actualidades catalisis

7/28/2019 actualidades catalisis

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http://bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/ciencia/menu.htm

CATALIZADORES. LA PIEDRA FILOSOFAL DEL

SIGLO XX?

Autores: SERGIO FUENTES / GABRIELA DAZ

D. R. 1888 FONDO DE CULTURA ECONMICA, S. A. DE C. V.

Primera edicin (La Ciencia desde Mxico), 1988

CATLISIS

Thomas, J., Thomas, N.J. Introduction to the Principles ofHeterogeneous Catalysis. Academic Press, Londres, 1967.

Linarte, R., y Blanco, J. Catlisis, Mxico, Trillas, 1976.

Clark, A., The Theory of Adsorption and Catalysis. Academic Press,1970.

Thomson, S. J. y Webb G., Heterogeneous Catalysis. J. Willey,1963.

Miguel J., Hernndez Luna, M., Herce, J.L., Bases para lapreparacin y empleo de catalizadores slidos. UNAM , 1983.

Germain, J. E. La Catalyse Heterogene. Dunod, Pars, 1959.

Claudel, B. La Catalyse au Laboratoire et dans l' industrie. Masson,1967.

Frost, A., Pearson, R. Kinetic and Mechanism. Ed. G. Wiley, 1961.
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Wilkinson, F., Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism. Ed. VanNostrand 1981.

Ttulo: Partial oxidation of ethanol over platinum and platinum-tin catalysts at millisecond

contact times for hydrogen productionAutores:Corey A. LeclercandKavi Loganathan

Ttulo:Fuel. 96 (June 2012): p434. FromAcademic OneFile.Tipo de documento: Report

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.035Resumen:

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.035

Byline: Kavi Loganathan (a), Corey A. Leclerc (a)(b)

Keywords:

Platinum; Tin; XRD; Short contact time partial oxidation; Ethanol

Abstract:

a* Pt-Sn is a superior catalyst compared to Pt on a ZrO.sub.2 support. a* The PtSn phase is

present on ZrO.sub.2 leading to higher activity. a* ZrO.sub.2 is a better support than

Al.sub.2O.sub.3 for Pt-Sn catalysts. a* Al.sub.2O.sub.3 contains tin-enriched Pt-Sn phases

that are not as active as the PtSn phase. a* Free Pt catalyzes the reaction onAl.sub.2O.sub.3.

Author Affiliation:

(a) Department of Materials Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology,Socorro, NM 87801, United States

(b) Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining andTechnology, Socorro, NM 87801, United States

Article History:

Received 22 August 2011; Revised 12 January 2012; Accepted 14 January 2012

Cita de fuente

Leclerc, Corey A., and Kavi Loganathan. "Partial oxidation of ethanol over platinum and

platinum-tin catalysts at millisecond contact times for hydrogen production."Fuel96(2012): 434+.Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.
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Ttulo: A new way to kick-start reactionsAutores:Patrick Walter

Ttulo:Chemistry and Industry. .8 (Apr. 27, 2009): p9. FromAcademic OneFile.Tipo de documento: Brief articleTexto completo: Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)

Texto completo:

For the first time mechanical force has been used to control catalytic activity. This

discovery could lead to the creation of polymer coatings that are able to heal themselves

when exposed to mechanical stresses and may find applications in aeroplanes and wind

turbines.

Researchers from Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands created thecatalytic system by joining long polymer chains to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands.

The ligands surround a metal ion, in this instance either silver or ruthenium, to form an

inactive catalytic complex. Blasting the latent catalyst with ultrasound 'switches on' thesystem by breaking the NHC ligand-ion bonds, freeing the metal catalyst. Using this system

the authors were able to catalyse transesterification and olefin metathesis reactions (Nature

Chemistry doi: 10.1038/nchem.167).

Senior author Rint Sijbesma says that in their catalytic complex the polymers are a

bystander and are just there to transmit the mechanical force to the NHC-metal ion bonds.'It can be compared to a tug-of-war: you accumulate force at the centre of the chain,' hesays. Presently, the complex is still dependent on ultrasound to switch the catalyst on, but

the group plans to create catalysts where the metal ion can be freed by bending or tearing

the material.

