paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti

PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecnierosaqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecnierosaqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecnierosaqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero----praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli

konferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebuli

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi Tanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapze

COLLECTION OF MATERIALS OF SCIENTIFIC- PRACTICAL CONFERENCE OF ECONOMISTS OF GEORGIA

Actual Problems of Economic Development

at Current Stage

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi

TBILISI

2

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti

PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

saqarTvelos ekonsaqarTvelos ekonsaqarTvelos ekonsaqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecnieroomistTa samecnieroomistTa samecnieroomistTa samecniero----praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli praqtikuli

konferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebulikonferenciis masalebis krebuli

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi

Tanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapzeTanamedrove etapze

(25 dekemberi 2008 w.)(25 dekemberi 2008 w.)(25 dekemberi 2008 w.)(25 dekemberi 2008 w.)

COLLECTION OF MATERIALS OF SCIENTIFIC- PRACTICAL CONFERENCE OF ECONOMISTS OF GEORGIA

Actual Problems of Economic Development at Current Stage

(25 December, 2008)

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaP PUBLISHING HOUSE OF PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE

OF ECONOMICS Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi 2008

3

UUUUUDK ((((uakuakuakuak)))) 061.62:33(479.22)(063)061.62:33(479.22)(063)061.62:33(479.22)(063)061.62:33(479.22)(063) s s s s –––– 323323323323

winamdebare krebulSi Sewinamdebare krebulSi Sewinamdebare krebulSi Sewinamdebare krebulSi Sesulia 2008 wlis saqarsulia 2008 wlis saqarsulia 2008 wlis saqarsulia 2008 wlis saqarTveTveTveTvelos los los los ekonomistTekonomistTekonomistTekonomistTa samecnieroa samecnieroa samecnieroa samecniero----praqtikul praqtikul praqtikul praqtikul konferenciaze wakonferenciaze wakonferenciaze wakonferenciaze wakkkk----iiiiTTTTxuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebi The present collection of works includes the materials and speaches made at the scientific-practical conference of economists of Georgia in 2008 saredaqcio kolegia: saredaqcio kolegia: saredaqcio kolegia: saredaqcio kolegia: r. abesaZe (r. abesaZe (r. abesaZe (r. abesaZe (mTavari redaqtorimTavari redaqtorimTavari redaqtorimTavari redaqtori), ), ), ), g. berulava,g. berulava,g. berulava,g. berulava, n. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili n. bibilaSvili (pasu(pasu(pasu(pasuxisxisxisxismgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani), v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, e. kakulia, e. kakulia, e. kakulia, e. kakulia, a. kuraa. kuraa. kuraa. kurataStaStaStaS----vili, T. lavili, T. lavili, T. lavili, T. lazazazazaraSviliraSviliraSviliraSvili,,,, i. i. i. i. nanananaTeTeTeTelauri, T. CxeiZe, lauri, T. CxeiZe, lauri, T. CxeiZe, lauri, T. CxeiZe, vlvlvlvl. . . . papava, n. xaduri, papava, n. xaduri, papava, n. xaduri, papava, n. xaduri, mmmm. . . . xuskivaZexuskivaZexuskivaZexuskivaZe Editor Board: R. Abesadze (editor-in-chief), G. Berulava, N. Bibilashvili (executive secretary), V. Burduli, T. Chkheidze, L. Datunashvili, E. Kakulia, N. Khaduri, M. Khuskivadz e, A. Kuratashvili, T. Lazarashvili, I. Natelauri, V. Papava recenzentebi: e.m.d. g. papava,recenzentebi: e.m.d. g. papava,recenzentebi: e.m.d. g. papava,recenzentebi: e.m.d. g. papava, e.m.d. m. kvaracxeliae.m.d. m. kvaracxeliae.m.d. m. kvaracxeliae.m.d. m. kvaracxelia Reviewers: Doc. of Econ. G. Papava, Doc. of Econ. M. Kvaratskhelia

© paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaP

© PUBLISHING HOUSE OF PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

2008

ISBN 978-9941-9060-0-8

4

plenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdoma

ramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZe

postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis etapebiganviTarebis etapebiganviTarebis etapebiganviTarebis etapebi

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebidan TiTqmis 16 weli

gavida. am xnis ganmavlobaSi misi ekonomika araerTgvarovnad

viTardeboda. SeiZleba gamoiyos am ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi.

pirveli etapipirveli etapipirveli etapipirveli etapi moicavs periods damoukideblobis mopo-

vebidan 2004 wlis meore naxevramde. es aris periodi, rodesac

qveyanas erTdroulad uxdeboda brZola saxelmwifoebriobis

aRdgenisa da axal ekonomikur wyobaze gadasvlisaTvis. Tanac,

yovelive es xorcieldeboda Sida politikuri daZabulobisa da

teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebisaTvis omis pirobebSi.

qveynis ekonomika sxvadasxva kriminaluri dajgufebebis xelSi

aRmoCnda, ramac aunazRaurebeli danaklisi miayena mas. saxe-

lmwifo, ZiriTadad, mxolod sxva qveynebis daxmarebis, sesxebisa

da kreditebis xarjze axerxebda ukiduresad gamwvavebuli soci-

alur-ekonomikuri problemebis Semsubuqebas.

rac mTavaria, ekonomikur reformebs am etapze ar hqonda

kompleqsuri xasiaTi, daSvebuli iyo ara erTi strategiuli

xasiaTis Secdoma. magaliTad, miRebuli iyo saqarTveloSi "Soku-

ri Terapiis" rusuli modeliT ganxorcielebis gadawyvetileba.

magram, jer erTi, qveyanas am droisaTvis sakuTari fulad-

sakredito sistema ar gaaCnda da, meorec, mas arc samaneTo zo-

naSi yofnis dros da arc Semdeg, kuponis arsebobis periodSi,

myari fulad-sakredito politikis gatareba ar mohyolia.

xorcieldeboda sruliad gaumarTlebeli fuladi da sabiujeto

emisia, sazRvargareTis kreditebis aradaniSnulebisamebr gamo-

yeneba. reformebis gatarebis aseT variants SeiZleba naxevrad

qaosuri vuwodoT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo imdroindeli mravali

obieqturi Tu subieqturi faqtoriT (saxelmwifoebriobis formi-

reba, reformebis gatarebis gamoucdeloba, sxvadasxva politikur

da klanur dajgufebaTa interesebis gaTvaliswineba, Sina omi da

qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis warmoebuli omi, ltolvi-

5

lebisaTvis socialuri daxmarebis gaweva, yaCaRoba, reketi,

korufcia da mravali sxv.), ramac qveyana ekonomikur krizisamde

miiyvana.

miuxedavad amisa, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal ekonomikur

wyobaze gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT, araerTi RonisZieba gatarda:

moxda fasebis liberalizacia, Seiqmna sakuTari fulad-sakredi-

to sistema, moxda sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis da sabinao

seqtoris reforma, ganxorcielda mcire privatizaciis pirveli

etapi da sxv.

meore etapimeore etapimeore etapimeore etapi moicavs periods 1994 wlis meore naxevridan

1999 wlamde.

rogorc qarTvel ekonomistTa, aseve saerTaSoriso orga-

nizaciebis (upirveles yovlisa, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis)

mier SemuSavebul Tvisebrivad axleburad gaazrebuli programis

safuZvelze 1994 wlis me-2 naxevridan iwyeba reformebis axali

politikis gatareba. Sedegad, moxerxda kuponis inflaciis

moTokva, riTac momzadda pirobebi erovnuli valutis _ laris,

SemosaRebad. laris SemoRebis Semdeg kidev ufro Semcirda

inflacia da damyarda stabiluri sacvleli kursi erovnul

valutasa da aSS dolars Soris.

garda amisa, ganviTarebis am etapze:

1. mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda da Seivso sabazro

ekonomikaze gadasvlis sakanonmdeblo baza;

2. ZiriTadad damTavrda mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa

privatizeba;

3. ganxorcielda miwis sakuTrebis transformacia;

