh© cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i 300 †_‡K 500

Mvfx‡K cÖRbb Kiv hvq|

y K…wÎg cÖRb‡b DbœZ Rv‡Zi luv‡oi exh© eënvi Kiv nq e‡j fvj Rv‡Zi evQyi

cvIqv hvq|


7

y cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g luvo †_‡K msµvgK ‡hŠb †ivM Mvfx‡Z msµvwgZ n‡Z cv‡ibv

(†hgb-eªæ‡m‡jvwmm, wfweªIwmm, UªvB‡Kv‡gvwbqvwmm )|

y Mvfxi †Kvb †ivM ev ÎæwU _vK‡j Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq|

y cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ AwaK LiP K‡i luvo cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

y Mvfxi NwbóRb‡ì g‡a¨ (i‡³i m¤úK©) cÖRbb Gov‡bv hvq|

y eo AvKvi I IR‡bi lvo w`‡q cÖRb‡bi mgq gvivZ¥K `yN©Ubv Gov‡bv hvq|

y luvo ev Mvfx enb bv K‡iI evox ev Lvgv‡i K…wÎg cÖRbbKvix AwfÁ †jvK

cvwV‡q Mvfx cÖRbb Kiv‡bv hvq|

y wfbœ wfbœ RvZ ev cÖRv‡Zi g‡a¨ cÖRbb K‡i DbœZ RvZ ˆZix Kiv hvq|

y luv‡oi ïµvby eQ‡ii ci eQi msiÿY K‡i eënvi Kiv hvq|

y c„w_exi †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b luv‡oi exh© cwienb K‡i wb‡q hvIqv hvq|

y Aí mg‡q Ges Kg Li‡P A‡bK Mvfx cÖRbb Kiv hvq|

K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi Amyweav mg~n

y `ÿ †jvK-ej ìKvi nq|

y cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ cvwjZ luv‡oi DbœZ Lv`¨ I cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

y myÿèfv‡e Mvfx ev eKbvi Wv‡K Avmv/Mi‡gi mgq wbY©q Ki‡Z nq|

y Î¤wUc~Y© cÖRb‡bi Kvi‡b Mvfx Mf©eZx bv n‡q eis Amy¯’ n‡Z cv‡i|

y me©‡ÿ‡Î cwi¯‹vi cwi”QbœZv I ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z eë¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

y ev”Pv eo AvKv‡i nq e‡j A‡bK mgq Mvfxi cÖm‡e Kó nq Ges Mvfx wKsev

ev”Pvi g„ZzÏ n‡Z cv‡i|

wm‡gb msiÿY

Zij wm‡gb t luvo †_‡K wm‡gb msMÖn K‡i cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi ci 3 †_‡K 4 wWwMª

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq ‡iwd«‡R‡iUv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq| G‡Z 2 †_‡K 3 w`b ch©šÍ ïµvby

Kvh©ÿg _v‡K| GB exh© _v‡g©vd¬v‡· eid w`‡q 2 †_‡K 3 w`b msiÿY Kiv hvq Ges `yi

`~iv‡šÍ enb Kiv hvq|

†d«v‡Rb wm‡gb t GwU wm‡gb msiÿ‡Yi AZ¨vaywbK Dcvq| luv‡oi wm‡gb ZijxKviK

Øviv ew×©Z Kivi ci †QvU †QvU b‡j f‡i Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb bvgK c`v‡_© msiÿY Kiv

nq| GB Zij bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi ZvcgvÎv -196

wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm | cÖwZwU b‡j 0.25 †_‡K

0.50 wgtwjt ch©šÍ wm‡gb _v‡K|


8

†d«v‡Rb wm‡g‡bi myweav

y GB c×wZ‡Z ïµvby w`N© w`b (15 eQi) Kvh©ÿg Ae¯’vq _v‡K|

y Zij bvB‡Uªv‡R‡b Wywe‡q †h †Kvb `~i‡Z¡ GB wm‡gb enb Kiv hvq|

y we‡`k †_‡K DbœZ Rv‡Zi luv‡oi wm‡gb Avg`vbx ev we‡`‡k ißvbx Kiv hvq|

y wm‡g‡bi ÷ª-†Z, luvo bs, RvZ, cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb mn AviI Z_¨ Qvcv‡bv

_v‡K| d‡j cÖRb‡bi Z_¨ msiÿY mnR nq|

Mevw`cïi evm¯’vb wbg©vY bxwZ I c×wZ

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Rwg wbe©vPb m¤ú‡K©

ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Db¥y³ I cÖPwjZ evm¯’vb wbg©vb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb;

3| `y»eZx Mvfxi evm¯’vb wbg©vb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

4| Miæi evm¯’vb wbg©vY c×wZ m¤ú‡K© eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

5| GK mvwi wewkó Miæi N‡ii bgybv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Rwg wbe©vPb

‡QvU AvKv‡ii `y» Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ emZevoxi A‡cÿvK…Z wbR©b I Dc`ªcnxb ¯’vbB

h‡_ó| wKš‘ hLb A‡bK Mvfx wb‡q eo Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Kiv n‡e ZLb

Lvgv‡ii ¯’vb wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B wb‡¤v³ welqmg~n we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e t

y A‡cÿvK…Z DuPz I ï¯‹ f~wg t A‡cÿvK…Z DuPz I ï¯‹ f~wg‡Z Lvgvi ¯’vcb Ki‡Z

n‡e| hv‡Z e„wói cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ eR©¨ c`v_© AwZ mn‡RB wb®‹vwkZ n‡Z cv‡i|

y feb wbg©vY t Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e De©i Rwg †i‡L Abye©i ¯’v‡b Lvgv‡ii febmg~n

wbg©vY Kiv DwPr|

y Miæi Ni t Miæi Ni Ggb¯’v‡b Ges Ggbfv‡e wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e †hb

cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡jv evZvm cvq| Ni mvaviYZt cye©-cwðg j¤^v n‡j fvj nq|

y ‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v t Lvgv‡ii †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v fvj _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡e cÖavb

iv¯Ív †_‡K wKQyUv `y‡i nIqv fvj|

y m¤cÖmviY t fwel¨‡Z Lvgv‡ii AvKvi evov‡bv hv‡e Av‡kcv‡k GiKg ¯’vb

_vK‡Z n‡e|

y Rwgi g~j¨ t A‡cÿvK…Z ¯^í g~‡j¨ Rwg cvIqv hv‡e GiKg ¯’vb evQvB Kiv fvj|


9

y ‰e`y¨wZK eë¯’v t Lvgv‡i ê`y¨wZK ms‡hv‡Mi eë¯’v _vK‡j fvj nq| Ab¨_vq

ev‡qvM¨vk cøv›U ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g †Rbv‡iUi Pvwj‡q we`y¨r Drcv`bmn g~jëvb

ˆRemvi Drcv`b weµq Kiv hv‡e|

y RbemwZ n‡Z `~‡i t Lvgvi RbemwZ †_‡K `~‡i nIqv fvj|

y evRvi eë¯’v t Lvgv‡ii Drcvw`Z cY¨ mn‡RB evRviRvZ Kivi myweav _vK‡Z n‡e|

y Lv‡`ï cÖvPzh©¨Zv t †h GjvKvq Mevw`cïi Lv`¨ mn‡R I myweavRbK g~‡j¨

cvIqv hvq GiKg ¯’v‡b Mevw`cïi Lvgvi Ki‡Z cvi‡j jvfRbK n‡e|

y c‡Yï Pvwn`v t ‡hLv‡b Lvgv‡ii Drcvw`Z c‡Yï Pvwn`v Av‡Q GiKg ¯’vb

evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e|

y cvwb mieivn eë¯’v t mn‡R Ges Aí Li‡P cÖ‡qvRbxq weï× cvwb cvIqv

hv‡e GiKg ¯’vb n‡Z n‡e|

y cwi‡ek t eb¨ cï, cvLx, RxeRš‘ ev AevwÃZ †jvKR‡bi Øviv Lvgvi ÿwZMÖ¯Í

n‡e bv - G iKg ¯’vb evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Lvgv‡ii Av‡kcv‡k Rjvf~wg

ev nvIo bv _vKvB DËg|

evm¯’v‡bi D‡Ïk¨

y cï‡K wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †hgb-So, e„wó, AwZwi³ kxZ I Mig †_‡K iÿv

Kiv, Z`ªƒc †cvKv-gvKo, †Pvi, eb¨ Rxe-Rš‘ BZ¨vw` n‡Z iÿv Kiv|

y Avivg`vqK Ae¯’v cÖ`vb|

y ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Zfv‡e jvjb cvjb Kivi Rb¨|

y mn‡R cï‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|

y cÖwZwU cïi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivLv hvq|

y Lv‡`ï AcPq †iva Kiv hvq|

Mevw` cïi evm¯’vb `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-

y Db¥y³ evm¯’vb

y cÖPwjZ evm¯’vb

Db¥y³ evm¯’vb

GB ai‡bi evm¯’v‡b Mevw`cï‡K †Q‡o †i‡L cvjb Kiv hvq| GLv‡b `ya †`vnb, evQyi

_vKv, ev”Pv cÖm‡ei Ni, Lv`¨ cvÎ, cvwbi cvÎ, BZ¨vwì myeë¯’v _v‡K| gj-g~Î I

Ni †avqvi cvwb hv‡Z mn‡R wb¯‹vwkZ n‡Z cv‡i ZviRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Xvjy _v‡K| †Wªb

cvKv n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e N‡ii QvDbx †XDwUb ev Ab¨ wKQyi n‡Z cv‡i| N‡ii mv‡_B cïi

gy³fv‡e _vKvi Rb¨ ¯’vb _vKv ìKvi Ges GB ¯’vb n‡Z n‡e B‡Ui †mvwjshy³| G


10

ai‡bi evm¯’v‡b cÖwZ eo Miæi Rb¨ Lv`¨ cvÎ 2 †_‡K 2.5 dzU Ges Lv`¨ cv‡Îi mv‡_

1 dzU PIov cvwbi cvÎ ˆZix Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Mvfxi N‡ii mv‡_B GKcv‡k¦© evQy‡ii

_vKvi Rb¨ c„_K RvqMv _vK‡e Ges mv‡_ gy³fv‡e wePi‡Yi ¯’vbI _vK‡Z n‡e| Db¥y³

N‡i wb‡¤œv³ nv‡i ¯’v‡bi cª‡qvRb| G ai‡bi evm¯’v‡bi RvqMv †ekx ìKvi, e¨q

eûjI eë¯’vcbv KóKi|

cï N‡ii ¯’vb Db¥y³¯’vb Lv`¨ cvÎ

Mvfx 20 †_‡K 30 eM©dzU 80 †_‡K 100 eM©dzU 20 †_‡K 24 BwÂ

Mf©eZx Mvfx 100 †_‡K 120 eM©dzU 180 †_‡K 200 eM©dzU 24 †_‡K 30 BwÂ

evošÍ evQyi 15 †_‡K 20 eM©dzU 50 †_‡K 60 eM©dzU 15 †_‡K 20 BwÂ

luvo 120 †_‡K 140 eM©dzU 200 †_‡K 250 eM©dzU 24 †_‡K 30 BwÂ

gwnl 25 †_‡K 30 eM©dzU 80 †_‡K 100 eM©dzU 24 †_‡K 30 BwÂ

cÖPwjZ evm¯’vb

GB cÖKvi N‡i Miæ m¤ú~Y© evav Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GKwU AvaywbK Lvgv‡i myôz I ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z

eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ mvaviYZt wb‡¤v³ Nimg~n _vKv DwPZ|

1. `y»eZx Mvfxi Ni (Cow shed)

2. ev”Pv cÖm‡ei Ni (Calving shed)

3. ‡ivMvµvšÍ cïi Ni (Isolation shed)

4. evQy‡ii Ni (Sheds for young stocks)

5. luvo ev ej‡ì Ni (Bull or Bullock’s Shed)

GQvovI Lv`¨ ¸`vg, Awdm, †÷vi iæg, Miæi †Mvei I †bvsov AveR©bv Rgv nIqvi ¯’vb

BZ¨vw` evm¯’v‡bi mv‡_ AšÍf©~³ _vKv ìKvi|

`y»eZx Mvfxi evm¯’vb

GK mvwi ev `yB mvwi‡Z Miæ euvavi myweavhy³ Ni wbg©vY Kiv hvq| `yB mvwi‡Z euvavi

myweavhy³ Ni Avevi `yBfv‡e †hgb-cï¸‡jv gy‡LvgywL ùvov‡bv A_ev wecixZ w`‡K gyL

K‡i ùvov‡bvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i ˆZix Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Mvfxi msL¨v Aí n‡j GK mvwie×

NiB †kªq| `y»eZx Mvfxi N‡ii †g‡S cvKv, j¤^v cvk¦©Øq Db¥y³ Z‡e N‡ii cÖk¯Í cvk¦©Øq

Miæ cÖ‡e‡ki iv¯Ív ev‡` 4-5 dzU DuPz †`qvj _vK‡Z n‡e| N‡ii QvDwb †XDwUb ev cvKv

n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e N‡ii QvDbx cvKv nIqv DËg|

`y»eZx Mvfxi N‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq myweav

1| (K) Miæ `vuov‡bvi ¯’vb t Ave× N‡i Miæ ùvov‡bvi ¯’vb‡K wewfbœfv‡e ˆZix

Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e D‡Ïk¨ n‡e Avivg`vqK Ae¯’vq cï‡K †eu‡a ivLv|

mvaviYZt wR,AvB,cvBc Øviv GB ¯’vb ˆZix Kiv nq Ges Miæ euvavi Rb¨


11

†jvnvi wkKj/cv‡Ui iwk eënvi Kiv nq| ùvov‡bvi Rb¨ Mvfx cÖwZ 6 dzU

ˆ`N©¨ wewkó ¯’vb jv‡M|

(L) Lv`¨ cvÎ I cvwbi cvÎ t mvaviYZt BU ev Ksµx‡Ui ˆZix n‡j `xN©¯’vqx nq

Ges cwi¯‹vi ivL‡ZI myweav nq| Lv`¨ cvÎ ˆ`‡N©¨ 2 dzU I D”PZvq 1.5 †_‡K

2 dzU n‡e| Lv`¨ cv‡Îi mv‡_B A‡Uv‡gwUK cvwbi cvÎ ¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i

A_ev B‡Ui ev Ksµx‡Ui n‡Z cv‡i|

(M) PjvP‡ji c_ t `yB mvwi AšÍtgyLx N‡ii gvSLv‡b PjvP‡ji Rb¨ 4 dzU c_ n‡jB

h‡_ó| wKš‘ ewntgyLx N‡ii Rb¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKUz cÖk¯Í A_©vr 5 dzU n‡j

fvj nq| c‡_i ga¨fvM †_‡K b`©gvi w`‡K 1.0 †_‡K 1.5 dzU Xvjy n‡Z n‡e|

(N) gjg~Î wb¯‹vk‡bi b`©gv t b`©gv ch©vß cwigv‡Y PIov n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z N‡ii

mg¯Í gjg~Î I Ab¨vb¨ AveR©bv mn‡RB P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| b`©gv 1 dzU cÖk¯Í

I N‡ii evB‡ii w`‡K µgkt Xvjy n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z N‡ii b`©gvi gqjv mn‡RB

evvB‡ii cÖavb b`©gvq wM‡q co‡Z cv‡i|

(O) ìRv t GK mvwie× N‡ii ìRv 5 dzU PIov I 7 dzU DuPz wKš‘ `yB mvwie×

N‡ii ìRv 8 †_‡K 9 dzU cÖk¯Í n‡Z n‡e|

2| ev”Pv cÖm‡ei Ni t `y»eZx Mvfxi N‡i ev”Pv cÖme Kiv‡bv DwPZ bq| G‡Z

wewfbœ iK‡gi Amyweav n‡Z cv‡i| cÖm‡ei Ni ch©vß Av‡jv evZvmhy³ Ges

100 †_‡K 150 eM©dzU AvqZb wewkó n‡Z n‡e| G N‡i Lo ev Ab¨ wKQy Øviv

big weQvbvi eë¯’v K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

3| †ivMvµvšÍ cïi Ni t Mevw` cï wewfbœ cÖKvi msµvgK †ivM Øviv AvµvšÍ

n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB Lvgv‡ii †Kvb cï Amy¯’ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡K c„_K

fv‡e ivLvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| G ai‡bi Ni Lvgv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ Ni †_‡K †ek

LvwbKUv `y‡i n‡Z nq| 150 eM©dzU AvqZ‡bi N‡iB Amy¯’ cï‡K ivLvi eë¯’v

Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

4| evQy‡ii Ni t evQyi‡K KLbB eo Miæi mv‡_ GK ms‡M ivLv hv‡e bv| evQy‡ii

N‡i ch©vß Av‡jv evZvm jvM‡Z n‡e Ges me mgq cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLvi

eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| evQy‡ii Ni müvZm¨v‡Z gqjv AveR©bvgq n‡j evQy‡ii k¦vm

Kó n‡Z cv‡i| myôz eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ evQyi‡K wZbwU `‡j fvM Kiv hvq|

K. GK eQ‡ii Kg eqmx

L. GK eQ‡ii †ekx eqmx eKbv evQyi

M. GK eQ‡ii †ekx eqmx Gu‡o evQyi|

evQyi‡K wZb mßvn eqm ch©šÍ c„_K fv‡e jvjb cvjb Kiv fvj; c‡i 3 gvm eqm

ch©šÍ 4-5 wUi `j K‡i, `j wnmv‡e c„_Kfv‡e jvjb cvjb Kiv DËg| GK eQ‡ii Kg


12

eqmx evQy‡ii Ni gv‡qi N‡ii KvQvKvwQ nIqv evÃbxq| evQy‡ii N‡ii mv‡_B gy³fv‡e

†Nviv‡divi Rb¨ Db¥y³ ¯’vb ivL‡Z n‡e Ges GB ¯’vb cvKv n‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU evQy‡ii Rb¨

10 eM©dzU wnmv‡e Db¥y³ ¯’vb ivLv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| evQyi‡K AviI fvjfv‡e jvjb cvjb Kivi

Rb¨ GK eQi eq‡mi evQyi¸‡jv‡K wZbwU `‡j fvM Kiv hvq | †hgb-

K. wZb gvm eqm ch©šÍ evQy‡ii `j

L. wZb-Qq gvm eqm ch©šÍ evQy‡ii `j

M. Qq-evi gvm eqm ch©šÍ evQy‡ii `j|

evQy‡ii evm¯’v‡b wb‡¤œv³ cwigvY RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb

eqm N‡i ¯’vb (eM©dzU) gy³fv‡e wePi‡Yi Db¥y³ ¯’vb (eM©dzU)

1 †_‡K 3 gvm 20 †_‡K 25 10 †_‡K 20

3 †_‡K 6 gvm 25 †_‡K 30 30 †_‡K 40

6 †_‡K 12 gvm 30 †_‡K 40 50 †_‡K 60

12 gvm - 40 †_‡K 50 80 †_‡K 100

evQy‡ii Ni‡KI `y»eZx Mvfxi N‡ii gZ gvSvgvwS c‡_i `yB cv‡k¦© ùvov‡bvi eë¯’vhy³

K‡i ˆZix Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Dfq cv‡k¦© gy³fv‡e †Nviv‡divi Db¥y³ ¯’vb _vK‡e|

Miæi evm¯’vb wbg©vY c×wZ

evm¯’vb ˆZixi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L, Lvgv‡ii D‡Ïk¨, cïi msL¨v, gvwj‡Ki Avw_©K

Ae¯’v Ges m‡e©vcwi ¯’vbxq AvenvIqv I cwi‡ek Dc‡hvMx K‡i cïi evm¯’vb wbg©vY

Ki‡Z n‡e| †QvU AvKv‡ii †hgb 5-15wU Mvfxi `y» Lvgv‡ii Rb¨ Lv`¨cvÎ, cvwbi cvÎ,

†g‡S I †Wªb cvKv K‡i cïi Ni wbg©vY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi N‡i Kv‡Vi /cyiv‡bv

wR AvB cvBc/ Ksµx‡Ui LyuwUi Dc‡i wU‡bi A_ev Gm‡emUm A_ev L‡oi QvDbx †Ìqv

†h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z fv‡e jvjb cvjbI Kiv hv‡e, Avevi So-e„wó I

cÖwZK‚j cwi‡ek †_‡K cï‡K iÿv Kiv hv‡e| cÖwZwU eq¯‹ cïi Rb¨ 80 eM©dzU cwigvY

RvqMv n‡jB Pj‡e| A_©vr cÖwZwUi Rb¨ Lv`¨ I cvwbi cv‡Îi ˆ`N©¨ 2 dzU, ùvov‡bvi ¯’vb

6 dzU, †Wªb 1 dzU, Lv`¨ †Ìqvi c_ 3 dzU, cï PjvP‡ji Rb¨ 4 dzU Ges GB mKj

¯’vbB 6 dzU K‡i cÖk¯Í n‡e| Gi d‡j cÖwZwU kixi eivei ¯’vb cv‡e 16 dzU K‡i Ges

AvovAvwo w`‡K cv‡e 5 dzU K‡i A_©vr 16 x 5 = †gvU 80 eM©dzU| GBfv‡e Mvfxi Ni

RvqMvi cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i GKmvwi ev `yBmvwi wewkó K‡i ˆZix Kiv hvq|


13

Miæi GKmvwii evm¯’vb

Miæi `yBmvwii evm¯’vb (†dm Uz †dm)

GK mvwi wewkó mvaviY N‡ii bgybv

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

4

4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6


14

1bs - Lv`¨ cÖ`v‡bi iv¯Ív t 3´x 5´ = 15 eM©dzU

2bs - Lv`¨ cvÎ t 2´x 3´ = 6 eM©dzU

3bs - cvwbi cvÎ t 2´x 4´= 8 eM©dzU

4bs - Miæ ùvov‡bvi ¯’vb t 6´x 5´= 30 eM©dzU

5bs - †Wªb t 1´x 5´= 5 eM©dzU

6bs - Miæ PjvP‡ji c_ t 4´x 5´= 20 eM©dzU

‡gvUt 80 eM©dzU

Mvfx Wv‡K Avmv ev Mig nIqvi jÿY, bxie Mig I myôz cÖRbb eë¯’vcbv

jÿ¨t 1| GB Awa‡ek‡b AskMÖn‡Yi ci AskMÖnYKvixe„›` Mvfx Wv‡K Avmv/ Mig nIqvi

jÿY¸wj wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| bxie Mig wK Ges Zv eySevi Dcvq I Kibxq wK Zv eySv‡Z mÿg n‡eb;

3| myôz cÖRbb eë¯’vcbv Av_©vr cÖRb‡bi Dchy³ mgq wbY©q Ges KLb I wKfv‡e cÖRbb

eë¯’v Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mvfx Wv‡K Avmv ev Mig nIqvi jÿY t

Mvfxi Wv‡K Avmv ev Mig nIqv mwVKfv‡e wba©viY KivI jvfRbK `y» Lvgvi ev Mvfx

cvj‡bi Ab¨Zg Ask| Wv‡K Avmv ev Mig nIqv mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j mgqgZ

cÖRbb Kiv‡bv hvq bv, Avi mgq gZ cÖRbb Kiv‡Z bv cvi‡j Mvfxi Mf©aviY n‡e bv|

mvaviYZt Mvfxi Mi‡gi ¯’vqxZ¡Kvj 6 †_‡K 24 N›Uv| Z‡e KLbI KLbI GB mgq

mswÿß n‡Z cv‡i| Mi‡gi jÿY wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ iKg nq| mvaviYZt †fvi 6 Uv †_‡K

mÜ¨v 6 Uv ch©šÍ Mvfxi †hŠb D‡ËRbvi jÿY cÖKvk cvIqvi m¤¢vebv me‡P‡q †ekx _v‡K|

Mvfx / eKbv mvaviYZt 18 n‡Z 24 w`b ci ci Mig nq Ges wW¤^vk‡q wW¤^vby eo nIqvi

mv‡_ mv‡_B Zv ïiæ nq| MigKvj‡K wZbfv‡M fvM K‡i Mi‡gi ev Wv‡K Avmvi jÿY

eY©bv Kiv hvq t

1) Mi‡gi cÖv_wgK fv‡Mi jÿY mg~n

y Ab¨ Mvfxi Dci jvdv‡bvi †Póv K‡i|

y Ab¨ Mvfxi †hŠbvs‡Mi MÜ ïu‡K|

y mvnPh© ev msM cvIqvi Rb¨ †LvuRvLyuwR Ki‡Z _v‡K|

y µ‡gB Mvfx AkvšÍ n‡q D‡V|

y Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ekx mZK© n‡q hvq|


15

y ‡hvwb gyL †fRv †fRv I Blr †dvjv n‡q hvq|

y Mvfx WvKvWvwK K‡i|

2) Mi‡gi ga¨fv‡Mi jÿY mg~n

GB mgqKvj 6-18 N›Uv| GB mg‡q Mvfx‡Z wb‡¤œv³ jÿY cÖKvk cvq t

y Ab¨ Mvfxi Dci jvwd‡q D‡V I Ab¨‡KI wb‡Ri wc‡V DVvi Rb¨ Pzc K‡i _v‡K|

y AkvšÍ _v‡K|

y AZ¨šÍ mZK© n‡q D‡V|

y Kvb bvovPvov K‡i|

y ‡Kvgi bxPz nq I †j‡Ri †Mvovq ms‡hvM¯’j DuPz n‡q D‡V|

y Ab¨ Mvfxi †hŠbvsM ïK‡Z _v‡K|

y ‡hvwb gyL †dv‡j D‡V I jvj‡P is aviY K‡i|

y ‡hŠbvsM †_‡K AvVvj c`v_© (mucous) wbtm„Z nq|

y mvaviYZt Kg Lvq I `ya Kg nq|

y ‡jR I wcQbfv‡M AvVvj c`v_© †j‡M _v‡K|

y Ab¨ †hŠbvsM wb‡R ïu‡K I wb‡Ri †hŠbvsM Ab¨ Miæ‡K ïuK‡Z †`q|

y ‡hŠbvsM †_‡K AvVvj c`v_© wbtm„Z nq|

y ‡j‡R ïKbv AvVvj c`v_© †j‡M _v‡K|

3) cÖRb‡bi Dchy³ mgq

Mvfx ev eKbv cÖRb‡bi me‡P‡q Dchy³ mgq Mi‡gi ga¨fv‡Mi †k‡l I Z…Zxq ev †kl

fv‡Mi ïiæi gyû‡Z©| †Kvb Mvfx †fvi ‡ejvq Mig n‡j Zv‡K 12 N›Uv ci we‡K‡j cÖRbb

Kiv‡Z n‡e| hw` cieZx© mKvj ch©šÍ Mig _v‡K ZLb cybivq cÖRbb Kiv‡j fvj dj cvIqv

hvq| Mig ïiæi mgq †_‡K 12-18 N›Uvi g‡a¨ Mvfx cÖRb‡bi me‡P‡q DrK…ó mgq|

bxie Mig (Silent Heat)wd«wmqvb ksKi Rv‡Zi Mvfx wKsev eKbv‡Z A‡bK mgq Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ Mig nIqvi

jÿYmg~n ‡`Lv hvqbv| d‡j A‡bK cïi gvwjK Mvfx Mig nqwb / Wv‡K Av‡mwb e‡j

f~j K‡i| GB Aev¯’v‡KB Mvfx ev eKbv‡K bxie Mig nIqv e‡j| Mvfx hw` evi evi

bxi‡e Mig n‡Z _v‡K Ges gvwjK eyS‡Z bv‡c‡i cÖRbb bv Kivq Zvn‡j MvfxwU wa‡i

wa‡i eÜ¨vq cwibZ n‡e| Kv‡RB GB Ae¯’v †ekx w`b Pj‡Z †`qv hv‡ebv| myZivs eKbv

Mig nIqvi eqm cvi nIqv m‡ËI wKsev Mvfxi ev”PvcÖm‡ei wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ hw` Mig

nIqvi †Kvb jÿY †Pv‡L bv c‡o Zvn‡j Mfxi fv‡e jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e eKbv/MvfxwU

bxi‡e Mig n‡”Q wKbv|


16

bxie Mig †Pbvi Dcvq

bxie Mig eySvi Rb¨ cÖwZ w`b ‡fv‡i †Mvqvj Ni †_‡K Miæ †ei Ki‡Z jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e

1. MvfxwU †hLv‡b †g‡S‡Z ï‡q _v‡K †hŠbvsM eivei gvwU‡Z AvVvj c`v_© ev

wgDKvm c‡o Av‡Q wK bv|

2. A_ev †j‡Ri †Mvov‡Z wKsev Av‡k cv‡k AvVvj c`v_© ev wgDKvm †g‡L Av‡Q wKbv|

3. A_ev †hŠbvsM w`‡q 1-2 †dvUv AvVvj c`v_© ev wgDKvm co‡Q wK bv|

hw` GiKg wKQ~ †`Lv hvq Zvn‡jB eyS‡Z n‡e MvfxwU bxi‡e Mig n‡”Q Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î

12 †_‡K 18 N›Uvi g‡a¨ cÖRbb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

myôz cÖRbb eë¯’vcbv

`y» Lvgvi ev Mvfx cvjb jvfRbK Ki‡Z n‡j myôz cÖRb‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i Mvfxi

Mf©aviY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| fvj eë¯’vcbv fvj dj jv‡fi cÖv_wgK kZ©| myôzfv‡e

cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¤v³ eë¯’vejx AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i t

y Mvfxi Mig Ae¯’v mwVKfv‡e wbY©‡qi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ Mig nIqvi Dc‡hvMx

Mvfx¸‡jv‡K w`‡b wZbevi ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|

y cÖRbb, Mf©aviY, ev”Pv cÖme, Mi‡g Avmv BZ¨vw` msµvšÍ Z_¨ †iKW© ivL‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfx Mig n‡j mwVK mg‡q K…wÎg cÖRbb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

y `ÿ †jvK Øviv K…wÎg cÖRbb I Mf©aviY cixÿv Kiv‡Z n‡e|

y cÖRb‡bi c~‡e© I c‡i Mvfx‡K Kgc‡ÿ GKN›Uv wekªv‡g ivL‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfx ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci Kgc‡ÿ 60 †_‡K 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ cybivq cÖRbb

Kiv‡Z n‡e|

y GKevi cÖRbb Kiv‡bvi ci †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Mvfx cybivq Mig nq wKbv|

y cÖRbb Kiv‡bvi 3 gv‡mi g‡a¨ Mf©aviY cixÿv Kiv‡Z n‡e| Mf©aviY bv

Ki‡j Zvi KviY AbymÜvb K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

Mvfxi Mf©ve¯’v wbY©q

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mvfxi Mf©avi‡bi evwn¨K jÿY ¸wj wK Zv

ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Mvfx Mf©avi‡bi Avf¨šÍixb cwieZ©b ¸wj wK nq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| Mf©avib wb×©vi‡bi Rb¨ ivmvqwbK cixÿvi wel‡q Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|


17

Mvfxi Mf©ve¯’v wbY©q c×wZ t

1| evwn¨K jÿY †`‡L;

2| wiKUvg ev gjvkq c‡_ nvZ XywK‡q Avf¨šÍixb cwieZ©b Abyfe K‡i|

1) Mf©avi‡Yi evwn¨K jÿY mg~n

y Mvfx kvšÍ I wai w¯’i n‡e|

y 18 †_‡K 24 w`b ci ci Mig n‡e bv|

y luvo Gwo‡q Pj‡e, Mvfxi ‡Pnviv D¾¡j n‡Z _vK‡e I ‡jvg PKP‡K n‡e|

y Mvfxi `y» Drcv`b µgvš^‡q K‡g hv‡e|

y Mvfxi †cU µgkt eo n‡Z _vK‡e Ges †kl w`‡K ev”Pvi bovPov eySv hv‡e|

y ‡hvwbgyL µgkt dzjv dzjv I big n‡Z _vK‡e|

y Ijvb µ‡gB eo n‡Z _vK‡e I evU w`‡q `y‡ai gZ Km †ei n‡e|

2) Avf¨šÍixY cwieZ©b (hv gjØv‡ii wfZi nvZ w`‡q Abyfe Kiv hvq)

mvaviYZt cÖRb‡bi 12 mßvn ci GBfv‡e cixÿv Kiv hvq| GB cixÿvi Rb¨

cixÿvKvix‡K AwfÁ I G wel‡q cvi`kx© n‡Z n‡e|

y RivqyMÖxev eÜ _v‡K|

y wW¤^vk‡qi Kicvm wjDwUqvg eo n‡Z _v‡K|

y Mf©vk‡q ev”Pv Abyfe Kiv hvq|

ivmvqwbK cixÿv

wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` w`‡q Mf© cixÿv Kiv hvq| Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU cixÿvi

weeiYx GLv‡b †`Iqv nj|

y GB †ÿ‡Î RviY weRviY BbwW‡KUi e¨envi Kiv nq|

y GKwU ‡Uó wUD‡e 3 wgtwjt Mvfxi g~‡Îi g‡a¨ mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq 0.6 wgtwjt

†mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU BbwW‡KUi †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

y wUDewU GKUz SvwK‡q BbwW‡KUi I g~Î fvjfv‡e wgwk‡q w`‡Z n‡e, Ges 30

†m‡KÛ mgq A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|

y BbwW‡KUi I g~‡Îi wgkªYwU meyR eY© aviY Ki‡e|

y MvfxwU Mf©eZx n‡j 10 wgwbU †i‡L w`‡jI wgkªYwU cwieZ©b n‡e bv, wKš‘

Mf©nxb Mvfxi g~Î n‡j wgkªYwU 30 †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨B c~‡e©i eY© aviY Ki‡e|


18

Mf©eZx Mvfxi hZœ I Mvfxi Lv`¨ eë¯’v

jÿ¨ 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mf©eZx Mvfxi wK wK hZœ †bqv ìKvi Zv

ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Mf©eZx Mvfxi Rb¨ wK Lv`¨ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Zv eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

Mf©eZx Mvfxi hZœ I Mvfxi Lv`¨ eë¯’v

Mvfx mvaviYZt 270 †_‡K 290 w`b wbR M‡f© evQyi enb K‡i| GB mgq‡KB Mf©Kvj

(Gestation period) e‡j| Mf©ve¯’vq Mvfxi hZœ I Ab¨vb¨ cwiPh©vi DciB ¯^vfvweK

cÖme, fvj evQyi, `y» Drcv`b I cieZx© Kv‡j ¯^vfvweK Mf©aviY wbf©i K‡i| Kv‡RB

Mvfx cvj‡bi †ÿ‡Î Mf©eZx Mvfxi hZœ I Lv`¨ m¤^‡Ü Rvbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

Mf©eZx Mvfxi hZœ t

y Mvfxi Mf©aviY Kv‡ji wnmve I m¤¢ve¨ ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ZvwiL Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e|

y Mf©Kv‡ji mvZ gvm ch©šÍ Mvfxi Lv`¨, cwiPh©v, `ya †`vnb ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB

Pj‡e| Z‡e 7 gv‡mi c‡iB Mvfx‡K Aek¨B c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e| GB mgq Lv`¨,

cwiPh©v I evm¯’vb Mvfxi Ae¯’vi Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e||

y ch©vß Av‡jv evZvm hy³ mycwimi, mn‡RB Mvfx bov Pov Ki‡Z cv‡i GiKg

N‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfxi Ni ˆ`wbK cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRb n‡j RxevYybvkK

Jla wgwkªZ cvwb Øviv ay‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfx †hb ‡Kv_vI c‡o wM‡q AvNvZ bv cvq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

Mf©eZx Mvfxi hZœ t

y Mf©eZx Mvfxi Dci Ab¨ †Kvb Miæ ev cÖvYx †hb jvwd‡q DV‡Z bv cv‡i †mw`‡K

†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

y Mf©ve¯’vi 7 †_‡K 8 gv‡mB `ya †`vnb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| `y‡ai cÖevn eÜ bv n‡j

`vbv Lv`¨ wKQyUv Kwg‡q w`‡Z n‡e Z‡e Mvfxi ¯^v¯’¨ hv‡Z †f‡½ bv hvq †mw`‡K

jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfxi †kvevi RvqMv‡Z Lo w`‡q weQvbv ˆZix K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| weQvbvi Lo

†bvsiv n‡q †M‡j Zv cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov weQvbvi Lo ˆ`wbK

†iv‡` ïKv‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfx‡K †Kvbµ‡gB fq cvIqv‡bv, `ªæZ Zvov‡bv ev D‡ËwRZ A_ev D‡Ëv³ Kiv

Pj‡e bv|

y cÖm‡ei `yB mßvn Av‡M mn‡R nRg nq I kixi VvÛv _v‡K Ggb Lv`¨ LvIqv‡Z

n‡e| G Ae¯’vq Mvfx †hb ch©vß weï× cvwb cvq Zvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

kx‡Zi mgq cvwb Kzmyg Kzmyg Mig K‡i LvIqv‡Z n‡e|


19

y Mi‡gi w`b n‡j Mvfx‡K cÖwZw`b †Mvmj Kiv‡Z n‡e|

y Avmbœ cÖmev Mvfx‡K me mgq †Pv‡L †Pv‡L ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖm‡ei 2/3 w`b Av‡M

†_‡K mve©ÿwYK bRi ivL‡Z n‡e|

Mvfxi Lv`¨ eë¯’v

Mevw` cïi mylg Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx‡Z AwZ myÿè I h_v m¤¢e mnRfv‡e mylg Lv`¨

cÖ¯‘‡Zi weeiY †Ìqv Av‡Q| ZeyI GLv‡b Lye mvaviYfv‡e Mvfxi Lv‡`ï cwigvY

cwigvc Kivi c×wZ †Ìqv n‡jvt

1| kixi iÿvKvix Lv`¨ t mvaviY fv‡e kix‡ii e„w×mvab/`ya Drcv`b/Mf©Kvjxb mgq

Qvov ïaygvÎ kixi iÿv/†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ †h Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡KB kixi iÿvKvix

Lv`¨ e‡j| ‡hgb-

y ‡`kx Miæi Rb¨ t Lo 4 †KwR A_ev 2 †KwR Lo I 10 †KwR KuvPv Nvm|

`vbv`vi Lv`¨ 1-1.25 †KwR|

y ksKi RvZ Miæi Rb¨ t Lo 4-6 †KwR A_ev 3 †KwR Lo I 10 †KwR KuvPv

Nvm| `vbv`vi Lv`¨ 2 †KwR|

2| Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Lv`¨ t kixi iÿvKvix Lv`¨mn `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †h AwZwi³

Lv`¨ †Ìqv nq Zv‡K Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Lv`¨ ejv n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb-

y ‡`kx Miæi Rb¨ t cÖwZ 2.5 wjUvi `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 1 †KwR nv‡i `vbv`vi

Lv`¨ †ekx w`‡Z n‡e|

y ksKi RvZ Miæi Rb¨ t cÖwZ 2 ‡KwR `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 1 †KwR nv‡i

`vbv`vi Lv`¨ †ekx w`‡Z n‡e|

3| Mf©ve¯’vi Rb¨ Lv`¨ t Mf©eZx Mvfxi †ejvq M‡f©i 5g gvm †_‡K ev”Pv cÖme ch©šÍ

Mf©¯’ ev”Pvi mwVK e„w× I cieZx©‡Z ch©vß `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ kixi iÿvKvix Lv`¨mn

AwZwi³ Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| ‡hgb-

y ‡`kx Miæi Rb¨ t 1.25 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨|

y ksKi RvZ Miæi Rb¨ t 1.75 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨|

Z‡e AwaK `y» Drcv`bkxj Mvfxi Rb¨ ev”Pv cÖm‡ei 6 mßvn c~e© †_‡K Mvfxi Ijv‡bi

c~Y©Zv jv‡fi Rb¨ kixi iÿvKvix Lv‡`ï AwZwi³ wnmv‡e wb‡¤v³ Lv`¨ c~e© n‡Z cÖ`vb

Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-

y ‡`kx Miæi Rb¨ t 2-3 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨|

y ksKi RvZ Miæi Rb¨ t 4-5 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨|


20

Mvfxi Rb¨ GKwU `vbv`vi Lv`¨ wgkªYt

M‡gi fywl-42%+PvD‡ji Kzov 20%+ wZ‡ji ˆLj 20%+ fv½v †Lkvix/ gvmKvjvB

15%+ wSby‡Ki ¸ov 2%+ jeY 1%=100%|

hw` KuvPv Nvm cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _v‡K Z‡e cÖwZ 1 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨i cwie‡Z© 10 †KwR

KuvPv Nvm LvIqv‡bv hvq|

Mvfxi ˆ`bw›`b Lv`¨ cwigv‡ci Ab¨ GKwU mvaviY c×wZ

y Lo- ˆ`wnK IR‡bi kZKiv 1.5 fvM|

y KuvPv Nvm- ˆ`wnK IR‡bi kZKiv 3 fvM|

`vbv`vi Lv`¨-

y `y»nxbv/ï®‹ Mvfxi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b 2 †KwR Ges

y `y»eZx Mvfxi Rb¨ Dc‡iv³ 2 †KwR mn cÖwZ 2.5 wjUvi Drcvw`Z `y‡ai Rb¨

1 †KwR nv‡i `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †ekx w`‡Z n‡e|

GQvov ch©vß weï× cvwbi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

cÖm‡ei c~e©vfvm I cÖm‡ei c~‡e© KiYxq

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY cªm‡ei c~e©vfvm / jÿY¸wj wK Zv eb©bv

Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| cªm‡ei c~e©vfvm †`Lv †M‡j KiYxq wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

cÖm‡ei c~e©vfvm

jÿY t

y Mvfxi Ijvb eo n‡q hv‡e I evU w`‡q `yaRvZxq Zij c`v_© †ei n‡e|

y ‡hvwbgyL eo n‡q Sz‡j hv‡e Ges big I †dvjv †dvjv n‡e|

y ‡cU Sz‡j hv‡e|

y †j‡Ri †Mvovq `yB cv‡ki i‡Mi ¯’v‡b M‡Z©i gZ n‡e|

y ‡hvwbgyL w`‡q AvVvj Zij c`v_©/wgDKvm wbM©Z n‡e|

y Mvfx Nb Nb cÖmve Kivi †Póv Ki‡e|

y cÖme †e`bv †`Lv w`‡j Mvfx LvIqv eÜ Ki‡e Ges Av‡bK mgq Nb Nb

DV-em Ki‡e|


21

cÖm‡ei mgq (cÖme cÖwµqv)

y ‡hvwbgyL Ly‡j hv‡e Ges †hŠbvsM w`‡q d¬zBW ev Zij c`v_© (fv‡Zi cvZjv

gv‡oi g‡Zv) c‡o hv‡e|

y Gi ci Mvfx †Kuv_ w`‡Z _vK‡e Ges wa‡i wa‡i evQy‡ii mvg‡bi `yB cv Ges

gv_v GK mv‡_ †hvwb c‡_ †ei n‡Z †`Lv hv‡e|

y GB mgq GK nv‡Z evQy‡ii `yB cv Ges Ab¨ nv‡Z evQy‡ii gyL ev gv_v a‡i

nvév fv‡e Uvb w`‡j wa‡i wa‡i evQyi †ei n‡q Avm‡e|

y hw` evQy‡ii mvg‡bi `yB cv †ei nq Ges gv_v bv Av‡m Zvn‡j `yB cv a‡i Uvbv

Uvwb Kiv hv‡ebv| Ki‡j evQyi †c‡Ui g‡a¨ AvU‡K hv‡e Ges Avi †ei n‡e

bv| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î †hvwbc‡_ nvZ XywK‡q gv_v †eiK‡i cv Ges gv_v GKmv‡_

†U‡b evQyi †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|

y hw` mnRfv‡e cÖme bv nq Ges †Kvb RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡j `ªæZ cÖvYxwPwKrmK‡K

WvK‡Z n‡e| bvn‡j evQy‡ii g„Zz¨ mn Mvfxi Rxeb wecbœ n‡Z cv‡i|

cÖm‡ei c‡i KiYxq

y evQyi‡K †MvQj Kiv‡bv hv‡e bv|

y big I cwi¯‹vi Kvco w`‡q evQy‡ii bvK I gy‡Li †fZi gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e|

y B‡Zvg‡a¨ evQyi kvm-cÖk¦vm wb‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e| hw` Zv bv nq Zvn‡j SvSv‡jv