However, the current system still has a serious problem. Once the catalyst is activated both

the NHC ligands and the metal ion are highly reactive and often, rather than joining backtogether after catalysing a reaction, they react with other molecules, so can not be switched

on again by mechanical stress.

Sijbesma says they plan to solve this problem by reducing the ligands' reactivity. His groupis also working with DSM and Sabic to create self-healing materials containing

encapsulated monomers that break open when the material is damaged. This will provide

the catalyst with building blocks to repair the material.

Jeffrey Moore, a materials scientist at the University of Illinois, UK, says that this workcould result in polymer 'skins' that would detect and repair damage.
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Walter, Patrick

Cita de fuente

Walter, Patrick. "A new way to kick-start reactions." Chemistry and Industry 27 Apr. 2009:

9.Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

Ttulo: U.S. refiners must increase alkylation capacity to meet demandAutores:Anne K. Rhodes

Ttulo:The Oil and Gas J ournal. 92.34 (Aug. 22, 1994): p49. FromAcademic OneFile.Tipo de documento: Article

Texto completo:

Alkylation is one of the most important refinery processes for producing conventionalgasoline. And alkylate will continue to be a preferred blending stock in the reformulated-

gasoline era.

U.S. alkylation units are operating at more than 90% of capacity, according to a report by

Arthur D. Little Inc., presented at the National Petroleum Refiners Association annual

meeting Mar. 20-22 in San Antonio. And additional capacity will be required to meetprojected demand in 1998 and beyond, said Arthur D. Little consultant John R. Felten.

This capacity will come primarily through debottlenecking existing units, but new capacitywill be required in the U.S., particularly after the year 2000.

INDUSTRY TRENDS Key trends affecting the U.S. alkylation industry are:

* Required capacity expansion of 10-35%. This increase is driven by the reformulation of

gasoline, a surplus of saturates, and low prices for butanes.

* Increase in [C.sub.5] alkylation in gasoline blending (see article beginning on p. 56). Newregulations controlling maximum gasoline olefins content and volatility will spur this trend.

* Growth in sulfuric acid regeneration through 1995. This trend is driven by increaseddemand for alkylate, environmental pressures, and the reformulation of gasoline.

* Focus on developing HF additives, HF entrainers, and solid-acid catalysts.

Most of the changes that will occur in the U.S. alkylation industry will be prompted by

environmental issues. Reduced gasoline volatility will increase the supply of saturates andmay decrease the price for refinery butanes.
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In addition, reformulated gasoline will require reduced olefin content, said Felten, thereby

increasing incentives for alkylation. Virtually all [C.SUB.4] olefins, and some [C.sub.3]

and [C.sub.5] olefins, will be converted to ethers or alkylate.

Although safe operation of HF alkylation units is well understood, HF acid releases and

catastrophic failures have created the perception that these units are major safety hazards.Designing around unit failure has forced refiners to adopt very expensive mist and add-

containment systems.

Some refiners are pursuing HF entrainers that lower HF's tendency to form mists. But these

systems also degrade catalyst efficiency, according to Felten.

While Arthur D. Little does not expect HF units to be outlawed, it does expect increasing

safety pressures to limit expansion of HF alkylation capacity in the U.S.

Although [H.sub.2][SO.sub.4] alkylation generally is viewed as less hazardous than HF

processing, it requires handling large quantifies of acid and typically requires off site acidregeneration. Transporting and handling large volumes of spent [H.sub.2][SO.sub.4] hassignificant potential risks.

These difficulties have led to increased interest in on site regeneration processes. MonsantoCo. and Stratco Inc. have introduced a new, simpler system for on site regeneration, and

Stratco is working on a nondestructive regeneration system, said Felten.

Arthur D. Little expects new alkylation capacity in the U.S. to employ the

[H.sub.2][SO.sub.4] process until an economical solid-acid catalyst process is

commercially available.

Supply/demand

Alkylate is a preferred blending component for reformulated gasoline under both the simple

and complex models. Alkylate has low vapor pressure. It contains no benzene, aromatics,

or olefins, is low in sulfur, and easily meets maximum distillation specifications.