4. Semcirda saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti;

5. gaZlierda ucxouri investiciebis mozidva;

6. gaumjobesda fulad-sakredito sistema;

7. gaTavisuflda laris sacvleli kursi da misi regu-

lireba miendo sabazro kanonebs;

8. gaumjobesda sainvesticio pirobebi da sxv.

yovelive amas mohyva warmoebis vardnis SeCereba da zrdis

tendenciis Camoyalibeba _ 1996-1997 wlebSi mTliani Sida

produqti saSualod 11 %-iT izrdeboda myari erovnuli valu-

tisa da inflaciis dabali tempebis pirobebSi.

6

mesame mesame mesame mesame etapietapietapietapi iwyeba 1998 wlidan da grZeldeba 2004 wlamde.

1998 wlidan iwyeba miRweuli ekonomikuri zrdis maRali

tempebis Semcireba, rasac valutis kursis dacema da inflaciis

donis gazrda, sabiujeto, safinanso da energetikuli krizisi

mohyva.

am etapze negatiuri procesebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

mizezi mdgomareobda ekonomikuri reformebis damuxruWebaSi,

rac, TavisTavad, saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciebis ara-

efeqtianobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

meoTxe etapimeoTxe etapimeoTxe etapimeoTxe etapi iwyeba vardebis revoluciis Semdeg da

grZeldeba ruseT-saqarTvelos omamde (ufro zustad, 2003 wlis

23 noembridan 2008 wlis 8 agvistomde).

am periodis ganmavlobaSi aRmoifxvra yvela is aSkara

uaryofiTi movlena, rasac adgili hqonda wina periodSi,

gansakuTrebiT, am periodis bolos. kerZod:

1. moispo sabiujeto da safinanso krizisi (saxelmwifo

biujetis deficiti, gastumrebuli iqna sapensio da

saxelfaso davalianebebi da a.S.);

2. mniSvnelovnad gamyarda erovnuli valuta;

3. aRmoifxvra energetikuli krizisi (qveynis mTel mosax-

leobas da ekonomikas eleqtroenergia da gazi Seufer-

xeblad miewodeboda);

4. mTliani Sida produqtis saSualo zrdis tempebma 9-10

procenti Seadgina. realuri mSp mTlianad 42,6 procentiT

gaizarda;

5. moimata mosaxleobis Semosavlebma, saSualo xelfasi

qveyanaSi 3-jer da metad gaizarda 37,8%-iani inflaciis

pirobebSi;

6. SekeTda saqalaqo da saavtomobilo gzebis udidesi

nawili.

7. kidev ufro stabiluri gaxda makroekonomikuri garemo,

moxda sagadasaxado kodeqsis gamartiveba da liberali-

zacia, licenzirebisa da nebarTvebis gacemis proce-

durebis gamartiveba.

8. gaRrmavda privatizebis procesi, kidev ufro gaZlierda

sabanko seqtori.

7

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nak-

lovani mxareebic, kerZod:

1. Seirya kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis principi, rome-

lic sabazro ekonomikis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens;

2. antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis faqtobrivad gauqmebis

gamo Semcirda konkurenciis done, rac sagangaSoa sabazro

ekonomikis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis;

3. kidev ufro gaizarda sxvaoba eqsportsa da imports

Soris;

4. saerTod, ekonomikis regulirebis formebi da meTodebi

srulyofilad ar Seesabameboda sabazro moTxovnebs.

reformebs ar hqonda sistemuri xasiaTi.

mexuTe etapimexuTe etapimexuTe etapimexuTe etapi iwyeba ruseT-saqarTvelis omis Semdeg, romel-

sac Tan erTvis msoflio safinanso krizisi.

bunebrivia,,,, orive es uaRresad masStaburi movlena did

gavlenas moaxdenda nebismieri qveynis ekonomikaze. saqarTvelos

ekonomikis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom orive dartymas Ziri-

Tadad gauZlo, igi ar gadaizarda farTomasStabian ekonomikur

krizisSi. Tumca gavlenis Sedegebi mainc saxezea:

1. omma, dauzustebeli monacemebiT, 1 miliardi dolaris

zarali mainc miayena saqarTvelos;

2. saxezea ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Semcireba rogorc

Sida, ise ucxouri investiciebis Semcirebis Sedegad;

3. daiwyo laris kursis vardna, ramac gamoiwvia fasebis

zrda importul saqonelze;

4. sabanko seqtorSi warmoSobil Seferxebebs mohyva kredi-

tebisa da, Sesabamisad, investiciebis Sekveca, TiTqmis

gakotrebis pirasaa misuli samSeneblo biznesi;

5. gauaresda qveynis ekologiuri situacia;

6. mniSvnelovani zarali ganicada sakurorto meurneobam da

a.S.

mecnier-mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, dReisaTvis

Cvens qveyanaSi ekonomikuri krizisia. Cven migvaCnia, rom amJamad

saqarTveloSi sistemuri ekonomikuri krizisi ar aris. dReisaT-

vis, omisa da globaluri safinanso krizisis gamo, ZiriTadad

Camoyalibda sakreditosakreditosakreditosakredito----sainvesticiosainvesticiosainvesticiosainvesticio krizisi, Tumca misi daZleva

8

saerTaSoriso daxmarebebis (romelic TiTqmis 4,5 miliardi aSS

dolaris tolia) meSveobiT (Tu es daxmarebebi gonivrulad

iqneba gamoyenebuli) mokle droSia SesaZlebeli, Tuki saomari

moqmedebebi kvlav ar ganaxldeba.

Cveni ekonomikisaTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovania is nega-

tiuri mxareebi, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi reformebis

araswori gatarebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. maTgan mTavaria:

1.1.1.1. sabazro instituciebis ganviTarebis dabali done, sabazro instituciebis ganviTarebis dabali done, sabazro instituciebis ganviTarebis dabali done, sabazro instituciebis ganviTarebis dabali done, rac

ganapirobebs sabazro meqanizmis araefeqtian funqcionirebas.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia fasiani qaRaldebis bazris (safondo

birJis) ganviTarebis dabali done, rac mkveTrad aisaxeba Sida

investiciebis moculobaze. am mimarTulebiT, albaT, aucilebelia

saxelmwifom Tavdapirvelad TviTon gamouSvas fasiani qaRaldebi.

sxvagvarad fulad-sakredito politikis gatareba SeuZlebeli

iqneba.

2.2.2.2. ekonomikis araprogresuli struqturis Camoyaekonomikis araprogresuli struqturis Camoyaekonomikis araprogresuli struqturis Camoyaekonomikis araprogresuli struqturis Camoyalibebalibebalibebalibeba.

es exeba rogorc dargebs (SedarebiT ganuviTarebelia samrew-

velo warmoeba), ise biznessa da socialur sferos (dabalia

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis done, jer kidev ver Camoyalibda

saSualo fena da gamudmebiT izrdeba zRvari mdidrebsa da

Raribebs Soris da a.S.)

3.3.3.3. qveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba samecnieroqveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba samecnieroqveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba samecnieroqveynis dabali konkurentunarianoba samecniero----teqniteqniteqniteqni----

kuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi kuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi kuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi kuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi arasaTaarasaTaarasaTaarasaTanado damokinado damokinado damokinado damoki----

debulebis gamo, rogorc saxelmwifos, ise biznesis mxridan.debulebis gamo, rogorc saxelmwifos, ise biznesis mxridan.debulebis gamo, rogorc saxelmwifos, ise biznesis mxridan.debulebis gamo, rogorc saxelmwifos, ise biznesis mxridan.

qveyanaSi ar arsebobs mxardaWera sakuTari samecniero-teqnikuri

potencialis zrdisa da, amis safuZvelze, inovaciaTa danergvis

mimarTulebiT. bunebrivia, aseT pirobebSi qveynis ekonomika

konkurentunariani verasodes gaxdeba.