†Kvb c`v_© †hgbt mwilvi †Zj ev Ab¨ wKQy nv‡Zi Avs¸‡j †g‡L bv‡Ki

mvg‡b ai‡j kvm-cÖk¦vm wb‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e

y G‡ZI bv n‡j wb‡Ri gyL evQy‡ii gy‡L jvwM‡q gyL fwZ© evZvm evQy‡ii gy‡L

w`‡q duy w`‡Z n‡e| GB fv‡e `‡g `‡g gy‡L K…wÎg kvm w`‡j evQyi kvm-cÖk¦vm

wb‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e|

y hw` evQy‡ii k¦vm-cÖk¦vm bv P‡j Z‡e ey‡Ki Dci nvZ w`‡q Avj‡Zvfv‡e Pvc

w`‡q A_ev cÖm‡ei ci ciB hw` evQyi kvm-cÖk¦vm wb‡Z ïiæ bv K‡i Zvn‡j

Aíÿ‡bi g‡a¨B evQyi gviv hv‡e|

y ¯^vfvweK cÖme n‡q †M‡j evQyi‡K Mvfxi Kv‡Q w`‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfxi wcQ‡bi Ask I cÖm‡ei iv¯Ívi evB‡ii ¯’vb RxevYybvkK Jla wgwkªZ

cvwb w`‡q fvjfv‡e cwi¯‹vi K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Mig cvwb‡Z wbgcvZv w`‡q †mB

cvwbI GKB Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv hvq|

y Mvfxi VvÛv jvM‡j GKUz DòZvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

y ¯^vfvweK cÖme n‡q †M‡j mvaviYZt 3 †_‡K 8 N›Uvi g‡a¨ dzj c‡o hvq| dzj

covi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv gvwUi bx‡P cyu‡Z †dj‡Z n‡e| Mvfx †hb †Kvbµ‡gB dzj

ïuK‡Z ev †L‡q †dj‡Z bv cv‡i †mw`‡K Zxÿè bRi ivL‡Z n‡e| dzj †L‡j

Mvfxi `y» Drcv`b gvivZ¥Kfv‡e K‡g hv‡e|


22

y hw` 12 N›Uvi g‡aÏ dzj bv c‡o Z‡e cïwPwKrm‡Ki mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Kzmyg Kzmyg Mig cvwb ev GiKg cvwb‡Z ˆZix ¸‡oi mieZ Mvfx‡K LvIqv‡bv

†h‡Z cv‡i|

y Mvfx‡K evi evi †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfx‡K cÖ_g wKQyw`b nvjKv Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e †hgb- Mig cvwb‡Z †fRv‡bv

M‡gi f~wl I KuvPv Nvm †L‡Z †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

y Mvfx †`vn‡bi Av‡M I c‡i Mvfxi Ijvb, Zj‡cU, Avk-cvk Dò Mig cvwb

w`‡q ay‡q cwi¯‹vi Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e|

y evQyi‡K kvj`ya †L‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|

y evQyi‡K euv‡U `ya LvIqv‡bvi Av‡M Ijvb GKBfv‡e ay‡q gy‡Q wb‡Z n‡e Ges

G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g LvwbKUv `ya †d‡j w`‡q c‡i evQyi‡K kvj`ya †L‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|

KviY ev‡Ui cÖ_g `y‡a gqjv I RxevYy _vK‡Z cv‡i|

y Mvfxi Ni cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e I †kvevi RvqMv‡Z cwi¯‹vi ïKbv

L‡oi big weQvbv K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

m`¨ cÖm~Z evQy‡ii cwiPh©v I kvj`ya/KuvPjv `y‡ai ¸Yv¸Y

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY m`¨ cÖm~Z evQy‡ii hZœ wKfv‡e †bqv cÖ‡qvRb

Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| kvj`ya/KuvPjv `ya wK Ges †Kb evQyi‡K LvIqv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †m m¤^‡Ü eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

m`¨ cÖm~Z evQy‡ii cwiPh©v

evQyi R‡b¥i ciciB Zv‡K gv‡qi Kv‡Q w`‡Z n‡e| evQy‡ii bvK, gyL, †PvL, I kixi †_‡K

AvVv‡jv c`v_© †Zvqv‡j ev cwi¯‹vi Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e| bvfx AwZwi³ j¤^v n‡j

`yB BwÂ †i‡L aviv‡jv cwi¯‹vi KuvwP ev bZzb †eøW w`‡q †K‡U w`‡Z n‡e| KvUvi ci †mLv‡b

RxevYy bvkK c`v_© †hgb- wUbPvi Av‡qvwWb / m¨vfjb / †WUj Zzjv w`‡q jvMv‡Z n‡e|

AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB evQyi R‡b¥i GK N›Uvi g‡a¨B gv‡qi `ya Pzl‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb Kvi‡Y

hw` Zv bv cv‡i Z‡e gv‡qi `ya Pzl‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| gv‡qi cÖ_g kvj/KuvPjv `ya

evQy‡ii Rb¨ Acwinvh©| GB `ya LvIqv‡j evQy‡ii e„w× `ªæZ nq, ¯^v¯’¨ fvj _v‡K I †ivM

cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv R‡b¥| hw` wbR gv‡qi KuvPjv `ya bv _v‡K Z‡e Ab¨ †Kvb Mvfxi KuvPjv

`ya evQyi‡K LvIqv‡bvi eë¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| evQyi‡K w`‡b 3 †_‡K 4 evi GB `ya

LvIqv‡Z n‡e| hZw`b gv‡qi GB `ya _v‡K ZZw`bB evQyi‡K Zv LvIqv‡bv hv‡e| evQy‡ii

IRb Abycv‡Z ˆ`wbK 2 †_‡K 3 wjUvi KuvPjv `ya LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| evQyi LvIqvi

ci hw` KuvPjv `ya †e‡P hvq Z‡e †d‡j bv w`‡q ev bó bv K‡i Zv Lvgv‡ii Ab¨vb¨

evQyi‡K mvaviY `y‡ai gZB LvIqv‡bv hv‡e|


23

kvj/KuvPjv `y‡ai ¸Yv¸Y

y ‡ivM cÖwZ‡ivaK Dcv`vb _v‡K|

y mvaviY `y‡ai Zzjbvq 3 †_‡K 5 ¸Y †ekx Avwgl _v‡K|

y wewfbœ LwbR`ªe¨ †hgb-Kcvi, †jŠn, g¨vsMvwbR, Ges g¨vM‡bwkqvg †ekx

cwigv‡Y _v‡K|

y mvaviY `y‡ai Zzjbvq 5 †_‡K 15 ¸Y †ekx wfUvwgb-G we`¨gvb _v‡K|

y evQy‡ii e„w×i Rb¨ Acwinvh© Ab¨vb¨ wfUvwgb †hgb- wi‡evd¬vwfb, †Kvwjb,

_vqvwgb, †cb‡Uv‡_wbK GwmW BZ¨vw` †ekx cwigv‡Y _v‡K|

y GB `ya evQy‡ii ¯^vfvweK cvqLvbv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i cwicvK Zš¿ my¯’ iv‡L|

evQyi jvjb-cvjb, evQy‡ii Lv`¨ eë¯’vcbv, eKbvi cÖRbb I †ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY evQyi cvjb m¤^‡Ü ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| evQy‡ii Lv`ëë¯’vcbv wKfv‡e cvjbKiv ìKvi Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| eKbvi cÖRbb I †ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evQyi cvjb

evQy‡ii hZœ g~jZt gv‡qi M‡f© _vKvKvjxbB ïiæ nq| Mvfx Mf©ve¯’vq mwVKfv‡e hZœ I

mylg Lv`¨ bv †c‡j my¯’ mej evQyi cvIqv hvq bv| Mf©ve¯’vi 5/6 gvm †_‡K Mf©¯’ evQy‡ii

e„w× `ªæZ NU‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡RB G mgq Mvfxi cÖwZ we‡kl hZœevb n‡Z nq| Mf©ve¯’vi Lv`¨

I hZœ ïay evQy‡ii e„w× mvabB K‡i bv cÖmeKvjxb aKj KvU‡ZI mnvqZv K‡i|

evQyi‡K gv‡qi ms‡M †i‡L A_ev m¤ú~Y© c„_Kfv‡e †i‡LI cvjb Kiv hvq| evQyi

fwel¨‡Z wK cwigvY `ya w`‡e Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i ‡Kgb K‡i evQyi‡K eo Kiv

nj Zvi Dci| fvj `y‡aj Rv‡Zi eKbv evQyi‡KI hw` myôzfv‡e jvjb cvjb Kiv bv nq

Z‡e fwel¨‡Z Zvi KvQ †_‡K Avkvbyiƒc `ya Drcv`b cvIqv hv‡e bv| GgbwK ÎæwUc~Y©

jvjb cvjb fwel¨‡Z evQy‡ii mšÍvb Drcv`‡bi ÿgZv‡KI bó K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|

evQy‡ii cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq we‡kl K‡i 6 gvm eqm ch©šÍ `ya Acwinvh©| evQy‡ii Rb¨ `ya

mnR cvP¨ I cywóKi Lv`¨| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †h me ksKi Rv‡Zi evQyi Rb¥ jvf Ki‡Q

†m mKj evQyi †ekxifvM †ÿ‡ÎB cwigvY gZ gv‡qi `ya cvq bv; d‡j µ‡gB `ye©j

n‡q c‡o| †`kx Rv‡Zi Zzjbvq ksKi Rv‡Zi evQy‡ii AvKvi eo e‡j Zv‡ì Pvwn`vI

†ekx| Kv‡RB ksKi Rv‡Zi evQyi Rb¥ jvf Ki‡j †m hv‡Z cwigvY gZ `ya cvq

†mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| Mvfxi `ya hZUzKzB †nvK bv †Kb evQy‡ii Rb¨ ch©vß †i‡L

†`vnb Kiv DwPZ|


24

evQy‡ii Lv`¨ e¨e¯’vcbv

evQyi‡K kix‡ii IR‡bi `k fvM `ya LvIqv‡Z n‡e| Z‡e cÖ_g gv‡m 3 †_‡K 4

wjUv‡ii †ekx `ya bv LvIqv‡bvB fvj| hw` evQyi‡K gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K c„_Kfv‡e ivLv

nq Z‡e cv‡Î `ya LvIqv‡bvi Af¨vm Kiv‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b GKB mg‡q `ya LvIqv‡Z

n‡e| gv‡qi Ijvb †_‡K Pz‡l †L‡Z bv w`‡j `ya 100 wWMÖx dvt Zv‡c Mig K‡i

LvIqv‡Z n‡e| `ya cÖ_g mßvn eq‡m 3 †_‡K 4 evi I cieZx© mg‡q w`‡b 2 evi K‡i

LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| evQy‡ii cwicvK Z‡š¿i myôz weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ_g mßvn ci †_‡KB

fvj gv‡bi wPKb Lo I KuvPv Nvm w`‡Z n‡e, ZvQvov 7-15 w`b eq‡mB mylg `vbv

RvZxq Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges µgvš^‡q `vbv Lv`¨ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| 8g

mßvn eqm †_‡K 500 MÖvg †_‡K 1 †KwR cwigvY `vbv Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e|

evQy‡ii Lv`¨ weeiYx

eqm (mßvn) mKvj weKvj weeiY

0 †_‡K 1 ch©šÍ

1 wjUvi

KvPjv/kvj `ya

1 wjUvi KvPjv/

kvj `ya

R‡b¥i ci †_‡K kvj/KvPjv `ya 7 w`b

ch©šÍ LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

2q ch©šÍ 1.5 wjUvi `ya 1.5 wjUvi `ya wKQy `vbv, wPKb Lo I KvuPvNvm w`‡Z n‡e|

3 †_‡K 12 ch©šÍ 2 wjUvi `ya 2 wjUvi `ya

8 mßvn eqm †_‡K 500 MÖvg `vbvLv`¨

wKQy ïKbv wPKb Lo I 1 †KwR cwigvY

KvuPvNvm w`‡Z n‡e|

13 †_‡K 16 ch©šÍ 1.5 wjUvi `ya 1.5 wjUvi `ya

cÖv_wgKfv‡e 1 †KwR `vbv Lv`¨ Ges 100

†KwR ˆ`wnK IR‡bi Rb¨ 1 †KwR †ekx

`vbvv Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| KuvPv Nvm 3-5 †KwR

I Avav †KwR wPKb ïKbv Lo|

17 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ 1 wjUvi `ya 1 wjUvi `ya

1 †_‡K 1.5 †KwR `vbv Lv`¨ Ges 6 †_‡K

7 †KwR KuvPv Nvm I Avav†KwR ‡_‡K 1

†KwR wPKb ïKbv Lo|

21 †_‡K 24 ch©šÍ 1.5 wjUvi `ya 1.5 wjUvi `ya

1 †_‡K 1.5 †KwR `vbv Lv`¨ Ges 6 †_‡K

7 †KwR KuvPv Nvm I Avav†KwR †_‡K 1

†KwR wPKb ïKbv Lo|

evQy‡ii `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨i ZvwjKvt

(wb‡Pi ZvwjKv †_‡K †h †Kvb GKwU †e‡Q †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i)

1bs ZvwjKv A_ev 2bs ZvwjKv A_ev 3bs ZvwjKv

Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi bvg cwigvY (†KwR) cwigvY(†KwR) cwigvY(†KwR)

M‡gi f~wl 45 40 42

PvD‡ji Kzov 20 13 20

fvsMv †Lkvix 13 20 10

fvsMv †Qvjv -- 10 6

wZ‡ji ˆLj 20 15 20

wSby‡Ki ¸ov 1 1 1

jeY 1 1 1

100 100 100


25

6 gvm eq‡mi ci †_‡K evQy‡ii Lv`¨ eë¯’vcbv

evQy‡ii eqm hLb 6 gvm cvi n‡e Ges gv‡qi `ya LvIqv‡bv eÜ Kiv n‡e ZLb

wb‡¤œv³fv‡e IRb Abycv‡Z evQyi‡K Lo, Nvm I `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡Z n‡e| Z‡e

eKbv Mf©aviY Kivi ci Zv‡K cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK mylg Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e|

evQy‡ii IRb (†KwR) Lo (†KwR) Nvm (†KwR) `vbv`vi Lv`¨(†KwR)

70 1.0 3.0 1.0

100 1.0 3.0 1.0

150 2.0 5.0 1.5

200 2.5 8.0 2.0

250 2.5 10.0 2.25

300 3.0 12.0 2.5

350 3.0 15.0 3.0

evQy‡ii evm¯’vb

evQy‡ii _vKvi RvqMv gv‡qi N‡ii KvQvKvwQ nIqv fvj| evQy‡ii Ni msjMœ gy³fv‡e

wePi‡Yi RvqMv Ges Lv`¨ I cvwb mieiv‡ni eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| gy³fv‡e wePi‡Yi Rb¨

evQyi cÖwZ 9 eM©dzU Ges N‡ii wfZi 10 eM©dzU ¯’vb jvM‡e| wewfbœ eq‡mi evQyi‡K wfbœ

wfbœ N‡i GgbwK Gu‡o I eKbv evQyi‡K c„_Kfv‡e jvjb cvjb KivB DËg|

eKbvi cÖRbb

eKbv evQyi cÖvß eq¯‹ nIqvi ci Wv‡K G‡j/Mig n‡j Zv‡K cÖRb‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY

Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e cÖRb‡bi mgq eKbvi eqm, ¯^v¯’¨ I IR‡bi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z

n‡e| cÖRb‡bi mgq hw` ¯^v¯’¨ I IRb mwVK bv _v‡K Z‡e GKw`‡K †hgb fvj evQyi

cvIqv hv‡ebv, Ab¨w`‡K cÖme Kv‡jI RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡e Ges `ya Drcv`bI Avkvbyiƒc

n‡e bv| fvj Rv‡Zi eKbv mwVKfv‡e jvjb cvjb Ki‡j Zv‡K 13 †_‡K 20 gv‡mB

cÖRbb Kiv‡bv hvq| Mf©ve¯’vq mylg `vbv Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci

eKbvi Rb¨ AwZwi³ Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb nq; KviY ZLb ch©šÍI eKbvi wb‡Ri kix‡ii

e„w× mvab Pj‡ZB _v‡K| cÖm‡ei 4 †_‡K 6 mßv‡n `y» Drcv`b m‡e©v”P gvÎvq †cuŠ‡Q,

Kv‡RB GB mgq `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †ekx cwigv‡Y jv‡M| mvaviYZt cÖwZ 2.5 wjUvi `y‡ai

Rb¨ 1 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †ekx w`‡Z nq| `ya Drcv`b Kv‡ji †kl w`‡K `ya Drcv`b

n«vm cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wbw`©ó gvÎvq `vbv Lv`Ï n«vm K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

evQy‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v

jvfRbK Mevw` cï cvj‡b †ivMevjvB Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v| GB mgm¨v‡K Kvh©Kix

fv‡e cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †h mKj †iv‡Mi wUKv cvIqv hvq †m mKj †iv‡Mi wUKv

mwVK mg‡q †Ìqvi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov evQyi wewfbœ cÖKvi K…wg Øviv

AvµvšÍ nq| we‡kl K‡i †Ku‡Pv K…wg (round worm) evQy‡ii gvivZ¥K ÿwZ mvab


26

K‡i _v‡K| gv‡qi i³ cÖev‡ni mv‡_ Mf©¯’ ev”Pv Ges gv‡qi `y‡ai gva¨‡gI evQyi GB

K…wg Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| evQyi R‡b¥i ci ciB GK mßvn eq‡mi g‡a¨B evQy‡ii IRb

Abycv‡Z myweavRbK †Kvb K…wgbvkK Jla LvIqv‡Z n‡e Ges wØZxq I Z…Zxq gvm

eq‡m GKB Jla wbw`©ó gvÎvq cybivq LvIqv‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb-

wcwm‡fU / Gwfcvi / GmKv‡i· t evQy‡ii cÖwZ 25 †KwR IR‡bi Rb¨ 5.5 MÖvg K‡i

LvIqv‡Z n‡e Ges wØZxq I Z…Zxq gvm eq‡m cybivq wb×v©wiZ gvÎvq LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

Mevw`cïi Lv`¨ I Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z cÖbvjx

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY cï Lv‡`¨i †kªYx web¨vm m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| cï Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘‡Zi kZ©vejx wK Zv eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mevw`cïi Lv`¨ mvgMÖx

Lv`¨ mvgMÖxi cÖKvi‡f`

1| Avuk ev †Qveov RvZxq Lv`¨ t Lo, KuvPv Nvm, jZv cvZv, ¸j¥ BZ¨vw`| GB RvZxq

Lv`¨ Avevi `yB ai‡Yi n‡Z cv‡i †hgb-

(K) ï®‹ t G RvZxq Lv‡`¨ 10 †_‡K 15% Rjxq c`v_© ev cvwb _v‡K, †hgb t

av‡bi Lo, M‡gi Lo, †Lkvix I gvkKjvB‡qi ï¯‹ MvQ BZ¨vw`|

(L) imv‡jv t G RvZxq Lv‡`¨ 60 †_‡K 90% fvM Rjxq c`v_© ev cvwb _v‡K,

†hgb t KuvPv Nvm, Mv‡Qi cvZv, wgwó Avjy, †Mvj Avjy, dzjKwc, evav Kwc BZ¨vw`|

2| `vbv`vi Lv`¨ t mvaviYZt Kg Avukhy³ I ï¯‹ nq| cÖavbZt Avwgl, kK©iv, Ges Pwe©

RvZxq cywó Dcv`vb mieiv‡ni Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|

Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kivi kZ©vejx

1. mylg Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e, A_©vr Lv‡`¨ cïi cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vb mg~n

mwVK gvÎvq _vK‡Z n‡e|


27

2. ‡h mKj Lv`¨ `ªe¨vw` mn‡R cvIqv hvq I m¯Ív, Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘‡Zi Rb¨ †m meB

e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|

3. Lv`¨ Aek¨B my¯^v`y I mnR cvP¨ n‡Z n‡e|

4. wewfbœ ai‡Yi Lv`¨ mvgMÖx w`‡q cïi Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv DwPZ|

5. Lv`¨ UvUKv n‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov gqjv, KvuKo, cv_i, evwj, gvwU, QvZvcov,

`yM©Ü BZ¨vw` n‡Z gy³ n‡e|

6. `y‡a kZKiv .70 fvM LwbR c`v_© _v‡K| Kv‡RB `y»eZx Mvfxi Lv‡`¨ ch©vß

cwigv‡b LwbR c`v_© _vK‡Z n‡e| hw` cÖ‡qvRbxq LwbR `ªe¨ Lv‡`¨ mieivn

Kiv bv nq Z‡e `y» Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e Ges `y»`vbKvj †k‡l Mvfx AZ¨šÍ

`~e©j n‡q co‡e|

7. Mevw`cïi cwicvKZ‡š¿i aviY ÿgZv A‡bK Ges cï †cU bv fiv ch©šÍ

†L‡ZB _v‡K, Kv‡RB Mevw`cïi Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb

cïi †cU f‡i Ges cywói AfveI c~iY nq| hw` †cU bv f‡i Zvn‡j ALv`¨

e¯‘ LvIqvi e` Af¨vm M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i|

8. Mevw`cïi Rb¨ KuvPv Nvm AZ¨vek¨K| KuvPv Nv‡m ch©vß wfUvwgb Ges LwbR

`ªe¨ Av‡Q, ZvQvov mn‡R nRg nq|

9. Lv`¨ Dcv`vb mn‡R cwieZ©b Kiv DwPZ bq| wbZvšÍB cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb

n‡j ax‡i ax‡i wewfbœ w`‡b Ki‡Z n‡e|

10. Lv`¨ Aek¨B mwVK fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- †Qvjv, †Lkvix, gvmKjvB,

f~¤v, Mg, he, ˆLj BZ¨vw` wgkª‡Yi c~‡e© †f‡½ wb‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j mylg fv‡e

wgkv‡bv hv‡e Ges mn‡RB nRg n‡e|

11. ‡Qveov RvZxq Lv`¨ †hgb Lo, KuvPv Nvm, BZ¨vw` Av¯Í bv w`‡q †K‡U †QvU †QvU

K‡i cï‡K LvIqv‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †hgb AcPq Kg n‡e †Zgwb cïi †L‡Z

myweav n‡e Ges nR‡gI mnvqK n‡e|

12. ‡M-Lv`¨ Aek¨B Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfRbK n‡Z n‡e|

wewfbœ Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi KvR I AfveRwbZ mgm¨v

1| Mevw`cïi Avwgl Lv`¨t

Drm t ˆLj, Wv‡ji ¸ov ev e¨vmb, ‡Lmvix-gmyi-eyU-gvmKvjvB, ïUwK gv‡Qi ¸ov,

eøvW wgj, †cÖvwUb Kb‡mb‡UªU, BZ¨vw` Avwgl Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e Mevw` cïi mylg

Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘‡Z †hvM Kiv nq|

Avwg‡li KvR t

y kixi MVb, ÿqcyiY, e„w× mvab, GK K_vq kix‡i gvs‡mi m„wó K‡i|

y i‡³i Dcv`vb|


28

y evQyi I Mf©eZx Mvfx‡Z mwÂZ _v‡K Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡R eëüZ nq|

y `ya Drcv`‡bi eëüZ nq|

y kw³ cvIqv hvq| 1 MÖvg †cÖvwUb 4.3 K¨vjix kw³i mgvb|

y wewfbœ ni‡gvb I GbRvBg ˆZix‡Z Kv‡R jv‡M|

y kixi my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK _vKvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|

y cÖRbb I Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K|

y Gw›UewW ˆZix ev †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w× K‡i|

y `y» †cÖvwUb ˆZix K‡i|

y Avwg‡li Afv‡e Dc‡iv³ KvR mg~n wewNœZ nq, GK K_vq cïi ¯^vfvweK

Rxeb hvÎv e¨vnZ nq|

2| Mevw`cïi kK©iv Lv`¨t

Drm t Mg fvsMv, f~Uªv fvsMv, PvD‡ji Ly`, av‡bi Kzov, M‡gi f~wl, wPUv ¸o, Lo, Nvm, jZv

cvZv BZ¨vw` kK©iv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e Mevw` cïi mylg Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘‡Z †hvM Kiv nq|

kK©ivi KvR t

y kix‡i kw³ †hvMvq|

y AwZwi³ kK©iv kix‡i Pwe© wnmv‡e Rgv nq|

y Pwe© I Avwgl kix‡ii Kv‡R jvM‡Z kK©ivi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

y ¯^v¯’¨ my›ì I m‡ZR iv‡L|

y A‡bK cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆRe c`v‡_©i MvVwbK Dcv`vb|

y kK©ivi Afv‡e Dc‡iv³ Kvh©vejx wewNœZ nq A_©vr ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎv e¨vnZ nq|

3| Pwe©RvwZq Lv`¨t

Drm t ‰L‡j, ïUwK gv‡Qi ¸ovq I av‡bi Kzov‡Z †Zj _v‡K, GQvov kx‡Zi mgq Mevw`

cï‡K Lye mvgvb¨ 1% nv‡i mqvweb †Zj Lv‡`ï mv‡_ wgwk‡q LvIhv‡bv hvq|

Pwe©i KvR t

y kix‡i kw³ †hvMvq, kK©iv A‡cÿv 2.25 ¸Y †ekx kw³ cvIqv hvq|

y kix‡i wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AsM‡K AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

y kix‡i mwÂZ Pwe© Amg‡q kw³ †hvMvq|

y kix‡i Zvc wbqš¿Y K‡i|


29

y gvs‡mi ¯^v` e„w× K‡i|

y cwiwgZ Pwe© kixi my›`i I m‡ZR iv‡L|

y eû ˆRe c`v‡_©i MvVwbK Dcv`vb|

Pwe©i Afv‡e Dc‡iv³ Kvh©vejx wewNœZ nq|

4| Lv`¨cÖvY ev wfUvwgbt

Lv`ªcÖvY ev wfUvwg‡bi Drm 2wU-

1. meyR kvK-mwâ, jZv-cvZv, ¸j¥, Nvm, f~¤vMvQ, †Lmvix, eyU, gmyi KvjvB MvQ,

Bwcj Bwcj cvZv cÖf„wZ‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡b wfUvwgb ev Lv`¨cÖvY i‡q‡Q Ges

G¸wj wfUvwg‡bi cÖvK…wZK Drm|

2. ÒwdW wcÖwg·Ó bv‡g Jl‡ai †`vKv‡b wewfbœ wfUvwgb cvIqv hvq| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j

GB ÒwdW wcÖwg·Ó wba©vwiZ gvÎvq Lv‡`¨i mv‡_ wgwk‡q LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

G¸wj wfUvwg‡bi K…wÎg Drm|

Lv`¨cÖv‡Yi KvR t wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨cÖvY cïi kix‡i wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb

K‡i _v‡K| Lv`¨cÖv‡Yi mvaviY KvRmg~n-

y kix‡ii wewfbœ wecvKxq KvR mgvav K‡i|

y cÖRbb Kv‡R ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

y ‡Pv‡Li `„wókw³ ¯^vfvweK iv‡L|

y nvo MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i|

y kixi my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|

Lv`¨ cÖv‡Yi Afv‡e Dc‡iv³ Kvh©vejx wewNœZ nq| wfUvwgb G,wW, I B Gi AfveRwbZ

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Amyweav mg~n t

K) Lv`¨cÖvY-GÕ Gi Afv‡et

y ivZKvbv †ivM nq|

y kix‡ii e„w× wVKgZ nq bv|

y ¯œvqyweK weK…wZ n‡Z cv‡i|

y AwbqwgZfv‡e Miæ Mig nq I Mvfxi Mf©cvZ n‡Z cv‡i|

y Mvfx g„Z A_ev AÜ ev”Pv cÖme Ki‡Z cv‡i|

y Mf©dzj AvU‡K †h‡Z cv‡i, BZ¨vw`|


30

Lv`¨cÖvY-GÕ Gi Drm t meyR Nvm, kvK mâx, gv‡Qi †Zj, ZvQvov evRv‡i wewfbœ

cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ¯‘Z wfUvwgb-G cvIqv hvq|

L) Lv`¨cÖvY-wWÕ Gi Afv‡et

y evQy‡ii nv‡oi MVb mwVK nqbv I e„w× Kg nq|

y ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv K‡g hvq|

y eo cï‡Z nvo big n‡q hvq|

y ùv‡Zi A¯^vfvweK MVb †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i, BZ¨vw`|

Lv`¨cÖvY-wWÕ Gi Drm t m~h©ïwk¥, gv‡Qi †Zj ZvQvov evRv‡i wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ¯‘Z

wfUvwgb-wW cvIqv hvq|

M) Lv`¨cÖvY-BÕ Gi Afv‡et

y evQy‡ii gvsm‡ckx wbtw¯Œq n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| evQyi `ye©j n‡q hvq, gv‡qi `ya

†L‡Z Amg_© n‡Z cv‡i|

y ü`wc‡Ûi †ckx AvµvšÍ nq I evQyi nVvr gviv †h‡Z cv‡i|

y Mf©dzj AvU‡K †h‡Z cv‡i, BZ¨vw`|

Lv`¨cÖvY-BÕ Gi Drm t Lv`¨ k‡mï AsKz‡i, meyR Nv‡m wfUvwgb B _v‡K| ZvQvov

evRv‡i wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ¯‘Z wfUvwgb-B cvIqv hvq|

5| LwbR `ª‡eï Drm 2wU-

1. meyR kvK-mwâ, jZv-cvZv, ¸j¥, Nvm, f~¤vMvQ, †Lmvix, eyU, gmyi KvjvB MvQ,

Bwcj Bwcj cvZv cÖf„wZ‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡b LwbR `ªe¨ i‡q‡Q Ges G¸wj LwbR

`ª‡eÏ cÖvK…wZK Drm|

2. ÒwdW wcÖwg·Ó bv‡g Jl‡ai †`vKv‡b wewfbœ LwbR `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖ‡qvRb

n‡j GB ÒwdW wcÖwg·Ó wba©vwiZ gvÎvq Lv‡`ï mv‡_ wgwk‡q LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z

cv‡i| G¸wj LwbR `ª‡eï K…wÎg Drm|

LwbR `ªe¨ t wewfbœ LwbR `ªe¨ cïi kix‡i wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-

y kix‡ii KvVv‡gvi AvKvi, kw³ I mvg_© cÖ`vb K‡i|

y kix‡ii MvVwbK Dcv`v‡bi Ab¨Zg DcKiY|

y kix‡ii A¤øZ¡ I ÿviZ¡ wbqš¿Y K‡i|

y i‡³i Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb|

y Lv`¨ nR‡g GbRvB‡gi KvR Zivwš^Z K‡i|


31

y ev”Pv Drcv`b I `y» Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K|

y i³ RgvU euva‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, BZ¨vw`|

K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LwbR `ª‡e¨i AfveRwbZ Amyweav mg~‡ni mswÿß weeiY-

K¨vjwmqv‡gi Afv‡e t

y evQy‡ii nvo I `uvZ mwVK fv‡e MVb nq bv|

y eo cïi nvo big n‡q hvq|

y `y»R¡i nq|

y `y» Drcv`b K‡g hvq|

y i³ RgvU euva‡Z Amyweav nq|

y `ye©j evQyi R‡b¥, GgbwK Mvfx g„Z evQyi cÖme Ki‡Z cv‡i|

y cÖRbb welqK RwUjZv †`Lv hvq|

y D`vigq, GgbwK cï gvivI †h‡Z cv‡i, BZ¨vw`|

K¨vjwmqv‡gi Drm t nv‡oi ¸ov, wSby‡Ki ¸ov, evRv‡i cÖvß gvB‡d·, K¨vjwmqvg

Møy‡Kv‡bU, K¨vjwmqvg j¨vK‡UU, BZ¨vw`|

dmdiv‡mi Afv‡e t

y evQy‡ii nvo mwVKfv‡e MVb nqbv I eo cïi nvo big n‡q hvq|

y ÒcvBKvÓ ev A¯^vfvweK Lv`¨vfvm M‡o D‡V †hgb- KvV, nvo, e¯Ív, Kvco

BZ¨vw` Kvgovq|

y cïi nv‡oi †Rvov k³ Ges †ckx `ye©j n‡Z cv‡i|

y evQy‡ii e„w× K‡g hvq|

y Mvfxi cÖRbb msKU †`Lv hvq|

y `ya Drcv`b n«vm cvq|

y Mvfx‡Z bxie Mig †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i ev wb‡lK e¨_©Zv N‡U|

y Mvfx g„Z ev `ye©j ev”Pv cÖme Ki‡Z cv‡i|

y cï gviv †h‡Z cv‡i|

y kix‡i K¨vjwmqvg Kv‡R jvMvi Rb¨ dmdivm Acwinvh©|

dmdiv‡mi Drm t wewfbœ `vbv RvZxq km¨, ˆLj, f~wl, nvo I wSby‡Ki ¸ov BZ¨vw`|


32

Av‡qvwW‡bi Afv‡e t

y mvaviY e„w× e¨vnZ nq|

y MjMÛ †ivM nq|

y eq¯‹ cÖvYx‡Z msM‡g Abvmw³ †`Lv hvq|

y Mvfx AwbqwgZ fv‡e Mig nq|

y Aí eq¯‹ cÖvYxi gw¯Í‡¯‹i e„w× ax‡i N‡U Ges †QvU ev eo Df‡qi g‡a¨B

eyw×`xßZv n«vm cvq|

y AZ¨waK Av‡qvwW‡bi Afv‡e Mvfx AZ¨šÍ `ye©j ev g„Z evQyi cÖme Ki‡Z

cv‡i| GB me evQy‡ii _vBi‡qW MÖwš’ eo †`Lv hvq ZvQvov A¯^vfvweK cyiæ ev

†jvgnxb Pvgov wb‡q Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i, BZ¨vw`|

Av‡qvwW‡bi Drm t mvgyw`ªK Lv`¨`ª‡e¨ cÖPzi Av‡qvwWb _v‡K| ZvQvov gvQ, gvsm, nv‡oi

¸ov, wPUv¸‡oI Av‡qvwWb Av‡Q|

Kcv‡ii Afv‡e t

y cï ax‡i ax‡i KsKvjmvi I `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K|

y i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv hvq Ges †PvL I gy‡Li wSwj c`©v d¨vKv‡m n‡q hvq|

y cÖRbb ÿgZv I `y» Drcv`b ÿgZv K‡g hvq|

y cïi ck‡gi eY© cwieZ©b n‡q hvq, we‡kl K‡i †Pv‡Li bx‡Pi cwieZ©b

¯úóZi nq|

y jvsMj ev Mvox Uvbvi mgq cï ï‡q c‡o|

y cÖme msKU †`Lv hvq I Mf©dzj AvU‡K †h‡Z cv‡i|

y Mvfx ev”Pv Drc`‡b Aÿg n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK w`b Mig nq bv Ges bxie Mig

†`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|

y cï nVvr K‡i gviv †h‡Z cv‡i, BZ¨vw`|

Kcv‡ii Drm t wjfvi, Nvm, gvQ BZ¨vw`|

‡Kvev‡ëi Afv‡e t

y ÿzavnxbZv †`Lv hvq, kix‡ii IRb K‡g hvq, `ye©j n‡q c‡o| †PvL †_‡K cvwb

co‡Z cv‡i|

y i³ k~b¨Zv †`Lv hvq|

y cï Aí cwikª‡gB K¬všÍ n‡q c‡o|

y A¯^vfvweK Lv`¨vf¨vm †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

y ev”Pv Drcv`‡b Amyweav †`Lv hvq, BZ¨vw`|


33

‡Kvev‡ëi Drm t mKj cÖKvi Nvm, MvQ I mvaviY Lv`¨`ª‡e¨ †Kvevë Aí cwigv‡b

cvIqv hvq|

6| cvwb t

cvwbi Aci bvg Rxeb| cïi kix‡i kZKiv 55% fvM cvwb, ev` evKx Ab¨vb¨ c`v_©

mgš^‡q MwVZ| `y‡ai kZKiv cÖvq 87 fvM cvwb, Kv‡RB †h Mvfx hZ †ekx `ya †`q †m

Mvfxi Rb¨ ZZ AwaK cwigv‡b cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYxiB my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK fv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cvwb Acwinvh©|

cvwbi KwZcq D‡jL‡hvM¨ KvR t

y kix‡ii wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b cywó Dcv`vb †cŠu‡Q †`q|

y kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿b K‡i|

y kix‡ii Rb¨ ÿwZKi c`v_© wb¯‹vkb K‡i|

y kix‡ii wewfbœ wµqv wewµqvq g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

y ni‡gvb, GbRvBg BZ¨vw` ˆZixi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb|

y kix‡ii †Kv‡li MVb, AvK…wZ, w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv I mvg‡_©i Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡cyY© f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i|

y jyweª‡K›U wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

y kixi‡K m‡ZR I mRxe iv‡L|

Mevw`cïi Lv‡`¨ BDwiqv eënvi

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY cï Lv‡`¨ ÔBDwiqvÕ eënvi m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Miæ‡K BDwiqv mivmwi LvIqv‡bv m¤^‡Ü eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| Miæ‡K BDwiqv gjv‡mm I ÷ª GK‡Î LvIqv‡bv m¤^‡Ü eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

4| BDwiqv-gjv‡mm-ó LvIqv‡bvi myweav I Amyweav m¤ú‡K© eySv‡Z cvi‡eb|


evsjv‡`‡k Mevw`cï Dbœq‡b Lv`¨ mgm¨v cÖavb AšÍivq| ZvQvov wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK

`y‡h©vM GB mgm¨v‡K AviI fqven K‡i †Zv‡j| Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨

wewfbœ cwiKíbv I Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kiv nq| cïi Lv‡`¨ BDwiqv eënvi Ggwb GKwU Kg©m~Px|


34


BDwiqv wb‡R †Kvb Lv`¨ bq wKš‘ kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`ï mv‡_ LvIqv‡j Lv‡`ï cywó¸Y

I cwicvP¨Zv ev‡o Ges kK©iv‡K gvB‡µvweqvj †cÖvwU‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| †h mKj cï

Rvei Kv‡U ïaygvÎ †mB mKj cïB BDwiqv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ fv‡e wfbœ wfbœ

c×wZ‡Z Mevw`cï‡K BDwiqv LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-

y BDwiqv I gjv‡mm (wPUv¸o) GK‡Î wgwk‡q LvIqv‡bv hvq|

y BDwiqv Øviv Lo cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i LvIqv‡bv hvq|

y cvwb‡Z BDwiqv ¸wj‡q L‡oi Dci wQwU‡q LvIqv‡bv hvq|

y BDwiqv, gjv‡mm(wPUv¸o) I Lo GK‡Î wgwk‡q LvIqv‡bv hvq|

BDwiqv I gjv‡mm (wPUv¸o) GK‡Î wgwk‡q LvIqv‡bv

BDwiqv I gjv‡mm GK‡Î wgwk‡q LvIqv‡bv hvq| BDwiqvi cÖvq `k ¸Y gjv‡mm A_©vr

25 MÖvg BDwiqvi mv‡_ 250 MÖvg gjv‡mm/ wPUv¸o wgkv‡Z n‡e| Nvm ev Ab¨vb¨ Lvev‡ii

mv‡_I D³ wgkªY LvIqv‡bv hv‡e| BDwiqv-gjv‡mm wgkªY LvIqv‡bvi Av‡M Aek¨B

wKQy KuvPv Nvm LvIqv‡Z n‡e| †Kvbfv‡eB Lvwj †c‡U ev ïaygvÎ cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q BDwiqv

LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv| cÖ_g w`‡K BDwiqv wgwkªZ Lvevi †L‡Z Pvq bv| ZvB Aí Aí K‡i

w`‡b K‡qKevi †L‡Z w`‡q 4 †_‡K 5 w`‡b cï‡K Af¨vm Kwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

BDwiqv Øviv Lo cÖwµqvRvZKiY

Lo k³ Avukhy³ †Mv-Lv`¨| Gi g‡a¨ gvÎ 2.8-3.5% Avwgl _v‡K| GB Lo‡KB BDwiqv

Øviv cÖwµqvRvZ Ki‡j Avwg‡li cwigvY e„w× †c‡q (5.53%) n‡Z cv‡i Ges L‡oi

cwicvP¨ZvI ev‡o| Lo cÖwµqvRvZ Ki‡Z wQ`ªnxb evqy‡ivaK cvÎ jv‡M| euv‡ki †Wvj,

cvKv MZ© ev gvwUi M‡Z© cwjw_b wewQ‡q Lo cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv hvq| euv‡ki †Wv‡ji evB‡ii

w`KUv gvwU Øviv †j‡c evqy‡ivaK Kiv hvq|

cÖ_‡g Lo¸‡jv‡K 4˝†_‡K 6˝ j¤^v UzKiv Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici L‡oi IR‡bi mgvb

cwigvY cvwb wb‡Z n‡e| L‡oi IR‡bi kZKiv cuvP (5%) fvM nv‡i BDwiqv wb‡Z

n‡e| GB BDwiqv L‡oi mgvb IR‡bi cvwb‡Z fvjfv‡e ¸wj‡q wb‡q L‡oi Dci wQwU‡q

Lo¸‡jv‡K fvj K‡i †fRv‡Z n‡e| †fRv‡bv Lo wQ`ªnxb euv‡ki †Wvj ev gvwUi M‡Z©

Lye Mv`vMvw` K‡i fi‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wfZ‡i †Kvb evZvm bv _v‡K| Lo fivi ci †Wv‡ji

ev M‡Z©i gyL PU ev cwjw_b ev KjvcvZv w`‡q fvjfv‡e evqy‡ivaK K‡i eÜ K‡i w`‡Z

n‡e| GB Ae¯’vq mvZ w`b ivLvi ci Lo †ei K‡i †iv‡` ïwK‡q cï‡K LvIqv‡bv

hv‡e| GB Lo cïi kix‡ii IR‡bi kZKiv wZbfvM nv‡i LvIqv‡bv hvq| Avgv‡ì

†`‡ki c~Y© eq¯‹ Miæ‡K w`‡b 2 †_‡K 3 †KwR LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| †gvU L‡oi 2%

nv‡i gjv‡mm wgwk‡q LvIqv‡j fvj dj cvIqv hvq|

D`vniY t

10 †KwR L‡oi Rb¨ 10 wjUvi cvwb I 500 MÖvg BDwiqv jvM‡e|


35

20 †KwR L‡oi Rb¨ 20 wjUvi cvwb I 1 †KwR BDwiqv jvM‡e|

100 †KwR L‡oi Rb¨ 100 wjUvi cvwb I 5 †KwR BDwiqv jvM‡e|

BDwiqv-wPUv¸o-Lo / BDwiqv-gjv‡mm-óª (UMS) LvIqv‡bv

ïay ïKbv Lo LvIqv‡j Mevw` cïi ¯^v¯’¨ †f‡½ c‡o| A_P mn‡RB Avwg‡li Drm wnmv‡e

BDwiqv Ges kK©iv I Lwb‡Ri Drm wnmv‡e gjv‡mm ev wPUv¸o e¨envi Kiv hvq| BDwiqv

-gjv‡mm-óª ˆZix‡Z me mgq Gi cwigvb wVK ivL‡Z n‡e| A_©vr 100 fvM BDwiqv-

gjv‡mm-óªi (BDGgGm) ï®‹ e¯‘i g‡a¨ 82 fvM Lo, 15 fvM gjv‡mm/wPUv¸o I 3 fvM

BDwiqv _vK‡Z n‡e| gjv‡mm I BDwiqv †g‡c †bIqvi ci cwi¯‹vi cvwb‡Z Ggb Nb‡Z¡

wgkv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z `ªeY UzKz mn‡RB L‡oi mv‡_ wgkv‡bv hvq| ïKbv Lo cvKv †g‡S ev

cwjw_‡bi Dci wewQ‡q wb‡q BDwiqv I gjv‡m‡mi `ªeY Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

mv‡_ mv‡_ Lo Dwë‡q cvwë‡q fvjfv‡e `ªe‡Yi m‡½ wgwk‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e ¯Í‡i