Arthur D. Little's analysis examined two reformulated gasoline scenarios (Fig. 1). In the

low case, it was assumed that reformulated gasoline would be limited to the nine areasrequired by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, plus the Northeast U.S. and all of

California. This results in a gasoline pool comprising 47% reformulated gasoline by 2005.

In addition, 15% spillover into conventional markets was assumed, bringing total

reformulated gasoline production to 54% of U.S. gasoline demand by 2005. Also assumed

for the low case was:

* Continuation of the winter oxygenated fuels program in 39 regions

* Limited penetration of ethanol into reformulated gasoline


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* MTBE capacity limited to existing units and announced capacity additions.

Assumed in the high case was a gradual "opt-in" to reformulated gasoline. Total opt-in wasassumed for Northeast and Mid-Atantic states, and all areas east of the Mississippi River,

by 2005.

These assumptions result in gasoline demand comprising 80% reformulated gasoline by

2005. Including a reduction of spillover to 5%, this brings total reformulated gasoline

production to 84% of U.S gasoline demand by 2005.

In the high-reformulation case, continuation of the winter oxygenated fuels program also

was assumed, as were a more significant role for ethanol blending and switching of 60% ofU.S. fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units to olefin-promoting catalyst by 2000. It also was

assumed that incremental MTBE capacity would be added at refineries to consume

increased isobutylene production from these catalysts.

No added skeletal isomerization capacity to convert normal butylene to isobutylene ispredicted for this scenario.

Olefins supply is expected to increase, with full utilization of FCC capacity and increased

use of olefin-promoting catalyst. In addition, the construction of new MTBE plants isexpected to be slower than previously forecast.

Arthur D. Little's analysis indicates that, with the exception of isobutylene value in MTBE,all refinery olefin values are higher in reformulated gasoline than in alternate marginal uses.

Propylenes and butylenes will be alkylated in preference to amylenes. Amylene alkylation,however, may be economical in conjunction with reformulated gasoline production if a

refinery has the necessary distillation and clean-up facilities. - Fig. 2 shows Arthur D.

Little's projection of U.S. alkylate production through 2005 for both scenarios. Currentalkylate production is about 925,000 b/cd, or 90% of capacity.

Arthur D. Little's projections of U.S. alkylation capacity utilization are shown in Fig. 3.

Interviews

These predictions for the U.S. alkylation industry were confirmed by 38 interviews with

U.S. industry representatives.

The 23 refiners interviewed represent about 37% of total U.S. alkylation capacity.

Alkylate was identified as a preferred blend stock for reformulated gasoline. Current

utilization capacity was confirmed to be more than 90%. Refiners also confirmed that

additions to HF alkylation capacity would occur mainly through debottlenecking, but thatsome new [H.sub.2][SO.sub.4] units would be constructed.


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Refiners indicated they will continue to add mist, acid-containment, and other safety and

environmental equipment to assure continued operation of existing HF units.

SOLID-ACID CATALYSTS

After many years, solid-acid catalyst processes are moving from the laboratory to pilot-plant development. Amoco Corp. has perhaps the oldest viable process, with its aluminum

chloride catalyst. But three major groups have made significant progress toward

commercializing solidacid alkylation.

Catalytica Inc., Conoco Inc., and Neste Oy use a promoted alumina/zirconium halide

catalyst, which is a solid acid. Their 7 b/d pilot unit started up early in 1993.

The reactor system is different from current liquid-acid systems, but other equipment in

current systems are compatible. Conoco is trying to demonstrate a cost advantage overexisting [H.SUB.2][SO.SUB.4] processes. This process is not yet available for license.

Exxon Co. USA and Haldor Topsoe A/S have a process that uses a liquid acid supported ona solid substrate (see article, p. 52). The acid must be replaced on the solid periodically,

making a liquid-acid handling system necessary.

The reactor system in existing units must be replaced to use this process, but all other

equipment can be retained. A 0.5 b/d pilot plant has been operating for 2 years. Exxon,

Haldor Topsoe, and collaborator M.W. Kellogg Co. are seeking their first licenSOr.

Chevron Corp. and Chemical Research & Licensing Co. have a process that uses a slurry

system with antimony penta fluoride catalyst. A 10 b/d pilot units has been operating sinceJanuary of this year. No liquid acid is used in this process. Chevron and CR&L expect to

start licensing in 1995.