4.4.4.4. demografiuli krizisi.demografiuli krizisi.demografiuli krizisi.demografiuli krizisi. qveyanSi Seqmnili socialur-

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo SeiniSneba mosaxleobis ricxov-

nobis Semcireba. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis monacemebiT

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis ricxovnoba SesaZlebelia 2050 wli-

saTvis 2 milionamde Semcirdes, rac qveynisaTvis katastrofa

iqneba.

mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia reformebis

Semdgomi daCqareba. aucilebelia maT hqondeT sistemuri xasiaTi.

9

upirvelesyovlisa, biznesi unda gaTavisufldes saxelmwifos

araekonomikuri xasiaTis Carevebisagan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

unda mieqces ekonomikis realuri sferos ganviTarebas, ucxouri

daxmarebebis mniSvnelovani nawili swored am seqtorSi unda

warimarTos. saswrafod unda Seiqmnas mcire da saSualo biznesis

saxelmwifo mxardaWeris infrastruqtura, gatardes garkveuli

zomis proteqcionistuli politika. am etapze aucilebelia

mecnierTa monawileobiT SemuSavdes saqarTvelos ekonekonekonekonomikuri omikuri omikuri omikuri

ganviTarebis programaganviTarebis programaganviTarebis programaganviTarebis programa, romelic gaxdeba safuZveli qveynis

ekonomikis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa.

iuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSvili

wonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxado

ganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis Sesaxeb

dabegvris sistemis optimizaciis problema, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis iseTi sididis gansazRvraze

daiyvaneba, romelic maqsimalur sawarmoo efeqtsa da sabiujeto

Semosavlebs uzrunvelyofs. gadasaxadebisadmi amgvarma midgomam

gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan

laferis Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad SeiZina. am Teoriis mTavari

postulatia mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs saSualo

sagadasaxado ganakveTis ori mniSvneloba da

romelTaganac pirveli maqsimaluri sawarmoo efeqtis miRwevas,

meore ki biujetSi gadasaxadebidan maqsimaluri Semosavlebis

akumulirebas uzrunvelyofs. ekonomikur literaturaSi -s

laferis pirveli gvaris wertili, -s ki meore gvaris wertili

ewoda. rogorc wesi, es wertilebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia

da ekonomikas erTdroulad orive maTganSi yofna ar SeuZlia.

saerTo mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT; ekonomikisaTvis ufro

mniSvnelovans pirveli gvaris wertili warmoadgens, amitom

qvemoT yuradRebas ZiriTadad masze gavamaxvilebT, amasTan, -s

pirobiTad optimalur saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTs vuwodebT.

laferis TeoriasTan KAdakavSirebul gamokvlevaTa umravle-

soba, romlebSic mocemulia -s da -s mniSvnelobebis

10

Sefasebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mcdelobebi, saSualo

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis gamxilvasa da analizs calmxrivad,

mxolod miwodebis Teoriis poziciidan axorcielebs. aseTi

calmxrivi midgoma arasrulfasovan warmodgenas iZleva

ekonomikaSi gadasaxadebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb,

radganac gadasaxadebi ekonomikaze arankleb zemoqmedebas

erTobliv moTxovnis mxridanac axorcielebs. migvaCnia, rom

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis sididis gansazRvra da rolis

Sefaseba erToblivi miwodebisa da erToblivi moTxovnis

modelis farglebSi unda xdebodes. sakiTxis amgvari dayenebis

erT-erTi pirveli cda profesor v. papavas ekuTvnis, romelmac

SemogvTavaza lafer-keinzianuri sinTezis idea. qvemoT moyvanili

Sedegebi am ideis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mcdelobaa.