¯Í‡i Lo mvRv‡Z n‡e Ges BDwiqv-gjv‡mm `ªeY wgkv‡Z n‡e| cwigv‡Y Aí n‡j gvwU ev

Ksµx‡Ui Pvwo‡ZI GB KvR Kiv hvq| BDwiqv-gjv‡mm-óª ˆZix K‡i Zv †Kvbµ‡gB GK

w`‡bi †ekx ivLv hv‡e bv|

BDwiqv-†gvjv‡mm-÷ª ˆZixi wewfbœ Dcv`vb I AvbycvwZK nvi

ïKbv Lo (†KwR) cvwb (wjUvi) gjv‡mm ev wPUv¸o BDwiqv

1 0.5 †_‡K 0.7 210 †_‡K 240 MÖvg 30 MÖvg

2 1.0 †_‡K 1.4 420 †_‡K 480 MÖvg 60 MÖvg

3 1.5 †_‡K 2.1 630 †_‡K 720 MÖvg 90 MÖvg

4 2.0 †_‡K 2.8 840 †_‡K 960 MÖvg 120 MÖvg

5 2.5 †_‡K 3.5 1.05 †_‡K 1.20 †KwR 150 MÖvg

10 5.0 †_‡K 7.0 2.10 †_‡K 2.40 †KwR 300 MÖvg

20 10.0 †_‡K 14.0 4.20 †_‡K 4.80 †KwR 600 MÖvg

50 25.0 †_‡K 35.0 10.50 †_‡K 12.00 †KwR 1.50 †KwR

100 50.0 †_‡K 70.0 21.00 †_‡K 24.00 †KwR 3.00 †KwR

BDwiqv-gjv‡mm-óª LvIqv‡bvi myweav

y Miæ‡K h‡_ó cwigv‡Y LvIqv‡bv hvq|

y cïi kix‡i `ªæZ gvsm e„w× cvq| G‡o evQyi‡K 1400 MÖvg M‡gi f~wl I 100

MÖvg gv‡Qi ¸ov w`‡q ïKbv L‡oi cwie‡Z© BDGgGm LvIqv‡bv n‡j ˆ`wnK

IRb e„w× 500 MÖvg †_‡K †e‡o 700 MÖvg nq|

y ïKbv L‡oi cwie‡Z© BDGgGm LvIqv‡j Mvfxi `ya Drcv`b e„w× cvq|

y Mf©eZx Mvfx‡KI GLv`¨ LvIqv‡bv hvq|

y mn‡R Aí cwikª‡gB ˆZix Kiv hvq|

y LiPvi Zzjbvq jvf A‡bK †ekx|


36

mveavbZv t

y BD Gg Gm ˆZixi mgq BDwiqv gjv‡mm I Lo Gi AbycvZ Ges cvwbi

cwigvY wVK _vK‡Z n‡e|

y BDwiqvi gvÎv †Kvb µ‡gB evov‡bv hv‡e bv|

y BD Gg Gm evwb‡q wZb w`‡bi †ekx ivLv hv‡e bv|

cïi Lv‡`¨ BDwiqv eënv‡ii mveavbZv

y BDwiqv gvÎvi AwaK LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv|

y BDwiqv I gjv‡mm LvIqv‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cï‡K †cU f‡i cvwb LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv|

y Lvwj †c‡U BDwiqv wgwkªZ †Kvb Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv|

y Qq gv‡mi Kg eqmx I Amy¯’ cï‡K BDwiqv wgwkªZ †Kvb Lvevi LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv|

y Mf©eZx Mvfxi Mf©ve¯’vi †klw`‡K LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv|

y ‡Kvb cï‡K BDwiqv wgwkªZ Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bvi ci Amyweav †eva Ki‡j ev GjvwR©

†`Lv w`‡j LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv|

y ïaygvÎ BDwiqv fv‡Zi gvo ev cvwb‡Z ¸wj‡q LvIqv‡bv hv‡ebv|

`y» Lvgvi jvfRbK Kiv Z_v `y» Lvgv‡ii AZ¨vek¨Kxq Kvh©vejx

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY `y» Lvgvi jvfRbK Kivi Dcvq m¤ú‡K©

ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Mvfx cvjb / `y» Lvgv‡ii AZ¨vek¨Kxq Kvh©vejx eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| Mf©eZx Mvfx‡K `y»nxbv Kiv/ Mvfxi `y» †`vnb eÜ Ki†Z mÿg n‡eb;

4| ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MönY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

5| AjvfRbK Mvfx QuvUvB Ki‡Z civgk© w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

`y» Lvgvi jvfRbK Kivi Dcvqt

y AwaK Drcv`bkxj fvj Rv‡Zi my¯’ Mvfx Lvgv‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

y AjvfRbK Mvfx Lvgvi †_‡K QuvUvB Ki‡Z n‡e|

y m¯Ívq mylg Lv‡`ï eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e I Lv‡`ï AcPq †iva Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfxi Mf©avi‡Yi nvi evov‡Z n‡e Ges cÖwZ eQi evQyi †`q GiKg Mvfx

Lvgv‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|


37

y Drcvw`Z `ya I Ab¨vb¨ cY¨ jvfRbKfv‡e weµ‡qi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Lvgv‡ii †jvKmv‡bi KviY †ei K‡i Zv `yi Kivi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Lvgv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ wbY©q K‡i Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Av‡k cv‡ki A‡cÿvK…Z DbœZ Lvgv‡ii mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK g‡bvfve

_vK‡Z n‡e|

y cÖwZwU c`‡ÿ‡cB jvf-ÿwZi wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Kv‡Ri mnR c×wZ †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|

y Lvgv‡i wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZwU Kgx©i wbR `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb I kª×vkxj n‡Z n‡e|

y ‡Kvb KvRB †d‡j ivLv hv‡e bv, mg‡qi KvR h_vmg‡q m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

y cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡ÎB AvaywbK a¨vb aviYv I c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Lvgv‡ii mg~`q †iKW© mwVKfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e|

y Lvgv‡i me mgq ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z Ae¯’v weivR Ki‡Z n‡e| wbqwgZ †ivM cÖwZ‡iva

I cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

Mvfx cvjb / `y» Lvgv‡ii AZ¨vek¨Kxq Kvh©vejx

1. ‰`bw›`b ch©‡eÿY t cÖZ¨n †fvi †ejv Lvgvi I cï cwi`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb

Mvfx Wv‡K G‡j /Mig n‡j Zv‡K mgq g‡Zv cÖRb‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb

cï Amy¯’ n‡j ms‡M ms‡M c„_K K‡i wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov

Lvgv‡i wbqwRZ Kv‡Ri †jv‡Ki KvQ ‡_‡KI †ivM evjvB, †MvLv`¨, Jla cÎmn

Ab¨vb¨ mKj wel‡q †LvuR Lei wb‡Z n‡e|

2. wbqwgZ cwiPh©v t ˆ`wbK GKB mg‡q Ni †avqv, Miæ †Mvmj Kiv‡bv, Lv`¨ cÖ`vb,

I `ya †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e| †h †Kvb Awbqg n‡j Mvfxi `ya Drcv`b K‡g hv‡e|

3. Lv`¨ Dcv`vb t nVvr K‡i cïi Lv`¨ cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv| cwieZ©‡bi

cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv mgq wb‡q ax‡i ax‡i Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. `ya †`vnb t cÖwZw`b GKB mgq I GKB †`vnbKvix Øviv `ya †`vnb Ki‡Z

n‡e| nVvr K‡i Gm‡ei cwieZ©b n‡j `ya Drcv`b K‡g hv‡e| `ya †`vn‡bi

Av‡M Mvfxi Ijvb I Av‡k cv‡ki RvqMv mvgvb¨ Kzmyg Kzmyg Mig cvwb‡Z

ay‡q cwi¯‹vi Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q Z‡eB `ya †`vnb Kiv DwPZ| Gi d‡j `ya †hgb

`ywlZ nIqvi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cv‡e †Zgwb Mvfxi Ijv‡b †ivM nIqvi AvksKvI

K‡g hv‡e| `ya †`vn‡bi Av‡M †`vnbKvixi nvZI Abyiƒcfv‡e ay‡q gy‡Q wb‡Z

n‡e| †fRv nv‡Z `ya †`vnb Kiv DwPZ bq| †`vnbKvixi nvZ mvevb/†Kvb

RxevYybvkK c`v_© w`‡q cwi¯‹vi K‡i †bIqv DËg|

5. Mf©eZx Mvfx‡K `y»nxbv Kiv/ Mvfxi `y» †`vnb eÜ Kiv t Mvfx ev”Pv cÖm‡ei c~‡e©

50 †_‡K 60 w`b Av‡MB `ya †`vnb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| `ya †`vnb eÜ Kivi D‡Ïk¨ t


38

y `y» Drcv`bKvix AsM cÖZ¨sM mg~n‡K wekªvg †Ìqv|

y Mvfxi MÖnYK…Z Lv`¨ `y» Drcv`‡b LiP bv K‡i Zv ev”Pv e„w×‡Z Kv‡R

jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

y Mvfxi kix‡i LwbR RvZxq cywói gRy` M‡o †Zvjv hv cieZx©‡Z `y»

Drcv`‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq|

y evQyi cÖm‡ei Av‡M Mvfx‡K ¯^v¯’ëZx n‡Z †Ìqv, BZ¨vw`| Mf©ve¯’vi †kl w`‡K

Mvfxi `y» Drcv`b mvaviYZt Ggwb‡ZB cÖvq eÜ n‡q hvq; wKš‘ †Kvb †ÿ‡Î

hw` Zv bv nq Z‡e wb‡¤v³ fv‡e Mvfxi `ya †`vnb eÜ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i t

m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †`vnb bv K‡i t Mvfxi `y» †`vnb eÜ Kivi mgq n‡j cÖ_gZt

K‡qKw`b Ijv‡b mvgvb¨ `ya †i‡L †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e; AZtci w`‡b GKevi

K‡i Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e †`vnb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z hLb `y» Drcv`b AwZ mvgvb¨ cwigvY

n‡e ZLb †`vnb G‡Kev‡i eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

mweivg †`vnb K‡i t †h Mvfx‡K `y»nxbv Ki‡Z n‡e †m Mvfx‡K cÖ_gZt w`‡b

GKevi K‡i Ges cieZx©‡Z GKw`b ci ci ‡`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Ae‡k‡l

†`vnb m¤ú~Y© fv‡e eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

‡`vnb m¤ú~Y© fv‡e eÜ K‡i t †h mKj Mvfx Aí cwigv‡Y `ya †`q, †hgb-

m‡e©v”P 10 wjUvi †m mKj Mvfxi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ wbivc‡` eënvi Kiv hvq|

6. Mvfxi Mig wba©viY I cÖRbb t mwVKfv‡e mgq gZ Mvfxi Mig Ae¯’v wbY©q Kiv

`y» Lvgv‡ii Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| mgq gZ Mvfxi Mig wba©viY I cÖRbb

Kiv‡Z bv cvi‡j Mvfxi Mf©aviY wcwQ‡q hv‡e| Kv‡RB Lvgvi jvfRbK Ki‡Z

n‡j Mvfxi MigKvj wbY©q K‡i h_vmg‡q cÖRb‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

7. Mf© cixÿv t Mvfx cÖRbb Kiv‡bvi `yB gvm c‡iB Mf© cixÿv Kiv‡Z n‡e|

cÖRbb Kiv‡bvi ciI A‡bK Kvi‡YB Mvfx cybivq Mig bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

Kv‡RB mgqgZ Mf© cixÿv Kwi‡q Mvfxi mwVK Ae¯’v Rvb‡Z n‡e| hw`

Mf©aviY bv K‡i Z‡e KviY wbY©q K‡i mwVK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

8. ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v t ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’vq mvaviYZt wUKv cÖ`vb, wewfbœ

cixÿv-wbixÿv I wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK eënvi welqvw` AšÍf~©³|

y wUKv cÖ`vb t †h mg¯Í †iv‡Mi wUKv cvIqv hvq †mme †iv‡Mi wUKv mgq

gZ w`‡Z n‡e|

y wewfbœ cixÿv-wbixÿv t wewfbœ mg‡q Lvgv‡ii cï‡K Wv³vi Øviv cixÿv

Kwi‡q m‡›`ngy³ n‡Z n‡e|

y K…wg bvkK eënvi t Lvgv‡ii Mevw` cïi †Mvei cixÿv K‡i wbw`©ó

K…wgbvkK Jla eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e|

9. AjvfRbK Mvfx QuvUvB t `y» Lvgvi jvfRbK Ki‡Z n‡j Lvgvi †_‡K Lvivc/

AjvfRbK Mvfx‡K mgq gZ QuvUvB Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡b¥v³ cï mg~n‡K QuvUvB

Ki‡Z n‡e t


39

y ‡h mg¯Í cï msµvgK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ|

y ‡h mKj cïi e„w× fvj bq|

y ‡h Mvfx Kg `ya †`q A_P †ekx Lvq|

y ‡h mKj Mvfx wVKgZ Mf©aviY K‡i bv|

y ‡h mKj Mvfx AwbqwgZfv‡e Mig nq|

y ‡h mKj Mvfx 270 w`‡bi Kg `ya †`q|

y ‡h mKj Mvfxi gvivZ¥K e` Af¨vm Av‡Q|

10. e` Af¨vm `yixKiY t wewfbœ cï‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi e` Af¨vm †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i †hgb-

y wb‡Ri ev A‡bï evU Pzlv t G ai‡Yi e` Af¨vmhy³ Mvfx‡K c„_K K‡i

ivL‡Z n‡e| Mvfxi bv‡K †jvnvi wis cwo‡q Zvi mv‡_ 2 †_‡K 3wU wis

Szwj‡q w`‡j fvj dj cvIqv hvq|

y A‡bï kixi PvUv t G‡ÿ‡Î mswkøó cïwUi ¯^vfvweK Lv`¨ LvIqvi ci jeY

ev LwbR wgkªY wRnŸv‡Z N‡m w`‡Z n‡e|

y jvw_ gviv t G‡ÿ‡Î hw` cï cÖK…ZB e` ivMx nq Z‡e Zvi gv_v DuPz K‡i

evua‡Z n‡e| G‡ZI KvR bv n‡j Ijv‡bi wVK m¤§yLfv‡M `wo w`‡q euva‡Z

n‡e Ges Gfv‡e euvavi ciI dj bv cvIqv †M‡j wcQ‡bi `yÕcv k³ K‡i

euvavi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

Mvfxi `y‡ai cwigvY I Dcv`vb cwieZ©‡bi KviY, `ya `ywlZ nIqvi

KviY I cÖwZKvi

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mvfxi `y» Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I Dcv`vb

cwieZ©‡bi KviY m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb ;

2| `ya `ywlZ nIqvi Kvib I Zvi cÖwZKvi wK †m m¤ú‡K© eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mvfxi `y‡ai cwigvY I Dcv`vb cwieZ©‡bi KviY, `ya `ywlZ nIqvi

KviY I cÖwZKvi

Mvfxi `y» Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I Dcv`vb mvaviYZt `yBwU wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj-

y eskMZ I

y cwi‡ekMZ| †hgb- Mvfxi eqm, ev”Pv cÖ`v‡bi msL¨v, Lv`¨, evm¯’vb, Mf©ve¯’v,

cwiPh©v, kvixwiK my¯’Zv BZ¨vw`|


40

Mvfx mvaviYZt ev”Pv cÖm‡ei 3 †_‡K 6 mßvn ci me‡P‡q †ekx `y» cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

AwaK `y»`v‡b mÿg Mvfx †_‡K eQ‡i 300 †_‡K 305 w`‡bi †ekx `ya †`vnb Kiv

†Kvbµ‡gB DwPZ bq| Mvfxi `y» cÖ`vb gyjZt Lv`¨, cÖmeKvjxb cwiPh©v, ¯^v¯’¨ I

eskMZ welqmg~‡ni Dci wbf©ikxj| evQyi cÖm‡ei ci ciB †h `ya cvIqv hvq Zv‡K

kvj `ya/KvuPjv `ya e‡j hv BwZg‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q| GB `ya evQy‡ii ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨

AZ¨šÍ DcKvix| mvaviYZt 3 †_‡K 4 w`b `y‡ai GB Ae¯’v _v‡K Ges cwic~Y©fv‡e

¯^vfvweK n‡Z 15 w`‡bi gZ mgq jv‡M|

Mvfxi `y» Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I Dcv`vb cwieZ©‡bi KviYmg~n

1. †`vnb t `y» Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I Dcv`vb cwieZ©‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY nj

†`vn‡bi ÎæwU, †`vnbKvix cwieZ©b, Lv`¨, D‡ËRbv, †ivM, cwi‡ek, BZ¨vw`|

GQvov Ijv‡b `y‡ai Pv‡ci DciI cwigvY I Dcv`vb wbf©i K‡i, †hgb-‡`vnb

cÖwµqv AMÖmi nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ `y‡a Pwe©i cwigvY evo‡Z _v‡K| A‡bKÿY

ci `ya †`vnb Ki‡j Ijv‡b `y‡ai Pvc †ekx _v‡K Ges `y‡a Pwe©i cwigvb Kg

cvIqv hvq, wKš‘ hw` GKB Mvfx‡K Aí mgq ci ci †`vnb Kiv hvq Z‡e

`y‡a Pwe©i cwigvY †ekx cvIqv hvq| GRb¨ GKB Mvfxi mKv‡ji `y‡ai †P‡q

we‡K‡ji `y‡a Pwe© †ekx _v‡K| Gme QvovI Mvfx †`vn‡bi ¯’vb cwieZ©b, mgq

cwieZ©b, †`vn‡bi mgq AvMš‘‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y `ya Drcv`‡bi

cwigvY n«vm cvq| `ya †`vn‡bi KvR GKUz `ªæZ m¤úbœ Kiv DwPZ|

2. `y»nxb Kvj I Mvfxi kvixwiK Ae¯’v t `y» Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I Dcv`vb

`y»nxb Kvj I Mvfxi kvixwiK Ae¯’v we‡kl K‡i cÖmeKv‡j my¯^v¯’¨ Avkvbyiƒc

`y» Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Mvfx †_‡K †ekx `ya †c‡Z n‡j Mf©Kv‡j

myôz cwiPh©v I mylg Lv`¨ AZ¨vek¨K| cÖm‡ei 50/60 w`b c~‡e©B Mvfx †`vnb

Aek¨B eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

3. Mvfxi eqm t Mvfx †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó eq‡m m‡e©v”P cwigv‡Y `ya Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K|

Zvici ax‡i ax‡i Kg‡Z _v‡K| Mvfx mvaviYZt 4 †_‡K 5 eQi eq‡m me‡P‡q †ekx

cwigvY `ya †`q Ges 8 †_‡K 9 eQi eq‡m Drcv`b n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K|

4. kvixwiK IRb t Mvfxi AvKvi I IR‡bi mv‡_ `ya Drcv`‡bi GKwU mym¤úK©

Av‡Q| mvaviYZt eo Mvfxi Ijvb I cwicvKZš¿ eo e‡j Zv ‡_‡K †ekx `ya

cvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

5. Mf©Kvj t Mf©Kv‡ji †klw`‡K `ya Drcv`‡bi cwigvY n«vm †c‡Z †`Lv hvq| mvaviYZt

Mf©¯’ evQy‡ii Rb¨ cywói cÖ‡qvRb nq e‡jB `ya K‡g hvq e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| ZvQvov

AviI GKwU KviY nj GB mgq i‡³ Bm‡Uªv‡RY I ‡cÖv‡Rm‡UiY bvgK ni‡gv‡bi

cwigvY e„w× cvq hv †ekx `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ ÿwZKi|

6. AvenvIqv t cÖwZK‚j AvenvIqv `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ ÿwZKi| 65 †_‡K 75 wWMÖx

dvt ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb ÿwZKi cÖfve bv ci‡jI Gi AwZwi³ ZvcgvÎvq Lv`¨MÖnY

n«vm cvq, wKš‘ cvwb MÖnY e„w× cvq; ZvQvov Mi‡g kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv I k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi

nvi †e‡o hvIqvq `ya Drcv`b K‡g hvq| †h‡nZz kx‡Zi g‡a¨ AvenvIqv fvj I


41

cÖPzi Nvm _v‡K GRb¨ kx‡Zi Aí Av‡M Mvfx evQyi w`‡j ZLb †ekx `ya cvIqv

hvq| Mi‡gi w`‡b Mvfx‡K VvÛv cwi‡e‡k ivL‡j Drcv`b †ekx nq|

7. evQyi cÖ`v‡bi eëavb t evQyi cÖ`v‡bi eëavb `y» Lvgv‡ii jvf ÿwZi ms‡M

mivmwi RwoZ| Lvgvi ev Mvfxi gvwjK‡K Mvfxi ¯^v¯’¨, Lv`¨ AvenvIqv, Ab¨vb¨

LiP, Drcv`b ÿgZv BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv K‡i Mvfx‡K fi‡bi mgq wba©viY Ki‡Z

n‡e| Mvfx evi gvm ci ci evQyi w`‡j Zv jvfRbK nq| cÖm‡ei 60 †_‡K 90

w`‡bi g‡a¨ cybivq fiY Kiv‡Z n‡e| †Kvbµ‡gB cÖm‡ei ci 60 w`‡bi Av‡M

fiY Kiv‡bv hv‡e bv|

8. ‡`vn‡bi cwigvY t †ekx `ya †Ìqv Mvfx‡K w`‡b 2 †_‡K 3 evi †`vnb Ki‡Z

n‡e| Mvfx wZbevi †`vnb Ki‡j `yBevi †`vn‡bi Zzjbvq `ya Drcv`b 10

†_‡K 15% e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i|

9. wewfbœ ev‡Ui cÖfve t mvaviYZt Mvfxi †gvU `y» Drcv`‡bi 40% Ijv‡bi

m¤§y‡Li As‡ki evU I 60% wcQ‡bi As‡ki evU †_‡K cvIqv hvq|

10. cvwbi cÖfve t `y‡a 87% cvwb _v‡K| Mvfx‡K B”QvgZ cvwb †L‡Z w`‡j `y‡ai

cwigvY e„w× cvq|

11. Mvfxi Wv‡K/Mi‡g Avmv t Mvfx Mig n‡j mvaviYZt `y» Drcv`b K‡g hvq|

12. Lv`¨ t Lv`¨ `y» Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I Dcv`v‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi

K‡i| Mvfx‡K mylg Lv`¨ bv w`‡j `ya Drcv`‡bi cwigvY AvksKvRbK fv‡e

K‡g hvq|

13. kvixwiK my¯’Zv t kvixwiK my¯’Zv Mvfxi `y» Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I Dcv`v‡bi

Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Mvfx †h †Kvb †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j ev †h †Kvb

A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq cwZZ n‡j `y» Drcv`b K‡g hv‡e| Mvfx Ijvb dzjv †iv‡M

AvµvšÍ n‡j `y‡a j¨vK‡UvR I Pwe©i cwigvY K‡g ‡h‡Z cv‡i|

`y» `ywlZ nIqvi Kvib I cÖwZKvi

`ya wewfbœfv‡e `ywlZ n‡Z cv‡i| `ya `ywlZ nIqvi mvaviY Kvib Ges `yl‡Yi nvZ †_‡K

iÿv Kivi welqmg~n eY©bv Kiv nj|

y `ya mvaviYZ t †`vnb, gvc, cwienb Ges msiÿ‡Yi mgq RxevYy I Ab¨vb¨

c`v_© Øviv `ywlZ n‡Z cv‡i| RxevYy mvaviYZt Mvfxi kixi, †`vnbKvix,

evZvm ev `y‡ai cvÎmg~n †_‡K msµvwgZ nq| †`vn‡bi c~‡e© Mvfxi Ijvb,

euvU, wbZ¤^, †c‡Ui Zj‡`k cvwb w`‡q ay‡q cwi¯‹vi Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q Zvici

`ya †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU Mvfx‡K †gvQvi Rb¨ c„_K c„_K cwi¯‹vi Kvco

ivL‡Z n‡e|

y ‡`vnbKvixi nvZ ØvivI `ya `ywlZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB cÖwZevi `ya †`vn‡bi Av‡M

†`vnbKvixi nvZ mvevb w`‡q ay‡q cwi¯‹vi Kvc‡o nvZ gy‡Q Mvfx †`vnb Ki‡Z

n‡e| †fRv nvZ w`‡q `ya †`vnb Kiv wVK bq| †`vnbKvixi bL eo nIqv Ges

Zvi nvZ ev kix‡ii †Kvb ¯’v‡b Pg©‡ivM _vKv Pj‡e bv|


42

y evZvm ØvivI `ya `ywlZ n‡Z cv‡i| †`vnbKv‡j †Rv‡i evZvm cÖevwnZ n‡j `y‡a

ayjv-evwj wgwkªZ nIqvi mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K| So ev evZvm cÖev‡ni mgq ev

†Mv-kvjv Svo– A_ev cwi¯‹vi Kivi ci ciB †`vnb Kiv DwPZ bq|

y `y‡ai cvÎ †_‡KI `ya `ywlZ n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB `ya †`vnb, gvcv, cwienb,

msiÿY BZ¨vwì Rb¨ †h mKj cvÎ ev hš¿cvwZ eënvi Kiv nq Zv Aek¨B

cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ I RxevYygy³ n‡Z n‡e| `y‡ai †h †Kvb cvÎ cÖwZevi eënv‡ii

ci fvjfv‡e Mig cvwb w`‡q ay‡q ïwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfxi Ijv‡b †Kvb ‡ivM _vK‡j †mLvb †_‡KI `ya `ywlZ n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB

Ijv‡bi †Kvb †ivM _vK‡j Zvi wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z n‡e|

y ‡`vn‡bi ¯’vb cwi¯‹vi n‡Z n‡e| ˆ`wbK GKB ¯’v‡b, GKB mg‡q, GKB e¨w³

Øviv †`vnb Kiv‡Z n‡e| †`vn‡bi mgq Mvfx‡K †Kvbfv‡eB fq cvIqv‡bv ev

D‡ËwRZ Kiv Pj‡e bv|

y wewfbœ KxU cZsM †hgb, gvwQ, †Zjv‡cvKv, Bu`yi, BZ¨vw` Øviv `ya `ywlZ n‡Z

cv‡i| GRb¨ †Mv-kvjv, `ya †`vn‡bi RvqMv, `ya msiÿ‡Yi ¯’vb BZ¨vw` me

mgq cwi¯‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e| Gme ¯’vb cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ I ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z ivLvi

Rb¨ wdbvBj, cUvk (wcwcGg) BZ¨vw` eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

y ‡`vn‡bi mgq †`vnbKvix †hb nuvwP, Kvwk bv †`q ev _y_y bv †d‡j †mw`‡K

†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

y Mvfx iÿYv‡eÿYKvixi wbKU †_‡KI `ya `ywlZ n‡Z cv‡i| Mvfx iÿYv‡eÿYKvix

ev cwiPh©vKvix‡K Aek¨B †ivMgy³ Ges cwi¯‹vi cwiQbœ n‡Z n‡e|

y `ya GKUz ZvovZvwo †`vnb Kiv‡bvB DËg| ‡`vn‡bi ciciB `ya‡K VvÛv ¯’v‡b

ivL‡Z n‡e| wngvwqZ Kivi eë¯’v _vK‡j fvj| my‡hvM _vK‡j `ya‡K AwaK

mgq fvj ivLvi Rb¨ cv¯‘ivB‡Rkvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

†ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY ‡ivM RxevYy we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Rxe wbivcËv eë¯’v wK †m m¤ú‡K© eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| msµvgK †ivM †`Lv w`‡j KiYxq wK n‡e †m wel‡q eySv‡Z cv‡eb|

‡ivM RxevYy we¯Ívi

cïi †`‡n RxevYy wewfbœfv‡e cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZt gyL-MnŸi, bvmviÜ«, Pvgovi

ÿZ, †hvwb c_, gj-g~Î Z¨v‡Mi iv¯Ív, ev‡Ui wQ`ª, †PvL BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †iv‡Mi RxevYy

†`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| Mevw` cïi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ †ivM-RxevYy Qov‡bvi

Dcvq m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv ìKvi| mvaviYZt wb‡¤v³fv‡e †ivM RxevYy Qwo‡q _v‡K|


43

1. evZv‡mi gva¨‡g t A‡bK gvivZ¥K †iv‡Mi RxevYy evZv‡mi gva¨‡g GK¯’vb

†_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b Qwo‡q _v‡K| †hgb- Lyiv †iv‡Mi RxevYy evZv‡mi gva¨‡g 40

wK‡jvwgUvi `y‡i Ab¨¯’v‡b Qov‡Z cv‡i|

2. RxeRš‘ I KxU cZs‡Mi gva¨‡g t KzKzi, weovj, k„Mvj, †eRx, Bu`yi, gkv, gvwQ,

wewfbœ KxU cZsM BZ¨vw` Øviv †ivM RxevYy Qov‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- RjvZsK

3. wewfbœ ai‡bi cvLxi gva¨‡g t KvK, wPj, kKzb, BZ¨vw` bvbv iK‡gi cvLxi

gva¨‡g †ivM RxevYy Qov‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- evW©-d¬z

4. b`x, Rjvkq, e„wói cvwb Øviv t cÖvYxi g„Z‡`n ev ms¯úk©hy³ `ªe¨vw` b`x,

Rjvkq ev gvwU‡Z †d‡j ivL‡j g„Z‡`n †_‡K wbtm„Z c`v_© ev Ab¨vb¨

`ªe¨vw`‡Z †j‡M _vKv †ivM RxevYy cvwbi †mªv‡Z wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o|

†hgb- ZoKv, ev`jv

5. nvU evRv‡ii cï cvLx ev cïRvZ `ªe¨vwì gva¨‡g t A‡bK mgq †ivMvµvšÍ

ev ms¯úk©hy³ cï cvLx weµ‡qi Rb¨ nv‡U evRv‡i †bIqv nq| G mKj cï

cvLx cwien‡bi iv¯Ív Ges weµq ¯’‡j †ivM RxevYy Qwo‡q c‡o| nv‡U evRv‡ii

Ab¨vb¨ my¯’ cï cvLx †ivMvµvšÍ‡ì ms¯ú‡k© G‡m msµvwgZ nq Ges GBfv‡e

†ivM we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| ZvQvovI Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †jvKR‡bi AÁZvi Kvi‡b

nvU-evRvi I Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b †ivMvµvšÍ cï cvLxi gvsm wewµ nq, Gm‡ei

gva¨‡gI †ivM RxevYy Qovq|

6. cï cvLx enbKvix hvbevn‡bi gva¨‡g t evm, †Uªb, jÂ, óxgvi, †bŠKv, cÖf„wZ

†hv‡M cï-cvLx GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b enb Kivi mgq †ivMvµvšÍ ev †iv‡Mi

evnK †_‡K H me hvbevn‡b †iv‡Mi RxevYy †j‡M hvq c‡i Ab¨vb¨ gvjvgvj,

cï cvLx ev gvby‡li gva¨‡g Zv wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o|

7. cïi Pvgov I Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨ Øviv t Avgv‡ì †`‡k †iv‡M g„Z cï cvLx

mvaviYZt gv‡V Nv‡U †d‡j †Ìqv nq hv †Kvb µ‡gB DwPZ bq| GBme cïi

Pvgov, nvo I Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨vw` gywP ev Ab¨ †jvKRb wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wb‡q hvq, g„Z

cï †h †iv‡M gviv wM‡q‡Q †mB †iv‡Mi RxevYy Pvgov, nvo I Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨vwì

gva¨‡g wewfbœ ¯’v‡b we¯Ívi jvf K‡i|

8. cï cvLxi cwiPh©vKvix Øviv t †ivMvµvšÍ cïi cwiPh©vKvix Zvi †`n, †cvlvK

cwi”Q` I AvbymswMK miÄvgvw` Øviv †iv‡Mi RxevYy Ab¨Î Qov‡Z cv‡i|

9. cwi`k©K Øviv t Lvgvi †`L‡Z ev †eov‡Z Avmv †jvKR‡bi gva¨‡gI †ivM RxevYy

Qwo‡q co‡Z cv‡i| †hLvb †_‡K Zviv G‡m‡Qb †mLv‡b msµvgK †iv‡Mi

cÖv`yf©ve _vK‡j †m mKj †iv‡Mi RxevYy wewfbœfv‡e Zv‡ì mv‡_ P‡j Av‡m|

Rxe wbivcËv

msµvgK †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ ÒRxe wbivcËvÓ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e

1. bZzb µq Kiv ev Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e msM„nxZ cï G‡bB Lvgv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ cïi

ms‡M ivLv hv‡e bv| 15w`b mgq †m¸‡jv‡K c„_Kfv‡e †i‡L ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z


44

n‡e| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ hw` bZzb cïi g‡a¨ †Kvb †ivM jÿY cÖKvk bv cvq

Z‡eB Lvgv‡ii cyiv‡bv cïi ms‡M ivLv hv‡e|

2. ewnivMZ `k©K‡ì Lvgv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki mgq cv ev RyZvi Zjv RxevYybvkK c`v_©

¸jv‡bv cvwb‡Z Wywe‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

3. ‡h mKj msµvgK †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cvIqv hvq †m mKj †iv‡Mi wUKv

mwVK mg‡q wbqg gZ w`‡Z n‡e| wb‡Ri Lvgv‡i wUKv cÖ`v‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_

cvk¦©eZx© Lvgvi ev cï mg~n‡KI GKB wUKv cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. cïi Lv`¨ UvUKv, wb‡f©Rvj n‡Z n‡e I ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Zfv‡e wbR Lvgv‡iB wgwkªZ

Ki‡Z n‡e|

5. ‡Kvb GjvKv‡Z msµvgK †ivM †`Lv w`‡j †m GjvKvi cï cvLx ev cï cvLx

RvZ `ªe¨vw` nv‡U evRv‡i ev H GjvKvi evB‡i hv‡Z †h‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨

eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. Lvgv‡i eb¨ Rš‘ cÖ‡ek I PjvPj eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov gkv-gvwQ, Bu`yi I

Ab¨vb¨ KxU cZsM aŸsm Kivi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

7. Lvgv‡ii †ivMvµvšÍ cïi wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e, fvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv bv _vK‡j

Zv RevB K‡i cï wPwKrm‡Ki g‡Z gvsm LvIqv ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ ÿwZKi n‡j

cïi gi‡`n gvwUi bx‡P cyu‡Z ivL‡Z n‡e A_ev cyuwo‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|

msµvgK †ivM †`Lv w`‡j KiYxq

‡Kvb GjvKvq msµvgK †ivM †`Lv w`‡j Zv `g‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¤v³ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡et

1. c„_KKiY t Lvgv‡i †Kvb evwo‡Z †ivM †`Lv †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †ivMvµvšÍ

cï c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e I wPwKrmvi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cïi KvR Kg©

Kivi Rb¨ hw` GKRb †jvKB wbhy³ _v‡K Z‡e cÖ_‡g my¯’ cïi KvRKg© I

Lv`¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Amy¯’ ev AvµvšÍ cïi †mev c‡i Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` †Kvb cï

†ivMvµvšÍ e‡j m‡›`n nq Zv‡KI c„_K K‡i ch©‡eÿ‡Y ivL‡Z n‡e|

2. AvµvšÍ cïi wPwKrmv A_ev wbg~©j KiY t †h mKj †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Av‡Q Ges

wPwKrmv Ki‡j fvj n‡q hvq †m mKj †ÿ‡Î wPwKrmvi eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e, wKš‘

†h †ivM wPwKrmv Ki‡jI cwic~Y©fv‡e fvj nq bv Ges †iv‡Mi evnK wnmv‡e

cïwUi †eu‡P _vKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K †m cï‡K RevB K‡i g„Z‡`n cyuwo‡q A_ev

gvwUi bx‡P cyu‡Z ivL‡Z n‡e|

3. ‡ivMvµvšÍ GjvKvi cï weµq bv Kiv t †ivM †`Lv w`‡jB A‡bK †jv‡Ki g‡a¨

†ivMvµvšÍ cï cvLx evRv‡i wb‡q weµ‡qi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq, Gi d‡j †ivM `ªæZ

we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| GB cÖeYZv Aek¨B †iva Ki‡Z n‡e| †ivMvµvšÍ GjvKvi cï

cvLx †hb evRv‡i ev iv¯Ívq †ei n‡Z bv cv‡i †mw`‡K mevi `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e|

4. ‡ivMvµvšÍ cï I Zvi N‡ii cwiPh©v t †ivMvµvšÍ cïi †mev hZœ ev AvbymswMK

eë¯’vcbv wfbœ †jvK Øviv Kiv‡bvB fvj| †ivMvµvšÍ cïi N‡ii hZœ mg¯Í wKQy


45

c„_K _vK‡Z n‡e Ges Zv my¯’ cïi N‡i KLbB Avbv hv‡e bv| †ivMvµvšÍ

cïi N‡ii gqjv, AveR©bv, Lo-KzUv meB cywo‡q †djvB DËg bv n‡j gvwU‡Z

cyu‡Z ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b N‡i myweavRbK †Kvb RxevYy bvkK †hgb- m¨vfjb,

AvBImvb, wdbvBj, ev †WUj eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

5. g„Z †`‡ni mrKvi t msµvgK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ cï gviv †M‡j Zvi †`‡n cÖPzi

cwigv‡Y mswkøó †iv‡Mi RxevYy _v‡K| †iv‡M giv cïi g„Z†`n cyuwo‡q †djvB

DËg bv| cvi‡j Aek¨B gvwU‡Z cyu‡Z †dj‡Z n‡e| g„Z cïi N‡ii mKj

AvmevecÎmn mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ mKj wKQy GgbwK N‡ii †Ìqvj, †eov, wmwjs,

me wKQy RxevYybvkK wgwkªZ cvwb w`‡q ay‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ges N‡i ms‡M ms‡M Ab¨

†Kvb my¯’ cï bv Zz‡j Kgc‡ÿ 2-3 mßvn A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| g„Zcï Ni †_‡K

†ei Kivi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb cïi †`n †_‡K †Kvb c`v_© bv c‡o|

GB mKj c`v‡_© cÖPzi RxevYy _v‡K| msµvgK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ g„Z cïi Pvgov

Qvov‡bv hv‡e bv| g„Z ‡`n gwU‡Z †cuvZvi ci †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb KzKzi,

†kqvj ev Ab¨ †Kvb eb¨ Rš‘ Zv Zz‡j bv †d‡j| gvwU Pvcv †Ìqvi Av‡M g„Z

†`‡ni Dci Pzb, †mvWv A_ev weøwPs cvDWvi wQwU‡h w`‡Z cvi‡j fvj nq|

6. cÖPvi t msµvgK †ivM †`Lv †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ GjvKvi Rb mvaviY‡K †m

‡ivM m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kivi eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ †Xvj, gvBK, cÖ‡qvR‡b

cÎ-cwÎKvq, †eZvi ev †Uwjwfk‡b cÖPv‡ii eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|

Mevw`cï my¯’ _vKvi jÿY Ges Mevw`cïi ‡ivM

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mevw` cï my¯’ _vKvi jÿYm¤ú‡K© ej‡Z

cvi‡eb Ges

2| Mevw`cïi ‡ivM m¤ú‡K© eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mevw`cï my¯’ _vKvi jÿY

y cï Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi cÖwZ mZK© _vK‡e I ¯^vfvweKfv‡e bovPov Ki‡e|

y bvK, gyL †PvL cwi¯‹vi I D¾j _vK‡e|

y kix‡ii †jvg gm„Y I PKP‡K _vK‡e|

y bv‡Ki AMÖfvM †fRv †fRv I we›`y we›`y Nvg _vK‡e|

y Kvb I †jR bvov-Pvov K‡i gkv gvwQ Zvov‡e|

y ¯^vfvweKfv‡e LvIqv `vIqv Ki‡e|

y Rvei KvU‡e|

y wccvmv ¯^vfvweK _vK‡e|

y gj-g~Î ¯^vfvweKfv‡e n‡e I is ¯^vfvweK _vK‡e|


46

y kix‡ii Zvc ¯^vfvweK _vK‡e|

cï Amy¯’ n‡j Dc‡iv³ Ae¯’vi e¨wZµg †`Lv hv‡e Ges cï †h †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡e

†mB †iv‡Mi jÿY cÖKvk cv‡e|

Mevw`cïi ‡ivM

Mevw` cï cvj‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v †ivM| cï wewfbœ cÖKvi ‡ivM Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡Z

cv‡i| Mvfx GKevi †Kvb gvivZ¥K †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j Zvi AcyiYxq ÿwZ mvab nq|

†ivM mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡j Mevw` cï mvaviYZt †h mKj †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq

†m mKj †ivM m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|

cÖ_gZt †Kvb cï Amy¯’ n‡j Zvi evwn¨K jÿY †`‡L †ivM m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e, Zvici

cï wPwKrm‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| kix‡ii ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi †h

†Kvb cwieZ©b‡KB †ivM ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| †ivM‡K mvaviYZt wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

y mvaviY †ivM

y msµvgK †ivM

y AcywóRwbZ †ivM|

mvaviY †ivM t †h mKj †ivM †Kvb Awbq‡gi Rb¨ n‡q _v‡K †hgb-VvÛv jvMv, AvNvZ

jvMv, †Kvb cÖKvi `yN©Ubv BZ¨vw`|

msµvgK †ivM t †h mKj †ivM RxevYy Øviv msNwUZ nq Zv‡K msµvgK †ivM e‡j|

†hgb-fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, dvsMvm, ciRxwe BZ¨vw` Øviv m„ó †ivM|

AcywóRwbZ †ivM t kix‡i cywói Afv‡e AcywóRwbZ ‡ivM nq| †hgb- ivZKvbv, MjMÛ,

AmwUI‡g‡jwmqv BZ¨vw`|

Mevw`cïi ciRxexRwbZ †ivM I Zvi cÖwZKvi

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY AšÍt ciRxex wKwK Ges G¸‡jv wKfv‡e

cïi ÿwZ K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| ewnt ciRxexmg~n Ges G¸‡jvi ÿwZKviK w`K ¸wj eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

3| ciRxex †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi wKfv‡e Kiv hvq †m m¤ú‡K© civgk© w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

AšÍt ciRxex

K…wg †ivM

K…wg GK ai‡bi ciRxwe hv cïi Dci wbf©i K‡i Rxeb aviY K‡i| GBme ciRxwe


47

cïi DcKvi bv K‡i ÿwZmvab K‡i _v‡K| ciRxwe mvaviYZt `yB cÖKvi t

y ‡`‡ni wfZ‡ii ciRxwe

y ‡`‡ni evB‡ii ciRxwe

‡`‡ni wfZ‡ii ciRxwe t Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk Mevw` cï GB ai‡bi ciRxwe ev

K…wg‡Z AvµvšÍ| ‡`‡ni wfZ‡ii K…wg cÖavbZt wZb cÖKv‡ii

y ‡Mvj K…wg

y wdZv K…wg

y KwjRv K…wg

K…wg cïi cvK¯’jx, Lv`¨bvjx, wcËbvjx, ü`wcÛ, i³bvjx, KwjRv, †PvL, dzmdzm Ges

AviI A‡bK ¯’v‡b _v‡K I wWg cv‡o| K…wg wewfbœ fv‡e cïi ÿwZmvab K‡i| cÖvYxi

nRgK…Z Lvev‡i fvM emv‡bv QvovI A‡bK K…wg cïi i³ Lvq Ges bvbvwea ÿwZ K‡i

_v‡K; d‡j K…wg AvµvšÍ cï‡K mylg Lvevi w`‡jI ax‡i ax‡i iæMœ n‡q c‡o| A‡bK

w`b a‡i AvµvšÍ cïi cvuR‡ii nvo cÖKU n‡q D‡V Ges †cU †gvUv n‡q hvq|

K…wg AvµvšÍ n‡j mvaviYZt wb‡¤v³ jÿYmg~n cÖKvk cvq| †hgb-

y cï µ‡gB `ye©j n‡q c‡o|

y LvIqvi iæPx K‡g hvq, kix‡ii IRb Kg‡Z _v‡K, cvZjv cvqLvbv K‡i,

kix‡ii †jvg iæÿè n‡q hvq|

y i³ k~b¨Zv †`Lv hvq, †PvL gyL d¨vKv‡k I wb‡¯ÍR †`Lvq|

y `y»eZx Mvfxi `y» Drcv`b K‡g hvq|

y dzmdzm AvµvšÍ n‡j- Nb Nb Kv‡k, k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi nvi †e‡o hvq I †cU †ekx

DVv bvgv K‡i| dzm dz‡m cvwb R‡g, M¨vm nq, d‡j k¦vm wb‡Z Kó cvq| gyL

w`‡q k¦vm-cÖk¦vm wb‡Z _v‡K, †NuvZ †NvuZ kã nq, gyLgÛj bxjvf n‡q hvq|

G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvYxi g„Zz¨ nIqvi m¤¢vebvB †ekx _v‡K|

y KwjRv K…wg‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡j- cïi ÿzavg›`v †`Lv †`q, LyeB `ye©j I wb‡¯ÍR

n‡q c‡o| Mv‡qi Pvgovi PKP‡K fve K‡g hvq, †jvg LmL‡m nq Ges

†jvg D‡V †h‡Z _v‡K| cvZjv cvqLvbv n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mgq mgq Avevi

†Kvô-KvwVb¨ †`Lv †`q| Pig Ae¯’vq kix‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cvwb R‡g| †hgb-

Mjvi bx‡P, †c‡Ui bx‡P, ey‡K, BZ¨vw`| `y»eZx Mvfxi `y» Drcv`b K‡g

hvq| i³k~b¨Zv nq, Wvb w`‡Ki cuvR‡ii Dci Pvc w`‡j e¨_v cvq (KwjRvi

Ae¯’v‡bi Dci) AwaK cwigv‡Y AvµvšÍ cÖvYx gviv †h‡Z cv‡i|


48

Mevw`cïi ÿwZKi K…wg I Zvi cÖwZKvi

K…wgi bvg Jl‡ai bvg gvÎv I eënvi wewa

‡Mvj K…wg

(Round Worm)