Current solid-acid technology has gained widespread interest in the industry.

While the current technologies still have problems, these problems are considered solvable,

said Felten, and a viable, demonstrated solid-acid process is expected to be available for

licensing within 3-5 years.

Many of the interviewed refiners said that, if a solid-acid process with economics

comparable to sulfuric acid alkylation were available, they would consider it for new units.

They were not, however, likely to replace existing [H.SUB.2][SO.SUB.4] alkylationcapacity, according to Felten.

Solid-acid alkylation units are expected to have the greatest impact on HF alkylationcapacity. Existing HF units may be replaced, where mandated by regulators, and HF may

be supplanted in new units.

ABOUT THIS REPORT...........


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With the onset of reformulated and oxygenated gasolines in the U.S. and reduced lead

specifications around the world, alkylate, historically a prime gasoline blending component,

is taking on even more importance. This report, put together and edited by Journal Refining

Editor Anne Rhodes, examines the supply/demand scenario for alkylate, and theenvironmental and safety issues surrounding conventional alkylation processes. Also

discussed are new alkylation catalysts and processing schemes that can help refiners get themost out of their alkylation units.

Resumen:

US petroleum refiners will have to increase alkylation capacity in order to meet the

growing demand for gasoline. Alkylate is used both for conventional gasoline and is thepreferred additive for reformulated gasoline. Other trends for the alkylation industry

include a growth in sulfuric acid regeneration for environmental reasons. Predictions for the

supply and demand of reformulated gasoline and alkylate, based on the requirements of the

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, are provided.

Cita de fuente

Rhodes, Anne K. "U.S. refiners must increase alkylation capacity to meet demand." The Oiland Gas Journal22 Aug. 1994: 49+.Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

Ttulo: BASF Catalysts boosts prices, implements surcharge

Ttulo:Chemical Week. 170.12 (Apr. 14, 2008): p35. FromAcademic OneFile.Tipo de documento: Brief article

Texto completo:

BASF Catalysts, a unit of BASF, says it will raise sulfuric acid-based bleaching earth

product prices by 25%-35% on products shipped from its Jackson, MS plant. The company

also announced a separate 25%-35% sulfuric acid surcharge on all acid-activated mineraladsorbent products shipped from the Jackson plant. Both increases are effective May 1. The

company cites "sudden, dramatic increases" in sulfuric acid cost. "Over the past few weeks,

prices for sulfuric acid have increased by a factor of five and have reached an all-time high,with no significant fall in prices expected in the foreseeable future," BASF says. The high

cost is driven by strong market demand for fertilizer and metal production, and

compounded by relatively short supply of sulfur for sulfuric acid production, the company

says.

Cita de fuente

"BASF Catalysts boosts prices, implements surcharge." Chemical Week14 Apr. 2008: 35.Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.
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Ttulo: Low-temperature methanation of CO in coke oven gas using single nanosized

Co.sub.3O.sub.4 catalysts

Autores:Li Jiang,Chunshan Li,Rauf RazzaqandHongwei Zhu

Ttulo:Catalysis Communications. 23 (June 5, 2012): p43. FromAcademic OneFile.Tipo de documento: Article

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2012.02.029Resumen:

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2012.02.029

Byline: Hongwei Zhu, Rauf Razzaq, Li Jiang, Chunshan Li

Keywords:

Co.sub.3O.sub.4 catalyst; Nanosized materials; CO methanation; COG

Abstract:

Nanosized Co.sub.3O.sub.4 materials with different particle sizes (20, 40, and 80nm) can

be prepared through facile approaches. Nanosized Co.sub.3O.sub.4 materials werecharacterized using BET, XRD, TEM, XPS, CO-TPD and H.sub.2-TPR. The activities of

all the samples were tested in terms of percentage of CO conversion and CH.sub.4

selectivity, when single nanosized Co.sub.3O.sub.4 materials were used as catalysts for themethanation of CO in coke oven gas. The results showed the activity of the 20nm

nanosized Co.sub.3O.sub.4 materials achieved 100% CO conversion at temperatures as low

as 450K at space velocity of 5000h.sup.-1, was much higher than that of larger particle size

catalysts. The higher gas hourly space velocity had a negative effect on the catalyticactivity.