davuSvaT, samarTliania erToblivi miwodebis Teoria. maSin

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTze damokidebuli erToblivi

miwodebis modeli SeiZleba Semdegi zogadi saxiT CavweroT

, (1)

sadac erToblivi miwodebis funqciaa; warmoebis

teqnologiuri aspeqtis amsaxveli Sedegia. am ukanasknelSi

igulisxmeba produqciisa da momsaxurebis Seqmnis maqsimaluri

mniSvneloba optimaluri sagadasaxado reJimis (anu

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis) pirobebSi. ufro konkretulad,

gamosaxavs potenciuri gamoSvebis moculobas kapitalis da

Sromis sruli gamoyenebis dros; – instituciuri aspeqtis

amsaxveli funqcia, anu funqcia, romelic aRwers gadasaxadebis

jamuri efeqtis gavlenas miwodebaze. es funqcia, misi Sinaarsidan

gamomdinare, Semdeg Tvisebebs unda flobdes: 1. zrdadia

SualedSi da klebadia SualedSi; 2. optimaluri

sagadasaxado ganakveTisaTvis . es metad mniSvnelovani

Tviseba imaze miuTiTebs, rom dabegvris saSualo ganakveTi

iseTi instituciuri garemos Seqmnis saSualebas iZleva, romlis

drosac produqciis gamoSvebis efeqtianobas mTlianad warmoebis

teqnologiuri aspeqtebi gansazRvravs. maSasadame, optimaluri

11

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTisaTvis gamoSveba maqsimaluria

da miwodebis (1) funqcia Semdeg saxes miiRebs: .

aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi Tviseba, romelic, sasurvelia, -s

gaaCndes. kerZod, gadasaxadebis ararsebobisas, e.i. -saTvis

, xolo Tu Seqmnili Semosavali mTlianad amoiReba

gadasaxadebis saxiT, e.i. Tu , maSin . funqciis

rolSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT v. papavas mier erTobliv miwodebaze

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis gavlenis dasaxasiaTeblad

SemoTavazebuli entropiuli funqciis ganzogadebuli

varianti

, (2)

romelic mcireoden Secvlili saxiT ( ) ganixila da

gamoikvlia g. lolaZem1. (2)-Si dadebiTi parametria, romlis

Sefasebac ekonometrikulad xorcieldeba; neperis ricxvia.

advilad vaCvenebT, rom (2) funqciisaTvis laferis pirveli

gvaris fiskaluri wertilis -s mniSvnelobaa2 .

garda amisa, samarTliania Semdegi pirobebi: ,

, . amitom miwodebis (2) funqciisaTvis gveqneba

, , .

erToblivi miwodebis (2) funqciasTan erTad ganvixiloT

erToblivi moTxovnis funqcia. martivi keinzianuri modelis

analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom es funqciac

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTzea damokidebuli da Semdegi

saxiT gamoisaxeba3

1 lolaZe g. laferis mrudis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb. mikro-makro ekonomika, 2002, #9. 2 -s misaRebad sakmarisia (2) gavawarmooT -Ti, miRebuli Sedegi gavutoloT nuls da amovxsnaT gantoleba -s mimarT. 3 ixileT: i. ananiaSvili. gadasaxadebis gavlena erTobliv moTxovnaze. ekonomika da biznesi, 2008, #3.

12

, (4)

sadac erToblivi moTxovnis funqciaa; avtonomiuri

gegmuri danaxarjebia; _ Sinameurneobebis moxmarebisadmi

zRvruli midrekilebis, xolo saxelmwifo Sesyidvebisadmi

zRvruli midrekilebis parametri.

makroekonomikuri wonasworobis dros erToblivi moTxovna

da erToblivi miwodeba erTmaneTis tolia, amitom unda

Sesruldes toloba

= . (5)

(5) lafer-keinzianuri wonasworobis pirobaa4. igi gviCvenebs, rom

erToblivi moTxovnisa da erToblivi miwodebis gawonas-

worebisaTvis avtonomiuri xarjebis -s da potenciuri

4 v. papava. mis mier SemoTavazebuli wonasworobis gantoleba Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba CavweroT (ix., magaliTad, wigni: makroekonomikuri regulirebis meTodebi da modelebi. Tbilisi, mecniereba, 2003. gv. 491-518.)

,

sadac , avtoris mosazrebiT, mTliani Sida produqtis is donea, romelic biujetSi maqsimalur sagadasaxado Semosavlebs Seesabameba. am ganmartebidan gamomdinare, laferis meore

gvaris fiskaluri wertilsaTvis gansazRvruli gamoSvebis moculobaa. migvaCnia, rom ufro misaRebi iqneba, Tuki - is rolSi ganvixilavT gamoSvebis moculobas laferis pirveli gvaris fiskaluri wertilis pirobebSi. am SemTxvevaSi Tavisi arsiT igive iqneba, rac (5)-Si Semavali mSp-s potenciuri done .