U¨ve‡jU ‡nj‡g·

cÖwZ 60 †KwR IR‡bi Rb¨ 1 U¨ve‡jU mKv‡j Lvwj

†c‡U †me¨|

‡Mvj K…wg U¨ve‡jU ivj‡b·


†c‡U †me¨|

‡Mvj K…wg

wcwm‡fU / Gwfcvi

cvDWvi

cÖwZ 50 †KwR IR‡bi Rb¨ 11 MÖvg cwigvY Jla cvwb

ev `vbv Lv‡`ï mv‡_ wgwk‡q Lvwj †c‡U LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

‡Mvj K…wg U¨ve‡jU Gb‡WvwKj


†c‡U †me¨|

‡Mvj K…wg U¨ve‡jU ‡UUªvwbW


†c‡U †me¨|

‡Mvj K…wg U¨ve‡jU †jfvwbW


†c‡U †me¨|

KwjRv K…wg

(Liver Fluke)

U¨ve‡jU ‡dwm‡b·

cÖwZ 75 †KwR IR‡bi Rb¨ 1wU †evjvm `vbv Lv‡`ï

mv‡_ wgwk‡q Lvwj †c‡U LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

KwjRv K…wg U¨ve‡jU d¬z‡Kwbj

cÖwZ 75 †KwR IR‡bi Rb¨ 1wU †evjvm `vbv Lv‡`ï

mv‡_ wgwk‡q Lvwj †c‡U LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

KwjRv K…wg I i³

†L‡Kv †Mvj K…wg

Bb‡RKkb †Wvwf‡b·

Pvgovi bx‡P cÖwZ 25 †KwR IR‡bi Rb¨ 1.0 wgtwjt

`ya †Ìqv Miæ‡K Bb‡RKkb †Ìqvi ci wZb w`b

ch©šÍ `ya I 50 w`b ch©šÍ gvsm LvIqv wb‡la|

KwjRv K…wg I i³


Bb‡RKkb Aw·wbj




KwjRv K…wg I i³


Bb‡RKkb fviwgK




‡Mvj K…wg I

KwjRv K…wg

U¨ve‡jU Gb‡W·


†c‡U †me¨|

‡Mvj K…wg I

KwjRv K…wg

U¨ve‡jU †ibv‡W·


†c‡U †me¨|

‡`‡ni evB‡ii ciRxwe t G ai‡bi A‡bK cÖKv‡ii ciRxwe †`Lv hvq| GB¸wj cïi

Pvgovi Dci evm K‡i Ges ÿwZ mvab K‡i| †hgb-AvUvjx, DKzb, gvwQ, gkv BZ¨vw`|

AvUvjx I DKzb wb‡¤œv³ ÿwZ K‡i _v‡K t

y cïi i³ k~b¨Zv †`Lv hvq I Kg©ÿgZv n«vm cvq|

y wewfbœ cÖKvi gvivZ¥K †ivM enb K‡i Ges Zv GK cÖvYx †_‡K Ab¨ cÖvYx‡Z Qovq|

y evQy‡ii kix‡i AvUvjx n‡j ¯^vfvweK e„w× nqbv, d‡j eq‡mi Zzjbvq †QvU †`Lvq|

y Mvfx‡Z AvUvjx ev DKzb n‡j `ya K‡g hvq|


49

y DKzb n‡j kix‡ii †jvg Dm‡Kv Lym‡Kv †`Lvq Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †jvg S‡i

co‡Z cv‡i|

y Pvgovi ¸bMZ gvb bó n‡q hvq|

cÖwZKvi

y ÒAvBfvi‡gK †cŠiAbÓ bvgK Zij Jla gv_v †_‡K wki `vuovi Dci w`‡q

†j‡Ri gv_v ch©šÍ mij †iLvi b¨vq cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †`‡ni Pvgovi Dcwi¯’ AvVvjx,

DKzb, gvBU ev gvKo, Pvgovi bx‡Pi †MvjK…wg (Kuv‡ai Nv) cÖf„wZ asm nq|

gvwQ t

‡Mv-kvjvq gvwQi Dc`ªe Lye †ekx nq| gvwQ Lye ÿwZKi ciRxwe, I wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii

nq| mvaviYZt gvwQ cïi kix‡i e‡m cï‡K wei³ K‡i| A‡bK gvwQ cïi i³ Pz‡l

Lvq| gvwQ mvaviYZt wb‡¤v³ ÿwZ mvab K‡i _v‡K t

y wewfbœ cÖKvi †iv‡Mi evnb wnmv‡e K‡i Ges Amy¯’ cïi †`n †_‡K †iv‡Mi

RxevYy enb K‡i my¯’ cï‡K msµvwgZ K‡i|

y cï‡K wei³ K‡i|

y i³ Pz‡l Lvq|

y kix‡ii ÿZ ¯’v‡b wWg w`‡q cPb awi‡q ‡`q|

cÖwZKvi

gvwQ aŸsm Kivi cÖavb Dcvq cïi evm¯’vb I cwi‡ek cwi¯‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e| cïi

evm¯’vb cÖwZw`b cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| N‡i gv‡S gv‡S wdbvBj, AvBImvb, m¨vfjb

BZ¨vw` RxevYybvkK `ªe¨ wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov ÒbK‡ivPÓ bvgK Jl‡ai ¸ov Kjvi

cvZvq †Mvqvj N‡i †i‡L w`‡j wKQyÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ Av‡m cv‡ki mKj gvwQ AvK…ó n‡e Ges

Kjvi cvZvi Dci G‡m g‡i _vK‡e|

Jla Ges Jl‡ai cÖ‡qvM wewa

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixe„›` Jla I †gwWwmb wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| Jla cÖ‡qv‡Mi wewfbœ iæU m¤ú‡K eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Jla t

Jla GKwU ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv wPwKrmv, cÖwZKvi, cÖwZ‡iva I †ivM wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î

e¨eüZ ev Ab¨_vq kvixwiK/ gvbwmK g½‡j e¨eüZ nq| Jla GK ai‡Yi c`v_© hv

cÖvqB †PZbvbvkK, †njywm‡bkb ev DÏxcK wnm‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|


50

‡gwWwmbt

Ò‡gwWwmbÓ kãwU ej‡Z GK ai‡Yi wgkÖY eySvq hv †ivMi wPwKrmv ev cÖwZ‡iv‡a

e¨eüZ nq|

Jla cÖ‡qv‡Mi iæU mg~nt

wewfbœ iæ‡Ui gva¨‡g kix‡i Jla cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| h_v-

1. gy‡Li Øviv (Orally)t gy‡L LvIqv‡bvi gva¨‡g Jla cÖ‡qvM| mvaviYZ wcj,

ewo, †Rjx I cvDWvi RvZxq Jla G c×wZ‡Z Jla cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

2. Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g (Injection)t Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g Jla cÖ‡qvM

mvaviYZ wb‡¤œv³fv‡q Kiv nq| h_v-

K). wkivi g‡a¨ (intravenously)

L). gvs‡mi g‡a¨ (intramuscularly)

M). ¯úvBbvj K‡W©i PZzw`©‡K (intrathecally)

N). Pvgovi bx‡P (subcutaneously)

3. wRnŸvi bx‡P (sublingually) ev gvwo I †Pvqv‡ji gvSLv‡b (buccally)

4. gjØv‡i (rectally) ev †hvbxc‡_ (vaginally)

5. ‡PvL (by the ocular route) ev Kv‡bi (by the otic route) gva¨‡g

6. bv‡Ki g‡a¨ †¯úªÕi gva¨‡g (nasally)

7. gy‡Li gva¨‡g (by inhalation) ev gyL I bv‡Ki gva¨‡g (by nebulization)

8. Z¡‡Ki Dc‡i cÖ‡qvM (cutaneously)

9. Z¡‡Ki g‡a¨ (transdermally)

Mevw`cïi †ivM-e¨vwa

Mvfxi cÖRbb msµvšÍ †ivM I cÖwZ‡iva

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mvfxi Mf©cv‡Zi KviY m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Mvfxi eÜ¨vZ¡ I Abye©iZvi KviYmg~n eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| Mvfxi eÜ¨vZ¡ I Abye©iZvi Kvib, jÿY I cÖwZKvi m¤^‡Ü civgk© w`‡Z cvi‡eb;

4| eÜ¨vZ¡ ev Abye©iZvi KviY I cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;


51

5| Mf©dzj bv co‡j Zvi cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

6| Rivqy ‡ei n‡q Avmv I Zvi cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mvfxi Mf©cv‡Zi KviY

wb×©vwiZ mg‡qi Av‡M AcwiYZ eq‡m gvZ…Mf© †_‡K ev”Pv †ei n‡q Avm‡j Zv‡K

Mf©cvZ e‡j| mvaviYZt †ivM RxevYyi msµvgY, kvixwiK AvNvZ, welwµqv, µwUcyY©

wPwKrmv, Mf©ve¯’vq fyjµ‡g cÖRbb, cywónxbZv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y Mvfxi Mf©cvZ n‡Z

cv‡i| hv wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq-

y ‡ivM RxevYy msµvgY t Mevw` cï‡Z eªæ‡m‡jvwmm, wfweªIwmm, UªvB‡Kv‡gvwbqvwmm,

†jc‡Uvmwc‡ivwmm BZ¨vw` †ivM Mf©cv‡Zi KviY| ZvQvov G¨vb_ªv·, ÿziv‡ivM,

Mjvdzjv, †Mv-emšÍ BZ¨vwì gZ gvivZ¥K †iv‡Mi Kvi‡YI Mf©cvZ n‡Z cv‡i|

y kvixwiK AvNvZ t Mf©ve¯’vq †Kvb gvivZ¥K AvNvZ, AvQvo cov, AwZwi³

jvdvjvwd, QyUvQywU ev Kv‡Ri Pv‡cI Mf©cvZ n‡Z cv‡i|

y AcywóRwbZ t AcywóRwbZ Kvi‡YI Mvfxi Mf©cvZ n‡Z cv‡i| wfUvwgb G, I

wKQy LwbR c`v_© †hgb- K¨vjwmqvg, dmdivm, Av‡qvwWb, ‡Kvevë BZ¨vwì

Afv‡e Mvfxi Abye©iZv I Mf©cvZ nq|

y welwµqv t wewfbœ ivmvqwbK I †flR c`v_© †hgb- cUvwkqvg bvB‡UªU, wmmv

I Avi‡mwbK RvZxq Jla, ‡÷i‡qW RvZxq Jla Ges Bm‡Uªv‡Rb ni‡gvb

Mf©Kv‡ji †h †Kvb mgq Mf©cvZ NU‡Z cv‡i|

y µwUc~Y© wPwKrmv t †Kvb †Kvb mgq †iv‡Mi µwUc~Y© wPwKrmvi d‡jI Mf©cvZ

n‡Z cv‡i|

y Mf©e¯’vq fyjµ‡g cÖRbb t A‡bK mgq Mvfx Mf©aviY Ki‡jI Mig n‡Z cv‡i

(3-7%) A_ev hw` Mvfxi †Kvb AvPiY‡K Mi‡gi jÿY e‡j a‡i wb‡q cÖRbb

Kivi eë¯’v †bIqv nq Z‡e Mf©cvZ n‡q hvq|

Mvfxi eÜ¨vZ¡ / Abye©iZvi KviY, jÿY I cÖwZKvi

GKRb Mvfx cvjbKvixi wbKU mgq gZ Mvfxi Mf©aviY AZ¨šÍ Riæix| mšÍvb Drcv`‡b

AÿgZv‡K eÜ¨vZ¡ ev Abye©iZv e‡j| GKwU Mvfx‡Z wewfbœ Kvi‡Y eÜ¨vZ¡ ev Abye©iZv

†`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-

1. MVbRwbZ t kix‡ii A‡bK Rb¥MZ ev eskMZ ÎæwURwbZ Kvi‡Y eÜ¨vZ¡ ev

Abye©iZv nq| †hgb- wW¤^vkq, Mf©vkq, mvwf©· BZ¨vwì A¯^vfvweKZv|

2. `yN©Ubv RwbZ t cÖRbb Z‡š¿ †h †Kvb ai‡bi AvNv‡Zi d‡j A_ev Rivqyi

ewnM©gb, †hvwbi ewnM©gb BZ¨vwì Kvi‡Y Mvfx eÜ¨v ev Abyie©i n‡Z cv‡i|

3. kixi e„Ëxq KviY t wewfbœ ni‡gv‡bi Afve I AwbqwgZ ÿi‡Yi d‡j Mvfx‡Z

eÜ¨vZ¡ ev Abye©iZv †`Lv †`q|


52

4. cywóMZ t mylg Lv‡`ï Afv‡e Mvfx‡Z eÜ¨vZ¡ ev Abye©iZv †`Lv hvq| †hgb-

wfUvwgb-G, wW, B I LwbR c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ dmdivm, Kcvi, †Kvevë BZ¨vwì

Afv‡e Mvfx‡Z eÜ¨vZ¡ I Abye©iZv †`Lv hvq|

5. gb¯ÍvwZ¡K t fq ev ¯œvqyweK D‡ËRbvi d‡j cïi Mf©aviY wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i|

we‡klZt eKbvi †ÿ‡Î cÖRbb wfwZ ev Aw¯’iZv A_ev gvÎvwZwi³ D‡ËRbvi

e‡k G ai‡bi Abye©iZv †`Lv hvq|

6. †ivM RwbZ t wewfbœ msµvgK †hŠb †ivM †hgb-eªæ‡m‡jvwmm, wfweªIwmm,

UªvB‡Kv‡gvwbqvwmm, †jc‡Uvmwc‡ivwmm BZ¨vw` †ivM A_ev RbbZ‡š¿i Ab¨vb¨

†ivM †hgb- †gUªvBwUm, mvwf©mvBwUm, cv‡qv‡gUªv, mvjwdbRvBwUm BZ¨vw` †iv‡M

Mvfx eÜ¨v ev Abye©i nq|

7. eskMZ t A‡bK mgq eskMZ Kvi‡Y cï‡Z eÜ¨vZ¡ ev Abye©iZv †`Lv hvq|

8. ÎæwUc~Y© eë¯’vcbv t jvjb-cvjb I eë¯’vcbvMZ ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y eÜ¨vZ¡ I

Abye©iZv †`Lv hvq| †hgb- AhZœ, Ae‡njv, Ach©vß Lv`¨, AwbqwgZ `ya

†`vnb, cÖmeKvjxb Ae‡njv, AhZœ ev ÎæwU BZ¨vw`|

9. Ab¨vb¨ t wewfbœ welq †hgb- cïi eqm, FZz, ZvcgvÎv, Av‡jv BZ¨vw` cïi

De©iZvi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| mvaviYZt 4 eQi eqm ch©šÍ Mvfxi De©iZv

e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K I 6 eQi ch©šÍ Zv weivR _v‡K| wKš‘ 6 eQi ci †_‡K

De©iZv n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| Mvfx mvaviYZt emšÍKv‡j AwaK De©i _v‡K|

eÜ¨vZ¡ ev Abye©iZvi aiY

y Mvfx ev”Pv cÖm‡ei 90-100 w`‡bi g‡aÏ Mig nqbv|

y me mgq Mig _v‡K ev AwbqwgZfv‡e Mig nq|

y 15 w`‡bi Kg mgq ev 28 w`‡bi †ekx mgq cici Mig nq|

y `xN©w`b A_©vr Mvfx GK eQi ev AwaK mgq Mig bv nIqv|

y ¯¿x cÖRbb Zš¿ †_‡K †Nvjv, cyuR ev i³ wgwkªZ c`v_© wbM©Z nIqv|

y Mf©cvZ nIqv|

y wZb ev‡ii AwaK cÖRb‡bi ciI Mf©aviY bv Kiv|

y Mf©dzj bv cov, Rivqyi ewnM©gb, †hvwbi ewnM©gb BZ¨vw`|

eÜ¨vZ¡ ev Abye©iZv cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq

y ¯^v¯’¨Ki eë¯’vcbvq Mvfx jvjb cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

y mylg Lv`¨ LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

y mwVKfv‡e Mvfxi MigKvj wba©viY K‡i mgqgZ cÖRb‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

y cÖRbb Z‡š¿ †Kvb AmyL _vK‡j mgqgZ Zvi wPwKrmvi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|


53

y cÖm‡ei mgq mwVK hZœ wb‡Z n‡e|

y cÖm‡ei ci Kgc‡ÿ 60-90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ cybivq cÖRbb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

y msµvgK †ivM _vK‡j Zvi wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z n‡e|

Mf©dzj bv cov

ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci A‡bK mgq Mf©dzj wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ c‡o bv| Gme †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZt

Mf©dz‡ji Askwe‡kl evB‡i Sz‡j _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq| ¯^vfvweK fv‡e ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci

8 N›Uvi g‡a¨ dzj c‡o hvIqvi K_v wKš‘ 12 N›Uvi g‡aÏ hw` bv c‡o Z‡e Zv †ivM

wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

Mf©dzj AvUKv‡bvi KviY

y Rivqyi msµvgK †ivM, †hgb- eªæ‡m‡jvwmm, wfweªIwmm, UªvB‡Kv‡gvwbqvwmm|

y RgR ev”Pv cÖm‡ei d‡jI Mf©dzj AvUKv‡Z cv‡i|

y eskMZ KviY

y AcywóRwbZ KviY| †hgb-wfUvwgb-G Ges K¨vjwmqvg Gi Afv‡e|

y eë¯’vcbvMZt †hgb-cÖm‡ei ci Mvfx hZ †ekx evQyi PvUvPvwU K‡i ZZ

ZvovZvwo Mf©dzj c‡o hvq|

y ni‡gvbRwbZ KviY, †hgb-B‡÷ªv‡Rb Gi Afve|

wPwKrmv I cÖwZKvi

Mvfx‡K me mgq mylg Lv`¨ LvIqv‡Z n‡e| Mf©dzj AvU‡K †M‡j AwfÁ cï wPwKrm‡Ki

Øviv dzj †ei K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e| †Kvb RxevYybvkK `ªeY Øviv nvZ ay‡q Rivqy‡Z nvZ

w`‡q KwUwjWb †_‡K mveav‡b dzj Qvwo‡q Avb‡Z n‡e| A‡bK mgq ÎæwUc~Y© bvovPvovi

d‡j AwaK i³cv‡Zi Kvi‡Y Mvfx gviv hvh| dzj †ei Kivi ci 0.1% Gwµ‡d¬wfb `ªeY

w`‡q Rivqy ay‡q 2-6wU BD‡Uvwmj A_ev KgcÖb †cmvwi w`‡q w`‡Z n‡e| dzj †ei Kivi

mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb dz‡ji †Kvb AskI Rivqyi wfZi †_‡K bv hvq| †Kvb Ask

wfZ‡i †_‡K †M‡j Mvfx cieZx© Mf©avi‡Y RwUjZv †`Lv hv‡e| cieZx©‡Z hv‡Z †Kvb

RwUjZv †`Lv bv hvq †m Rb¨ †h †Kvb Gw›Uev‡qvwUK Bb‡RKkb †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Rivqy †ei n‡q Avmv

ev”Pv cÖm‡ei mgq AwZwi³ †Kv_ †Ìqvi Kvi‡Y ev Uvbv Uvwbi d‡j A_ev Rivq‡Z

†Kvb †iv‡Mi Kvi‡YI †hvwb gyL w`‡q m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkKfv‡e Rivqy †ei n‡q Avm‡Z

cv‡i| mvaviYZt ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci ev K‡qK N›Uv ci GB `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i| mgq

gZ wPwKrmv bv Kiv‡j cÖmªve eÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|


54

wPwKrmv I cÖwZKvi

‡ivM †`Lv †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ AwfÁ cªvwbwPwKrmK Øviv wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z n‡e|

Mf©eZx Mvfxi mwVK hZœ I cwiPh©v wb‡Z n‡e| mylg Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| G ai‡bi

RwUjZv †`Lv †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cªvwbwPwKrmK Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z n‡e|

ev”Pv cÖme bv nIqv

A‡bK mgq †hvwb gyL †QvU nIqvq, ev”Pvi AvK…wZ eo n‡j, ÎæwUc~Y© jvjb cvjb,

AvNvZ, `yN©Ubv, RxevYyi AvµgY, mwVK ¯’v‡b I mwVK fv‡e Mf©¯’ ev”Pv †e‡o bv DV‡j

A_ev AcywóRwbZ Kvi‡Y cÖm‡e RwUjZv ev ¯^vfvweK cÖme wewNœZ nq|

wPwKrmv I cÖwZKvi

AwfÁ wPwKrm‡Ki wbKU wPwKrmv wb‡Z n‡e|

Mf©eZx Mvfxi mwVK hZœ I cwiPh©v wb‡Z n‡e| mylg Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| G ai‡bi

RwUjZv †`Lv †Ìqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cï wPwKrm‡Ki mvnvh¨ wb‡Z n‡e|

‡hvwb c_ †ei n‡q Avmv

Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q B‡óªv‡Rb ni‡gv‡bi ÿiY ‡e‡o hvIhvi d‡j Aw¯’ eÜbx I cÖRbb

c‡_i ms‡hvRb Zš‘mg~n wkw_j n‡q c‡o| GRb¨ AwZwi³ Pv‡ci d‡j Mvfxi †hvwb c_

†ei n‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_gevi ev”Pv cÖ`v‡bi mgq mvaviYZt GB Amyweav nq bv|

cÖ_g hLb †ei n‡q Av‡m ZLb Mvp jvj I †QvU _v‡K wKš‘ wfZ‡i cª‡ek Kiv‡Z †ìx

Ki‡j Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í eo n‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z gqjv AveR©bv ev gvwQ jvM‡j cÖ`v‡ni m„wó

nq| mgq gZ wPwKrmv bv Kiv‡j cÖRbb Zš¿ AvµvšÍ nq|

wPwKrmv I cÖwZKvi

AwfÁ wPwKrm‡Ki wbKU wPwKrmv wb‡Z n‡e|

y †ein‡q Avmv †hvwb 0.1% Gwµ‡d¬wfb mjykv‡b fvj K‡i cwi¯‹vi K‡i ax‡i

ax‡i wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

y cieZx© ch©v‡hi msµvgY eÜ Kivi Rb¨ †cÖvbv‡cb 40 jvL (24 N›Uv ci ci)

ev †ibvgvBwmb Gj,G 10-15wgwjt (IRb Abycv‡Z)gvs‡m 72 N›Uv (3w`b)

ci ci Bb‡RKkb Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Mf©Kv‡j wfUvwgb-GwWB 5-10wgwjt gvs‡m Bb‡RKkb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †mB

mv‡_ m¨vb&KK¨j †fU Zij Jla ˆ`wbK 100wgwjt †meb Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i,

`yB mßvnKvj|


55

Mevw`cïi fvBivmRwbZ †ivMmg~n

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mevw`cïi fvBivm RwbZ ‡iv‡Mi Kvib Ges

†ivMjÿY wK †m m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cv‡eb;

2| fvBivm RwbZ †ivM n‡j Zvi cÖwZKvi wK ev wK wPwKrmv w`‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© eY©bv

Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Lyiv †ivM (Gd Gg wW)

Lyiv †iv‡Mi KviY

Gd Gg wW fvBivm| GwU AwZ Zxeª cÖK…wZi GKwU msµvgK I Ò‡Qvqv‡PÓ †ivM hv AwZ `ªæZ

†ivM Qovq| mKj wef³ Lyi wewkó cÖvYx‡Z G †ivM †`Lv hvq| Z‡e Miæ‡ZB †ekx nq|Gd

Gg wW fvBiv‡mi †gvU 7wU †÷ªBb i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 4wU evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb| †hgb- G, I,

wm, Gwkqv-1, Gi g‡a¨ Avevi Gwkqv-1 Gi cÖv`yf©ve evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ekx|

‡ivM jÿY

†`‡ni ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvq- (104

0

- 106

0

dvt) Ges gyL w`‡q jvjv S‡i| cÖ_‡g

wRneŸvq †dvmKv c‡o, cieZx©‡Z †dvmKv †d‡U wM‡q ÿ‡Zi m„wó nq| Miæ †L‡Z

cv‡ibv, AZ¨šÍ `ye©j n‡q c‡o|

GQvov cv Lyuwo‡q nvu‡U| Ly‡ii Dcivs‡k ÿ‡Zi m„wó nq| mgqg‡Zv wPwKrmv bv w`‡j Ly‡i

gvwQ wWg †`q Ges Lyiv dz‡j wM‡q RwUjZv †`Lv †`q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Lyiv Ly‡j c‡o hvq|

‡QvU evQy‡i GB †iv‡M g„Zz¨nvi †ekx| evQy‡ii nvU© AvµvšÍ nq weavq GB †ivM‡K

ÒUvBMvi nvU© wWwRRÓ ejv n‡q _v‡K| eo Miæ‡Z gyZz¨ bv n‡jI Mvfx‡Z `y‡ai Drcv`b

K‡g hvq| ej‡` jv½j I Mvox Uvbvq kw³ Kg cvq|

wPwKrmv

fvBivm RwbZ †ivM weavq Lyiv †iv‡Mi Kvh©Ki †Zgb †Kvb wPwKrmv †bB| Z‡e †iv‡Mi

RwUjZv wbim‡bi j‡ÿ¨ AwfÁ cÖvwYwPwKrmK Øviv wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z n‡e| GB †iv‡M

wb¤ewb©Z jÿY wfwËK wPwKrmv †`qv n‡q _v‡K|

1. G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK A_ev mvjdvi RvZxq Jla cïi IRb Abycv‡Z gvÎv wVK K‡i

gvs‡m B‡ÄKkb| †hgbt B‡ÄKkb †ibvgvBwmb Gj G 10wgwj: fvqvj (gvÎv-

cÖwZ 10 †KwR IR‡bi Rb¨ 1 wgwj: wnmv‡e, 3w`b ci ci 2wU B‡ÄKkb)|

2. gy‡Li ÿZ `ªæZ mviv‡bvi Rb¨ cvwb‡Z wdUKvix wgwk‡q, cÖ_‡g gyL ay‡q w`‡Z

nq| Gici †mvnvMv Mig ZvIqvq †f‡R ˆL ‰Zix Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv ¸‡ov

K‡i bvwi‡Kj ‡Z‡j wgwk‡q w`‡b 2 evi gy‡L jvMv‡Z n‡e|


56

3. cUvk cvwb w`‡q cv‡qi ÿZ cwi¯‹vi K‡i Zv‡Z w`b 2 evi

mvjdvwbjvgvBW/†bevbj cvDWvi jvMv‡Z n‡e|

4. ÿ‡Z †hb gvwQ bv e‡m †m Rb¨ Ób¨vc_wjbÓ ¸‡ov K‡i ÿ‡Zi Pvwicv‡k

jvMv‡Z n‡e| bvn‡j Zvwc©b †ZjI jvMv‡bv hvq|

5. cï‡K 2 †ejv big Lv`¨ †hgb- Pv‡ji RvD, AvUv/mywRi RvD cÖ‡qvR‡b

†evZj/†Pv½v w`‡q LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

cÖwZ‡iva

1. mvavib ¯^v¯’¨ wewa I RxewbivcËv †g‡bPjv|

2. my¯’¨ cï‡K wbqwgZ Ó†UUªvf¨v‡jb GdGgwW f¨vKwmbÓ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e hvi

g‡a¨ G, I, wm Gwkqv-1 GB 4 ai‡bi fvBiv‡mi wUKv we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|

RwUjZv

Lyiv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ cï‡K h_vmg‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wPwKrmv bv w`‡j bvbv iKg RwUjZv

†`Lv †`qv mn cïi g„ZyÏ n‡Z cv‡i| AvµvšÍ Mf©eZx cï‡Z Mf©cvZ, Ijvb cÖ`vn,

wbD‡gvwbqv, Lyiv c‡o wM‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e cv †Lvuov ev c½y nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GQvov

Lyiv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ eKbv wKsev Mvfxi `y‡ai cwigvb ¯’vqxfv‡e K‡g hvq|

wZb w`‡bi R¡i (Bwd‡givj wdfvi)

wZb w`‡bi R¡i (Bwd‡givj wdfvi) ‡iv‡Mi KviY t

GwU GKwU fvBivm RwbZ Zxeª cÖK…wZi msµvgK †ivM| cyY© eq¯‹ Ges ¯^v¯’ëvb Miæ‡Z

mvavibZt emšÍKv‡j GB †iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve †ekx †`Lv hvq|

‡ivM jÿY t

‡`‡ni ZvcgvÎv AwaKnv‡i e„w× cv‡e (104-107

0

dvt), gyL w`‡q jvjv co‡e| cv

†Lvuov‡e| ch©vqµ‡g 3 cv‡q fi w`‡q ùvov‡e Ges 1 cv Avjv`v ivL‡e| cï AZ¨šÍ

`ye©j n‡q hv‡e Ges ï‡q _vK‡Z †ekx cQ›` Ki‡e| †Kvb wKQy Lv‡ebv| R¡i †ekx n‡j

k¦vm KóI n‡Z cv‡i A_©vr `ªæZ k¦vm-cÖk¦vm wb‡e|

wPwKrmv t

fvBiv‡mi Kvi‡Y GB †iv‡Mi Kvh©¨Ki †Kvb wPwKrmv ‡bB| ZvQvov mvavibZt 3 w`b

ci GB †ivM Ggwb‡ZB †m‡i hvq weavq GB †iv‡Mi bvg ÒwZb w`‡bi R¡iÓ| ZeyI †Kvb

RwUjZv †hb bv †`Lv †`q †m Rb¨ Zxeª cÖK…wZi †ÿ‡Î G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK A_ev mvjdvi

RvZxq Jla B‡ÄKkb †`qv hvq|


57

GQvov jÿY wfwËK wPwKrmv †`qv nq| we‡kl K‡i Zvc I kix‡ii e¨v_v †e`bv

Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ wdfv‡mvj B‡ÄKkb mwVK gvÎvq gvs‡m e¨envi Kiv n‡j AwZ `ªæZ cï

my¯’ n‡q D‡V||

cÖwZ‡iva t

GB †iv‡Mi †Kvb f¨vKwmb evsjv‡`‡k cvIqv hvqbv| weavq mvavib ¯^v¯’¨ wewa I

RxewbivcËv †Rvi`vi K‡i GB †iv‡Mi AvµgY †_‡K iÿv cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

‡Mv-emšÍ (KvDc·)

‡Mv-emšÍ (KvDc·) ‡iv‡Mi KviY t

KvD c· fvBivm GB †iv‡Mi KviY| mvaviYZt eq¯‹ Mvfx‡Z GB †ivM †ekx †`Lv hvq|

‡ivM jÿY t

AvµvšÍ Mvfxi Ijvb I evu‡U em‡šÍi ¸wU †`Lv ‡`q| ¸wU¸wj cÖ_‡g jvj is Gi nq|

c‡i mv`v I Kv‡jv nq| A‡bK mgq ¸wU ¸wj †d‡U wM‡q Ijvb ev evu‡U ÿ‡Zi m„wó K‡i|

Ijvb I evu‡U e¨v_v nq| Mvfx `ya †`vnv‡Z †`qbv GgbwK evQyi†KI `ya †L‡Z †`q bv|

kix‡i Zvc †e‡o hvq| emšÍ †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y Mvfxi Ijvb cÖ`vn †`Lv hvq| lvup wKsev ej‡`i

†ÿ‡Î AÛ‡Kv‡li Av‡mcv‡k Kg †jvg Ave„Z Pvgovi Dci emšÍ †iv‡Mi ¸wU †`Lv hvq|

wPwKrmv t

fvBivm RwbZ KviY weavq GB †iv‡Mi Kvh©Ki wPwKrmv ‡bB| Z‡e wØZxq ch©v‡qi

RwUjZv wbikbK‡í G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK wKsev mvjdvi RvZxq Jla B‡ÄKkb †`qv hvq|

GQvov ¯’vbxqfv‡e Ijvb ev evu‡U ÿZ m„wó n‡j cUvk cvwb‡Z ÿZ¯’vb †aŠZ K‡i Zv‡Z

w`‡b 2-3 evi G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK gjg jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva t

fvBivm `g‡bi gva¨‡g GB †ivM wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e| ev‡qv wmwKDwiwU wKsev ¯^v¯’¨wewa †g‡b

Pjv| GB †iv‡Mi †Kvb wUKv evsjv‡`‡k cvIqv hvqbv weavq cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cÖ`vb m¤¢e bq|

gwn‡li emšÍ †ivM

gwn‡li emšÍ ‡iv‡Mi KviY t

ev‡d‡jv c· fvBivm w`‡q gwn‡l emšÍ †ivM †`Lv †`q| gwn‡li emšÍ †iv‡Mi †ivM

jÿY, wPwKrmv I †ivM cÖwZ‡iva †Mv-em‡šÍi Abyiƒc|


58

QvMj I †fovi emšÍ

†iv‡Mi KviY

QvM‡j- †MvU c· fvBivm Ges †fovq wkc c· fvBivm GB †ivM m„wó K‡i| QvM‡j GB

emšÍ †ivM moK AvKv‡i †`Lv †`q| AvµvšÍ QvM‡ji g„Zz¨I nq|

‡ivM jÿY

†`‡ni ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvq| bvK w`‡q cvwb S‡i, bv‡Ki evwn‡i I gy‡Li †fZi ÿZ

†`Lv hvq| GQvov Miæ gwn‡li g‡Zv Ijvb, †j‡Ri wb‡P, †Pvqvj I Kv‡bi †jvgnxb

¯’v‡b em‡šÍi ¸wU †`Lv hvq| Pvgovi Dcwi Ask D‡V wM‡q Nv‡q PUv c‡o| QvMj LvIqv

`vIqv eÜ K‡i †`q|

wPwKrmv

fvBiv‡mi Kvi‡Y m„ó weavq Kvh©Ki wPwKrmv †bB| Z‡e cieZx©‡Z RwUjZv `g‡bi Rb¨

G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK A_ev mvjdvi RvZxq Jla B‡ÄKkb †`qv hvq| ¯’vbxqfv‡e ÿZ/¸wU

cUvk cvwb w`‡q ay‡q G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK gjg wKsev mvjdvwbjvgvBW cvDWvi †fRwj‡b

wgwk‡q (5-7%) ÿ‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| w`‡b 2-3 evi|

‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva

1. QvM‡ji emšÍ †iv‡Mi wUKv cvIqv hvq, my¯’¨ QvM‡j wbqwgZ wUKv w`‡Z n‡e|

2. ev‡qvwmwKDwiwU I mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨ wewa †g‡b Pjv|

QvM‡ji wcwcAvi †ivM

QvMj I †fov G †iv‡Mi cÖavb wkKvi| AZ¨šÍ msµvgK G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ cïi kZKiv 80

fvM gviv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki QvMj I †fov‡Z cÖwZeQi G †ivM gnvgvix AvKv‡i †`Lv †`q|

KviY t

‡cw÷-‡Wm-‡cwUUm-iæwgb¨v›Um bvgK fvBivm G †ivM m„wó K‡i|

jÿY t

y R¡i, ÿzavg›`v I `ye©jZv †`Lv †`q|

y bvK w`‡q †k ®§vRvZxq c`v_© wbM©Z nq Ges bvmvi‡Ü« Zv ïwK‡q †j‡M _v‡K|

y Zxeª Wvhwiqv †`Lv †`q Ges AvµvšÍ cïi †jR I cðv`‡`k gqjvhy³ _v‡K|

y cvwb¯^íZv †`Lv †`q Ges GK ch©v‡q cï gviv hvq|


59

‡ivM wbY©q t

jÿY †_‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e G †ivM wbY©q Kiv hvq| Z‡e, P~ovšÍ wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ bgybv

cixÿv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

wPwKrmv t

fvBiv‡mi †Kvb wPwKrmv †bB| Z‡e jÿYwfwËK wPwKrmv cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hw`I A‡bK

†ÿ‡Î Zv †Zgb djcÖm~ nq bv| G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK, G¨vw›U wn÷vwgwbK B‡ÄKkb Ges mvjdvi

RvZxq Jla †meb Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †`‡ni cvwb¯^íZv †iva Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b

wkivq m¨vjvBb †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨B AwfÁ wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡Z n‡e|

‡iweR (RjvZsK †ivM)

‡iv‡Mi KviY t

RjvZsK GKwU gvivZ¡K fvBivm RwbZ †ivM| gvbyl mn mKj Dòi³evnx cï GB

†iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| †iwem bvgK fvBivm (w÷ªU †÷ªBb) GB †ivM m„wó K‡i|

msµgY t

mvaviYZt eb¨ †LK‡kqvj, ev`yo, cÖf„wZ GB †ivM Rxevby avib K‡i wKš‘ Giv wb‡Riv

†ivMvµvšÍ nqbv Ges AÿZ _v‡K| cieZx©‡Z †ewR, †kqvj wKsev KyKzi eb-RsM‡j

†ivM Rxevby avibK…Z GB mKj eb¨ cÖvYx‡`i ms¯ú‡k© G‡j Avµgb I gvivgvwii

ch©v‡q fvBivm avibK…Z cÖvYx †kqvj, KyKzi wKsev †ewR‡K Kvgo w`‡j ‡h ÿZ m„wó nq

†mB ¯’v‡b m`¨ wbM©Z jvjvi gva¨‡g fvBivm kix‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wbKUeZ©x

øvqy Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq øvqyZš¿ AvµvšÍ nq Ges †mLvb †_‡K m¨vwjfvwi M ̈v‡Û G‡m

eske„w×I gRy` _v‡K I jvjvi mv‡_ †ewi‡q Av‡m|

‡ivM jÿY t

cvMjv KzKzi wKsev †kqvj Kvgo w`‡j †ivM jÿY cÖKvk †c‡Z mvaviYZt 2 †_‡K 3

mßvn mgq jv‡M| †Kvb †Kvb cÖvYx‡Z 2 mßvn †_‡K K‡qK gvm ch©šÍ mgq jvM‡Z

cv‡i| RjvZsK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ cïi AvPi‡b cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq| cÖ_g w`‡K D‡ËRbv

jÿ¨ Kiv ‡M‡jI c‡i wkw_jZv †`Lv hvq| gyL †_‡K jvjv S‡i, NbNb cÖmªve K‡i|

cyiæl cï‡Z †hŠb D‡ËRbv †`Lv hvq| jÿY Abyhvqx RjvZsK cÖavbZt `yB cÖKvi|

1. wkw_j/c¨vivjvBwUK dg© t GB cÖK…wZi †iv‡M Mjvi gvsm‡ckx Aek n‡q hvq|

gyL †_‡K cÖPzi jvjv S‡i I †Kvb wKQy MjvatKiY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| cÖPÛ Z…òv

cvq| cvwb †`‡L Qy‡U hvq cvb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i wKš‘ MjvatKiY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv

Ges Mjvq e¨v_v cvq| G Rb¨B GB †ivM‡K RjvZsK ejv nq| KzKz‡ii wb‡Pi

†Pvqvj Sz‡j c‡o, wRneŸv †ei n‡q c‡o Ges Kvgov‡Z cv‡ibv| cieZx©‡Z

mviv kixi Aek n‡q c‡o Ges g„Zy¨ N‡U|


60

Miæ nvuUvi mgq U‡j nuv‡U| †jR wbðj n‡q c‡o, `ye©jZvi Kvi‡b Miæ nUvr

K‡i gvwU‡Z c‡o hvq Ges 6-7 w`‡bi g‡a¨B g„Zz¨ nq|

2. D‡ËwRZ/wdDwiqvm dg© t AZ¨šÍ D‡ËwRZ nq Ges KvÛÁvb nvwi‡q †d‡j

AvµgbvZ¡K nq| PÿzZviv cÖkvwiZ nq| ¯úk©KvZi nq| Mjvi ¯î †f‡½ hvq|

A‡bK mgq wLuPzbx †`Lv †`q| †Pv‡L Svcmv †`‡L Ges hv‡K Zv‡K Kvgov‡Z

Svwc‡q c‡o| gyL w`‡q jvjv Si‡Z _v‡K| Lv`¨ cvwb wKQyB †L‡Z cv‡ibv| `ªæZ

kixi †f‡½ c‡o I IRb K‡g hvq| 7-10 w`‡bi g‡a¨B cïi g„Zz¨ Awbevh©|

‡ivM wbY©q t

1. cvMjv KzKzi/†kqvj Kvgov‡bvi wPý I BwZnvm ï‡b|

2. †ivM jÿY †`‡L|

3. my¯’¨ KzKzi/‡cvlv KzKzi †Kvb Kvi‡Y Kvgo w`‡j ÿZ¯’vb Gw›U‡mcwUK Iqvm

Ges Kve©wjK GwmW w`‡q ay‡q w`‡q Kvgo †`qv H KzKzi‡K ch©‡eÿ‡b ivL‡Z

n‡e| †iwe‡R AvµvšÍ KzKzi n‡j Aek¨B 7 w`‡bi g‡a¨ g„ZzëiY K‡i Zvn‡j

Aek¨B †iweR Gi wUKv w`‡Z n‡e| Avi hw` Kvgo †`qv †cvlv KzKzi my¯’¨

_v‡K Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î wUKv bv w`‡jI AvµvšÍ nIqvi †Kvb m¤¢vebv †bB|

wPwKrmv t

fvBivm RwbZ Kvib weavq G †iv‡Mi ‡Kvb wPwKrmv bvB Ges †ivM jÿY cÖKv‡ki

ci cï‡K †Kvb fv‡eB evuPv‡bv m¤¢e bq| †iwem †ivM m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡j AvµvšÍ

cï‡K RevB K‡i gvwU‡Z cyu‡Z ivLvB evÂwbq| Z‡e my¯’¨ cï‡Z Kvgov‡bvi mv‡_

mv‡_ ÿZ¯’vb Gw›U‡mcwUK †WUj, m¨vfjb wKsev cUvk cvwb w`‡q ay‡q †d‡j Kve©wjK

GwmW eënv‡i ÿZ¯’vb hw` cywo‡q †`qv hvq Zvn‡j GB †ivMvµv‡šÍi m¤¢vebv _v‡Kbv|

†mB mv‡_ hw` †iweR f¨vKwmb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq Zvn‡j †ivMvµvšÍ nIqvi †Kvb m¤¢vebv

_v‡Kbv| f¨vKwm‡bi weeiY f¨vKwmb/cÖwZ‡laK Aa¨v‡q cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv|


1. †cvkv KzKzi‡K GB ‡ivM †_‡K gy³ ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwZ ermi cÖwZ‡laK wUKv

(LEP Vaccine) †`qv nq|

2. †eIqvwik KyKzi wbab Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

Mevw`cïi e¨K‡UwiqvRwbZ †ivM

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mevw`cïi e¨vK‡Uwiqv RwbZ †iv‡Mi Kvib

Ges †ivMjÿY wK †m m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Mevw`cïi e¨vK‡Uwiqv RwbZ †ivM n‡j Zvi cÖwZKvi wK ev wK wPwKrmv w`‡Z n‡e †m

m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |


61

ZoKv †ivM (G¨vb_ªv·)

ZoKv †ivM (G¨vb_ªv·)t

Mevw`cïi e¨vK‡Uwiqv RwbZ GKwU AwZZxeª cÖK…wZi †ivM| nVvr Kuvc‡Z Kuvc‡Z WvKw`‡q

gvwU‡Z c‡o gviv hvIqv GB †iv‡Mi cÖavb ‰ewkó| GwU AZ¨šÍ gvivZ¥K ai‡bi †ivM Ges

gvbyl mn mKj ai‡Yi cï GB †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| g„Zz¨vi ci `ªæZ cPb a‡I I

†cU dz‡j hvq| bvK-gyL, cvqy I cÖmªv‡ei iv¯Ív w`‡q Kv‡jv is Gi i³ †ei n‡q Avm‡Z

cv‡i wKš‘ Zv RgvU ev‡abv| ZoKv †ivM †h‡nZz gvby‡l msµvwgZ nq Kv‡RB ZoKv †iv‡M

g„Z cïi Pvgov †Qjv, wKsev Ò‡cvóg‡U©gÓ cixÿv Kiv wb‡la|

ZoKv †ivM (G¨vb_ªv·) ‡iv‡Mi KviY t

e¨vwmjvm G¨vb_ªvwmm bvgK MÖvg cwRwUf `ÛvK…wZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv GB †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx|

Aw·‡R‡bi ms¯ú‡m© G‡j e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †fZ‡i †¯úvi ˆZix K‡i gvwU‡Z GB e¨vK‡Uwiqv

myß Ae¯’vq 40-50 ermi ch©šÍ evPu‡Z cv‡i| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ KL‡bv H †¯úvi Nvm ev

cvwbi mv‡_ Mevw` cïi †`‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡j †¯úvi †_‡K cybv©sM e¨K‡Uwiqvq iƒcvšÍixZ

n‡q ZoKv †ivM m„wó K‡i|

‡ivM jÿY t

AwZZxeª cÖK…wZi †ivM- GB †ÿ‡Î †Kvb †ivM jÿY cÖKv‡ki c~‡e©B cï gviv hvq| Z‡e

1-2 N›Uv †eu‡P _vK‡j †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvq 105-107 wWwMÖ dvt, k¦vm Kó nq,