Article History:

Received 20 December 2011; Revised 24 February 2012; Accepted 29 February 2012

Cita de fuente

Jiang, Li, et al. "Low-temperature methanation of CO in coke oven gas using singlenanosized Co.sub.3O.sub.4 catalysts." Catalysis Communications 23 (2012): 43+.

Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

Ttulo: Low-temperature conversion of phenol into CO, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 by steamreforming over La-containing supported Rh catalysts

Autores:M. Consuelo Alvarez-Galvan,Domna A. Constantinou,Angelos M. Efstathiou

andJose Luis G. Fierro
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Li+Jiang%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Li+Jiang%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Li+Jiang%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Chunshan+Li%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Chunshan+Li%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Chunshan+Li%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Rauf+Razzaq%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Rauf+Razzaq%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Rauf+Razzaq%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Hongwei+Zhu%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Hongwei+Zhu%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Hongwei+Zhu%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/aboutJournal.do?pubDate=120120605&actionString=DO_DISPLAY_ABOUT_PAGE&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C5OOMhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/aboutJournal.do?pubDate=120120605&actionString=DO_DISPLAY_ABOUT_PAGE&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C5OOMhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/aboutJournal.do?pubDate=120120605&actionString=DO_DISPLAY_ABOUT_PAGE&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C5OOMhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2012.02.029http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2012.02.029http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2012.02.029http://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22M.+Consuelo+Alvarez-Galvan%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22M.+Consuelo+Alvarez-Galvan%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22M.+Consuelo+Alvarez-Galvan%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Domna+A.+Constantinou%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Domna+A.+Constantinou%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Domna+A.+Constantinou%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Angelos+M.+Efstathiou%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Angelos+M.+Efstathiou%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Angelos+M.+Efstathiou%22&searchType=AdvancedSearchFormhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/advancedSearch.do?inputFieldName%280%29=AU&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&method=doSearch&inputFieldValue%280%29=%22Jose+Luis+G.+Fierro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10/15

Ttulo:Applied Catalysis B, Environmental. 117-118 (May 18, 2012): p81. FromAcademic OneFile.

Tipo de documento: Report

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.01.005Resumen:


http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.01.005

Byline: Domna A. Constantinou (a), M. Consuelo Alvarez-Galvan (b), Jose Luis G. Fierro

(b), Angelos M. Efstathiou (a)

Keywords:

Phenol steam reforming; Hydrogen production; Supported-Rh catalysts; HRTEM; XPS;CO.sub.2-TPD; CO-TPD; CO.sub.2-DRIFTS; H.sub.2O-DRIFTS; Operando DRIFTS-

mass spectrometry WGS

Abstract:

Display Omitted

Author Affiliation:

(a) Heterogeneous Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus,

University Campus, CY 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus

(b) Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica, CSIS, C/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, 28049Madrid, Spain

Article History:

Received 12 August 2011; Revised 26 December 2011; Accepted 3 January 2012

Cita de fuente

Alvarez-Galvan, M. Consuelo, et al. "Low-temperature conversion of phenol into CO,

CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 by steam reforming over La-containing supported Rh catalysts."

Applied Catalysis B, Environmental117-118 (2012): 81+.Academic OneFile. Web. 29Apr. 2012.

Ttulo: Alloying and surface composition of model Pd-Ag films synthesized by electroless

deposition

Autores:M.L. Bosko,L.M. CornagliaandA.M. TarditiTtulo:International J ournal of Hydrogen Energy. 37.7 (Apr. 2012): p6020. FromAcademic OneFile.
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11/15

Tipo de documento: Article

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.128

Resumen:


http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.128

Byline: A.M. Tarditi, M.L. Bosko, L.M. Cornaglia

Abstract:

PdAg model films and real composite membranes were prepared by sequential electroless

deposition on top of porous stainless steel supports. Their surface properties were

investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Angle resolved XPS and

sputtering depth profile. It was shown that the surface of the alloy was strongly enriched insilver after the annealing treatment up to 500 [degrees]C on hydrogen stream. A

relationship between the Ag 3d.sub.5/2 core-level binding energy shift and the silversurface composition was observed from the XPS data obtained with the model samples.The surface composition of real membranes after both hydrogen permeation and reaction

experiments showed silver enrichment, in agreement with the data obtained from the model

sample.