Gici †Rv‡i wLPzbx w`‡q g„Zz¨ nq| g„Zz¨i ci bvK, gyL, gjØvi A_ev †hvbx c‡_ Kv‡jv

is Gi i³ †ei n‡Z cv‡i|

Zxeª cÖK…wZi †ivM- GB Avµg‡b cï wb¤wjwLZ †ivM jÿY †`Lv †`q Ges 1-2 w`b

†eu‡P _v‡K|

y R¡i 104-105 dvt

y ÿyav g›`v

y `ªæZ k¦vm cªk^vm

y i³ wgkªZ cvZjv cvqLvbv

y bvK, gyL, gjØi I †hvbx w`‡q i³ ÿiY

y Mf©eZx Mvfxi Mf©cvZ n‡Z cv‡i

y GK w`‡bi †ekx RxweZ _vK‡j Mjv, eyK, †cU I ‡hvbx Øv‡i cvwb fi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wPwKrmv t

Aek¨B AwfÁ wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡Z n‡e| Z‡e A‡bK †L‡ÎB wPwKrmK †W‡K

wPwKrmv Kiv‡bvi g‡Zv mgq cvIqv hvqbv| Ggb †L‡Î Riæix Jla wn‡m‡e †cwb‡mwjb


62

RvZxq G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Jla ‡hgb B‡ÄKkb †cb-wR 10 jvL gvÎvi fvqvj Lvgv‡I

msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cï nUvr AvµvšÍ n‡j IRb Abyhvqx (20-80 jvL BDwbU

†cb-wR) ZvrÿvbK Riæixfv‡e wkivq B‡b&RKkb w`‡j AvµvšÍ cï `ªæZ my¯’¨ n‡q D‡V|

Gi ci ci †cÖvbv‡cb/†cÖvbvwmwjb (†cwbwmwjb) IRb Abyhvqx (20-80 jvL BDwbU)

gvs‡m 24 N›Uv ci ci cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e 2-3w`b| GQvov jÿY wfwËK Ab¨vb¨

wPwKrmv †`qv hvq| Z‡e Gwel‡q wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MªnY Kiv `iKvi|


1. my¯’ cï‡K ZoKv †iv‡Mi wUKv cÖ‡qvM K‡i GB †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq| 1

wgtwjt Jla Pvgovi bx‡P, eQ‡i 1 evi gvÎ|

2. RxewbivcËv Ges mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨wewa †g‡b Pjvi gva¨‡g GB †ivM‡K cÖwZ‡iva

Kiv hvq|

ev`jv †ivM (we,wKD)

ev`jv †ivM (we,wKD) ‡iv‡Mi KviY t

evošÍ eq‡mi Mevw`cï we‡klK‡i Miæi GwU GKwU Zxeª cÖK…wZi msµvgK †ivM| mvaviYZt

elv©Kv‡j GB †ivM †ekx †`Lv †`q e‡j GB ‡ivM‡K ev`jv †ivM e‡j| GB †ivM gvsm

†ckx‡Z M¨vkhy³ cPbkxj cÖ`v‡ni m„wó K‡i| Rxevbyi wel i‡³ wg‡k gvivZ¡K †iv‡Mi m„wó

K‡i| d‡j A‡bK evošÍ Miæ evQyi gvi hvq| K¬mwUªwWqvg †PŠwfqvB bvgK MÖvg cwRwUf

`ÛvK…wZ e¨K‡Uwiqv GB †iv‡Mi KviY|

‡ivM jÿY t

kix‡ii Zvc gvÎv †e‡o hv‡e 105-107 wWwMÖ dvt| cv‡qi Dcwi As‡ki gvsm‡ckx

AvµvšÍ nIqvq cï Lyuwo‡q nvU‡e| Mjv, Nvo wKsev Pvi cv‡qi Dc‡ii w`‡Ki Mfxi

gvsm‡ckx AvµvšÍ n‡j Zv dz‡j hv‡e, cÖ_‡g k³ n‡e e¨v_v cv‡e| c‡i big n‡e Ges

Zv wUc‡j cP cP kã Ki‡e| AvµvšÍ gvsm‡ckx cÖ_‡g Mig Abyf~Z n‡jI c‡i Zv

VvÛv n‡q hv‡e| jÿY cÖKv‡ki 12-72 N›Uvi g‡a¨ cïi g„Zz¨ NU‡Z cv‡i| g„Zz¨i c~‡e©

†`‡ni Zvc K‡g hvq|

ev`jv †ivM (we,wKD) ‡ivM wbY©q t

†ivM jÿY †`‡L †ivM wbY©q Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i cv‡qi Dcwi Ask dz‡j hvIqv, c‡i

big n‡q wUc‡j cP cP kã Kiv GB †iv‡Mi we‡kl †ivM jÿY hv Ab¨ †Kvb †iv‡M

†`Lv hvq bv|

wPwKrmv t

†cwbwmwjb RvZxq Jla gvs‡m B‡ÄKkb w`‡j cï my¯’ n‡Z cv‡i| †mB mv‡_

Gw›UwnóvwgwbK Jla B‡ÄKkb w`‡Z nq| Z‡e wPwKrmvq wej¤^ n‡j mvaviYZt cï‡K

evuPv‡bv hvqbv| AvµvšÍ ¯’v‡bi cvk¦© w`‡q my¯’¨ †ckx‡Z G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK w`‡j Ges


63

AvµvšÍ ¯’v‡b Mig †mK w`‡j cï wa‡I wa‡I my¯’ n‡q D‡V Z‡e m¤úyY© my¯’ n‡Z 2-4

mßvn mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i| Gwel‡q wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MªnY Kiv ìKvi| AvµvšÍ cï‡K

‡Lvjv‡gjv cwi¯‹vi ¯’v‡b ivLv Ges big Lv`¨ †evZj w`‡q LvIqv‡bv ìKvi|


we wKD / ev`jv †iv‡Mi f¨vKwmb Zij Ae¯’vq 100 wgwj †evZ‡j cvIqv hvq| Miæi

Rb¨ 5 wgwj Pvgovi bx‡P, †fov/QvM‡j 2 wgwj, Pvgovi wb‡P cÖwZ 6 gvm AšÍi cÖ‡qvM

Ki‡Z nq|

Mjvdzjv †ivM (GBP Gm)

Mjvdzjv †ivM ‡iv‡Mi KviYt

Miæ I gwn‡li gvivZ¡K msµvgK †ivM| elv© I kxZKv‡j Mevw` cï †ekx AvµvšÍ nq|

cvmPz‡ejv gv‡ëvwmWv bvgK MÖvg †b‡MwUf e¨K‡Uwiqv GB †iv‡Mi KviY|

‡ivM jÿY t

AwZZxeª cÖK…wZi †ivM- nUvr †Kvb †ivM jÿY cÖKv‡ki c~‡e©B Miæ ev gwnl gvwU‡Z c‡o

wM‡q gviv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î 4-5 N›Uv c‡i gviv hvq| GB †ÿ‡Î

kix‡ii Zvc e„w× (105-107 wWwMÖ dvt) cvq, ÿzavg›`v, bvK I gyL w`‡q cvwb cov,

wb‡¯ÍR nIqv, cvZjv cvqLvbv Kiv cÖf„wZ †ivM jÿY †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

Zxeª cÖK…wZi †ivM t AwZZxeª cÖK…wZi †ivM jÿY QvovI MjK¤^j dz‡j hvIqv, dzjv µgkt

eyK I †cU ch©šÍ e„w× cvIqv, k¦vm Kó, Mjvi †fZi No No kã cÖf„wZ †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPwKrmv mgqg‡Zv bv Ki‡j cï µgkt wb‡¯ÍR n‡Z _v‡K, Zvc K‡g ¯^vfvwe‡Ki bx‡PI

bvg‡Z cv‡i| Aš¿cÖ`vn n‡j i³ wgwkªZ cvqLvbv nq Ges †k‡l gvivhvq|

‡ivM wbY©q t

†ivM jÿY †`‡L GB †ivM wbY©q Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i R¡i I †mB mv‡_ Mjvdz‡j hvIqv

(MjK¤^j) myP w`‡q dz‡Uv K‡i w`‡j nvév njy` is Gi Nb Zij c`v_© †dvUv †dvUv

co‡Z †`Lv hvq|

wPwKrmv t

wej‡¤^ wPwKrmvq KvR nqbv weavq `ªæZ wPwKrmvi c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| mvj‡dvbvgvBW

A_ev Kvh©Ki G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK w`‡q wPwKrmv Kiv hvq| †mB mv‡_ Gw›UwnóvwgwbK Jla

eënv‡i †ivMx `ªæZ Av‡ivM¨ jvf K‡i| GQvov jÿY †f‡` cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvMx wPwKrmv

mg~n cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| Gwel‡q wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MªnY Kiv ìKvi|


64


1. my¯’ cï‡K cÖwZ ermi Kgc‡ÿ GKevi wba©vwiZ gvÎvq Mjvdzjv †iv‡Mi wUKv

w`‡Z n‡e|

2. mvavib ¯^v¯’¨ wewa ev RxewbivcËv †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|

Ijvb cÖ`vn †ivM (g¨v÷vBwUm)

‡iv‡Mi KviY

Ijvb cÖ`vn †ivM Mvevw`cïi GKwU gvivZ¡K msµvgK †ivM| GB †iv‡M mnmv cïi g„Zz¨

bv n‡jI `yaKg nIqv / euvU bó nIqvq `viæbfv‡e ÿwZi KviY n‡q `vovq| wej‡¤^

wPwKrmv Ki‡j Ijv‡bi 1wU, 2wU evuU A_ev †MvUv Ijvb ¯’vqxfv‡e bó n‡q hvq Ges

`ya Drcv`b nqbv| Ijvb cÖ`vn †ivM `ya Drcv`bKvix mKj cï‡ZB n‡Z cv‡i Z‡e

Mevw`cïi g‡a¨ AwaK `ya Drcv`bKvix ksKi Rv‡Zi Miæ †ekx AvµvšÍ nq|

eûwea Kvi‡Y Mevw`cïi Ijvb cÖ`vn †ivM n‡Z cv‡i †hgb- †ivM Rxevby Ges

†fŠZKvi‡b|

‡iv‡Mi Kvib t

‡ivM Rxevbyi KviY-

†ivM Rxevbyi g‡a¨ e¨K‡Uwiqv, QÎvK I ‡gvì D‡j L‡hvM¨| e¨K‡Uwiqvi Kvi‡bB

†ekxifvM Ijvb cÖ`vn n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- †óªc‡Uv K°vm, †ódvB‡jv K°vm, B. †KvjvB

KivB‡bv e¨K‡Uwiqvm, wm‡Wvgbvm cÖf„wZ euvU w`‡q Ijv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i GB †ivM m„wó

Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ msµvgK †ivM †_‡KI Mvevw`cï we‡kl K‡i `y»eZx

Mvfx‡Z GB †ivM n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

‡fŠZ KviY-

1. AwZwi³ kx‡Zi mgq gvwU‡Z VvÛv †j‡M Ijvb cÖ`vn n‡Z cv‡i we‡kl K‡i

†g‡S‡Z hw` †Kvb Lo/PU e¨env‡i big weQvbv e¨envi Kiv bv nq Ges †g‡S

Acwi¯‹vi _v‡K|

2. Ijv‡b †Kvb fv‡e AvNvZ jvM‡j Ijvb cÖ`vn n‡Z cv‡i|

3. ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci Nb Nb `ya bv †`vnv‡bv n‡j Ges Ijv‡b w`N©ÿY `ya Rgv

_vK‡j GB †ivM n‡Z cv‡i|

‡ivM jÿY t

Ijvb cÖ`vn Mvfx‡Z mvaiYZt Zxeª cÖK…wZi n‡q _v‡K| ZvrÿwbK wPwKrmv w`‡j Mvfx

m¤úyb© my¯’ n‡q D‡V Ges wa‡i wa‡i `ya cÖ`v‡bi cwigvY cyev©e¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| wKš‘

wPwKrmv bv Kiv‡j GB †ivM g„`y †_‡K cyivZb cÖK„wZi (Chronic) †iv‡M iƒcvšÍixZ nq

Ges Ijvb / euvU bó n‡q `ya Drcv`b K‡g/eÜ n‡q hvq|


65

Zxeª cÖK…wZi jÿY- Ijvb dz‡j hv‡e, k³ n‡q hv‡e, Ijv‡bi is jvj n‡e, Mig n‡e, wUc

w`‡j cï e¨v_v cv‡e| †`‡ni Zvc †e‡o hv‡e (103

0

-104

0

dvt), Qvbv I Qvbvi cvwbi

g‡Zv `ya evuU w`‡q †ei n‡Z cv‡i| cï LvIqv `vIqv eÜ K‡i †`‡e| `ya †`vnv‡Z GgbwK

evQyi‡KI evu‡U `ya †L‡Z †`‡ebv Ges jvw_ gvi‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq wPwKrmv bv w`‡j evuU Ly‡j

c‡o †h‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK Mvfxi g„Zz¨ I n‡Z cv‡i|

g„`y/cyivZb cÖK…wZi jÿY- Ijv‡bi e¨v_v, dzjv K‡g hv‡e| Z‡e Ijvb AviI †ekx k³

n‡q hv‡e| †`vnv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡j evuU w`‡q cyuR, i³ I AvVv‡jv `ya Avm‡e| A‡bK

†ÿ‡Î evu‡Ui wQ`ª eÜ n‡q hv‡e Ges †Kvb wKQyB evuU w`‡q †ei n‡ebv| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î

wPwKrmvi Afv‡e euvU mn Ijv‡bi Ask c‡uP Ly‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPwKrmv

Zxeª cÖK„wZi Ijvb cÖ`v‡n jÿY †`Lv †`qv gvÎ Kvh©Ki G¨v›Uev‡qvwUK Jla w`‡q

wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB mv‡_ G¨w›Uwn÷vwgwbK /e¨v_v bvkK B‡ÄKkb Ki‡Z n‡e

3-5 w`b| Gwel‡q wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MªnY Kiv ìKvi|

GQvov evu‡Ui `ya m¤ú~b© †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e| `ya wVKg‡Zv †ei bv n‡j Aw·‡Uvwmb

RvZxq Jla B‡ÄKkb K‡i `ya m¤ú~b© †ei K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

g„`y Ges cyivZb cÖK…wZi Ijvb cÖ`v‡n eªW †¯úKUªvm G¨w›Uev‡qvwUK, G¨w›Uwn÷vwgwbK

B‡ÄKkb w`‡Z n‡e| †mB mv‡_ wUU mvBdb w`‡q evuU cwi¯‹vi K‡i †fZ‡ii cyR,

i³ wKs¤^v `ya _vK‡j Zv m¤úyb© †`vnb K‡i †d‡j evu‡Ui g‡a¨ ÒAvWvi BbwdDkbÓ

†fwUgv÷/†R›Uvgvó cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †h †Kvb Kvh©Ki G¨w›Uev‡qvwUK Jla

3-5 wgwj AvµvšÍ evu‡U wUUmvBdb mnKv‡i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b Ijv‡b ewiK

cvDWvi w`‡q nvév Mig †mK w`‡j Ijvb big n‡q `ªæZ Av‡ivM¨ jvf Ki‡e| we‡kl

we‡kl †ÿ‡Î Ijv‡b RgvK…Z `ya †eiKivi Rb¨ Aw·wUvwmb B‡ÄKk‡b †`qv hvq|

‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva

1. ‡h mKj Kvi‡Y Ijvb cÖ`vn †ivM nq A_ev †h mg¯Í cwi‡ek GB †ivM n‡Z

mnvqZv K‡i Ggb cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K `y‡i _vKv|

2. mvavib ¯^¯’¨ wewa †g‡b Pjv| we‡kl K‡i gvwQ `gb, `ya †`vnv‡bv cy‡e© Ges

c‡i Rxevby bvkK w`‡q evU cwi¯‹vi Kiv|

3. cwi¯‹vi nvZ w`‡q `ya †`vnb Kiv|

4. ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci n‡Z cÖwZ 2-3 N›Uv cici `ya †`vnb Kiv hv‡Z Ijv‡b `ya

†ekxÿY Rgv bv _v‡K|

5. ‡Mvqvj N‡ii †g‡S cwi¯‹vi ivLv, gv‡S gv‡S Rxevby bvkK eënv‡i cwi¯‹vi Kiv|

6. kx‡Zi ivÎx‡Z †g‡S‡Z wePvjx, PU BZ¨vw` eënvi Kiv †hb Ijv‡b VvÛv bv jv‡M|


66

Mevw`cïi mvaviY †ivMmg~n t Mevw`cïi †cUduvcv I D`vivgq

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mevw`cïi †cUduvcv I D`vivgq †iv‡Mi

Kvib Ges †ivMjÿY wK †m m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Mevw`cïi †cUduvcv I D`vivgq †ivM n‡j Zvi cÖwZKvi wK ev wK wPwKrmv w`‡Z n‡e

†m m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

Mevw`cïi †cUduvcv

evsjv‡`‡k ‡cUduvcv †iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©vi e¨vcK Ges cÖwZeQi AmsL¨ Mevw`cï G †iv‡M

gviv hvq| Mevw`cïi g‡a¨ Miæ Ges QvMj GB †iv‡M †ekx ms‡e`bkxj|

Kvib t

‡cUduvcv mvavibZt `yBfv‡e msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i|

1. cÖv_wgK †cUduvcv -G RvZxq ‡cUduvcv Lv‡`¨i cÖK…wZi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| wKQy wKQy

Lv`¨ cvK¯’jx‡Z ev iæ‡g‡b cÖ‡ek Kivi ci †dbvi m„wó K‡i| G ‡dbv cvK¯’jx‡Z

ev iæ‡g‡b m„ó M¨vm AvU‡K iv‡L Ges kixi †_‡K ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq †XKz‡ii

gva¨‡g Zvi wbM©gY nq bv| d‡j ‡cUduvcv †ivM †`Lv ‡`q| mvaviYZ WvjRvZxq

Nvm, AwaK BDwiqv cÖ‡qv‡M Drcvw`Z Nvm, P~Y© `vbvRvZxq Lv`¨ cvK¯’wj‡Z ev

iæ‡g‡b †dbv M¨vm AvU‡K ivLv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

2. gva¨wgK †cUduvcv-¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq m„ó M¨vm cvK¯’wj †_‡K †_‡K †ei n‡Z

cv‡i bv| d‡j ‡cUduvcv †ivM †`Lv †`q| †hme Kvi‡Y cvK¯’wj ev iæ‡gb †_‡K

gy³ M¨vm †XKz‡ii gva¨‡g weZvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Zv wb‡P D‡j L Kiv n‡jv-

y ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y Abœbvwj eÜ n‡j †XKzi eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j cvK¯’wj ev

iæ‡gb M¨vm Øviv ùxZ nq| MvRi, g~jv, Avjy, Av‡gi AvuwU cÖf„wZ e¯‘

A‡bK mgq Abœbvwj‡Z AvU‡K hvq|

y Abœbvwji wUDgvi, †duvov ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y msKzwPZ n‡j ¯^vfvweK

†XKzi cÖwµqv e¨nZ n‡j M¨vm µgvš^‡q cvK¯’wj ev iæ‡g‡b Rg‡Z _v‡K|

y cvK¯’wj ev iæ‡g‡bi ms‡KvPb ÿgZv wejyß n‡j †XKzi eÜ n‡q hvq Ges

iæ‡gb ùxZ nq| Abœbvwj I iæ‡g‡b cÖ`vn n‡j Ges AwZwi³ Lv`¨ MÖnY

Ki‡j iæ‡gb wbw®‹ªq I wbðj n‡q c‡o|

y eskMZ Kvi‡Y wKQy cï ‡cUduvcvi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj _v‡K| †h †Kv‡bv

Lv`¨ MÖn‡YB Gme cïi ‡cU duv‡c|

‡ivM jÿY

y iæ‡gb M¨vm Øviv cÖmvwiZ nevi d‡j evgw`‡Ki †cU dz‡j hvq|

y iæ‡gb ùxZ nevi Kvi‡Y dymdz‡mi Dci Pvc c‡o d‡j k¦vmKó †`Lv †`q|


67

y Abœbvwj eÜ A_ev iæ‡g‡bi wbw®ŒqZvi Kvi‡Y †XKzi eÜ n‡q hvq|

y cï Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i bv| gva¨wgK ‡cUduvcv †iv‡M gyL †_‡K jvjv wbM©Z nq|

y Mvfxi †ÿ‡Î `ya Drcv`b n«vm cvq|

y cï gvwU‡Z jywU‡q c‡o Ges K‡qK wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ gviv hvq|

‡ivM wbY©q t

cïi gvwjK ev cvj‡Ki wbKU †_‡K WvjRvZxq Nvm LvIqvi Z_¨ †R‡b Ges Dc‡i

ewY©Z †ivM jÿY ch©‡eÿY K‡i mn‡RB ‡cUduvcv †ivM wbY©q Kiv hvq|

wPwKrmv t

y †dbvwb‡ivaK Ilya wUD‡ei gva¨‡g mivmwi iæ‡g‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU

Miæ‡Z Avav wjUvi mqvweb, †Zj iæ‡g‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

y Zxeª AvKv‡ii ‡cUduvcv n‡j evg av‡I wÎ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi gv‡S †cU ÓUªKvi I

K¨vbyjviÓ mvnv‡h¨ wQ`ª K‡i M¨vm †ei K‡i K¨vbyjvi gva¨‡g iæ‡g‡b mivmwi

Gw›U‡eøvU/†eøvUwmj/†bv-‡eøvU cÖf„wZi †h †Kvb 1wU Jla cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| G

KvRwUi Rb¨ Aek¨B wPwKrm‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|

y cïi kix‡i cvwb¯^íZv †`Lv w`‡j 1-2 wjUvi 5% †W‡·v‡UªvR m¨vjvBb wkivq

Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z n‡e|

cÖwZ‡iva t

y Wvj RvZxq Nvm cï‡K Kg LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

y cï‡K P~Y© `vbvRvZxq Lv`¨ h_vm¤¢e Kg w`‡Z n‡e|

y Gme Nv‡mi mv‡_ mvgvb¨ Dw™¢¾ †Zj wgwk‡q LvIqv‡j fv‡jv dj cvIqv hvq|

y cï‡K `ªæZ ea©bkxj KwP Nvm AwaK cwigv‡Y †L‡Z †`qv hv‡e bv|

D`vivgq (WvBwiqv)

WvBwiqvi KviY t

WvBwiqv ev cvZjv cvqLvbv Mevw`cïi GKwU gvivZ¡K †ivM jÿY| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y GB

†ivM jÿY n‡q _v‡K †hgb-

y e¨vK‡Uwiqv wKsev fvBivm RwbZ A‡š¿i cÖ`vn;

y A‡š¿ K…wg ev cÖ‡Uv‡Rvqvi msµgY;

y cuPv ev evwk Lv`¨

y Lv‡`¨ welwµqv;


68

‡ivM jÿY t

y NbNb big cvZjv cvqLvbv nq|

y A‡bK mgq cvwbig‡Zv cvZjv cvqLvbv K‡i|

y cvqLvb `yM©Ü hy³ nq|

y ‡Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †`‡ni Zvc e„w× cvq|

y ‡ekx cvZjv cvqLvbv n‡j cï `ye©j n‡q hvq Ges kix‡ii Zvc K‡g †h‡Z

cv‡i Ges mgqg‡Zv m¨vjvBb I Jl‡a wPwKrmv bv w`‡j cïi g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i|

wPwKrmv t

†iv‡Mi KviY Abyhvqx wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z n‡e- WvBwiqvi mvavib wPwKrmv wb‡¤ †`qv n‡jv t

1. w÷ªbvwmb/†óªc‡Uvmvjdv/mvjdv cø vm cÖf„wZ †evjvm 40 †KwR ‰`wnK IR‡bi Rb¨

1wU †evjvm 24 N›Uv cici †me¨ (cÖ_g w`b cy‡iv gvÎv ciw`b n‡Z A×© gvÎv)|

2. Iivj m¨vjvBb wK‡b/jeb-¸o-cvwb w`‡q m¨vjvBb evwb‡q Nb Nb cvqLvbvi

Abycv‡Z LvIqv‡bv| 1.0-1.5 wjUvi cÖwZ 100 †KwR IR‡bi Rb¨| cvZjv

cvqLvbv eÜ bv nIqv Aewa|

3. Wvqv‡fU/G‡›Uv‡fU cvDWvi mvKv‡j 1 c¨vt I weKv‡j 1 c¨vt cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q

†me¨| cvqLvbv ¯^vfvweK bv nIqv ch©šÍ|

WvBwiqvi KviY hw` K…wgRwbZ nq Zvn‡j K…wgi wPwKrmv w`‡Z n‡e| K…wgi wPwKrmv

ciRxwei Aby‡”Q‡` cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv|

Lv‡`¨ welwµqv n‡j Dc‡iv³ wPwKrmvi cvkvcvwk (1-3) jÿY wfwËK wPwKrmv w`‡Z n‡e|

hw` Avwš¿K cÖ`v‡ni Kvi‡Y n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Dc‡iv³ wPwKrmvi mv‡_ (1-3), mvj‡dvbvgvBW

RvZxq Jla B‡ÄKkb w`‡j/G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK e¨envi Kiv n‡j `ªæZ †ivM †m‡i hvq|

‡hgb t mvjdv wWwgwWb B‡ÄKkb, A_ev Gm Gg wc-25, A_ev †ibvgvBwmb B‡ÄKkb

wba©vwiZ gvÎvq 2-3 w`b e¨envi Kiv hvq|

Mevw`cïi ciRxex I Lv`¨RwbZ D`vivgq

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mevw`cïi ciRxexRwbZ D`vivgq I

Lv`¨RwbZ D`vivgq †iv‡Mi Kvib Ges †ivMjÿY wK †m m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| ciRxexRwbZ D`vivgq I Lv`¨RwbZ D`vivgq †ivM n‡j Zvi cÖwZKvi wK ev wK

wPwKrmv w`‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|


69

ciRxexRwbZ D`vivgq t

wewfbœ ciRxex Øviv m„ó Gme †iv‡M Avwš¿K D‡ËRbv A_ev cÖ`vn m„wó nq| d‡j, Avwš¿K

AwZmwµqZvi Kvi‡Y Wvqwiqv nq| cÖ`v‡ni gvÎvi Ici wfwË K‡i Wvqwiqvi ms‡M †k ®§v/

wgDKvm A_ev i³wgwkªZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Aweivg A_ev mweivg Wvqwiqvi Kvi‡Y kix‡i

cvwb¯^íZv †`Lv †`q, cï `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y Awbnvi Kvi‡Y ˆ`wnK IRb n«vm

cvq, `y» I gvsm Drcv`b K‡g hvq| h_vmg‡q wPwKrmv bv Ki‡j AvµvšÍ cï gviv hvq|

ciRxexRwbZ †ivM wbY©‡qi Rb¨ AvµvšÍ cïi gj msMÖn K‡i Wvqv‡Mœvw÷K j¨ve/ cÖvwYm¤ú`

nvmcvZv‡j AYyexÿY h‡š¿ cixÿv Kiv nq| wewfbœ ciRxexi ˆewkó¨c~Y© wWg kbv³ K‡i

mn‡RB †ivM wbY©q Kiv hvq| ‡ivM wbY©‡qi ci wbw`©ó K…wgbvkK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j mn‡RB Gme

†ivM wbivgq nq| cïi cvwb¯^íZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ †W·‡UªvR m¨vjvBb / K‡jiv m¨vjvBb

wkivq cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j mydj cvIqv hvq| GQvov Wvqwiqvq G¨vmwUªb‡R›U / G‡›Uv‡fU/Wvqv†fU

cvDWvi 1 c¨v‡KU cvwb‡Z ¸‡j w`‡b `yevi LvIqv‡j fvj dj cvIqv hvq|

Lv`¨RwbZ D`vivgq ( evQy‡ii mv`v cvqLvbv ev ÓKvd ¯‹vDiÓ)

†Kv‡bv beRvZK evQyi nVvr AwZwi³ `y» cvb Ki‡j cvK¯’jx ùxZ nq Ges

AvswkKfv‡e `ya RgvU euv‡a| G Ae¯’vq Zij I RgvU euvav `ya AwaK cwigv‡Y A‡š¿

cÖ‡ek K‡i, wKš‘ mwVKfv‡e †kvwlZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| A‡š¿ Zij c`v‡_©i cwigvY †e‡o

hvq, e¨vK‡Uwiqv AwaKZi mej nq Ges Wvqwiqv †`Lv †`q|

jÿYt

y evQyi `ya Lv‡ebv|

y †`‡ni Zvc gvÎv †e‡o hv‡e|

y mv`v ev njy` is Gi cvZjv cvqLvbv n‡e|

y `ªæZ wPwKrmv bvw`‡j evQyi gviv hv‡e|

y evQy‡ii cvqLvbv nvjKv njy` e‡Y©i I `yM©Ühy³ nq|

y gjØv‡ii Pvicv‡k Ges †j‡R cvZjv cvqLvbv †j‡M _v‡K|

y A‡bK evQy‡i `xN©‡gqv`x Wvqwiqv †`Lv †`q|

y ˆ`wnK IRb K‡g hvq Ges

y cvwb¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y evQyi gviv hvq|

‡ivM wbY©q t

nVvr Lv`¨ cwieZ©‡bi ci Wvqwiqv nIqvi BwZnvm †_‡K G †ivM wbY©q Kiv nq


70

wPwKrmvt

y `ya cvb Kiv ZvrÿwYKfv‡e eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges 24 N›Uv ch©šÍ gyL w`‡q

m¨vjvBb LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

y ‡Kv‡bv wPwKrmv QvovB A‡bK mgq evQyi K‡qKw`‡bi g‡a¨ fv‡jv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|

y Wvqwiqv eÜ nIqvi ci µgvš^‡q `ya cvb Kiv‡bv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|

y cvZjv cvqLvbv fvj bv n‡j †ibvgvBwmb U¨ve‡jU (`ya LvIqv evQy‡ii Rb¨)

cÖwZw`b 1wU K‡i †me¨, 3w`b ch©šÍ|

Mevw`cïi wUKv cwiwPwZ I wUKv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vejx

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Mevw`cï‡Z eëüZ wUKvmg~‡ni bvg ej‡Z

cvi‡eb;

2| wewfbœ wUKvi gvÎv Ges cÖ‡qvM wewa m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| wUKv eënv‡ii †gqv` I mZK©Zvewj m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mevw` cïi wUKv cwiwPwZ I cÖ‡qvM wewa

1. ÿziv †ivM t evsjv‡`‡k 4 ai‡bi fvBivm Øviv (G, I, wm, Gwkqv-1) GB †ivM

m„ó nq| Kv‡RB GB †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ H 4wU fvBivm mn‡hv‡M †h wUKv

ˆZix nq Zv eënvi Kiv DwPr bvn‡j wUKv Kvh©Ki nqbv| evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ Jla

†Kv¤úvbx †hgb †nv‡q·U, B›Uvi‡fU Ò†UUªvf¨v‡j›U f¨vKwmbÓevRviRvZ K‡i|

GQvov GWfvÝ Gwb‡gj ‡nj&_ †Kv¤úvbx ÒUªvBf¨v‡j›UÓ f¨vKwmb evRviRvZ

Ki‡Q| Z‡e cÖvwYm¤ú` wefvM †_‡K evBf¨v‡j›U f¨vKwmb mieivn Kiv nq wKš‘

GwU †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †ÿ‡Î 50% wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|

gvÎv t GB wUKvi gvÎv fvBivm wgkª‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj| Kv‡RB cÖ¯‘ZkviK

†Kv¤úvbxi wb‡`k© g‡Zv gvÎvq eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖ‡qvM wewa t cïi Nvo wKsev Mj K¤^‡ji Pvgovi bx‡P| cÖwZ 4-6 gvm ci

ci GB wUKv w`‡Z nq|

2. ZoKv t my¯’ I mej cï‡K GB wUKv w`‡Z nq| cvk¦© cÖwZwµqv wnmv‡e GB wUKv

cÖ`v‡bi ¯’vb dz‡j wM‡q †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv mvgvb¨ cwigvY e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i|

gvÎv t

y Miæ I gwnl - 1 wgtwjt

y QvMj I †fov- 0.5 wgtwjt


71

cÖ‡qvM wewa t Mjvi wXjv Pvgovi bx‡P Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z nq| eQ‡i 2 evi GB

wUKv ‡Ìqv nq|

3. ev`jv t 3 gvm †_‡K 3 eQi eqmx Mevw` cï‡K mvaviYZt GB wUKv †Ìqv nq|

gvÎv t

y evQyi- 5 wgtwjt

y QvMj I †fov- 2 wgtwjt

cÖ‡qvM wewa t cïi Nvo ev Kuva GjvKvi wXjv Pvgovi bx‡P 6 gvm ci ci GB

Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z nq|

4. Mjvdzj t Mjvdzjv GKwU †Qvqv‡P I msµvgK †ivM| mvaviYZt Miæ I gwn‡l

GB †ivM †`Lv hvq|

gvÎv t

y Miæ I gwnl‡K- 2 wgtwjt

cÖ‡qvM wewa t Mjvi cv‡k¦© wXjv Pvgovi bx‡P eQ‡i GKevi GB Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z nq|

5. †Mv-emšÍ t wR,wU,wf bv‡g †Mv-emšÍ †iv‡Mi wUKv cÖ¯‘Z nq| QvMj‡K GB wUKv

cÖ`vb wbwl×| 6 gv‡mi Kg eqmx evQyi‡K GB wUKv †Ìqv hv‡e bv|

gvÎv t

y Miæ I gwnl- 1 wgtwjt

cÖ‡qvM wewa t Pvgovi bx‡P GB Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z nq| GKevi w`‡j K‡qK eQi

cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv _v‡K|

6. RjvZsK t

K) RjvZs‡Ki wUKv t `yB cÖKv‡ii cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cvIqv hvq| GB wUKv

`yBwU wZb gvm D×©eqmx cÖvYx‡Z †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wnmv‡e †Ìqv nq hv‡Z

RjvZsKMÖ¯Í cïi Kvgo †L‡jI RjvZsK bv nq|

y LEP-cÖwZ GK eQi ci ci KzKz‡ii gvsm‡ckx‡Z 3 wgtwj

Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z nq|

y HEP-Mevw` cï‡K 3 wgtwjt K‡i gvsm‡ckx‡Z Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z

nq| GK gvm ci eyóvi †WvR cÖ‡qv‡Mi ci cÖwZ eQ‡i GKevi

K‡i w`‡Z nq| GB wUKv wd«‡R ivL‡Z nq| en‡bi mgq Aek¨B

_v‡g©vd¬v‡· eid w`‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

y RjvZsK we‡ivax wUKv t RjvZsK †ivMMÖ¯Í cÖvYx Kvgov‡bvi ci

wPwKrmv wnmv‡e GB wUKv †Ìqv nq|


72

†`kx ev cvewjK †nj&_ wefv‡Mi ˆZix RjvZs‡Ki wUKvt

y QvMj I fov - cÖwZw`b 10 wgtwj K‡i 7 w`b Pvgovi bx‡P|

y eKbv I evošÍ lvo Gi Rb¨- cÖwZw`b 20 wgtwj K‡i 14 w`b Pvgovi bx‡P|

y Miæ I gwnl - cÖwZw`b 30 wgtwj K‡i 14 w`b Pvgovi bx‡P|

GB wUKv Aek¨B ‡iwd«wR‡iU‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|

we‡`kx ev wUï KvjPvi Gi gva¨‡g ˆZix RjvZs‡Ki wUKvt

10 wgtwjt f¨vKwmb n‡Z 4 wgtwj 4 ¯’v‡b,7w`b ci 3 wgtwjt 3 ¯’v‡b 21 w`b ci 3

wgtwjt 3 ¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© g‡Zv|

‡h mKj Kvi‡Y cï‡K wUKv †Ìqvi ciI Kv‡R Av‡m bv t

y wUKv †Ìqv cï hw` c~e© †_‡KB myßfv‡e AvµvšÍ _v‡K|

y ‡h wbw`©ó fvBivm Gi weiæ‡× f¨vKwmb †Ìqv nq H †ivM bvn‡j|

y mwVK c×wZ‡Z I mwVK cwigv‡Y wUKv bv w`‡j|

y ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Kvi‡Y wUKv bó n‡q †M‡j|

y cïi AcywóRwbZ Kvi‡Y|

y cï †ivMvµvšÍ _vK‡j we‡kl K‡i K…wg ev Ab¨ †Kvb ciRxwe Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡j

wUKv Avkvbyiƒc KvR †`q bv|

y Lv‡`ï mv‡_ ÿwZKviK Uw·b/wel MÖnY Ki‡j|

wUKv cÖ`v‡b mZ©KZv

y ‡h †Kvb Jla eënv‡ii g‡ZvB wUKv cÖ`v‡bi mgq Aek¨B wUKv cÖ¯‘ZKvix

cÖwZôv‡bi wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK wUKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

y wUKv KLbB cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg ev †ekx cwigv‡Y ev †ekx evi cÖ`vb Kiv

Pj‡e bv|

y wUKv cÖ`v‡bi Kgc‡ÿ 7 w`b Av‡M cï‡K K…wg bvkK Jla LvIqv‡bv DwPZ|

y wUKv Aek¨B my¯’ cï‡K w`‡Z n‡e|


73

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY Kg©m~Px

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv

ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| ‡gvUvZvRvKiY Kg©m~Pxi cÖKvi‡f`¸wj wK Zv eySv‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| Miæ ‡gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi c`‡ÿcmg~n wKwK Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiYt

AwaK cwigv‡Y gvb m¤§Z gvsm Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl eë¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g DbœZ

mylg Lv`¨ eënvi K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó mgq mxgv ch©šÍ Miæ cvjb Kiv‡K Miæ I QvMj

‡gvUvZvRvKiY ejv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k AcywóRwbZ Kvi‡b 2.5-3.0 eQ‡ii `ye©j

luvo evQyi µq K‡i 3-9 gvm cvjvi ci evRviRvZ Kiv nq| †gvUvZvRvKiY ej‡Z

mvaviYZt G c×wZ‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|

‡gvUvZvRvKiY Kg©m~Pxi cÖKvi‡f`t

‡gvUvZvRvKiY Kg©myPx‡K †gqv‡ì Dci wfwË K‡i wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e wef³ Kiv hvq-

Miæi †ÿ‡Î t 1.5-3.0 eQi eq‡mi Gu‡o ev luvo Miæ µ‡qi ci †_‡K

K) 3 gvm †gqv`x

L) 6 gvm †gqv`x

M) 9 gvm †gqv`x

Miæ ‡gvUvZvRvKiY Lvgv‡ii myweav

1. Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Aí cyuwR‡Z GB Lvgvi ïiæ Kiv hvq|

2. ¯^í mg‡q jvfmn g~jab †diZ cvIqv hvq|

3. Avw_©K ÿwZi SzuwK Kg|

4. ¯’vbxq evRvi †_‡KB Miæ µq K‡i GB Lvgvi ïiæ Kiv hvq|

5. ‡`kx Ges ksKi Dfq Rv‡Zi Miæ I QvMj cvjb Kiv hvq|

6. `ÿ / AwfÁ kªwg‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

7. GB Lvgvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Lye †ekx kªwg‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

8. GB Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Lye †ekx cwigvY Rwgi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|


74

Miæ ‡gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi c`‡ÿc mg~nt

c~‡e© Av‡jvwPZ Miæ ‡gvUvZvRvKiY Lvgv‡ii ¸iæZ¡vejx Abyaveb K‡i G cÖK‡íi mdj

ev¯Íevq‡b wb¤wjwLZ c`‡ÿcmg~n MÖnY Kiv AZ¨vek¨K|

1. Lvgvi cwiKíbv

2. Kg©m~Pxi Dchy³ mgq wba©viY

3. Miæ/QvM‡ji Rb¨ evm¯’vb wbg©vY

4. mwVK Miæ wbe©vPb I µq

5. K…wggy³KiY

6. Lv`¨ I eë¯’vcbv|

7. msµvgK †iv‡Mi wUKv cÖ`vb I †ivM `gb|

8. evRviRvZKiY

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi cwiKíbv

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z

cvi‡eb;

2| Miæ †gvUvZvRvKivi c~‡e© KiYxq welqmg~n ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi cwiKíbv

� e¨w³MZ cÖwkÿY I AwfÁZv t

y Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY wel‡q wbR¯^ wPšÍvfvebv

y Lvgvi ¯’vcb wel‡q AvMÖn I AvšÍwiKZv

y cÖhyw³MZ `ÿZv I AwfÁZv

y Lvgvi cwiPvjbv wel‡q `ÿZv

y m¤ú‡ì cÖvc¨Zv t

y Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Rwg

y g~jab A_ev g~jab cÖvwßi Drm

y Lvgvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mgq cÖ`vb

y eë¯’vcbv/cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wek¦¯Í I `ÿ Kgx©


75

� DcKiY cÖvwß t

y Miæ cÖvwßi Drm

y Lvgv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg

y Lv`¨ mvgMÖxi Drm I cÖvc¨Zv

� evRv‡ii wbðqZv t

y Drcvw`Z Miæ Rb¨ ¯’vbxq evRvi

y gvs‡mi ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v A_ev weKí e¨e¯’v

y ¯’vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ Miæ gvsm µ‡qi cwigvY

y gvs‡mi weµq g~j¨

� Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweav t

y Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cwi‡ek

y AveR©bv I eR©¨ AcmviY myweav

y ‡mwb‡Ukb myweav

y e„n`vKvi Lvgvi n‡j hvbevnb I AvevwmK myweav

y weï× cvwb mieivn

y we`y¨r

� Lvgv‡ii Rb¨ ¯’vb wbe©vPb t

y ‡QvU Lvgvi n‡j emZ evoxi wbK‡U

y DuPz ¯’vb †hLv‡b Rjve×Zv m„wói m¤¢vebv †bB|

y Ab¨vb¨ Lvgvi †_‡K m¤¢ve¨ `y‡i

y ‡jvKvjq †_‡K m¤¢ve¨ `y‡i

y fvj †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v

y ‰e`y¨wZK myweav

y D‡jwLZ welqmg~n AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Lvgvi

¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

� cÖKí cÖYqb t

y Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq cÖvYxm¤ú` Kg©KZ©v I FY`vb ms¯’vi mv‡_

†hvMv‡hvM K‡i cÖKí cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|


76

y Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©µg cÖ¯‘Z Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|

y Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cÖKvi N‡ii Ae¯’vb, PviYf~wg, Nvm Drcv`‡bi

Rwg Ges fwel¨r m¤cÖmviY myweav †`Lv‡Z n‡e|

y cwi‡ek `~lY wbevi‡Yi c×wZ|

y fvj †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v|

y ‰e`y¨wZK myweav|

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY Kivi c~‡e© KiYxq welqmg~n

� g~jab t

cÖKíwU ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z KZ UvKv jvM‡e Ges Gi Drm wK wK n‡Z cv‡i, Zv

c~‡e©B wVK Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY g~jab cy‡ivcywi msMÖn bv K‡i KvR ïiæ Ki‡j

cÖKí ÿwZMÖ¯’ nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

� Miæ I QvMj weµ‡qi nvU t

mvaviY nvU-evRvi _vK‡jB †gvUvZvRv Miæ I QvMj weµ‡qi nvU Av‡Q eySvq

bv| GjvKvq KZwU ¯’v‡b KZwU Miæ I QvMj cÖwZw`b / cÖwZ mßv‡n RevB nq Zv

Rvb‡Z n‡e| †µZviv wK ai‡bi Miæ I QvM‡ji gvsm Lvq, me©wb¤ I me©‡”Pv KZ

`‡i Miæ I QvM‡ji gvsm weµq nq Zv Rvb‡Z n‡e| Miæ/ QvMj weµ‡qi Rb¨

nv‡U †h‡Z n‡e bvwK KmvB G‡m wb‡q hv‡e †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|

� Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ mvgMÖxi cÖvc¨Zv t

Mevw` cïi †h mKj Lv`¨`ªe¨ ìKvi ‡m m¤ú‡K© †hgb cwi¯‹vi avibv _vK‡Z

n‡e †Zgwb Lv`¨`ªe¨¸wj †Kv_vq, KZ`y‡i Ges KZ `‡i mnRjf¨ Zv Rvb‡Z

n‡e| eQ‡ii me mgq cvIqv hv‡e wKbv Ges GKev‡i wK‡b ivLvi gZ cwigvY

cvIqv hv‡e wKbv Zv †`L‡Z n‡e|

� Kg©x I Kgx© eë¯’vcbv t

Kg©m~Pxi Rb¨ wb‡Ri c‡ÿ KZUzKz mgq †Ìqv m¤¢e n‡e Zv Av‡M we‡ePbvq

Avb‡Z n‡e| wb‡R mgq †ekx w`‡Z bv cvi‡j weKí wn‡m‡e Kg©xi Dci wbf©i

Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Kg©xi ¸Yvejx wb¤iƒc nIqv evÂbxq |

y mr

y wb‡ew`Z

y `vwqZ¡kxj

y PvjvK


77

y mnvbyfywZkxj

y cy‡e© G KvR ev Abyiƒc Kv‡Ri AwfÁZv Av‡Q|

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi avcmg~n

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY/†gvUvZvRv Kivi Lvgvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cï

wbe©vPb I µq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Kivi cy‡e© K…wg gy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| cïi iæPx e„w×i †KŠkj eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

‡gvUvZvRvi Rb¨ cï wbe©vPb / µq

Mevw`cï †gvUvZvRvKiY Kg©m~Pxi Rb¨ mvaviYZt †ò n‡Z wZb eQ‡ii Gu‡o (luvo)

evQyi µq Kiv DwPZ| cï¸‡jv †`vu-Avk ev ksKi Rv‡Zi µq Ki‡j fvj nq| cï µq

Kivi mgq K‡qKwU jÿY wePvi K‡i mZK©Zvi mwnZ cï wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

y cïwUi c~e© esk fvj wKbv Zv fvjfv‡e †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e|

y ‡`‡ni AvKvi n‡Z n‡e PZzf©~RvK…wZ|

y cïi Kcvj cÖk¯Í nIqv Avek¨K|

y Nvo Lv‡Uv AvK…wZi n‡Z n‡e|

y Mv‡qi Pvgov wX‡j Xvjv I gm„b †Mv‡Qi nIqv DwPZ|

y nuv‡oi †Rvov¸wj †gvUv cÖK…wZi n‡Z n‡e|

y ksKi Rv‡Zi Miæ ZvovZvwo †ekx †gvUv nq|

y Miæi eqm ksKi Rv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 1.5-2 ermi n‡e|

y ‡`kx Rv‡Zi Miæi †ÿ‡Î Kgc‡ÿ 2.5-3 ermi n‡e|

y ‡Kvievbxi nv‡U weµ‡qi jÿ¨ _vK‡j Kgc‡ÿ 2 ùv‡Zi Miæ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

y Miæi Pvgov, †jR, wks I Kv‡b ev kix‡i †hb †Kvb LyuZ bv _v‡K|

y mKj †ÿ‡ÎB Miæi eqm Pvi ùv‡Zi †ekx n‡e bv|

y ‡Kvievbxi nv‡U weµ‡qi D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡j mv`v is Qvov Ab¨ †h †Kvb AvKl©Yxq

is-Gi Miæ †Kbv fvj|

y Miæi cv I Mjv Lv‡Uv n‡Z n‡e|

y eyK PIov Ges cÖk¯Í n‡Z n‡e|

y wkiùvov †mvRv mvg‡bi †P‡q wcQ‡b mvgvb¨ DuPz n‡Z n‡e|

y Miæ †Kbvi mgq m¯Ív `v‡g ÿxY ¯^v‡¯’ï Miæ wKb‡j †gvUvZvRv K‡i †ekx jvf n‡e|

y `yiv‡ivM¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ Miæ µq Kiv hv‡e bv, †hgb-


78

` wbk¦vm wb‡Z mvg‡b wcQ‡b †`v‡j

` wcPKvix w`‡q cvqLvbv K‡i

` wbk¦v‡m †Rv‡i †Rv‡i kã nq|

cï K…wg gy³ KiY

� K…wg Mevw` cïi kÎæ t

y K…wg GK cÖKvi ciRxwe Ges Miæi †`n Af¨šÍ‡ii †Kvb As‡k evm K‡i

Lv`¨ cywó ev i³ †kvlY K‡i Miæ‡K `~e©j K‡i, ¯^v¯’¨nvwb NUvq|

y Miæ‡K hZ cywóKi Lv`¨B †Ìqv †nvK bv †Kb †cU ev †`n Af¨šÍ‡i K…

wg _vK‡j Mevw`cï †gvUv nq bv|

y Miæ A‡bK ai‡bi K…wg‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|

y K…wgi aib I msµg‡Yi cwigvY Miæi †Mvei cixÿv Ki‡jB eySv hvq|

y

� Miæi K…wg wZb cÖKvi t

y ‡Mvj K…wg

y wdZv K…wg

y KwjRv K…wg

K…wg Miæi cvK¯’jx, Lv`¨bvjx, d‚mdzm Ges kix‡ii AviI A‡bK ¯’v‡b evm

K‡i Miæi †`‡ni cywó, i³‡kvlY K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K Ges wWg cv‡o| G wWg

Miæi †Mve‡ii gva¨‡g evwni n‡q Av‡m Ges K…wgi wWg Øviv msµwgZ Nvm,

Lv`¨ BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g K…wggy³ Miæ K…wg‡Z msµwgZ nq|

Miæ †gvUvZvRv Kg©m~Px‡Z `~e©j, ¯^v¯’¨nxb Miæ µq Ki‡Z nq| Miæi ¯^v¯’¨nvwbi

cÖavb `yÕwU KviY cywónxbZv Ges wØZxq KviY K…wgi AvµgY| ZvB Lv`¨ eë¯’v

DbœZ Kivi ms‡M ms‡M Miæ‡K K…wggy³ Kivi eë¯’vI Ki‡Z nq|

� K…wg‡Z AvµvšÍ Miæi jÿY t

y Miæi ¯^v¯’¨nvwb

y kixi `~e©j n‡q cov

y Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y Abxnv, AiæwP

y kix‡ii IRb n«vm

y iæÿ †jvg ev ckg

y cvZjv cvqLvbv


79

y KLbI ev †KvôKvwVb¨

wewfbœ cÖKvi K…wgi g‡a¨ Miæi KwjRv K…wg I dzmdz‡mi K…wg AwZ gvivZ¥K|

� dzmdzm K…wg‡Z AvµvšÍ Miæi jÿY t

y Miæ Nb Nb Kv‡k

y k¦vm-cÖk¦vm `ªæZ nq

y k¦vm MÖnY KóKi nq

y k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi mgq No No kã nq

y cïi g„ZzÏ NU‡Z cv‡i|

� KwjRv K…wg‡Z AvµvšÍ Miæi jÿY t

G K…wg Miæi Rb¨ AwZ gvivZ¥K Ges G K…wg‡Z AvµvšÍ Miæ‡K hZB cywóKi

Lv`¨ †Ìqv ‡nvK bv †Kb kix‡ii †Kvb DbœwZ n‡e bv hw` bv Miæ‡K K…wggy³

Kiv nq| jÿYmg~n wb¤iƒc t

y Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y Abxnv

y `~e©jZv

y ¯^v¯’¨nxb n‡q cov

y cvZjv cvqLvbv

y KLbI KLbI †KvôKvwVb¨

y iæÿ, LmL‡m ckg ev †jvg

y kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡k, †c‡Ui bx‡P, ey‡K we‡kl K‡i _yZbxi bx‡P cvwb

Rg‡j eyS‡Z n‡e MiæwU KwjRv K…wg‡Z AvµvšÍ Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY

Kg©m~Pxi mdjZvi cÖ_g Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvRwU n‡”Q nvU †_‡K Miæ

msMÖ‡ni ciciB Zvi K…wg bvk Kiv|

GR‡b¨ cÖvwYwPwKrm‡Ki ms‡M civgk© K‡i cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e

cÖwZwU Miæi †Mvei cixÿv K‡i Miæ‡K K…wgbvkK Jla w`‡Z n‡e|

cïi iæwP e„w×i †KŠkj

K…wgi Jla †me‡bi ci A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cïi AiæwP n‡Z cv‡i Kv‡RB iæwP e„w× Ges

nRgkw³ e„w×i Rb¨ cï‡K wfUvwgb I LwbRmg„× wKQy wKQy Jla †meb wKsev B‡ÄKkb

w`‡j cïi Lv`¨ LvIqvi cwigvb †e‡o hv‡e Ges nRgkw³ e„w× cv‡e| d‡j cï `ªæZ

†gvUvZvRv n‡e| `y‡ai Mvfxi `ya e„w× n‡e| evošÍ evQyi `ªæZ eo n‡e Ges eKbv †hŠeb

jvf Ki‡e| A‡bK Amvay eëmvwq Miæ †gvUvZvRv Kivi bv‡g wKQy †eAvBwb Jla/

eënvi wbwl× Jla weµq K‡i hv eënvi Kiv cï¯^v¯’¨ I gvby‡li ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ


80

ÿwZKi Ges AvBbZ `Ûwbq| Kv‡RB H mKj wbwl× Jla KL‡bvB Miæ wKsev QvMj

†gvUvZvRv Ki‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv hv‡ebv|

‡h mKj ejKviK, wfUvwgb I LwbR RvZxq Jla cïi ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœqb I †gvUvZvRvi

†ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi bgybv wb‡¤ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv t

B‡ÄKkb ‡ngv‡Uv‡cb- we12, B‡ÄKkb wfUvwg·-we, B‡ÄKkb wfUv‡cø·, B‡ÄKkb

we‡Kv‡b·, B‡ÄKkb K¨v‡Uvmvj, B‡ÄKkb wfUvd·, B‡ÄKkb wfUv-G,wW3,B;

B‡ÄKkb †ibv‡mvj, †ibvwfU-wWwe, GgevwfU- wWwe, wfUvwg·-wWwe cÖf„wZ

Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡bi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ wgkªY cÖ¯‘Z Ges cwi‡ekb

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY Miæ †gvUvZvRvKi‡bi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ wgkªY

ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| ‡gvUvZvRvKivi Rb¨ Miæ‡K Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡bi cwigvY m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡e; Miæ

†gvUvZvRvKi‡bi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ wgkªY ZvwjKv

ZvwjKv-1 ZvwjKv-2 ZvwjKv-3 ZvwjKv-4

DcKiY cwigvY

(%)

DcKiY cwigvY

(%)

DcKiY cwigvY

(%)

DcKiY cwigvY

(%)

M‡gi f~wl 54 Pvjfv½v (Ly`) 25 Pvjfv½v (Ly`) 10 ‡Lmvixi f~wl 14

‡Lmvixi f~wl 20 M‡gi f~wl 15 M‡gi f~wl 15 M‡gi f~wl 10

wZ‡ji ˆLj 18 Pv‡ji Kzov 20 Pv‡ji Kzov 40 Pv‡ji Kzov 50

ïUwK gv‡Qi

¸ov

7 gmy‡ii f~wl 24 ‡Lmvix fv½v 10 gmy‡ii f~wl 10

jeY 0.5 wZ‡ji ˆLj 15 wZ‡ji ˆLj 20 wZ‡ji ˆLj 15

wSby‡Ki ¸ov 0.5 ïUwK gv‡Qi

¸ov

5 ïUwK gv‡Qi

¸ov

4 jeY 0.5

100 wSby‡Ki ¸ov 0.5 jeY 0.5 wSby‡Ki ¸ov 0.5

jeY 0.5 wSby‡Ki ¸ov 0.5 100

100 100

g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb cïcvj‡bi Rb¨ Lv`¨ LiPB me †P‡q †ekx (60-70%)| LiP

we‡ePbv K‡i Avcbvi cïi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ ˆZix Ges mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|


81

‡gvUvZvRvKi‡Y Miæ‡K Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡bi cwigvY

Miæi IRb

(†KwR)

BDwiqv cÖwµqvRvZ

Lo (†KwR)

`vbv`vi Lv`¨

(†KwR)

KvuPv Nvm

(†KwR)

cwicyiK KuvPv Nvm

(†KwR)

50 0.50 1.25 2.00 2.00

75 1.00 2.00 3.00 3.00

100 1.50 3.00 4.00 6.00

150 2.00 3.50 5.00 7.00

200 3.00 4.00 6.00 10.00

250 3.50 4.50 7.00 11.00

300 4.00 5.00 8.00 15.00

350 4.00 5.00 8.00 16.00

400 4.00 5.00 9.00 20.00

450 4.00 5.00 10.00 22.00

500 4.00 5.00 10.00 25.00

wet`ªt cÖwZ 10 †KwR cwic~iK KuvPv Nv‡mi mieivn wbwðZ Kiv †M‡j 1 †KwR `vbv`vi

Lvevi n«vm Kiv hvq|

cï cvjb welqK cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vejx

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ekbwU mgvwßi ci cÖwkÿYv_©xMY my¯’ cï-cvLxi bvoxi ¯ú›`b, kix‡ii Zvc

I k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

2| M„ncvwjZ cïi Kv‡gv‡ËRbvi ¯’vqxZ¡ Kvj m¤ú‡K© eb©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;

3| Mevw`cïi ey‡Ki †eo Abyhvqx ˆ`wnK IR‡bi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

my¯’ cï-cvLxi bvoxi ¯ú›`b, kix‡ii Zvc I k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi ZvwjKv

cï-cvLxi bvg bvoxi ¯ú›`b (evi) Zvc (dvt) k¦vm-cÖk¦vm (evi)

Mvfx 60-90 101.5 24-30

ej` 34-54 101 12-28

luvo 40-60 102 10-30

evQyi 90-100 103 30-40

QvMj I †fov 65-90 103 12-20

nuvm-gyiMx 120-170 107 20-50


82

M„ncvwjZ cïi Mf©aviY I `y»`vb Kvj

cïi bvg Mo Mf©aviY Kvj (w`b) Mo `y»`vb Kvj (w`b)

Mvfx 280 280-300

gwnl 334 270-280

QvMj I †fov 141-151 90-100

KzKzi 63 55-65

weovj 55 30-40

M„ncvwjZ cïi Kv‡gv‡ËRbvi ¯’vqxZ¡ Kvj

cïi bvg ¯’vqxZ¡Kvj Mf© bv n‡j cybt

D‡ËRbvi mgq

ev”Pv cÖm‡ei KZw`b ci cybivq

D‡ËRbvq Avm‡e

Mvfx 12-24 N›Uv 3-4 mßvn 3-8 mßvn

‡fov I QvMx 1-2 w`b 17-21 w`b 20-25 w`b

gwnl K‡qK N›Uv gvÎ 21 w`b 3-4 mßvn

KzKzix 9-18 w`b 5-6 gvm 5-6 gvm

weovj 7-10 w`b 18-24 w`b 4 gvm

Mevw`cïi ey‡Ki †eo Abyhvqx ˆ`wnK IR‡bi ZvwjKv

Mevw` cïi ey‡Ki †eo n‡Z †gvUvgywU IRb wbY©q Kiv hvq| ey‡Ki †eo gvc‡Z cÖ_gZt

cï‡K Pvi cv‡qi Dci †mvRvmywR `uvo Kiv‡Z n‡e| Gici m¤§y‡Li `yB cv‡qi wVK

wcQ‡b ey‡Ki Dci wdZv w`‡q ey‡Ki †eo gvc‡Z n‡e|

ey‡Ki †eo

(BwÂ)

‰`wnK IRb

(‡KwR)

ey‡Ki †eo

(BwÂ)

‰`wnK IRb

(‡KwR)

ey‡Ki †eo

(BwÂ)

‰`wnK IRb

(‡KwR)

25 19 39 64 53 162

26 20 40 69 54 171

27 21 41 73 55 181

28 23 42 78 56 191

29 25 43 83 57 200

30 27 44 87 58 209

31 30 45 92 59 219

32 32 46 96 60 228

33 35 47 101 61 237

34 39 48 113 62 247

35 43 49 123 63 256

36 49 50 133 64 265

37 54 51 143 65 274

38 59 52 152 - -


84

gvby‡li cywó I mylg Lv`¨ weZi‡Y i‡q‡Q `y» I `y»RvZ `ª‡eï GK Abb¨ f~wgKv|

GKwU RvwZi DbœwZi gvcKvwV Gi RbmsL¨v, cywó, ˆbwZK PwiÎ I Rb¯^v‡¯’ï Dci

wbf©ikxj| Avgiv Rvwb `y» GKwU Av`k© Lv`¨| wkïi e„w×, hye‡Ki kw³, †ivMxi

Av‡ivM¨ Ges e„‡×i Rxebxkw³ `y» cÖvY Øviv cÖfvweZ| `y» n‡jv GKwU cPbkxj c`v_©|

G‡Z kZKiv 87.3 fvM cvwb I kZKiv 12.7 fvM ï®‹ c`v_© we`¨gvb| `y‡ai ï®‹

c`v‡_© †¯œnc`v_©, Avwgl, j¨vK‡UvR, LwbR c`v_©, wfUvwgb, GbRvBg, I wcM‡g›U

BZ¨vw` we`¨gvb _v‡K|

`ya (Milk)`y» weÁv‡b `ya ev `y» ej‡Z mvaviYZ Mvfxi `ya‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| myZivs

`y‡ai ms½v w`‡Z wM‡q Gfv‡e ejv hvq - `ya n‡jv GK ev GKvwaK ¯^v¯’ëZx Mvfxi my¯’

Ijvb n‡Z ev”Pv cÖm‡ei 15 w`b c~‡e© ev 5 w`b ci †`vwnZ ÿiY hv‡Z Aek¨B Kgc‡ÿ

kZKiv 3.5 fvM †¯œn c`v_© Ges kZKiv 8.5 fvM †¯œnc`v_©nxb ï®‹ c`v_© _vK‡e|

`y‡ai Dcv`vb (Constituents Milk)`y‡ai g~L¨ ev cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv- cvwb, †¯œnc`v_©, Avwgl, j¨vK‡UvR, LwbR

c`v_©| Avi †MŠY Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv- dm‡dvwjwcW, †÷ij, wfUvwgb, GbRvBg,

wcM‡g›U BZ¨vw`| Z‡e `y‡ai Avmj Dcv`vb n‡jv- `y» Pwe©, †KwRb, j¨vK‡UvR|

wewfbœ cÖRvwZi `y‡ai Dcv`vb

cÖRvwZ Av‡cwÿK

¸iæZ¡

Avwgl

(%)

†¯œn c`v_©

(%)

j¨vK‡UvR

(%)

LwbR c`v_©

(%)

gvbyl 1.0298 2.01 3.74 6.37 0.30

Mvfx (`ya) 1.0320 3.58 3.90 5.10 0.70

Mvfx (KvPjv `ya) 1.0420 17.18 3.17 2.28 1.53

‡fox 1.0355 5.15 6.18 4.17 0.93

QvMx 1.0305 3.76 4.07 4.64 0.85

‡NvUKx 1.0347 2.05 1.14 5.87 0.36

nw¯Íbx 1.0313 2.51 9.10 8.59 0.50

DU 1.042 4.00 3.07 5.59 0.77

gwnl 1.030 4.37 7.65 4.82 0.94


85

wPÎ t `y‡ai wewfbœ Dcv`vb

`y‡ai cywógvb (Nutritive value of milk)`ya n‡”Q GKwU Av`k© Lv`¨| `y‡ai cywógvb AZ¨šÍ †ewk| `ya †_‡K Avgiv cvB Avwgl- hv

kixi MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i, LwbR c`v_©- hv nvo MV‡b f’wgKv iv‡L, wfUvwgb- hv ¯^v¯’¨ myiÿvq

Kvh©Kix, Ges j¨vK‡UvR I `y» Pwe©- G¸‡jv †`‡n kw³ mieivn K‡i| GQvovI `y‡a i‡q‡Q

K‡qKwU wbw`ó© AZ¨vk¨Kxq d¨vwU GwmW| me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡jv, G Dcv`vb¸‡jv `y‡a

Ggbfv‡e Dcw¯’Z i‡q‡Q hv‡Z Avgv‡`i †`‡n mn‡RB G¸‡jv cwicvK I nRg n‡Z cv‡i|

G mg¯Í ¸Yvejxi Rb¨B `ya Mf©eZx gv, evošÍ wkï, wK‡kvi, wK‡kvix, cÖvßeq¯‹, e„×, †ivMx

Ges †ivMgyw³i ci mK‡ji wbKU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|

`y‡ai Avwgl (Milk Protein)‡h mg¯Í Avwg‡l †`‡ni Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq me¸‡jv AZ¨ek¨Kxq A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW Dchy³

gvÎvq Dcw¯’Z _v‡K †mB Avwgl‡K c~Y©v½ Avwgl ejv n‡q _v‡K| `y‡ai Avwgl n‡jv G

ai‡bi Avwgl| d‡j `y‡ai Avwgl AZ¨šÍ D”P¸Y m¤úbœ Avwgl wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|

`y‡ai Avwgl Dw™¢¾ Avwg‡li A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi NvUwZ c~i‡YI f’weKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

KviY AwaKvsk Dw™¢¾ Avwg‡lB jvBwmb †gw_Iwbb Ges wUªc‡Uvd¨vb bvgK A¨vgvB‡bv


86

GwmW Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| ZvB `ya †L‡j `y‡ai Avwg‡li GB A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi NvUwZ

c~iY K‡i| GQvovI `y‡ai Avwg‡li kZKiv 97 †_‡K 98 fvMB kix‡i cwicvK nq|

A_P Ab¨vb¨ mKj Avwg‡li cwicvK nvi gvÎ kZKiv 92 fvM|

`y‡ai Pwe© (Milk Fat)`y» I `y»RvZ `ª‡eï cywógvb, MÜ I evwn¨K ¸Yvejx‡Z `y‡ai Pwe© ev †¯œnc`v‡_©i we‡kl

¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| `y‡ai Pwe© GKw`‡K †hgb kw³i Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Aciw`‡K †Zgwb

Avgv‡ì kix‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AZ¨vek¨Kxq d¨vwU GwmW (wj‡bvwjK I wj‡bv‡jwbK)

mieivn K‡i| `y» Pwe©i me‡P‡q eo êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi DrK…ó MÜ| Avi G Kvi‡YB

`y»RvZ `ªe¨mg~n mevi Kv‡Q Lye †ewk cQ›`bxq|

`y‡ai j¨vK‡UvR (Milk lactose)j¨vK‡UvR n‡jv GK ai‡bi kK©iv ev †k^Zmvi RvZxq Dcv`vb hv †KejgvÎ `y‡aB

cvIqv hvq| j¨vK‡Uv‡Ri cÖavb KvR n‡jv kw³ mieivn Kiv| cywó Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e

j¨vK‡UvR Ab¨vb¨ †k^Zmvi A‡cÿv DbœZgv‡bi| j¨vK‡UvR ÿz`ªv‡Î wKQzUv A¤øZvi m„w©ó

K‡i hvi d‡j K¨vjwmqvg mn‡RB cwicvK I nRg n‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI j¨vK‡UvR

Jla wn‡m‡eI eëüZ nq|

`y‡ai kw³gvb (Energy value of milk)`y‡ai kw³i Drm n‡jv `y‡ai Pwe©, Avwgl I j¨vK‡UvR| cÖwZ MÖvg `y‡ai Pwe© I Avwgl

†_‡K h_vµ‡g 9.3 K¨vjwi I 4.1 K¨vjwi kw³ cvIqv hvq| †`Lv †M‡Q †h cÖwZ 100

MÖvg (Mvfx I gwn‡li) `ya †_‡K h_vµ‡g 75 I 100 K¨vjwi kw³ cvIqv hvq|

`y‡ai LwbR c`v_© (Minerals of milk)ev¯ÍweK c‡ÿ `y‡a we`¨gvb mKj LwbR c`v_©B gvbe‡`‡ni cywói Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

hZ`~i Rvbv hvq gvby‡li cywói Rb¨ K¨vjwmqm, g¨vM‡bwmqvg, †mvwWqvg, cUvwmqvg,

AvqiY, Kcvi, g¨vsMvwbR, wRsK, dmdivm, †K¬vwiY Ges Av‡qvwWb GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

K¨vjwmqvg (Calcium)`ya K¨vjwmqv‡gi GKwU cÖavb Drm| Mvfxi `y‡a M‡o 0.17 kZvsk K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW

Av‡Q| cÖwZ †KwR `y‡a 1.70 MÖvg K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW A_ev 1.21 MÖvg K¨vjwmqvg

Av‡Q| GB cwigvY K¨vjwmqvg GKwU wkïi e„w×i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eûjvs‡k c~iY K‡i Ges

GB Kvi‡bB GKwU wkïi Rb¨ ˆ`wbK GK †mi `ya mycvwik Kiv nq| `y»eZx gv‡qi I

cÖPzi `ya cvb Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| GKRb cªvß eq¯Í hye‡Ki ˆ`wbK Avav‡mi `ya Zvi

K¨vjwmqvg cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eûjvs‡k c~iY K‡i| Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Lv‡`¨ K¨vjwmqv‡gi

cwigvY Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK Kg|

dmdivm (Phosphorus)dmdivm I K¨vjwmqvg Avgv‡ì nvo I ùv‡Zi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| GQvovI dmdivm


87

kix‡i wewfbœ ˆRweK wgkÖ‡Y (Organic Combination) cÖ‡qvRb Ges A‰Re dm‡dU

(Inorganic Phosphate) kix‡ii wewfbœ im (Fluid) Ges i‡³i cÖwZwµqv wbq‡š¿‡Yi

Rb¨ cª‡qvRb| gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨-fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, wWg, iæwU Avjy cÖf…wZ‡Z cÖPzi

cwigv‡Y dmdivm Av‡Q, myZivs gvby‡li Lv‡`¨ dmdiv‡mi Afve nIqvi K_v bq| wKš‘

cïLv`¨ dmdiv‡mi Afve NU‡Z cv‡i| GK †KwR `y‡a .85 MÖvg dmdivm Av‡Q hv

GKwU wkïi e„w×i Rb¨ dmdiv‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eûjvs‡kB wgUv‡e| ïay ZvB bq nvo

Ges ùv‡Zi K¨vjwmqvg I dmdiv‡mi AbycvZ Ges `y‡a G‡ì AbycvZ GK iKg nIqvq

`y‡ai K¨vjwmqg I dmdivm cywói Rb¨ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx|

g¨vM‡bwkqvg, †mvwWqvg, cUvwkqvg, wRsK I †K¬vwiY (Magnasium, sodium, potassium, zinc and chlorine)G mg¯Í LwbR c`v_© Avgv‡ì cywói Rb¨ Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRbxq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì ‰`bw›`b

Lv‡`¨ G¸‡jv cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _v‡K, myZivs G¸‡jv cywó‡Z †Kvb mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i bv|

`y‡ai Bnv cÖPzi cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb Ges hviv ïhay `ya cvb Ki‡e Zv‡ìI †Kvb mgm¨vi

m„wó n‡e bv|

AvqiY ev †jŠvn (Iron)kix‡ii wewfbœ Kjv Ges †jvwnZ KwYKvi wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi Rb¨ AvqiY AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq

LwbR c`v_©| Lv‡`ª Ach©vß AvqiY i³k~b¨Zv †iv‡Mi m„wó K‡i| `y‡a AvqiY Ach©vß|

myZivs ïay `ya Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡j kix‡i Avqi‡Yi Afve n‡Z cv‡i| `y»‡cvl¨

wkï‡ì kix‡i R‡b¥i mgq n‡ZB ch©vß AvqiY Rgv _v‡K e‡j ïay `y»-cv‡b Avqi‡Yi

Afve nq bv| wKš‘ wkïi 5/6 gvm eq‡mi mgq Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨ Øviv Avqi‡Yi Afve c~iY

Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kcvi Ges g¨vsMvwbR (Copper and manganese)Kcvi wn‡gv‡Møvweb ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`v_©| Kcv‡ii Afv‡e wn‡gv‡Møvweb ˆZwi‡Z AvqiY

eëüZ nB‡Z cv‡i bv| g¨vsMvwbR esk e„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| `y‡a Kcvi Ges g¨vsMvwbR

AZ¨šÍ Kg _v‡K| myZivs †Kej `ya Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡j G‡ì Afve NU‡Z cv‡i|

Av‡qvwWb (Iodine)Av‡qvwWb cywó‡Z Acwinvh© | Bnv kix‡ii _vBi‡qW Mø¨vW n‡Z wbtm„Z im _vBiK&wmb

ni‡gvb ˆZwi Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq| Av‡qvwW‡bi gvÎv Mvfxi Lv‡`¨ Av‡qvwW‡bi cwigv‡Yi

Dci wbf©i K‡i| GK ‡KwR `y‡a mvaviYZ 0.243 wgwjMÖvg Av‡qvwWb _v‡K Ges G

cwigvY Av‡qvwWb GKRb cÖvßeq¯‹ e¨w³i ˆ`wbK cÖ‡qvRb|

`y‡ai wfUvwgb (Vitamins of milk)Mvfxi `y‡a wfUvwg‡bi cwigvY Mvfxi Lv`¨ I wewfbœ FZzi Dci wbf©i K‡i| M‡o wewfbœ

FZzi cÖwZ †KwR Mvfxi `y‡a 100 nB‡Z 200 AvB BD. wfUvwgb ÔGÕ _vK‡Z cv‡i|

GKRb cªvßeq¯‹ e¨w³i cÖwZ w`‡b 5000 AvB. BD. wfUvwgb ÔGÕi cÖ‡qvRb| K¨v‡ivwUb


88

mg„× Nvm Mvfx‡K LvIqv‡j wfUvwgb ÔGÕi cwigvY e„w× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

_vqvwgb ev wfUvwgb we

2

`y‡a _vqvwg‡bi cwigvY erm‡i cÖvq memgq GKB iKg _v‡K| Mvfxi iæ‡g‡b (rumen)

RxevYy Øviv _vqvwg‡bi m„wó nq, Ges _vqvwgb kix‡i Rgv _v‡K bv| cÖwZ 100 wgwjwjUvi

`y‡a 40-50 gvB‡µvMÖvg _vqvwgb cvIqv hvq| `ya A¤ø Ae¯’vq Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M _vqvwgb

mn‡R bó nq bv| wKš‘ `ya cÖwµqvRvZKiYKv‡j †hfv‡e Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq G‡Z wKQz

cwigvY _vqwgb (cÖvq 10 kZvsk) bó n‡q hvq|

ivB‡ev‡d¬wfb

Mvfxi iæ‡g‡b RxevYy Øiv ivB‡evwd¬wfb cÖ¯‘Z nq e‡j Gi cwigv‡Y Dci Mvfxi Lv‡`ï †Kvb

cÖfve †bB| Z‡e D”P Drcv`bkxj Mvfxi `y‡a ivB‡ev‡d¬wf‡bi cwigvY A‡cÿvK…Z Kg †`Lv

hvq| mvaviYZ cÖwZ wjUvi Mvfxi `y‡a 1.60-2.27 wgwjMÖvg ivB‡ev‡d¬wfb _v‡K|

Ab¨vb¨ ÔweÕ wfUvwgb

wbqvwmb iæ‡g‡b RxevYy Øviv ˆZwi nq| `y‡a wbqvwm‡bi cwigvY mvaviYZ 100 wgwjwjUv‡i

60-80 gvB‡µvMÖvg _v‡K| ÔweÕ wfUvwgb¸wj meB Mvfxi kix‡i cÖ¯‘Z nq| wewfbœ M‡elYv

n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h, cªwZ 100 wg wj Mvfxi `y‡a 240-400 gvB‡µvMÖvg c¨v‡›Uv‡_wbK

GwmW, 13-17% gvAv‡µvMªvg cvB‡iWKwmb, 2.8-4.9 gvB‡µvMÖvg ev‡qvwUb Ges 1800

gvB‡µvMÖvg B‡bvwm‡Uvj _v‡K| GB mg¯Í wfUvwgb mvaviYZ Zv‡c bó nq bv|

A¨vm&KiweK GwmW ev wfUvwgb wm

`y‡a A¨vm&KiweK Gwm‡Wi cwigvY 1.5-2.5 wgwjMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ Rv‡Zi

Mvfxi `y‡a Gi cwigvY Kg †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Mvfxi eqm, `y»`vbKvj, Mvfxi Lv`¨

cÖf„wZi Kvi‡Y Gi cwigvY Kg †ewk nq bv| A¨vm&KiweK GwmW Zv‡c Ges ivmvqwbK

cÖwZwµqvq mn‡RB bó n‡q hvq|

wfUvwgb wW

K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm wecv‡Ki Rb¨ cï Lv‡`¨ wfUwgb ÔwWÕ AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq| wfUvwgb

ÔwWÕi Afve n‡j K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm nvo Ges ùv‡Z Rgv n‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j H

mg¯Í nvo Ges ùvZ f½yi I Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o| `y‡a wfUvwgb ÔwWÕi cwigvY Mvfxi Lv`¨

I m~h©Zvc MÖn‡Yi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i| M‡o cÖwZ †KwR `y‡a 51-62 AvB.

BD. wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ _v‡K| cÖPzi cwigvY wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ Lv‡`¨ Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j cÖwZ †KwR

`y‡a 400 ev Z‡ZvwaK cwigvY wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ _vK‡Z cv‡i| wkïLv‡`¨ wfUvwgb ÔwWÕi

¯^íZv‡nZz wkï‡ì wi‡KU (rickets) bvgK GK gviZœK e¨vwa nq|

mylg Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e `ya (Milk as a balanced diet)kix‡ii ¯^vfvweK e„w×, ÿqc~iY, ¯^v¯’ïÿv Ges cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj cywó

Dcv`vb wbw`©ó cwigv‡Y †hme Lv‡`¨ we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡KB mylg Lv`¨ e‡j| GQvovI


89

mylg Lv`¨ n‡e, mnRcvP¨, my¯^v`y I mK‡ji wbKU cQ›`bxq| `y‡a kix‡ii Rb¨

cª‡qvRbxq mKj cywó Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Ges `ya mnRcvP¨, my¯^v`y I mK‡ji wbKU

cQ›`bxq| ZvB `ya GKwU mylg Lv`¨|

`ya cÖwµqvRvZKiY

jÿ¨ t 1| GB Awa‡ek‡b AskMÖn‡Yi ci AskMÖnYKvixe„›` `ya ‡kvab I QuvKbcÖYvjx eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| bbx c„_KxKiY c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| `y‡ai cv¯ÍixKiY c×wZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

`ya n‡jv GKwU cPbkxj c`v_©| hw`I evsjv‡`‡ki me©ÎB KuvPv `yaB evRv‡i weµq nq|

wKš‘ G‡Z `y‡ai ¸Y¸Z gvb A‡bKUv K‡g hvq| ZvB `ya‡K cP‡bi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kivi

Rb¨, `y‡ai ¸Y¸Z gvb evov‡bvi Rb¨ Ges wewfbœ `y»RvZ `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ `ya

cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

`ya †kvab I QvuKb (Clarification and Filtration of Milk)`ya n‡Z A`ªeYxq evwn¨K e¯‘ AcmviY Kivi Rb¨ `ya †kvab ev QuvKb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

Gi g~jbxwZ n‡jv- `ya †Qu‡K Zv †_‡K A`ªeYxq evwn¨K e¯‘ AcmviY Kiv| Avi †kvab

cÖYvwji g~jbxwZ n‡jv- †K›`ªcmvix kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i `y‡ai A`ªeYxq SzjšÍ evwn¨K e¯‘¸‡jv

Zjvbx‡Z Rgv Kiv Ges cieZ©x‡Z AcmviY Kiv| Z‡e QuvKb cÖYvwj A‡cÿv †kvab cÖYvwj

AwaK Kvh©Kix| KviY †h mKj e¯‘ QvuKwb w`‡q †ei n‡q hvq †kvab cÖYvwj‡Z †m¸‡jv

`~ixf’Z nq| QuvKb cÖYvwj‡Z Zzjvi Avuk w`‡q ˆZwiK…Z we‡kl ai‡bi QuvKwb e¨envi Kiv

nq| †kvab hš¿ †K›`ªcmvix bbx cÖ_KxKiYÓ h‡š¿i g‡ZvB| Z‡e G h‡š¿ ewn©gyL _v‡K

GKwU Avi bbx c„_KxKiY h‡š¿ ewn©gyL _v‡K `ywU| †kvab h‡š¿i †ev‡ji (Bowl) ‡fZ‡ii

wW‡¯‹i e¨vm bbx c„_KxKiY wW‡¯‹i e¨v‡mi †P‡q Kg nq| d‡j wW‡¯‹i evB‡i wewfbœ

Ac`ªe¨ Rgv nIqvi Rb¨ ch©vß RvqMv _v‡K| cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ `ya †kvab h‡š¿ cÖ‡ek K‡i

Ges †K›`ªcmvix kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j `y‡ai †fZ‡i Dcw¯’Z wewfbœ A`ªeYxq fvix, evwn¨K

e¯‘ evB‡ii w`‡K wbwÿß nq Ges †ev‡ji wba©wiZ RvqMvq Rgv n‡Z _v‡K| †kvab h‡š¿i

wba©vwiZ RvqMv Gme `ªeYxq `ª‡e¨ c~Y© n‡q †M‡j Zv cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

bbx c„_KxKiY (Cream separation)`ya wKQzÿY w¯’i Ae¯’vq †i‡L w`‡j `y»Pwe© mg„× `y‡ai †h Ask `y‡ai Dc‡i †f‡m D‡V

†mUvB bbx (Cream)| eZ©gv‡b †K›`ª cmvix bbx c„_KxKiY h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ bbx c„_K

Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Rvg©vb weÁvbx cÖvbWU&j me© cÖ_g 1875 mv‡j bbx c„_KxKiY hš¿

Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| `y» wk‡í bbx c„_KxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g `y‡a †¯œnc`v‡_©i cwigvY KvswLZ

gvÎvq ivLvi hvq| GQvov bbx ev wµg cÖ¯‘wZ‡ZI bbx c„_KxKiY h‡š¿i f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q|


90

‡K›`ªcmvix bbx c„_KxKiY h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ bbx c„_KxKiY c×wZ

y ‡K›`ªcmvix bbx c„_KxKiY h‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask fv‡jvfv‡e cwi¯‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

y ‡evj Gi wewfbœ As‡ki mgš^‡q †evj‡K mwVKfv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e Ges

fv‡jvfv‡e eÜ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

y ‡ev‡ji ¯Œy‡K mwVKfv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †evj‡K w¯úÛj (Spindle)

Gi Dci emv‡Z n‡e|

y h‡š¿ †fZi `ya †Ìqvi c~‡e© hš¿wU‡K GKevi Pvjy K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e GwU mwVK

MwZ‡Z Kvh©ÿg i‡q‡Q wKbv|

y ‡K›`ªcmvix h‡š¿i d‡mU eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

y `ya †Ìqvi ci hš¿wU Mig cvwb w`‡q ay‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|

y ‡kvabK…Z `ya 30

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq `y‡ai U¨vs‡K Xvj‡Z n‡e|

y bbx c„_KxKiY h‡š¿i d‡mUwU nvZ w`‡q cy‡ivcywi Ly‡j w`‡Z n‡e|

y bbx Ges bbxwenxb `ya c„_K cv‡Î msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|

y `y‡ai U¨vs‡K AvbygvwbK 2 wjUvi Mig cvwb †X‡j w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z me bbx †evj

†_‡K †ei n‡q Av‡m|

y bbx c„_K nevi ciciB †K›`ªcmvix bbx c„_KxKiY hš¿wU fv‡jvfv‡e cwi¯‹vi

Kiv‡Z n‡e|

`y‡ai cÖwgZKiY (Standardization of milk)`y‡a ‡¯œnc`v‡_©i cwigvY memgq GK _v‡K bv| KL‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †ewk _v‡K

Avevi KL‡bv ev Kg _v‡K| `y‡a †¯œnc`v‡_©i cwigvY KvswLZ gvÎvq ivLvi Rb¨ `ya

cÖwgZKiY Ki‡Z nq| `y‡a †¯œnc`v‡_©i cwigvY hw` KvswLZ gvÎvi †P‡q Kg _v‡K Z‡e

G‡Z †ewk †¯œnc`v_© mg„× `ya ev bbx wgkv‡Z nq| Avi wecixZfv‡e `y‡a †¯œnc`v‡_©i

cwigvY hw` KvswLZ gvÎvi †P‡q †ewk _v‡K Z‡e G‡Z Kg †¯œnc`v_© mg„× `ya ev bbx

†gkv‡Z n‡e| GQvov bbx c„_K Kivi gva¨‡gI †ewk †¯œnc`v_© mg„× `y‡ai †¯œnc`v‡_©i

cwigvY KvswLZ gvÎvq Avbv hvq| Z‡e Kx cwigvY `ya ev bbx †gkv‡Z n‡e Zv Rvbv

cÖ‡qvRb| GwU Rvbv hvq wcqvimb ¯‹qvi c×wZi gva¨‡g| D`vniY¯îƒc, aiv hvK,

GKwU KviLvbvq wKQz cwigvY `ya i‡q‡Q hv‡Z †¯œnc`v_© i‡q‡Q 5% Avi wKQz cwigvY

`ya i‡q‡Q hv‡Z †¯œnc`v_© i‡q‡Q 3% | GLb 100 wjUvi `ya ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z

†¯œnc`v_© _vK‡e 3.5%|

cv¯‘wiKiY (Pasteurization)`ya cv¯‘wiKi‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ †ivM-Drcv`bKvix RxevYy aŸsm Kiv| `ya †ewk mgq msiÿ‡Yi

Rb¨ AevwÂZ RxevYyi aŸsm mvab, `y‡a Dcw¯’Z GbRvBg wbw¯ŒqKiY Ges †Kvb `ª‡e¨, †hgb

AvBmwµ‡g Av¯^v` Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ `ya I `y»RvZ `ªe¨ cv¯‘wiK…Z Kiv nq|


91

jyBm cvš‘i, GKRb divmx imvqbwe` cÖ_g Abyaveb K‡ib †h, cPb-cÖYvwj (1860-1865

Lªxt) GK cÖKv‡ii RxevY~ Øviv msNwUZ nq| wZwbB cÖ_g wewfbœ cixÿv Øviv cÖgvY K‡ib †h

cPb-cÖYvwj‡Z RxevYyi Dcw¯’wZ cÖ‡qvRb Ges †mLv‡b †fŠwZK ev Aev¯Íe †Kvb NUbv N‡U

bv| wZwb Zvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i g` msiÿY Ges wewfbœ Òg‡ì Amy¯’Zv (Wine disease) Ó

wbqš¿Y K‡ib| hwÌ jyBm cv¯‘iB cv¯‘wiKiY cÖwµqvi Avwe¯‹viK, wKš‘ `y» cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Y

Wt mL&m †jU bvgK GK Rvg©vb êÁvwbK cÖ_g Gi eënvi K‡ib (1886 Lªxt)|

c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡kB GLbI `ya dywU‡q cvb Kiv nq| dzUšÍ ZvcgvÎvq Aek¨ †ivM-

Drcv`bKvix RxevYy aŸsmcÖvß nq, wKš‘ G‡Z `y‡ai cywógvb K‡g hvq, †Kbbv D”P Zvc

cÖwµqvq wKQz msL¨K wfUvwgb Ges jvBwmb I wmmwUb bvgK A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW bó

n‡q hvq| `y‡a Dcw¯’Z †ivM-Drcv`bKvix RxevYy I GbRvBb aŸsmK‡í `y‡ai cÖ‡Z¨K

KYv‡K 145

0

dv: (62.8

0

†m.) ZvcgvÎvq 30 wg mgqKvj A_ev 162

0

dv (72.2

0

†m.) ZvcgvÎvq 15 †m‡KÛ mgqKvj ch©šÍ DËß Kiv‡K cv¯‘wiKiY e‡j| m½ m½

cv¯‘wiK…Z `ya 4

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P VvÛv Ki‡Z n‡e|

cv¯‘wiKi‡Yi myweav (Advantage of Pasteurization) y cv¯‘wiK…Z `ya wbivc`, ‡Kbbv cv¯‘wiKiY †ivM-Drcv`bKvix RxevYy aŸsm K‡i|

y cv¯‘wiKiY `y‡ai msiÿYKvj `xN©vwqZ K‡i, †Kbbv Bnv j¨vKwUK GmwW

cÖ¯‘ZKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqvi msL¨v Kgvq|

y Bnv `y‡ai GbRvBg aŸsm K‡i Ges msiÿY Kv‡j DbœwZ mvab K‡i|

y Bnv †gvU e¨vK‡Uwiqv msL¨v 99% Kwg‡q †`q, Ges

y GB cÖwµqv `y‡a cywóMZgvb wVK iv‡L Ges †Kv‡bv we¯^v‡ìI m„wó K‡i bv

cv¯‘wiKi‡Yi Amyweav

y cv¯‘wiKiY cÖwµqv Av`k© Dcv‡q Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j AwZwi³ Av‡jvo‡b bbx

c„_K n‡Z cv‡i|

y Zv‡c ms‡e`bkxj wfUvwgb bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|

y D”P Zv‡c ZvcRwbZ we¯^v‡ì m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cv¯‘wiKi‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`

y wb¤œ Zvc `xN© mgq cv¯‘wiKiY (LTHT)Ñ 62.8

0

†m. Zv‡c 30 wg.

mgqKv‡ji Rb¨|

y D”P Zvc mswÿß mgq cv¯‘wiKiY ((HTST)Ñ 72.2

0

†m. Zv‡c 15 †m‡KÛ

mgqKv‡ji Rb¨|

y AwZ Zvc cv¯‘wiKiY (UHT)Ñ 137.8

0

†m. Zv‡c 2 †m‡KÛ mgqKvj|


92

cv¯‘wiKiY hš¿cvwZ

cv¯‘wiKiY hš¿cvwZi g‡a¨ wnUvi, Kzjvi Ges †nvìvi we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GB¸wji

cÖ‡Z¨KwUiB wewfbœ mg‡q e¨vcK DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ hš¿cvwZi cÖ¯‘ZKvix

wewfbœ DbœwZ‡K wb‡R‡ì c¨v‡U›U wnmv‡e Zvnv‡ì ¯^Ë¡ msiÿY K‡i‡Q|

wb¤œiæc wnUvi ev Zvc cieZ©x hš¿ †Wqwi KviLvbvq e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

1. c‡ivÿ Zvc cieZ©x

K. cvÎ RvZxq cvwbi †¯úª m¤^wjZ Pvwiw`‡K †Lvjhy³

L. ‡cøU ev cvZ RvZxq

M. wUDe ev bj RvZxq

2. cÖZ¨ÿ ev®ú wnUvi t

K. ev®ú AbyweÜK

L. ev®ú AšÍt cÖ‡ekK

AwaKvsk Zij `y» KviLvbvq †cøU RvZxq Zvc cieZ©x (Heat exchanger) e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ nq| GKwU Zvc cieZ©x cv¯‘wiKviK h‡Îi ÿgZvkw³ cÖwZ N›Uvq

K‡qK kZ n‡Z 50,000 wjUvi ev ZviI †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK `y» KviLvbv 80

0

†m.

ZvcgvÎvq 25 †m‡KÛ ch©šÍ `ya cv¯‘wiKiY K‡i _v‡K| Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ `ya n‡Z cÖvq

mg¯Í †¯úvinxb e¨vK‡Uwiqvi aŸsm mvab Kiv|

‡cøU RvZxq cv¯‘wiKviK h‡Î cv¯‘wiKi‡Yi kZ©mg~n

y D”P Zvc Aeµg (Gradient) A_©vr ZvcgvÎv Ges ZvcMÖwnZv gva¨‡gi g‡a¨

D”P ZvcgvÎvq cv_©K¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|

y ‡h avZyi cÖvPxi (Wall) D³ gva¨gØq‡K c„_K Ki‡e Gi Zvc mÂvjb ÿgZv

AwaK _vK‡Z n‡e|

y Zvc wewbgq Zj (Heat exchange surface) cÖk¯Í n‡Z n‡e Ges

y hš¿ cwiPvjbv Kv‡j Zj Avei‡Yi ( Surface film) `ªæZ bevqb n‡Z n‡e|

‡cøURvZxq cv¯‘wiKviK h‡š¿ kZ©¸wj Av‡ivc Kivi Rb¨ †cø‡Ui GKZ‡j VvÛv `ya

cÖevwnZ Kiv nq Ges Z‡j Mig `ya ev Mig cvwb wecixZ w`K n‡Z cÖevwnZ Kiv nq

(wecixZg~Lx †¯ªvZ)| †÷b‡jm w÷j †cøU mvaviYZ A‡cÿvK…Z †kÖô Zvc mÂvjK|

Z‡ji AvqZbI †ek cÖk¯Í †Kbbv cvZjv Avei‡Y Zij c`v_© `yB †cø‡Ui g‡a¨ w`‡q

cÖevwnZ nq| AwaKš‘ †cø‡Ui Zj‡`k mgZj bq gv‡S gv‡S DuPz wbPz nIqvq †gvU

Zj‡`‡ki AvqZb e„w× cvq Ges †¯ªvZ-cÖev‡ni mgq öj‡bi m„wó nq| GB cÖwµqvi

Zj-Avei‡Yi `ªæZ bevqb nq|


93

wb¤œ `xN© mgq cv¯‘wiKiY (LTHT)

wb¤œZvc `xN©-mgq cv¯‘wiKi‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi †Lvjhy³ cvÎ eënvi Kiv nq| GB

cvÎ Av‡jvob _v‡g©vwgUvi Ges †dvg wnUvi Øviv mw¾Z _v‡K| Bnv mvaviYZ †÷b‡jm

w÷‡j cÖ¯‘Z| Bnv †Lvjhy³| GB ‡Lv‡j cv‡Îi wfZ‡ii †`qv‡ji ewnZ¨‡j †¯ªvZ

cÖev‡ni Rb¨ †¯úª ms‡hvM Kiv nq| cvÎw¯’Z DËß Kivi Rb¨ GB †Lv‡j Mig cvwbi

†¯ªvZ cÖevn Kiv nq|

cÖ_‡g cv¯‘wiKviK cv‡Î `ya 1.75 Ask c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z `y‡ai †¯œnc`v_© Dc‡i

†f‡m bv D‡V, †m Rb¨ Av‡jvob Øviv `y‡a g„`y Av‡jvob Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| DËß Kivi

Rb¨ cv‡Îi †Lvj w`‡q Mig cvwbi †¯ªvZ cvwbi †¯ªvZ cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| `y‡ai

ZvcgvÎ hLb 62.8

0

†m. gvÎvq †cŠQv‡e ZLb Mig cvwbi mÂvjb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Av‡jvo‡bi d‡j `y‡ai Dc‡ii ¯Í‡i †dbv fvm‡Z cv‡i| GB †dbvi ZvcgvÎ mvaviYZ

`y‡ai ZvcgvÎv n‡Z Kg _v‡K| †dbvi ZvcgvÎv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ c„_K _v‡g©vwgUvi _v‡K|

†dvg wnUvi Øviv †dbvi ZvcgvÎvI wbw`ó ZvcgvÎvq (62.8

0

†m.) †cŠvQv‡Z n‡e| GB

ZvcgvÎvq `ya 30 wg. Kvj ivLvi ci cv¯‘wiKiY cÖwµqvi mgvwß NU‡e| c‡i m‡½ m‡½

`ya VvÛv K‡i msiÿY ev c¨v‡KURvZ K‡i weZi‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv nq|

D”PZvc mswÿß mgq cv¯‘wiKiY (HTST Pasteurization)

D”PZvc mswÿß mgq cv¯‘wiKviK hš¿ A‡bK¸wj †cø‡Ui mgš^‡q cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| GB

AvqZvKvi †cøU¸wj GKUvi Dci Avi GKUv emv‡j Gi Pvwi‡`‡K eÜ n‡q hvq Ges `yB

†cø‡Ui Zj Øviv ¯^í cwimi m~ÿè KzVzixi m„wó nq| GB KzVzix‡Z †Kvb Zij c`v_© LyeB

cvZjv Avei‡Y cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i| GB †cø‡Ui web¨vm Giæcfv‡e Kiv nq †h †Kvb

GKwU Zij c`v_© GK KzVzix n‡Z GKvšÍi KzVzix‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Aci Zij

c`v_© g_ëZ©x KzVzix n‡Z GKvšÍi KzVzix‡Z cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j `yB Zij c`v_©

cvkvcvwk KzVyix w`‡q bv wgwkqv cÖevwnZ nq| GB `yBwU Zij c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨

_vK‡j GK c`v_© nB‡Z Ab¨ c`v‡_© Zvc mÂvwjZ n‡e|

D”P Zvc-mswÿß mgq cv¯‘wiKvi‡Y wZbUv cÖavb Ask ev †mKkb Av‡Q| h_v-Kzwjs

†mKkb, wi‡Rbv‡ikb †mKkb Ges wnwUs †mKkb| GB wZbwU †mKk‡b `ya h_vµ‡g

VvÛv, Zvc cybiærcv`b Ges Mig nq| KuvPv `ya 4

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq cv¯‘wiKvi‡K cÖ‡ek

K‡i| KuvPv `ya cÖev‡ni Abyµ‡g `y‡ai wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ZvcgvÎv 58

0

†m.,wnwUs †mKk‡b

DËß ZvcgvÎ 74

0

†m., cv¯‘wiZ `ya cybiærcv`b ZvcgvÎv 20

0

†m. Ges Kzwjs

†mKk‡bi wbwaó ZvcgvÎv 4

0

†m.|

cv¯‘wiKiY cÖwµqvq `ya wb¤œ Abyµ‡g cÖevwnZ nq| cÖ_‡g GKwU †QvU mieivn U¨vs‡K n‡Z

`ya GKwU cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ wi‡Rbv‡ikb †mKk‡bi GKwU AšÍ‡cøU KzVzix n‡Z cvZjv AveiY

Øviv GKvšÍi KzVzix w`‡q cÖevwnZ Kiv nq| GB cv¤ú cv¯‘wiKvi‡Ki wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨

w`‡q GKB MwZ‡Z cÖevwnZ K‡i| wi‡Rbv‡ikb †mKk‡b KuvPv VvÛv `ya cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq

cvk¦©eZ©x KzVzix w`‡q cv¯‘wiK…Z Mig `ya wecixZ w`K n‡Z cÖevwnZ nq| Mig `ya nB‡Z Zvc

VvÛv `y‡a mÂvwjZ nq | d‡j VvÛv`ya Mig nq Ges Mig cv¯‘wiK…Z `ya VvÛv n‡Z _v‡K|


94

Dò Acv¯‘wiK…Z `ya wi‡Rbv‡ikb †mKkb n‡Z wnwUs †mKk‡b †cŠ‡Q Ges †cø‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q

cÖewnZ n‡Z _v‡K| GKvšÍi †cøU Z‡j Mig cvwb wecixZ w`K n‡Z cÖevwnZ nq| d‡j

Acv¯‘wiK…Z Dò `ya AviI Mig n‡q cv¯‘wiKiY ZvcgvÎvi KvQvKvwQ †cŠ‡Q| wnwUs †mKkb

n‡Z `ya c‡i †nvwìs wUDe bvgK GKwU b‡j †cŠ‡Q| GB wUD‡ei ZvcgvÎv Ggbfv‡e mgš^q

Kiv nq hv‡Z `y‡a ZvcgvÎv cv¯‘wiKiY ZvcgvÎvq Ae¯’vb K‡i (72.2

0

†m.) Z‡eB GB

fv‡j¦i cÖ_g gyLwU Lyj‡e Ges cv¯‘wiK…Z `ya wi‡Rbv‡ikb †mKk‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GB

Mig cv¯‘wiK…Z `ya wi‡Rbv‡ikb †mKk‡b cÖevwnZ VvÛv KuvPv `y‡aicvkvcvwk cÖevnZ nevi

d‡j Mig cv¯‘wiK…Z `ya VvÛv Ges VvÛv Acv¯‘wiK…Z `ya Mig n‡Z _vK‡e| Avi hw` †nvj&wWs

wUDe n‡Z AvMZ cv¯‘wiK…Z `y‡ai ZvcgvÎv 72.2

0

†m. Gi wb‡P _v‡K Z‡e †d¬vWvBfvimb

fv‡j¦i cÖ_g gyLwU Lyj‡e bv Ges wØZxq gyL w`‡q GB `ya GKwU c„_K b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ KuvP `ya

mieivn U¨vs‡K wd‡i hv‡e| wi‡Rbv‡ikb †mKkb n‡Z cv¯‘wiK…Z `ya PzovšÍfv‡e VvÛv nIqvi

Rb¨ Kzwjs †mKkb w`‡q cÖewnZ nq| GB †mKk‡b `y‡ai cvkvcvwk VvÛv cvwbi cÖev‡ni

e¨e¯’v Kiv nq, d‡j `y‡ai ZvcgvÎv 4

0

†m. A_ev Gi wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m|

D”PZvc mswÿß mgq cv¯‘wiKviK ch©vß mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv nq hv‡Z Acv¯‘wiK…Z

`ya †Kvµ‡gB cv¯‘wiK…Z `y‡ai m½ wgk‡Z bv cv‡i|

AwZZvc ev AvjUªvwnU cv¯‘wiKiY (UHP)

AwZZvc ev AvjUªvwnU cv¯‘wiKi‡Y GLbI e¸ mgm¨v we`¨gvb| AvjUªv cv¯‘wiKiY I

D”P Zvc mswÿß mgq cv¯‘wiKiY GKB g~jbxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ| †h‡nZz `y‡ai Ae¯’vb

Kvj GK ev `yB †m‡KÛ Ges †d¬vWvBevimb fv‡j¦i Zvc cwieZ©‡bi cÖwZwµqv Lye `ªæZ

bq e‡j we‡kl Amyweavi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

mgKiY (Homogenization)

`y‡ai †¯œnKYvi AvqZb 0.1 n‡Z 16 (wgwj gvBµb) n‡q _v‡K, wKš‘ 80 n‡Z 90%

†¯œnKYviB AvqZb 2 n‡Z 6 wgwj gvBµb| cÖwZ wgwj gvBµb `y‡a cÖvq 1.5 n‡Z

5 wewjqb †¯œnKYv _v‡K| `y» wmiv‡gi Zzjbvq †¯œnKYvi Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ nvjKv

nhqvi Rb¨ G¸‡jv Dciw`‡K †f‡m D‡V Ges †¯œnKYvi AvqZb hZ eo n‡e Dnv ZZ

ZvovZvwo Dc‡i †f‡m DV‡e| †Kvb †¯œnKYvi †f‡m DVvi †eM D³ †¯œnKYvi AvqZb

2 wgwj gvBµb A_ev Gi wb‡P nq| GB AvqZ‡bi †¯œnKYvi Z‡j Zi‡ji cÖwZ‡iva

Ges ZwoZvavb kw³i d‡j Gv¸‡jv †f‡m DV‡Z cv‡i bv| mgK…Z `ya 7

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq

48 N›Uv msiÿY Ki‡j †Kvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bbx c„_K n‡e bv Ges †KwR ev mgcwigvY

†evZ‡ji Dcwifv‡Mi 100 wgwjwjUvi `y‡ai †¯œn-kZvsk Aewkó wgwkÖZ `y‡ai

†¯œn-kZvsk n‡Z 10% Gi Dc‡i ZviZg¨ n‡e bv|

`y»mgKviK mvaviYZ wc÷b RvZxq cv¤ú hv GKwU ev `ywU we‡kl fv‡j¦i ga¨ w`‡q Lye

†Rv‡i †V‡j †`q| GB fv‡j¦i g‡a¨ `ya cÖev‡ni iv¯Ív GZ miæ †h mn‡RB cÖwZ BwÂ‡Z

1800 nB‡Z 2500 evi ch©šÍ Pv‡ci m„wó nq| GB D”PZvc, Zxeª‡eM fv‡j¦i msNvZ

Ges `y‡ai öj‡bi d‡j †¯œnKYv P’Y© weP’Y© n‡q hvq| mgKi‡Yi mgq †¯œnc`v_© Aek¨B


95

Zij Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z n‡e (ZvcgvÎv 60

0

†m. ev †ewk) Ges jvB‡cR mwµqZv eÜ

Kivi Rb¨ mgK…Z `ya Aek¨B cv¯‘wiK…Z Ki‡Z n‡e|

mgKi‡Yi myweav

y ‡¯œnKYv m~ÿèfv‡e wef³ nq Ges G¸‡jv `y‡a mgvbfv‡e we¯Í…Z _v‡K|

y mgKi‡Y `y‡ai ¯^v` e„w× cvq I is DbœZ nq|

y mgK…Z `ya mn‡R nRg nq|

y iÜb Kv‡h© Bnv DbœZ dj`vqK|

mgKi‡Yi Amyweav

y mgKiY hš¿ †ek e¨vqmv‡cÿ|

y hš¿cvwZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv msµg‡Yi AwZwi³ Drm n‡Z cv‡i|

y Mvievi ev e¨ve&KK cÖYvwjZ †¯œnc`v‡_©i cwigvY Kg †`Lvq|

y mgK…Z `y‡ai msiÿY-Kvj AwZ Aí|

y AwewµZ mgK…Z `y‡ai myôz eënvi mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i|

`ya kxZjxKiY (Cooling) GKs wngvqb (Refrigeration)

`y»-Drcv`K, `y» cÖwµqvRZKviK, mieivnKviK, LyPiv we‡µZv I eënviKvix

cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wngvqb myweavwì Dci Zij `y»wkí-m¤úªmviY I DbœwZ wbf©i K‡i|

eënviKvixi evmM„‡n wngvqb hš¿vwì cÖvc¨Zv LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq|

g~jbxwZ

wngvqb h‡š¿i AvqZb hZ eoB †nvK bv †Kb mKj wngvqb cÖYvwjB GKB g~jbxwZi Dci

KvR K‡i| †Kvb Nbxfeb‡hvM¨ M¨vm cÖ_‡g K‡¤úªm‡ii mvnv‡h¨ msKzwPZ Kiv nq| GB

msKzwPZ M¨vm kxZ‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ K‡i Gi Zvc wb®‹vlY Kiv nq Ges G‡K Zij

c`v‡_© iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| GB Zij kxZjK cÖvmviY fv‡j¦i ga¨ w`‡q ev®úxKiY K‡q‡j

cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges kxZjK `ªe¨ GB K‡q‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i ev®úxfe‡bi d‡j Bnv K‡q‡ji PZz®úvk¦©

nB‡Z Zvc (myß Zvc) MÖnY K‡i| kxZj‡Ki ev®úxfe‡bi d‡j Bnv M¨v‡m iæcvšÍwiZ nq|

GB M¨vm Avevi K‡¤úªmv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wngvqb cÖYvwj Pµ cybivq cwiPvwjZ nq|

†h‡nZz kxZj‡Ki ev®úxfeb ev®úKvi‡Ki (Evaporator) PZz®úvk¦© Zvc Øviv msNwUZ nq,

d‡j cvk¦©¯’ AvenvIqvi ZvcgvÎ K‡g hvq Ges Bnv wngvwqZ nq|


96

gvLb

jÿ¨ t 1| GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixe„›` gvLb wK Zv eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| gvL‡bi †kÖwYweb¨vm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| gvLb ˆZwii wewfbœ avc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

1923 mv‡ji 4 gvP© gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Ks‡MÖm KZ©„K cvkK…Z AvBb Abymv‡i gvLb ev evUvi

(Butter) Gi msMv n‡jv- `ya ev bbx †_‡K ˆZwiK…Z GK ai‡bi Lv`¨ hv‡Z jeY I K…wÎg

is †gkv‡bv n‡ZI cv‡i bvI cv‡i| Z‡e Aek¨B Kgc‡ÿ kZKiv 80 fvM `y» †¯œnc`v_©

_vK‡Z n‡e| g‡b Kiv nq, gvL‡bi eënvi cÖ_g ïiæ nq fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k| 3500

eQi c~‡e© wjwLZ wn›`y kv‡¯¿i †e‡` gvL‡bi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡k eû c~‡e© †Kv‡bv

Mvfxi gvb wbf©i Ki‡Zv H Mvfxi `ya †_‡K KZUzKy gvLb ˆZwi nq Zvi Dci| cÖvPxb MÖxK

I †ivgvbMY Jla wn‡m‡e gvLb eënvi Ki‡Zv|

gvL‡bi Dcv`vb

cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj Ges †`‡ki AvB‡bi Dci gvL‡bi Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY wbf©I K‡i| Z‡e

mvaviYZ gvL‡b †h Dcv`vb _v‡K Zv mviwY -1.2 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

mviwY t gvL‡bi Dcv`vb I cwigvY

Dcv`vb cwigvY (%)

`y» †¯œn c`v_© 80-82

Qvbv Ask 0.1-2.5

Cvwb 16-18

jeY hw` †hvM Kiv nq 2.3-5

gvL‡bi †kÖwYwefvM (Classification of butter)gvL‡b jeY ev ÷viUvi KvjPvi †gkv‡Z n‡q‡Q wKbv Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ fv‡M

fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K, hv mviwY - 1.3 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

mviwY t jeY ev ÷viUvi KvjPv‡ii Dcw¯’wZi Dci wfwË K‡i gvL‡bi †kªwYweb¨vm

je‡Yi Dcw¯’wZi Dci wfwË K‡i ÷viUvi KvjPv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i

1| jeYwenxb gvLb 1| ÷viUvi KvjPviwenxb gvLb

2| Aí jeY wgwkÖZ gvLb (je‡Yi cwigvY, 0.5- 0.6%) 2| Aí ÷viUvi KvjPvi hy³ gvLb

3| Av`k© jeY wgwkÖZ gvLb (je‡Yi cwigvY, 0.8-1.0%) 3| Av`k© ÷viUvi KvjPvihy³ gvLb

4| AwaK jeY wgwkªZ gvLb (je‡Yi cwigvY, cÖvq kZKiv 2 fvM 4| AwaK ÷viUvi KvjPvi hy³ gvLb


97

gvLb ˆZwii g~jbxwZ (Principles of Butter Making)

K‡qKwU g~jbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i gvLb ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

`y‡» †¯œn c`v‡_©i NbZ¡ evov‡bv

gvLb ˆZwi‡Z `y‡a †h cwigvY `y» †¯œnc`v_© _v‡K Zv cÖvq 20 ¸Y cwigvY evov‡Z nq|

`y‡ai ‡¯œnc`v‡_©i Nb‡Z¡i e„w× mvaviYZ K‡qKwU ch©v‡q N‡U _v‡K G¸‡jv n‡jv-

K. bbx c„_KxKi‡Yi mgq, hLb bbxwenxb `ya †ei n‡q hvq|

L. bbxi Pvwb©s Gi mgq hLb gvLb cvwb AcmviY Kiv nq Ges

M. mgvKviKiY Gi c~‡e© hLb Aewkó cvwbUzKz gvLb †_‡K AcmviY Kiv nq|

msiÿY (Preservation)‡Kv‡bv Lv`¨`ª‡e¨ cvwb hZ Kg cwigv‡Y Ges fv‡jvfv‡e mywebv¯Í _vK‡e H Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i

msiÿY ZZUv fv‡jv n‡e| GQvovI †hme wel‡qi Dci gvL‡bi msiÿY ÿgZv wbf©i

K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv-

y AwaK ZvcgvÎvq bbxi cv¯‘wiKiY|

y ÷viUvi KvjPvi †gkv‡bv|

y ¯^v¯’¨gZ cwi‡ek gvLb ˆZwiKiY|

y Kg ZvcgvÎvq msiÿY Ges

y ‡ewk cwigv‡Y jeY †hvMKiY|

k³KiY (Hardening)cÖ_g `y‡Uv bxwZ Abymv‡i KvR Kivi ciciB gvLb LvIqvi Dc‡hvMx nq| wKš‘

evRviRvZKi‡Yi c~‡e© GKwU wbw`ó© gvÎvq gvLb k³ Ki‡Z nq| gvLb k³ Kivi Rb¨

mgvKviKi‡Yi ci gvLb wKQzÿY †i‡L w`‡Z nq| hw` ˆZwii ciciB c¨v‡KU bv K‡i

A‡bKw`b †i‡L †`qv nq Zvn‡jI k³KiY cÖwµqvwU ïiæ Kiv DwPZ| k³Ki‡Yi d‡j

gvL‡bi MV‡b cwieZ©b Av‡m| †hme welq gvL‡bi MV‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i

†m¸‡jv n‡jv-

y Pwe©i Dcv`vb

y Bbx cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi mgq ZvcgvÎv

y mgvKviKiY cÖwµqvi ZvcgvÎv

y mgvKviKiY c×wZ Ges

y msiÿY


98

gvLb cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx (Procedure of butter making)gvLb cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ `ya cÖwµqvRvZKiY avc¸‡jv n‡jv-

K. `ya cwi¯‹…ZKiY t cwi¯‹…ZKiY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g `y‡a AcÖvmw½K `ªe¨ Ges

†`n‡Kvl AcmviY Kiv nq|

L. bbx c„_KxKiY t bbx c„_KKiY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g bbx c„_K Kiv nq| gvLb

ˆZwii Rb¨ bbx‡Z kZKiv 30-35 fvM †¯œnc`v_© _vKv DwPZ|

M. cv¯‘wiKiY t mvaviYZ 74

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 30 wgwbU A_ev 85

0

†m.

ZvcgvÎvq 15 †m‡KÛ Gi g‡a¨v bbxi cv¯‘wiKiY m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

gvLb cÖ¯‘wZi c×wZ

gvLb ˆZwii `y‡Uv c×wZ| h_v-

K. cÖPwjZ Pvwbs c×wZ

L. Aweivg c×wZ

K. cÖPwjZ Pvwb©s c×wZ

GB c×wZ‡Z `y‡Uv cÖwµqvi gvLb ˆZwi m¤úbœ nq- Pvwb©s Ges mgvKviKiY| GB `y‡Uv

cÖwµqvB cÖ_Kfv‡e nvZ w`‡q m¤úbœ Kiv nq| Z‡e Aweivg c×wZ‡Z e¨envi w`bw`b

†e‡o P‡j‡Q|

L. Aweivg c×wZ

GB c×wZ‡Z gvLb ˆZwii wZbwU wfbœ wfbœ bxwZ i‡q‡Q – Pvwbs bxwZ c„_KxKiY bxwZ

Bgvjwmwd‡Kkb bxwZ| Z‡e Pvwb©s bxwZwUB me‡P‡q †ewk AbymiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Pvwb©s

bxwZ‡Z cÖPwjZ Pvwb©s c×wZi g‡ZvB cÖ_‡g Pvwb©s Nvc I c‡i mgvKviKiY cÖwµqvi

gva¨‡g gvLb ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î GB cÖwµqv¸‡jv ¯^qswµqfv‡e AweiZ

G‡Ki ci GK m¤úbœ n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j `ªæZ Ges AwaK cwigvY gvLb ˆZwi m¤¢e nq|

gvLb ˆZwii wewfbœ avc

Pvwbs

gvLb ˆZwii cÖ_g avc n‡”Q bbxi gš’b ev Pvwbs| cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hy‡M `ya Pvgovi e¨v‡M

f‡i †Nvov ev D‡Vi wc‡V Szwj‡q ivLv n‡Zv| cïi †`Šov‡`Šwo ev nvuUvPjvi d‡j `ya ev

bbx gwš’Z n‡q gvL‡bi m„wó n‡Zv| cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z gš’b cvÎ n‡”Q GKwU Wªv‡gi n‡Zv

†Pv½ we‡kl, hv Zvi Abyf’wgK A‡ÿ †Nv‡i| hLb gš’b cvÎ ‡Nvov‡bv nq KLb bbx‡Z

cÖPÛ Av‡jvo‡bi m„wó nq| GB Av‡jvobB gš’b| cÖPwjZ gš’b c×wZ‡Z evqyk~b¨ Ae¯’vq

ev cvw¤ús K‡ bbx gš’b cv‡Î †XvKv‡Z n‡e| bbx ivLvi U¨vsK Ges cvBc cvwb w`‡q ay‡Z

n‡e| AZci gš’b cvÎ eÜ K‡i w`‡q `ªæZMwZ‡Z †Nviv‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ MigKv‡j

6-10

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 45-60 wgwbU Ges kxZKv‡j 10-16

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 30 wgwb‡Ui


99

Kg mgq gš’b cvÎ †Nviv‡Z nq| gvLb KYv MV‡bi ci gvLb cvwb AcmviY Ki‡Z

n‡e| gvLb KYvi AvqZb GKUv gUi `vbvi mgvb n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e gš’b †kl n‡q‡Q|

gš’b cv‡Îi Kvu‡Pi †fZi w`‡q jÿ¨ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, gvLb KYv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q wKbv Ges

gš’b cÖwµqvwU †kl n‡q‡Q wKbv|

Aweivg c`wZ U¨vsK †_‡K bbx cv¤ú K‡i Av‡iKwU cv‡¤úi gva¨‡g gš’b wefv‡M

†XvKv‡Z n‡e| GKwU weUv‡ii gva¨‡g gš’b †Pv‡½i †fZ‡ii bbx Av‡jvwoZ n‡q †Pv‡½i

†`Iqv‡j av°v Lvq d‡j KYv n‡Z _v‡K| gvLb KYv MV‡bi ci cieZ©x w©efvM A_©vr

c„_KxKiY wefv‡M hvq| GB wefv‡M gvLb cvwb AcmvwiZ nq|

gvLb †aŠZKiY (Butter Washing)gvLbKYvi Dcwifv‡M †j‡M _vKv gvLb cvwbi Aewkóvsk Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ gvLb †aŠZKiY

cÖ‡qvRb| Aweivg c×wZ‡Z c„_KxKiY av‡c gvLb †aŠZKiY m¤úb n‡q _v‡K| cÖPwjZ

c×wZ‡Z gvLb cvwb Acmvi‡Yi ci gvLb KYvi Dci cvwb wQwU‡q A_ev gš’b cv‡Î cvwb

w`‡q Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ ax‡i ax‡i gš’b cvÎ‡K †Nviv‡Z n‡e| AZci GB cvwb AcmviY

Ki‡Z n‡e|

mgvKviKiY (Working)GB av‡c gvLb KYv Nbmwbœweó `jv‡Z cwiYZ nq| AwZwi³ cvwb ev gvLb cvwb AcmviY

Kiv nq| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cvwb wgwk‡q gvL‡b cvwbi cwigvY wVK Kiv nq| GB av‡cB

cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY jeY †hvM K‡i fv‡jvfv‡e †gkv‡Z nq| hw` ÷viUvi KvjPvi †hvM

Kiv nq Z‡e Zv GB av‡cB m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| mgvKviKi‡Yi mgq evq~k~b¨ Ae¯’vq

m„wó Ki‡Z nq| Aweivg c×wZ‡Z cy‡iv cÖwµqvwUB ¯^qswµqvfv‡e NU‡Z _v‡K Ges h‡š¿i

†fZ‡i Kx n‡”Q Zv evB‡ii c`©vq †f‡m D‡V|

gvLb is ‡hvMKiY (Butter Colouring)`y» Pwe©‡Z K¨v‡ivwUb bvgK c`v_© `ªexf’Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Avi GRb¨B gvL‡bi is mvaviYZ

nj‡` n‡q _v‡K| wKšÍy memgq `y» Pwe©‡Z K¨v‡ivwUb GKB gvÎvq _v‡K bv e‡j gvL‡b

K…wÎg is †hvM Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq †`Lv †`q| d‡j mviv eQi †fv³vi wbKU GKB is‡qi

gvLb mieivn Kiv m¤¢e nq| A¨v‡bvUv Mv‡Qi exR †_‡K msM„nxZ A¨v‡bvUv is D™¢¾ †Z‡j

`ªexf‚Z K‡i gš’b ¸iæi mgq bbxi mv‡_ wgwk‡q w`‡Z nq|

gvLb c¨v‡KwRs (Butter Packaging)gvLb KvU©y‡b f‡i c¨v‡KwRs Kiv hvq| Z‡e KvU©y‡bi Pvicv‡k GKai‡Yi †gvUv I †UKmB

KvMR w`‡q w`‡Z nq| GQvov gvLb A¨vjywgwbqvg d‡qj, Kvc, wUb ev wUD‡e c¨v‡KU

Kiv hvq|

gvLb msiÿY (Butter Storage)Aí K‡qKw`‡bi Rb¨ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ gvLb 5-10

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq msiÿY Ki‡jB


100

P‡j| wKšÍy A‡bKw`‡bi Rb¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z PvB‡j wWcwd«‡R- 30

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq

msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|

gvL‡bi e¨envi (Use of Butter)gvLb mvaviYZ cvDiæwU, AvUviæwU I †Uv‡÷i mv‡_ LvIqv n‡q _v‡K| †KD †KD fv‡Zi

mv‡_ gvLb †L‡Z cQ›` K‡ib| †KK ˆZwi‡ZI gvLb e¨envi Kiv hvq| gvLb †_‡K

Wni ˆZwi Kiv hvq|

Nbxf~Z `ya Ges ï®‹ `ya

jÿ¨ t 1| GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixe„›` Nbxf~Z `ya Ges ï®‹ `ya wK Zv eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| Nbxf~Z `y‡ai cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| ï®‹ `y‡ai cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

NbxfzZ `ya Kx (Definition)m¤ú~Y© `ya ev bbxwewnxb `ya †_‡K cvwbi AskUzKz ev®úxf’Z K‡i †h `ªe¨mg~n ˆZwi Kiv

nq Zv‡KB Nbxf‚Z `ya ev Kb‡WÝW wgé e‡j| Nbxf‚Z `y‡a wPwb †gkv‡bv _vK‡Z cv‡i

bvI cv‡i|

Nbxf~Z `y‡ai †kÖwYwefvM (Classification of Condensed milks)mvaviYZ Pvi ai‡bi Nbxf~Z `ya ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

1. c~Y© bbxhy³ `ya †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wgwó Nbxf‚Z `ya| mvaviYfv‡e Nbxf‚Z `ya ev

Kb‡WÝW wgé ej‡Z wgwó Nbxf‚Z `ya‡KB †evSvq|

2. c~Y© bbxhy³ `ya †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wgwówenxb Nbxf‚Z `ya| mvaviYfv‡e GB

wgwówenxb Nbxf‚Z `yaB ev®úxf~Z `ya ev Gfv‡cv‡i‡UW wgé wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

3. bbxwenxb `ya †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wgwó Nbxf‚Z bbxwenxb `ya|

4. bbxwenxb `ya †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wgwówenxb Nbxf‚Z bbxwenxb `ya | Z‡e wgwówenxb

Nbxf‚Z bbxwenxb `ya mPviPi ˆZwi Kiv nq bv|

Nbxf‚Z `ya I ev®úxf‚Z `y‡ai MVb

(Composition of Condensed milk and Evaporated Milk)

Dcv`v‡bi bvg Nbxf~Z `ya ev®úxf~Z `ya

cvwb (%) 26.0 31.0

†gvU ï®‹ c`v_© (%) 74.0 69.0


101

Dcv`v‡bi bvg Nbxf~Z `ya ev®úxf~Z `ya

†¯œn c`v_© (%) 9.0 9.0

bbxwenxb `y» ï®‹ c`v_© (%) 22.0 22.0

Avwgl (%) 8.3 8.3

j¨vK‡UvR (%) 12.2 12.2

LwbR (%) 1.5 1.5

‡gvU `y» ï®‹ c`v_© (%) 31.0 31.0

My‡µvR ev wPwb (%) 43.0 -

Nbxf‚Z I ev®úxf‚Z `y‡ai cywógvb

Dfq ai‡bi `y‡aiB cywógvb Lye †ewk| Gai‡bi `y‡a Pwe©i cwigvY †ewk _v‡K Ges

Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb †hgb- G, wW, B. †K BZ¨vwÌ AwaK cwigvY _v‡K| kixi

MV‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq Avwgl, nvo ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq LwbR c`v_© Ges kw³i Drm

wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i GB `ya| Nbxf~Z `y‡a †ewk cwigvb my‡µvR _vKvq Zv AwaK kw³

mieivn K‡i Aciw`‡K ev¯úxf~Z `ya mn‡RB nRg nq |

Nbxf~Z I ev¯úxf~Z `y‡ai cÖ¯‘Z cªYvwj

g~jbxwZ (Basic principle)

Nbxf~Z I ev¯úxf~Z `ya cÖ¯‘ywZi g~jbxwZ n‡jv D”Pgvb m¤úbœ `ya †kvab K‡i ev †Q‡K cÖwgZ

Ki‡Z n‡e | AZtci c~e© DËßKib cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i AvKvswLZ gvÎv ch©šÍ Nbxf~Z ev

ev¯úxqf~Z Kiv nq | me‡k‡l GB Nb `‡ai mv‡_ wPwb †hvM K‡i Nbxf~Z `ya ˆZwi Kiv

nq| Aciw`‡K Zvcxq RxevYygy³Kib cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g ev¯úxf~Z `ya ‰Zwi Kiv nq|

Nbxf~Z `y‡ai cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj

D”Pgvb m¤úbœ cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ `ya ‡_‡K Nbxf~Z `ya ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e | `y»KviLvbvq `ya

MÖn‡Yi mgq `y‡ai ZvcgvÎv Aek¨B 10

0

†mjwmqvm ev Gi wb‡P _vK‡Z n‡e| AZtci QuvKb

I †kvab cÖYvwji gva¨‡g `ya †_‡K wewfbœ Ac`ªe¨ `~i K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e| `y‡a Pwe© I †gvU ï®‹

c`v‡_©i AbycvZ KvswLZ gvÎvq ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ_gevi `ya cÖwgZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wØZxqevi wPwb

I †gvU ïé c`©v‡_i AbycvZ KvswLZ gvÎvq ivLvi Rb¨ `ya cÖwgZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges me‡k‡l

Nbxf~Z `y‡a KvswLZ nv‡i †gvU ïé c`v©_ ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwgZKib m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e | 115-

118

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq GB cÖwgZ `ya cªevwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e | c~e© DËßKiY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ

Ki‡Z n‡e | c~e© DËßKi‡Yi ci wPwb ‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e | mvavibZ my‡µVr eënvi KivB

DËg | Z‡e A‡bK mgq Av‡Li wPwb ev wewfbœ wgwóhyKÍ `ªe¨vw` †hgb- Møy‡KvR, †W·‡UvR

BZ¨vw` AígvÎvq eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K | mvavibZ Nbxf~Z `y‡ai 40-45% wPwb _v‡K|GB

gvÎv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡j `y‡ai 18-20% wPwb ‡hvM Kiv DwPZ | wPwb †hvM Kivi ci me‡P‡q

¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvRwU n‡jv Nbxf~ZKiY| f¨vKzqvg c¨v‡b Aí ZvcgvÎvq Ges AvswkK Pv‡c wPwb

†hvMK…Z cÖwgZ `ya‡K dzwU‡q Zv †_‡K cvwb AcmviY Kiv nq| `y‡ai NbZ¡ KvswLZ gvÎvq

bv Avmv ch©šÍ GB cÖwµqvwU Pj‡Z _v‡K| AwaK AvVv‡jv `ªe¨ †nv‡gvwRbvBR Ki‡Z cv‡i G


102

ai‡bi we‡kl †nv‡gvwRbvBRvi e¨envi K‡i †nv‡gvwRbvB‡Rkb m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|

VvÛvKiY I wµ÷vjvB‡Rkb

Nbxf’Z `y‡ai eybU wVK ivLvi Rb¨ VvÛvKiY I wµ÷vjvB‡Rkb †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB av‡c

cª_‡g Nbxf’Z `ya `ªæZ VvÛv K‡i ZvcgvÎv 30

0

†mjwmqvm wb‡q Avmv nq| AZtci 0.1-

0.3% j¨vK‡UvR †hvM K‡i `ªæZ bvo‡Z nq| cieZ©x 1 N›Uvi g‡a¨ ax‡i ax‡i ZvcgvÎv

15

0

†mjwmqvm bwg‡q Avbv nq| Nbxf’Z `ya c¨v‡KU bv Kiv ch©šÍ bvovbx Pj‡Z _v‡K|

c¨v‡KwRs I ¸`vgRvZKiY

Nbxf‚Z `ya ˆZwi nIqvi ci Zv wewfbœ AvKv‡ii e¨v‡i‡j, K¨v‡b ev wU‡bi †KŠUvq wmj K‡i

Ges †j‡ej jvwM‡q evRviRvZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K | Nbxf‚Z `ya 10

0

†mjwmqv‡mi †P‡q wKQzUv

Kg ZvcgvÎvq ¸`vgRvZ Kiv DwPZ| cvwicvwk^©K evZv‡m Av`ª©Zvi cwigvY 50% Gi Kg

_vK‡j K¨vb Ges †j‡ej bó nq bv|

`ya msMÖn

QuvKb/‡kvab (38-80

0

†mjwmqvm)

cÖwgZKiY

c~e© DËßKiY (115-118

0

†mjwmqvm)

wPwb ‡hvMKiY

Nbxf~ZKiY

‡nv‡gvwRbvB‡Rkb

VvÛvKiY I wµ÷vjvB‡Rkb

cÖv‡KwRs

¸`vgRvZKiY (10

0

†mjwmqvm)

wPÎ t wgwó Nbxf~Z `ya ˆZwii †iLwPÎ

ev®úxf‚Z `y‡ai cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj

y `ya msMÖn (Receiving milk)

y QuvKb/‡kvab (Filtration Clarification)

y cÖwgZKiY (Standardization)

y c~e©DËßKiY (Forewarming/pre-heating)


103

y ev®úxqfeb (Evaporation)

y ‡nv‡gvwRbvB‡Rkb (Homogenization)

y VvÛvKiY (Cooling)

‡nv‡gvwbRvB‡k‡bi ciciB ev®úxf~Z `ya VvÛv K‡i ZvcgvÎv 5-7

0

†mjwmqv‡m bvwg‡q

Avb‡Z n‡e| hw` cvBjU †÷wijvB‡Rkb cixÿvi ÷vwejvBwRs jeY †hvM Kivi

cÖ‡qvRb| Abyf’Z nq Z‡e hv GB av‡cB m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

cvBjU ‡÷wijB‡Rkb cixÿv (Pilot Sterilization Test)ev®úxf‚Z `y‡ai Zvc mn¨ ÿgZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ ivmvqwbK ÷¨vwejvBRvi †hvM Ki‡Z

n‡e Zv GB av‡c wbY©q Kiv nq|

c¨v‡KwRs (Packaging)

ev®úxf’Z `ya K¨v‡b f‡i wmj K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| hLb K¨v‡b fiv n‡e ZLb ev®úxf~Z

`y‡ai ZvcgvÎv 5

0

†mjwmqvm _vKv DwPZ|

‡÷wijvB‡Rkb (Sterilization)

e¨vP Ges wdªRvi GB `yÕai‡bi †÷wijvBRv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †÷wijvB‡Rkb m¤úbœ Kiv nq|

mvaviYZ 116-118

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv 15 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ ‡÷wijvB‡Rkb m¤úbœ nq|

VvÛvKiY (Cooling)

‡÷wijvB‡Rk‡bi ciciB AwZ`ªæZ 15 wgwbU mg‡qi g‡a¨ ZvcgvÎv 27-32

0

†mjwmqvm bvwg‡q Avbv nq|

SvKv‡bv (Shaking)

‡÷wijvB‡Rk‡bi mgq ev®úxf~Z `y‡a hw` †Kv‡bv `jv euv‡a †mRb¨ hvwš¿Kfv‡e SuvKv‡bv

nq| mvaviYZ 2 wgwbUKvj SuvKv‡jB P‡j|

¸`vgRvZKiY (Storage)

mvaviYZ 5-16

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq ev®úxf‚Z `ya ¸`vgRvZ Kiv nq| `y‡ai K¨vb

Ges K¨v‡bi Mv‡q †j‡ej hv‡Z bó bv nq †mRb¨ cvwicvwk^©K evZv‡m 50% Gi Av`ª©Zv

_vKv DwPZ|


104

`ya msMÖn

QuvKb/‡kvab

cÖwgZKiY


0

†mjwmqvm)

ev®úxfeb


VvÛvKiY (7

0

†mjwmqvm)

cvBjU †÷wijvB‡Rkb cixÿv

cÖv‡KwRs

†÷wijvB‡Rkb (116-118

0

†mjwmqvm)

VvÛvKiY (27-32

0

†mjwmqvm)

SuvKv‡bv

msiÿY (5-15

0

†mjwmqvm)

wPÎ t ev®úxf~Z `ya ˆZwii †iLwPÎ

Nbxf‚Z I ev®úxf‚Z `y‡ai eënvi

K. Nbxf‚Z `y‡ai eëvnvi

y wgwó `y» cvbxq ˆZwi‡Z

y Pv ev Kwd ˆZwi‡Z

y AvBmµxg ˆZwi‡Z

y wgQwi I wgVvB ˆZwi BZ¨vw`|

L. ev®úxf‚Z `y‡ai eënvi

y wkï Ges hv‡ì nRg Kg nq Zv‡ì Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx

y AvBmwµg ˆZwi‡Z

y Pv I Kwd ˆZwi‡Z


105

ï®‹ `ya (Powdered Milk)ï®‹ `ya Kx

Zv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e `ya †_‡K cvwb Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g †h KwVb c`v_©

cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ï®‹ `ya ev ¸u‡ov `ya e‡j| ï®‹ ev ¸‡ouv `y‡a kZKiv 5 fvM ev ZviI

Kg cvwb _v‡K| m¤ú~Y© `ya ev bbxwenxb `ya‡K ï®‹ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| m¤ú~Y© `ya‡K ï®‹

K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq ï®‹ m¤ú~Y© `ya hv Avgiv evRv‡i wK‡b LvwK| mviwY 1.4 G m¤ú~Y©

¸‡ouv `y‡ai Dcv`vb D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

mviwY t m¤ú~Y© ¸‡uov `y‡ai Dcv`vb

cvwb (%) †¯œnc`v_© (%) Avwgl (%) j¨vK‡UvR (%) LwbR c`v_© (%)