Author Affiliation:

Instituto de Investigaciones en Catalisis y Petroquimica (FIQ, UNL-CONICET), Santiago

del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

Article History:

Received 28 October 2011; Revised 1 December 2011; Accepted 21 December 2011

Cita de fuente

Bosko, M.L., L.M. Cornaglia, and A.M. Tarditi. "Alloying and surface composition of

model Pd-Ag films synthesized by electroless deposition."International Journal of

Hydrogen Energy 37.7 (2012): 6020+.Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

Ttulo: Change agent: when there's not enough heat for a chemical reaction, add a catalyst
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.128http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.128http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.128http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.128


12/15

Autores:Theodore Gray

Ttulo:Popular Science. 280.4 (Apr. 2012): p76. FromAcademic OneFile.Tipo de documento: Brief article

Texto completo:

THE COPPER EARRING you see here had already been glowing bright orange for half anhour when we took the photograph. There is no flame under it, no electric current through

it. Underneath is a pool of volatile and highly flammable acetone, but the liquid is not on

fire. So where is the heat coming from?

Acetone vapor and oxygen from the air are combining and releasing heat on the surface of

the copper, at a much lower temperature than acetone normally burns (but still hot enough

to make the earring glow). The copper provides a sort of backdoor that overcomes theresistance (called the activation energy) that normally prevents acetone from reacting,

except at higher temperatures.

Copper enables the reaction, but it is not consumed by it. (The earring can keep doing this

indefinitely without being used up.) That property defines what it means to be a catalyst.

The most familiar examples of catalysts are the catalytic converters in cars, which finish the

incomplete combustion of gasoline using platinum or palladium. Catalysts are importantlong before the gas makes it to the car, too. Platinum and rhenium are used to "reform"

crude oil: to rearrange hydrocarbons into the specific molecules that make up gasoline.

Catalysts greatly reduce the energy, time and complexity of equipment required to do the

reforming, and thus make the process far more efficient. In this sense, catalysis can be very

green, which seems ironic when describing anything about the petroleum industry. In fact,catalysts can reduce energy use in a wide range of other large-scale chemicalmanufacturing processes as well.

I like the commonly used slogan "a catalyst for change" because it's a rare example of a

phrase that is scientifically perfect. It describes an organization that makes things happen

while continuing unchanged in its mission. That, in simple terms, is exactly what catalysts

do.

WARNING

This demonstration involves red-hot metal inches away from acetone, a liquid that isextremely volatile, flammable and has explosive vapors.

[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

BUTTERFLY EFFECT Copper facilitates a reaction between oxygen and acetone, causing

an earring to continuously glow red-hot even without an external heat source.
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13/15

PHOTOGRAPHS BY Mike Walker

Gray, Theodore

Cita de fuente

Gray, Theodore. "Change agent: when there's not enough heat for a chemical reaction, adda catalyst."Popular Science Apr. 2012: 76.Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

Ttulo: Grace, Dow to develop catalysts

Ttulo:Chemical Week. 174.10 (Apr. 2, 2012): p29. FromAcademic OneFile.Tipo de documento: Brief articleTexto completo:

W. R. Grace says it has entered into an agreement with Dow Chemical to develop new

catalysts for polypropylene production. The catalysts, which use one of Dow's non-phthalate internal donor technologies and Grace's proprietary catalyst expertise, will be sold

by Grace under the HYAMPP brand. The catalysts enable producers to make resins thatimprove the performance of plastics, including better clarity, stiffness and impact strength,

providing a pathway to new applications requiring more demanding properties that cannot

be met by current generation catalysts, the companies say. Customers can use the resins in abroad range of applications including films, high-performance pipe, automobile parts,

household appliances and household containers, Grace expects to begin commercial

production of the new catalysts in 2012.

Cita de fuente

"Grace, Dow to develop catalysts." Chemical Week2 Apr. 2012: 29.Academic OneFile.Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

Lantano

Aplicaciones

Aleadocon cerio,neodimio,praseodimio,gadolinioeiterbioforma la aleacinllamada mischmetal, utilizada para fabricar piedras de encendedor.

El xido de lantano confiere al vidrio resistencia a las bases y se emplea para lafabricacin de vidrios pticos especiales. Adems se usa para fabricar crisoles.
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/aboutJournal.do?pubDate=120120402&actionString=DO_DISPLAY_ABOUT_PAGE&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C3066http://go.galegroup.com/ps/aboutJournal.do?pubDate=120120402&actionString=DO_DISPLAY_ABOUT_PAGE&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C3066http://go.galegroup.com/ps/aboutJournal.do?pubDate=120120402&actionString=DO_DISPLAY_ABOUT_PAGE&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C3066http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodimiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodimiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodimiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodimiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodimiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodimiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadoliniohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadoliniohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadoliniohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterbiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadoliniohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodimiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodimiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleaci%C3%B3nhttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/aboutJournal.do?pubDate=120120402&actionString=DO_DISPLAY_ABOUT_PAGE&inPS=true&prodId=GPS&userGroupName=estchimalh&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C3066


14/15

Se estn produciendo esponjas de hidrgeno con aleaciones que contienen lantano.Dichas aleaciones admiten hasta 400 veces su volumen de gas y el proceso es

reversible. Cada vez que toman gas se libera energa calorfica, por lo que tienen la

posibilidad de convertirse en sistemas de conservacin de energa.

Es utilizado como componente de las pantallas intensificadoras de las unidades derayos X.

Referencias

Los Alamos National Laboratory - Lanthanum

Caractersticas principales

Rodio puro

El rodio es un metal dctil de color blanco plateado. No se disuelve encidos, ni siquieraenagua regia, aunque finamente dividido s que se puede disolver en sta, y tambin encido sulfricoconcentrado y en caliente, H2SO4. El rodio tiene unpunto de fusinmayor

que el del platino y unadensidadmenor.

Susestados de oxidacinms comunes son +2, +3, 0 y1

Utilizacin

Tpicamente, eloro blancoesgalvanizadocon una capa externa de rodio de 0.05 a 0.5m

de espesor. Por el espesor tan reducido, los rayones en esta capa pueden permitir laoxidaciny esto debilitar an ms la capa de rodio. Lo ideal sera una capa de 2.0 m paraque dure ms tiempo. Unajoyade oro blanco con rodio puede ser enchapada de nuevo en

algunas joyeras. Otros usos son actuar como catalizador para la hidrogenacin y es activo

en la reformacin cataltica de hidrocarburos. El rodio se emplea tambin en aplicacionespara contactos elctricos. Es galvanizado fcilmente para formar superficies duras,

resistentes al desgaste y de brillo permanente, utilizadas tanto en contactos elctricos

estacionarios como corredizos, en espejos y reflectores, y como acabado en joyera. Su
http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/57.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/57.htmlhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_regiahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_regiahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_regiahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_sulf%C3%BAricohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_sulf%C3%BAricohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densidad_%28f%C3%ADsica%29http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densidad_%28f%C3%ADsica%29http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densidad_%28f%C3%ADsica%29http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_blancohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_blancohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_blancohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanizadohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanizadohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanizadohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B3metro_%28unidad_de_longitud%29http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B3metro_%28unidad_de_longitud%29http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B3metro_%28unidad_de_longitud%29http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg?uselang=eshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B3metro_%28unidad_de_longitud%29http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanizadohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_blancohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densidad_%28f%C3%ADsica%29http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_sulf%C3%BAricohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_regiahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidohttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/57.html


15/15

rareza y escasez lo convierte en el metal ms caro con un precio por onza de 9.900 dlares,

superior al valor deloroy elplatino.[cita requerida]

Referencias

1. Rhodium: rhodium(I) fluoride compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. Consultadoel 10-12-2007.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodio&printable=yes#cite_ref-0http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodio&printable=yes#cite_ref-0http://openmopac.net/data_normal/rhfr_jmol.htmlhttp://openmopac.net/data_normal/rhfr_jmol.htmlhttp://openmopac.net/data_normal/rhfr_jmol.htmlhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodio&printable=yes#cite_ref-0http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro

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