2.0

27.5 26.4 38.2

5.9

Lv`¨ cywógvb

AvaywbK I ï®‹KiY c×wZ‡Z ï®‹ `y‡a `y‡ai Dcv`vbmg~n cÖvq AcwiewZ©Z ivL m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

m¤ú~Y© `ya wfUvwgb G, K¨vjwmqvg I dmdiv‡mi GKwU fv‡jv Drm| GwU ivB‡fv‡d¬wf‡bi I

GKwU Ab¨Zg Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|

`ya ï®‹KiY c×wZ

`ya ï®‹Ki‡Yi `y‡Uv c×wZ i‡q‡Q-

y Wªvg WªvBs

y ‡¯úª WªvBs

Wªvg WªvBs c×wZ‡Z m¤ú~Y© ¸‡ouv `ya cÖ¯‘wZ

g~jbxwZ

AbeiZfv‡e N~Y©biZ ev®ú Øviv DËß avZe Wªvg, †ivjvi ev wmwjfv‡ii gm„Y Z‡ji Dc‡i

†h cvZjv wdj¥ _v‡K Zv‡Z Nbxf’Z `ya Xvjv nq| AZci ï®‹ `y‡ai wdj¥wU aviv‡jv Qzwii

mvnv‡h¨ AbeiZ KzwP KzwP K‡i KvUv nq| Wªv‡gi †hcvk w`‡q `ya Xvjv nq QzwiwU _v‡K

wVK Zvi wecixZ cv‡k|

Nbxf‚Z `ya

Wªvg WªvBs

Qzwi w`‡q KywP KzwP K‡i KvUv nq

¸‡ov Kiv nq

ï®‹ `ya

wPÎ t Wªvg WªvBs c×wZi g~jbxwZi †iLwPÎ


106

cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj

fv‡jv gv‡bi `ya msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| AZci QuvKb I †kvab cÖYvwji gva¨‡g `ya †_‡K wewfbœ

Ac`ªe¨ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| `y‡a †¯œnc`v_© Ges †¯œnnxb KwVb c`v‡_©i AbycvZ wVK ivLvi Rb¨

`ya cÖwgZKvY Ki‡Z n‡e| 85

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 10 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ c~e©DËßKiY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ

Ki‡Z n‡e| `ya Nbxf‚Z Ki‡Z n‡e| 63-77

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgcÎvq †nv‡gvwRbvB‡Rkb

cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici `ya ï®‹ Ki‡Z n‡e| me‡k‡l c¨v‡KU K‡i Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq

¸`vgRvZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

`ya msMÖn

QuvKb/‡kvab (35-40

0

†mjwmqvm)

cÖwgZKiY

c~e© DËßKiY (85

0

†mjwmqvm/10

wgwbU)

Nbxf‚ZKiY



0

†mjwmqvm)

Wªv‡g ï®‹KiY

c¨v‡KwRs

¸`vgRvZKiY Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq

wPÎ t Wªvg WªvBs c×wZ‡Z m¤ú~b© ¸‡ov `ya ˆZwii †iLwPÎ

‡¯úª WªvBs c×wZ‡Z m¤ú~Y© ¸u‡ov `ya cÖ¯‘wZ

g~jbxwZ

GB c×wZ‡Z WªvBs †P¤^v‡i cÖevwnZ Mig evZv‡mi g‡a¨ w`‡q Nbxf‚Z `ya‡K Kzqvkvi

g‡Zv †¯úª K‡i ï®‹ Kiv nq|

cwi‡kvwaZ Mig evZvm

Nbxf‚Z `ya

WªvBs †P¤^vi

ï®‹ `ya

evZvm †ei n‡q hv‡e

wPÎ t ‡¯úª WªvBs c×wZi g~jbxwZi †iLwPÎ


107

cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj

fv‡jvgv‡bi `ya msMÖn K‡i 5

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq VvÛv Ki‡Z n‡e| †¯œnc`v_© I †¯œnnxb

ï®‹ c`v‡_©i AbycvZ wVK ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwgZKiY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| 71

0

†mjwmqvm

ZvcgvÎvq c~e© DËßKiY m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| QvuKb I †kva‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Ac`ªe¨ `~i

Ki‡Z n‡e| †nv‡gvwRbvB‡Rkb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| 93

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq 3

wgwbU DËß Ki‡Z n‡e| AZci `ya Nbxf’Z Ki‡Z n‡e| 71

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq cyYivq

c~e© DËßKiY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| A¨v‡UvgvBRv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q cv¤ú K‡i WªvBs †P¤^vi

†XvKv‡Z n‡e| 82

0

†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq WªvBs m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| AZci 32

0

†mjwmqvm

ZvcgvÎvq VvÛv Ki‡Z n‡e| ï®‹ ¸u‡ov `ya ¯’vbv¯Íi Ki‡Z n‡e| me‡k‡l c¨v‡KU K‡i Kÿ

ZvcgvÎvq ¸`vgRvZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

`ya msMÖn

VvÛvKiY (5

0

†mjwmqvm)

cÖwgZKiY

c~e© DËßKiY (71

0

†mjwmqvm)

QuvKb/‡kvab


DËßKiY

Nbxf‚ZKiY

c~e© DËßKiY

cvw¤ús

‡¯úª WªvBs (82

0

†mjwmqvm)

¯’vbvšÍi

c¨v‡KwRs

¸`vgRvZKiY (Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq)

wPÎ t ‡¯úª WªvBs c×wZ‡Z m¤ú~b© ¸u‡ov `ya ˆZwii †iLvwPÎ


108

AvBmwµg

jÿ¨ t 1| GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixe„›` AvBmwµg wK Zv eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| AvBmwµ‡gi †kÖYxwefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| AvBmwµ‡gi cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

bbx, Ab¨vb¨ `»RvZ`ªe, wPwb, myMwÜ GK‡Î wgwk‡q I cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i Ges wngvqb

cÖwµqvq evZvm †hvM K‡i wngvwqZ `y»RvZ `ªe¨B AvBmwµg| AvBmwµg ˆZwi‡Z

÷¨vwejvBRvi Ges K…wÎg is eënvi Kiv n‡ZI cv‡i bvI cv‡i|

AvBmwµ‡gi †kÖwYwefvM

AvBmwµ‡gi †Zgb †Kv‡bv Av`k© †kÖwYweb¨vm †bB| AvBmwµg ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ `ª‡eï

Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU †kÖwYwefvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

K. †cøBb (Plain) t †hgb-f¨vwbjv I Kwd AvBmwµg

L. P‡Kv‡jU (Chocolate) t G ai‡bi AvBmwµ‡g †Kv‡Kv ev P‡Kv‡j‡Ui myMÜ

†gkv‡bv _v‡K|

M. dj (Fruit) t G ai‡bi AvBmwµ‡g Avg, Kjv, ÷ª‡eix BZ¨vw` dj †gkv‡bv _v‡K|

N. ev`vg (Nut) t G ai‡bi AvBmwµg ev`vg, †hgb- AvL‡ivU, KvRy ev`vg, †c¯Ív

BZ¨vw` mn‡hv‡M ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

O. wgé AvBm ev wgé jwjm (Milk ices or Milk Lollies) t wgé AvBm ev wgé

jwjm `ya, bbxwenxb `ya ev `y»RvZ`ªe¨ w`‡q ‰ZwiK…Z GK ai‡bi wngvwqZ Lv`¨`ªe¨

hv‡Z AvL, wWg, dj, d‡ji im, ev`vg, P‡Kv‡jU, myMwÜ, is BZ¨vw` †gkv‡bv _

vK‡ZI cv‡i bvI cv‡i| Z‡e G‡Z ÷¨vwejvBRvi _vK‡e| wgé AvBm ev wgé jwjm

G kZKiv 2 fv‡Mi †ewk Pwe© _vK‡e bv Ges Kgc‡ÿ kZKiv 3.5 fvM Avwgl I

kZKiv 20 fvM †gvU KwVb c`v_© _vK‡e|

P. eid (Ices) t d‡ji im, wPwb Ges ÷¨vwejvBRvi mn‡hv‡M eid ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

eid ˆZwi‡Z is myMwÜ Ges AwZwi³ cvwb †hvM Kiv n‡ZI cv‡i bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ei‡d

AwZwi³ cvwb †hvM Kiv n‡ZI cv‡i bvI cv‡i| ei‡d †Kv‡bv `y»RvZ `ªe¨ _v‡K bv|

Q. mvi‡eU (Sherbet) t d‡ji im, wPwb, ÷¨vwejvBRvi Ges `y»RvZ `ªe¨ mn‡hv‡M

mvi‡eU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

R. big AvBmwµg (Soft ice cream) t k³Ki‡Yi c~‡eB wd«Rvi †_‡KB weµq Kiv nq|

AvBmwµ‡gi Dcv`vb (Composition of Ice Cream) t

wewfbœ RvqMvq Ges wewfbœ evRv‡i AvBmwµ‡gi Dcv`v‡bi ZviZg¨ †`Lv hvq| mviwY-1.5 G

evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ¯‘ZK…Z AvBmwµ‡gi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi kZKiv cwigvY D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|


109

mviwY t AvBmwµ‡gi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi kZKiv cwigvY D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv

`y»Pwe©

(%)

`y»wenxb KwVb

c`v_© (%)

wPwb

(%)

÷vwejvBRvi Ges

Bgvjwmdvqvi (%)

†gvU KwVb c`v_

(%)

10-12 10-11 13-15 0.30-0.50 35-37

AvBmwµ‡gi Lv`¨ I cywógvb (Food and Nutritive Value of Ice Cream)

AvBmwµ‡gi Lv`¨ I cywógvb ïaygvÎ Gi Dcv`v‡bi DciB wbf©i K‡ibv| eis †h `ªe¨ †_‡K

AvBmwµ‡gi ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Lv`¨ I cywógv‡bi DciI wbf©i | D`vniY ¯îæc `y‡a †h

cwigvY Pwe© I Avwgl _v‡K AvBmwµ‡g Zvi‡P‡q 2 †_‡K 3 ¸Y †ewk Pwe© I mvgvb¨ †ewk

cwigvY Avwgl _v‡K| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q `y‡a Pwe©i I Avwg‡li cwigv‡Yi Dci AvBmwµ‡g

G‡ì cwigvY wbf©i K‡i| GQvovI Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨`ªe¨ †hgb- dj, ev`vg, wWg Ges wPwb

_vKvi AvBmwµ‡gi Lv`¨gvbI e„w× cvq| `y»RvZ `ª‡eï g‡a¨ AvBmwµ‡gi me‡P‡q

†ewk cwigvY K¨vjwmqvg, dmdivm, I Ab¨vb¨ LwYR c`v_© Zv‡K hv nvo I `v‡uZi MV‡b

¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| AvBmwµg j¨vK‡UvR I Avwgl cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _v‡K| AvBmwµ‡g †h

Avwgl _v‡K Zv‡Z me¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRbxq A¨vgB‡bv A¨vwmW _v‡K| AvBmwµg kw³i GKwU

fvj Drm| GRb¨ †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì ˆ`wnK e„w×‡Z AvBmwµg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f’wgKv ivL‡Z

cv‡i| `y‡ai g‡Zv AvBmwµgI A‡bK¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRbxq wfUvwg‡bi Drm| AvBmwµg †L‡Z

my¯^v`y Ges mn‡RB nRg nq|

AvBmwµg cÖ¯‘wZ (Method of Ice Cream Manufacture)

AvBmwµg ˆZwii b~jbxwZ n‡jv-

y AvBmwµg wg· ˆZwiKiY

y AvBmwµg RgvUKiY

y AvBmwµg k³KiY

AvBmwµg cÖ¯‘wii mvavib avç‡jv µgvš^‡q wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-

K. `ªe¨ wbevPb (Selection of ingredients)

‡h Dcv`vb¸‡jv w`‡q AvBmµxg ˆZwi Kiv nq †m¸‡jv `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-`y»RvZ

`ªe¨ (Dairy product) Ges A`y»RvZ `ªe¨ (Non-dairy product) | `y»RvZ

`ªeï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-

y wgwó bbx (SweetCream)

y wngvwqZ bbx (Frozen Cream)

y cøvwóK bbx (Plastic Cream)

y jebwenxb gLb (Unsalted butter)

y evUviI‡qj (Butter oil)


110

y bbxwenxb `ya (Skim milk)

y bbxwenxb ¸‡ov`ya (Skim milk powder)

y Nbxf~Z bbxwenxb `ya (Condensed whole milk)

y `ya (Whole milk)

y ¸‡ov`ya (Whole milk powder)

y Nbxf~Z `ya (Condensed whole milk)

y ev®úxf~Z `ya (Evaporated milk)

A`y»RvZ `ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-

y Av‡Lui wPwb (Corn sugar)

y f‚Ævi wPwb (Corn sugar)

y f‚Ævi im (Corm syrup)

y Møy‡KvR Ges dz‡KvUvR GK‡Î hv BbfvU© myMi bv‡g cwiwPZ (Invert sugar)

y M¨vKvwib

÷vwejvBRvi (Stabilizer) †hgb-

y f¨vwbjv

y P‡Kv‡jU

y ÷ª‡eix

y Avbvim

y Kgjv

y Kjv

y AvL

y ‡jey BZ¨vwZ| is (Colour) †hgb- njy`, meyR, †Mvjvcx BZ¨vw`|

wW‡gi KwVb Ask †hgb-

y Kzmy‡gi KwVb Ask

y dj Ges ev`vg (Frutis and nuts) †hgb- Av‡cj, Kjv, Avg, Avbvim,

Av½yi, †c¯Ív, KvRyev`vg, AvL‡ivU, ev`v‡gi kvm, Pxbvev`vg|

wg‡·i RgvUKiY (Freezing the mix)AvBmwµg ˆZwi‡Z RgvUKiY LyeB MiæZ¡c~Y©| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e AvBmwµg Rgv‡bvi Rb¨


111

`yÕai‡bi wd«Rvi e¨envi Kiv nq- e¨vP wd«Rvi I Aweivg wd«Rvi | wg· wd«Rv‡i hvIqvi

mgq is Ges myMwÜ †gkv‡Z n‡e| dj, ev`vg BZ¨vw` ‡gkv‡Z n‡e hLb wKQz eid KYv

ˆZwi n‡e| e¨vP wd«Rv‡i AvBmwµg RgvU ivua‡Z 4

0

†_‡K 3

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 7 wgwbU mgq

jv‡M| Avi Aweivg wd«Rv‡i 6

0

†_‡K 5

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 24 †m‡KÛ mgq jv‡M| AvBmwµg

RgvU iuvavi mgq G‡Z evZvm †hvM nIqvi d‡j Gi AvqZb †e‡ov hvq| G‡K AvBwµ‡gi

Ifvi ivb e‡j| hv kZKivq cÖKvk Kiv nq| Ifvi ivb †ei Kivi m~Î n‡jv-

c¨v‡KwRs (Packaging)wdªRvi †_‡K †ei Kivi ci AvBmwµg Ggb cv‡Î wb‡Z nq hv AvKvswLZ AvKvi AvK…wZ

cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges nv‡W©wbs Gi mgq bvovPvov Ki‡Z Ges evRviRvZKiY cÖwµqvq myweav

n‡e| KviY †h cv‡Î AvBmwµg †bIqv n‡e †mB cv‡ÎiB AvKvi aviY Ki‡e|

k³KiY I ¸`vgRvZKiY (Hardening and storage)mvaviYZ k³KiY K‡ÿ- 12 †_‡K 45

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 12 N›Uvi g‡a¨ AvBmwµ‡gi

k³KiY m¤úbœ nq| AvBmwµg k³Ki‡Yi ciciB Zv evRviRvZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wg‡·i cwigvY wba©viY (Figuring the mix)

fv‡jv ¸Yv¸Y m¤úbœ AvBmwµg ˆZwii c~e©kZ© n‡jv mylg wg· ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ MYbv m¤ú‡K©

Ávb _vKv| mnR I RwUj GB `yB ai‡bi AvBmwµg wg· ˆZwi Kiv hvq| mnR wg· MYbv

c×wZ- G c×wZ AZ¨šÍ mij, wKš‘ wg‡·i MYbv c×wZ KwVb| †h‡nZz AvBmwµ‡g Pwe©i

cwigvY †ewk _vK‡Z n‡e| †m‡nZz GKwU `ª‡e¨ Pwe©i cwigvY †ewk _vK‡Z n‡e| GKwU wg·

ˆZwii c~‡e© †h welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e-

y ‡h wg· ˆZwi Kiv n‡e Zvi MVb Kx ai‡bi n‡e|

y GKwU e¨v‡P GKmv‡_ KZUzKz wg· ˆZwi Kiv n‡e (hZUzKy wg·B ˆZwi Kiv †nvK

bv †Kb MYbvi mgq 100 †KwR wg· ˆZwi Kiv n‡e a‡i wb‡q wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e)

wg· ˆZwiKiY (Making the mix)mKj Zij RvZxq `ªe¨ R¨v‡KU jvMv‡bv f¨v‡›U wb‡Z n‡e| AZci bvovbx w`‡q bvo‡Z

n‡e Ges Zvc †`Iqv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvcgvÎv 4

0

†m. G †cŠQv‡bvi c~‡eB ïK‡bv

`ªe¨¸‡jv †gkv‡Z n‡e|

wg‡·i cv¯‘wiKiY (Pasteruzation of mix)

mKj c¨v‡_v‡RwbK ev †ivM Drcv`bKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡mi Rb¨ wg‡·i mwVK cv¯‘wiKiY

Avek¨K| 68.5

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 30 wgwbU A_ev 80.0

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq Kgc‡ÿ 25 †m‡KÛ

DËß K‡i `ªæZ VvÛv Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z ZvcgvÎv 5

0

†m. Gi wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m|


112

wg‡·i †nv‡gvwRbvB‡Rkb (Homogenization of mix)cv¯‘wiZ wg‡·i †nv‡gv‡RbvB‡Rkb cÖ‡qvRb| 63-77

0

ZvcgvÎvq †nv‡gv‡RbvB‡Rkb

m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e | †nv‡gv‡RbvB‡Rk‡bi d‡j Pwe©KYv¸‡jv †fs‡M †QvU †QvU n‡q hvq|

wg· VvÛvKiY I GwRs

†nv‡gv‡RbvB‡Rk‡bi ciciB wg· 0-5

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| AZci

cieZ©x Kvh©µ‡g c~‡e© wg· GwRsU¨vs‡K ivL‡Z n‡e|

AvBmwµg 2 mßvn ¸`vgRvZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ¸`vgRvZKiY K‡ÿi ZvcgvÎv n‡e

-23

0

†_‡K -18

0

†m.|

`ªe¨ wbe©vPb

wg‡·i cwigvY wba©viY

wg· ˆZwiKiY

wg‡·i cv¯‘wiKiY

wg‡·i †nv‡gv‡RbvB‡Rkb

wg· VvÛvKiY I GwRs

wg‡·i RgvUKiY

c¨v‡KwRs

k³KiY I ¸`vgRvZKiY

wPÎ 17 t AvBmwµg ˆZwii †iLv wPÎ

cwbi (Ponir)

jÿ¨ t 1| GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixe„›` Nbxf~Z cwbi wK Zv eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| cwb‡ii †kÖYxwefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| wewfbœ cÖKvi cwb‡ii cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|


113

cwbi Kx

cwbi n‡jv Miæ ev Ab¨vb¨ `ya Drcv`bKvix cïi m¤ú~Y© `ya, AvswkK w¯‹g wgé ev m¤ú~Y©

¯‹xg wgé †_‡K cÖvß `wa †_‡K Drcvw`Z `y»RvZ `ªe¨| cwbi µxg †hvM K‡i ev bv K‡iI

cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| `y‡ai ‡KwRb‡K mvaviYZ †i‡bU, j¨vKwUK GwmW ev Ab¨vb¨ GwmW ev

myweavRbK GbRvBg Øviv RgvU evuav‡bv nq| c„_KxK…Z `wa‡K Zvc ev Pv‡ci mvnv‡h¨

cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i ev bv K‡i wgé wgUI e‡j| wb‡¤œ KZ¸‡jv cwb‡ii bvg †`qv n‡jv|

y weªK (Brick)

y K¨v‡ggeU© (Camembert)

y ‡PWvi (Cheddar)

y K‡UR (Cottage)

y µxg (Cream)

y B`vg (Edam)

y ‡MŠWv (Gouda)

y n¨vÛ (Hand)

y wjgeviMvi (Limberger)

y wbDdm¨vUvj (Neufchatal)

y cvi‡gRvb (Parmesan)

y ‡cÖv‡fv‡jvwb (Provolone)

y ‡ivgv‡bv (Romano)

y ‡ivK‡dvU© (Roquefort)

y m¨vcmv‡Mv (Sapsago)

y myBQ (Swiss)

y Uª¨vwc÷ (Trappist)

y ‡nv‡q PxR (Whey cheese)

y XvKv cwbi (Dhaka cheese)

cwb‡ii †kÖwYweb¨vm

cwb‡ii †kÖwYweb¨vm mvaviYZ AvK…wZ cÖwZeÜ Ges A¤øc° cÖYvwji Dci wfwË K‡i Kiv

nq| ‡hgb -

1. AZ¨šÍ KwVb (Very hard) (mvaviYZ ¸uov K‡i e¨envi Kiv nq), 30-35%

Rjxq Ask


114

2. KwVb (Hard), 35-40% Rjxq Ask|

y e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv A¤øc° Awÿnxb (Without eyes) ev M¨vm wQ`ªnxb

(Without gas holes) †PWvi, †Kvex, †cÖv‡fv‡jwb|

y e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv A¤øc°- Awÿwewkó (With eyes) ev M¨vm wQ`ªwewkó

(With gas holes) myBQ, G‡gbU¨vjvi, MÖæqvi Ges Avwmqv‡Mv|

3. AvswkK KwVb (Semi hard), 40-45% Rjxq Ask|

y e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv A¤øc°- weªK, wjgevM©vi, gy‡qb÷vi|

y ‡gvÛ Øviv A¤øc°- eøy, †ivK‡dvU©, w÷jUb|

4. big (Soft)

y e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv A¤øc° 45-52% Rjxq Ask K¨v‡ggevU© eªvB, †ejcxR|

y A¤øc° bq 52-80% Rjxq Ask K‡UR, µxg, wbDdm¨vUvj, †gvRv‡ijv|

`y‡a j¨vKwUK GwmW †hvMKiY

‡h †Kvb ¯Íb¨cvqxi `ya nB‡Z cwbi ˆZwi Kiv nq wKš‘ Mvfxi `ya nB‡Z Bnv †ewk ˆZwi Kiv

nq| †fovi `ya wKQz AYyRx‡ei Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq| c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k QvMj I gwn‡li `ya

n‡Z mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y cwbi ˆZwi Kiv nq| `ya Aek¨B my¯^v¯’¨ cÖvYxi n‡Z n‡e Ges AbvKvswLZ

MuvRb cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Bnvi e¨vK‡UwiIjwRK¨vj gvb Aek¨B fvj n‡Z n‡e|

mKj cÖKvi cwbi Drcv`K e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Øviv j¨vKwUK GwmW MVb cÖ‡qvRbxq| GwmW

cwbi ˆZwi‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR K‡i _v‡K|

y ‡iwbb `B MVb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i|

y ‡iwb‡bi Kvi‡Y `B msKzwPZ nq|

y cwbi ˆZwi Ges ivB‡cwbs Gi mgq AbvKvswLZ AYyRx‡ei e„w×‡Z evav cÖ`vb K‡i|

y ‡iwbb cwb‡ii cÖK…wZi Dci cÖfve †d‡j|

H mg¯Í AYyRxe ÷viUvi wnmv‡e eënvi Kiv nq †h¸‡jv `B cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq Zvc

cÖ‡qvM `B nq| hw` 38

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq A_ev ZviI †ewk ZvcgvÎvq `B ˆZwi bv nq

Z‡e Streptococcus Lactis A_ev Straptococcus Cremoris e¨venvi Kiv

nq| KvjPvi GKK †÷ªB‡bi n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ AwaKvsk mgq GK ev GKvwaK cÖRvwZi

wewfbœ †÷ªBb n‡q _v‡K| cwb‡ii iÜb cÖwµqv D”P ZvcgvÎvq nq| mvaviYZ 49

0

†m.-

54

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq Zvc mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb j¨vKwUK GwmW Drcv`bKvix AYyRxe

eënvi Kiv nq|

`ya RgvUKiY

RgvUKiY ej‡Z `y‡ai Zij Ae¯’vi Ggb GKwU cwieZ©b‡K eySvq hv †Rjxq b¨vq


115

Zjvwb covi d‡j `ya KwVb A_ev †Rjx Ae¯’vq †cŠ‡Q| AwaKvsk cwbi ˆZwii Rb¨

`ya‡K †iwbb Øviv RgvU euvav‡bv nq| RgvU euvav‡bv cÖwµqv `ywU av‡c N‡U|

cÖ_gZ †iwbb K¨vjwmqvg ‡KwR‡b‡Ui Ici wµqv K‡i K¨vjwmqvg c¨viv‡KwR‡bU Drcbœ

K‡i | G †hŠMwU †KwR‡bi PvB‡Z AwaK kw³kvjx| wØZxqZ c¨viv‡KwR‡bU gy³ K¨vjwmqvg

Avq‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Ges Bnvi d‡j A`ªeYxq nq| G Zjvbx mvaviY †Rj ev `B

AvKv‡i ˆZwi nq| RgvUKiY Zvc I GwmW Øviv Z¡ivwš^Z nq| K¨vjwmqvg dm‡d‡Ui

`ªeYxqZv Øviv K¨vjwmqvg Avq‡bi NbZ¡ e„w× cvq| ¯^vfvweK PH G `ya hLb RgvU euv‡a

ZLb †Rj cÖavbZ GKwU †hŠM aviY K‡i G‡K WvBK¨vjwmqvg c¨vii‡KwR‡bU e‡j| G `B

†`L‡Z †Rwji gZ Ges f½yi| cwbi ˆZwii mgq wewfbœ AvqZb cvwbi mv‡_ †i‡bU G·Uªv±

wgkv‡bv nq Ges KvswLZ ivB‡c‡b Ae¯’vq †cŠQv‡i ci `y‡ai mv‡_ wgkv‡bv nq| RgvUKiY

mvaviYZ 30 wgwb‡Ui PvB‡Z Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ Kiv nq| RgvUevavi MwZ Ges KvW© k³

nIqv KZ¸‡jv wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †hgb- `y‡ai MVb, Bnvi A¤øZ¡, †hvMK…Z †i‡b‡Ui

kw³gvÎv Ges Zvi cwigvY ZvcgvÎv, cwbi DrcbœKvix BZ¨vw`|

Qvbv`ya msKzwPZ Ges Pv‡ci gva¨‡g Bnvi AvKvi ˆZwi

Qvbv‡K Zvc, GwmW Ges †i‡bU Øviv ms‡KvwPZ Kiv nq| Qvbv‡K †QvU †QvU UzKiv AvKv‡i

KvU‡j, bvov‡j Ges Pvc Gi d‡j †nv‡q AcmviY Z¡ivwš^Z nq Kg Av`ª©Zv Ges Zzjbvg~jK

Kg A¤ø‡Z¡ cwbi ˆZwi nq| G Rb¨ GKRb cwbi ˆZwiKvix GK ev GKvwaK c×wZ MÖnY

Ki‡j cv‡i|

y ‡gvUvgywU D”P ZvcgvÎvq Qvbv‡K Zvc †`Iqv nq|

y G‡K †QvU †QvU UzK‡iv K‡i KvUv nq|

y G cÖwµqvi ˆZwii Pvc w`‡Z n‡e| cwb‡ii AwaK Av`ª©Zvq Qvbv‡K Zvc †`qv

nq bv, G‡K †QvU †QvU K‡i KvUv nq| hw` AwaKvsk †nv‡q Acmvi‡Yi ci

GwmW ˆZwi nq Zvn‡j Qvbv‡K Pvc †`Iqv nq bv| Bnvi KvswLZ gvÎv wVK

ivLvi Rb¨ Qvbv‡K n¨vÛwjs Kiv nq|

y wbw`©ó mgq weiwZi g‡a¨ Qvbvi A¤øZv Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges Qvbvi cvwb K‡g hvq Ges

Qvbv k³ n†Z _v‡K| hw` D”P Rjxq Askwewkó big cwbi cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z nq|

Z‡e Qvbvi †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Pvc cÖ‡qvM Pvc cÖ‡qvM bv K‡i `ªæZ Qvbvi cvwb wbswo‡q

†dj‡Z n‡e| G c×wZ‡Z Qvbvi mv‡_ D”P A¤øZ, D”P Av`ª©Zv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

y Qvbv‡K wKDe AvKv‡i KvUv nq Ges bvov‡bvi d‡j Qvbvi cvwb wbsov‡bv nq|

g„`y Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡ZI cv‡i Avevi bvI †h‡Z cv‡i|

y Qvbv‡K wKDe AvKv‡i †K‡U Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i ev bv Kivi c~‡e©B Zvc A_ev

iÜb Øviv ZvcgvÎv Ges AwaK Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kivi d‡j wb¤œ Av`ª©Zv Ges

A‡cÿvK…Z Kg A¤ø‡Z¡i cwbi ˆZwi nq|

jeY †hvMKiY

mKj cÖKvi cwbi ˆZwii †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv av‡c †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW †hvM Kiv nq| Kx


116

cwigvY jeY †hvM Kiv n‡e Zv cwb‡ii eªvB‡bi Nb‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i| †PWvi cwb‡i

UzK‡iv Qvbvi jeY †hvM Kiv nq| Ab¨vb¨ cwbi jeY N‡l ev jeY cvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q jeY

†hvM Kiv nq| jeY cwbi Qvbv n‡Z Qvbvi cvwb Pz‡l d‡j cwb‡ii A¤øZ¡ Ges Rjxq

Ask wbqwgZ nq| jeY Nb‡Z¡i Rb¨ AevwÂZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv cwb‡i †c‡Z cv‡i bv|

ivB‡cwbs

¯^v`, e„× Ges KvswLZ myM‡Üi Rb¨ cwbi‡K ivB‡cwbs Ki‡Z nq| Bnv wZbwU Drm n‡Z

GbRvBg Øviv K¨vUvjvBRW nq|

y cÖvYx e Dw™¢R †i‡bU ev Ab¨vb¨ GbRvBg ˆZwi|

y cwb‡ii g‡a¨ ev Bnvi c„‡ô AY~Rxe †hLv‡b e„w× cvq|

y `ya wb‡RB|

‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cwbi‡K ivB‡cwbs Kiv nq bv| †hgb K‡UR cwbi| G mg¯Í cwb‡ii

¯^v` mvaviYZ g„`y, A¤ø, jeYv³ Ges Gi AvK…wZ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq LyeB KwVb nq|

ivB‡cwbs cwb‡i bvbviKg cwieZ©b mvab K‡i Bnvi AvK…wZ, MVbbxwZ, GgbwK Bnvi

is‡qiI cwieZ©g mvwaZ K‡i|

G cwieZ©b wb¤œ Dcv‡q mvwaZ nq-

y Kg †ewk Avwgl fv½‡bi d‡j cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq mvaviY †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i m„wó nq|

y ‡¯œn c`v_© Av`©ª we‡køl‡Yi d‡j d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi m„wó nq|

y j¨vK‡UvR, mvB‡UªUm Ges Ab¨vb¨ ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_© Av`©ª we‡køl‡Yi d‡j

GwmW I Ab¨vb¨ ¯^v` Drcv`bKvix †hŠwMK c`v‡_©i m„wó nq|

cwb‡ii Lv`¨gvb

cwbi LyeB DPzgv‡bi cywóKi Lv`¨ | GLv‡b cwb‡ii we‡kl ¸YveYx Zz‡j aiv n‡jv

y cwbi `y» Avwg‡li DËg Drm|

y K¨vjwmqvg I dmdiv‡mi fv‡jv Drm|

y Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb G, wW, B, ‡K, Gi DËg Drm|

y Cwbi kw³i Drm wnmv‡e eëüZ nq|

y 100 MÖvg †PWvi cwb‡i 400 K¨vjwi kw³ cvIqv hvq|

cwb‡ii cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj

gvbe Kz‡ji cÖvPxb Lv`¨`ª‡eï g‡a¨ cwbi GKwU| G ch©šÍ cÖvq 19 ai‡bi cwbi gvbyl

eënvi K‡i Avm‡Q| G¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj‡Z GKwU n‡Z Ab¨wUi ZviZg¨ i‡q‡Q|

GLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi cwbi ˆZwii cÖevn wPÎ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|


117

‡PWvi PxR

`ya msMÖn


0

)

QvuKb

cÖwgZKiY

cv¯‘wiKiY (63

0

†m./30wg.)

÷viUvi †hvMKiY (ivB‡cwbs) 31

0

†m.

iÄK c`v_© †hvMKiY

i¨v‡bU †hvMKiY (31

0

†m.)

RgvU euvav‡bv

KvwUs

KzwKs (37-39

0

†m.)

‡nv‡q wbM©gb

‡PWvwis

wgwjs

jeY †hvMKiY

‡nvwcs

‡Wªwms

‡cÖwms

ï®‹KiY

c¨vivwdwbs

wKDwis

wPÎ 19 t †PWvi PxR ˆZwii cÖevn wPÎ

K‡UR PxR

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118

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cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj

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wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ `ya RgvU n‡q k³ Qvbvi m„wó K‡i| Qvbv RgvU nIqvi c Bnv nvZ ev PvKy

`¦viv †f‡½ Gi AvKvi †QvU Kiv nq| Qvbv fv½v n‡q †M‡j Qvbvi cvwb wbsov‡bv nq Ges

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cÖwµqvRvZ cwbi

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cwbi Øviv cÖwµqvRvZ cwbi cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡j Gi AvK…wZ big I `vbv`vbv nq|


119

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0

dv. G 30

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cwb‡ii gZB n‡Z n‡e|

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cÖmw½K Z_¨

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cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY

y cwi¯‹vi `ya, ÷viUvi, `Û jvMv‡bv cvÎ, VvÛv cvwb, Gbv‡gj cvÎ|

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y cwi¯‹vi, UvUKv Ges QvuKv `ya 10 wgwbU DËß K‡i `ªæZ VvÛv K‡i wbb|

y kxZKv‡j 2-26% Ges MÖx®§Kv‡j 1% wnmv‡e ÷viUvi †hvM Kiæb, `y‡a 0.8-

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1 w`b ìKvi|

y `wa‡K GKwU Mxqvi PvwjZ Kv‡Vi `Û jvMv‡bv GKwU cv‡Î wbb Ges VvÛv

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120

y gvLb `vbv m¤ú~Y© ˆZwi nIqvi ci gvLb `ya‡K AcmviY K‡i Gi mv‡_ cvwb

†hvM K‡i wbb Ges gvLb gš’b K‡i cwi‡kvwaZ Kiæb|

y gvLb‡K Aweivg Zv‡c DËß K‡i wN ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| Gevi Drcbœ `ªe¨‡K

80

0

†m. ZvcgvÎvq 30 wg. †i‡L wb‡Pi As‡ki cvwb AcmviY Kiæb| Dc‡ii

As‡ki Pwe© Ges KvW©‡K KuvP, Gbv‡gj, A_ev B¯úv‡Zi cv‡Î DËß K‡i

cwi‡kvab Kiæb| hLb cvwb Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ PoPo kã Ki‡Z _vK‡e ZLb

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gvsm I gvsmRvZ `ªe¨

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2| gvs‡mi MVb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

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wewfbœ ai‡bi gvsmRvZ msiwÿZ Lv`¨`ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡”Q| †hgb- Z›`yix, †Kv‡qj, †Kv‡q‡ji

gvs‡mi wc‡Kj I d«vBW †Kv‡qj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GQvov wP‡Kb †_‡K wdsMvi wP‡Kb, bvwi‡Kj

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RevBKiY c×wZ

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y ivmvqwbK c×wZ

y hvwš¿K c×wZ

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121

ivmvqwbK c×wZ

G c×wZ‡Z †fov, ïK‡ii Rb¨ Kve©bWvB A·BW (CO2)M¨vm eënvi Kiv nq|

hvwš¿K c×wZ

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‰e`y¨wZK c×wZ

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nvjvj c×wZ

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y cï‡K Ah_v Kó bv †`q|

y hZ m¤¢e ZvovZvwo i³ÿiY m¤úbœ Kiv|

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kixi n‡Z Pvgov Qvov‡bvI †ek KóKi n‡e| RevB Gi c~‡e© cÖvwY‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y

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122

nvjvj c×wZ

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gv_vi KvQvKvwQ nIqv DwPZ| Aek¨ Mjv n‡Z gv_v c„_K nq bv | Pvgovi mwVK AvK…

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gy³ Mjv ev KwZ©Z Mjv c×wZI ejv nq|

wkL c×wZ

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Av`k© c×wZ

G c×wZ‡Z cï‡K †g‡S‡Z †kvqv‡bv nq Zvici weªm‡KU n‡Z †Pvqv‡ji Dci eivei

†Q`b Kiv nq| 45

0

†Kv‡Y weªm‡K‡Ui mvg‡b w`‡q Qzwi XzwK‡q †`qv nq Ges K¨v‡ivwUW

agbx I R¸jvi wkiv †K‡U †`qv nq|

‡Kvmvi c×wZ

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GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi Qzwi Øviv Mjv †K‡U †`qv nq| GKRb DËg cÖwkÿY cÖvß †jvK Øviv

RevB Kvh© mgvav Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z RevB Kiv mgq GKwU K_v Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡Z

n‡e Zv n‡jv cªvwYwUi g„Zz¨ Lye ZvovZvwo NUv‡Z n‡e Ges i³ÿiY †hb `ªæZ m¤úbœnq|

gvs‡mi MVb

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cÖwZw`b 100 MÖvg Kg Pwe©hy³ ivbœv Kiv gvsm †L‡j †`‡ni Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Avwg‡li A‡a©K

c~iY Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges G cwigvY gvsm †_‡K 200 K¨vjwi kw³ cvIqv hvq| Lvevi‡hvM¨

ZvRv gvs‡mi (Fresh meat) AvcvZ MVb mviwY -2.1 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

mviYx-2.2 t Lvevi‡hvM¨ ZvRv gvs‡mi AvcvZ MVb

cvwb (%) Avwgl(%) Pwe© (%) LwbR (%) kw³(K¨vjwi cÖwZ 100 MÖv‡g)

62 17 2.0 1 200


123

Miæ, gwnl I QvM‡ji †fovi gvs‡m Avwgl, Pwe© I kw³i cwigvY mviwY -2.2 G D‡jøL

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mviwY-2.2 t wewfbœ cÖRvwZi cïi gvs‡m cywói cwigvY

‡Kvl cÖRvwZi gvsm cÖwZ 100 MÖv‡g cywói cwigvY

(K¨vjwi) Avwgl (%) Pwe© (%)

Miæ-gwn‡li gvsm 114.0 22.6 2.6

QvM- †fovi gvsm 118.0 21.4 3.6

gvs‡mi Lv`¨gvb (Food Value of Meat)‡`‡ni ¯^vfvweK e„w×i Rb¨ †h 6wU cywó Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Zvi me¸‡jvB gvs‡m we`¨gvb |

Z‡e kK©iv ev †k¦Zmvi Ges K¨vjwmqvg wKQzUv Kg _v‡K| gvs‡mi Lv`¨gvb m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ

Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

Avwgl

gvs‡mi Avwgl AZ¨šÍ D”Pgvb m¤úbœ| †Kv‡bv Avwg‡li ¸Yv¸Y wbY©q Kiv nq H Avwg‡li

we`¨gvb A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwm‡Wi cwigvY w`‡q| cixÿv K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Lv`¨ ZvwjKvqhw`

ch©vß cwigvY gvsm mieivn Kiv nq Z‡e gvs‡mi Avwgl Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ¯’vcbxq Avwg‡li

mvnv‡h¨ QvovB kixi e„w× NUv‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨ GK cixÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡qi

¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ gvs‡mi AvwglB h‡_ó| GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡li ‡`‡ni Rb¨

cÖ‡qvRbxq bvB‡Uªv‡R ïaygvÎ gvsm Øviv c~iY Kiv m¤¢e| gvs‡m ch©vß cwigvY A¨vgvB‡bv

A¨vwmW _vKvq ivbœv Kivi d‡j wKQzUv A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW bó n‡jI †Zgb †Kvb Amyweav

nq bv| gvbe‡`‡ni cwicvKZ‡š¿ gvsm mn‡RB †fs‡M A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwm‡W cwiYZ nq|

kK©iv

mvaviYZ gvs‡m AZ¨šÍ Kg cwigvY kK©iv _v‡K| hZUzKy kK©iv _v‡K Zv MøvB‡Kv‡Rb

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†ewk cwigv‡Y cvIqv hvq| Z‡e gvsm‡cwk‡ZI Aí cwigvY MøvB‡Kv‡Rb we`¨gvb _v‡K|

Pwe©

gvs‡mi Pwe© gvbe‡`‡ni AZ¨vek¨Kxq d¨vwU A¨vwm‡Wi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv c~iY K‡i| Pwe©‡Z

`ªeYxq wfUvwgb G, wW, B I †K Gi evnK I `ªveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i GB Pwe© | cÖRvwZ

†f‡` Pwe©i cwigv‡Y cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| Pwe© gvs‡mi ¯^v` I MÜ evwo‡q †`q| gvs‡mi

Pwe© mnRcvP¨ | Z‡e gvs‡mi Pwe© gvbe‡`‡n †Kv‡j‡ói‡ji cwigvY e„w× K‡i | d‡j

ü`‡ivM, D”Pi³ÿiY BZ¨vw` giYe¨vwai KviY n‡Z cv‡i|

LwbR c`v_©

gvs‡m Avqi‡Yi cwigvY †ewk _v‡K hv i‡³i †jvwnZKwYKv ˆZwi‡Z AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f’wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z‡e gvs‡m K¨vjwmqvg Kg cwigv‡Y _v‡K | me ai‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq


124

LwbR c`v_© we`¨gvb _vKvq gvsm LwbR c`v‡_©i Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| gvsm ch©vß

cwigvY †mvwWqvg, cUvwmqvg cvIqv hvq| GQvov gvs‡m mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y A¨vjywgwbqvg,

Kcvi I g¨v½vwbR we`¨gvb _v‡K|

wfUvwgb

gvsm wfUvwgb we Kg‡cø· †hgb- ev‡qvUb, ivB‡ev‡d¬wfb, wb‡KvwUwbK GwmW BZ¨vwì

Lye fv‡jv Drm| GQvovI gvs‡m c¨v‡›Uv‡_weK A¨vwmW, _vqvwgb, dwjK GwmW, wfUvwgb

we

12

we`¨gvb| ivbœv Kivi ciI gvs‡mi wfUvwgb AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| A_©vr gvsm ivbœv

Ki‡j ev cÖwµqvRvZ Ki‡jI wfUvwg‡bi wigvY Kg †ewk nq bv| Pwe©hy³ gvsm cÖPzi

cwigvY wfUvwgb G, wW, B, †K cvIqv hvq|

GbRvBg

gvs‡m cÖavbZ †cÖvwUIjvBwUK, jvB‡cvjvBwUK I GgvjvB‡jvjvBwUK GbRvBg _v‡K |

gvs‡mi †KvgjZv I imv‡jvZvi Rb¨ ‡cÖvwUIjvBwUK GbRvBg AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

mnvqK MÖš’vejx

(wb‡¤œi eB¸wj †_‡K mnvqZv wb‡q GB cÖwkÿY gwWDj eBwU cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q)

1| cï cvjb I cï wPwKrmv - Wvt G †K †Nvlvj

2| cï cvLxi AvaywbK wPwKrmv - Wvt myjZvbv gwnDwÏb

3| ‡f‡Uwibvwi wK¬wbwkqvb MvBW - Wvt Gg G mvgv`

4| Mvfx cvjb MvBW - G wU Gg dRjyj Kv‡ì

5| AvaywbK cï cvjb I eë¯’vcYb †Uªwbs g¨vby‡qj - cÖvwYm¤ú` Awa`ßi, evsjv‡`k, XvKv|

6| cï cvjb I wPwKrmv we`¨v - cÖ‡dmi W. Gg. G. mvgv`

7| Miæ †gvUvZvRvKiY Lvgvi ¯’vcb n¨vÛ eyK - cÖvwYm¤ú` Awa`ßi, XvKv|

8|

A Text Book of Animal Husbandry (Sinth ed.).-

G. C. Banerjee.9| Mevw`cï I †cvwëªRvZ I DcRvZ `ªe¨ - W. †gvt †gv‡k©`yi ingvb I

W. Av b g Avwgbyi ingvb

†cv÷ mÖvry‡qu ww‡cøvgv bb iæivj...

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