13

gamoSvebis -s mocemuli mniSvnelobebisaTvis unda arse-

bobdes iseTi ganakveTi , romelic daakmayofilebs (5)

gantolebas. am ukanasknelis specifikidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

arsebobdes saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis ori an erTi

dasaSvebi wonasworuli mniSvneloba5. geometriulad es niSnavs,

rom da mrudebs SeiZleba ori an erTi saerTo

wertili gaaCndes. rodesac (5)-s ori da amonaxsni gaaCnia, am

ganakveTebis roli da mniSvnelovneba imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu

rogor mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan Sinameurneobebis moxmarebisadmi

zRvruli midrekileba da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebisadmi

zRvruli midrekileba . SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom

SemTxvevisaTvis wonasworuli saSuali sagadasaxado ganakveTis

ori sidididan ukeTesia mcire , vinaidan igi uzrunvelyofs met

erTobliv danaxarjebs, met gamoSvebas da dasaqmebis maRal

dones; amave mizeziT SemTxvevisaTvis ukeTesia maRali

sagadasaxado ganakveTi ; SemTxvevisaTvis orive

ganakveTi warmoebisa da erToblivi danaxarjebis TvalsazrisiT

erTi da imave Sedegis miRebas uzrunvelyofs.

wonasworobis SesaZlo wertilebs Soris -sa da -s

nebismieri Tanafardobisas dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri

aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT saukeTesos, bunebrivia, laferis

pirveli gvaris fiskaluri wertili warmoadgens. magram am

wertilSi wonasworoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRweva Tuki,

erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs optimaluri sagadasxado

5amave dros SesaZlebelia, rom (5) araTavsebadi iyos -s mimarT. aseTi ram maSin xdeba, roca avtonomiuri danaxarjebi imdenad didia, rom mis dasakmayofileblad potenciuri gamoSveba sakmarisi ar aris.

14

ganakveTis SemoRebas, meore mxriv ki, avtonomiuri danaxarjebis

sidide Semdeg mniSvnelobas miiRebs6

= .

maSasadame, mTavari daskvna, romelic aq ganxiluli

wonasworobis modelidan gamomdinareobs, isaa, rom marto

optimaluri saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis SemoRebas

TavisTavad ar SeuZlia sruli dasaqmebis Sesabamis

wonasworobaSi gadasvlis inicireba. lafer-keinzianuri sinTezis

pirobebSi ekonomikuri aqtiurobis amaRlebasa da sruli

dasaqmebis miRwevaSi, dabegvris reJimTan erTad, mniSvnelovan

rols erToblivi moTxovna asrulebs.

merab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesiani

qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi

dagvaxrCobs?dagvaxrCobs?dagvaxrCobs?dagvaxrCobs?

ekonomikur saswaulze saubari mxolod drois xangZlivi

monakveTisTvisaa marTebuli. dRes saqarTvelos gauCnda Sansi,

saZirkveli Cauyaros aseT warmatebas. am Sansis gamoyeneba

saTuoa, magram misi arseboba unda dafiqsirdes. misi gamoyeneba

niSnavs ekonomikuri zrdis amowurvadi garewyaroebis gadaqcevas ekonomikuri zrdis amowurvadi garewyaroebis gadaqcevas ekonomikuri zrdis amowurvadi garewyaroebis gadaqcevas ekonomikuri zrdis amowurvadi garewyaroebis gadaqcevas

amouwurav Sidawyaroebad.amouwurav Sidawyaroebad.amouwurav Sidawyaroebad.amouwurav Sidawyaroebad.

iseTi garewyaro, rogoric ucxouri investiciebia, TavisiT

gadaiqceva Sidawyarod. es wyaro ver iqneba uxvi: misgan miRebuli

mogebis kapitalizacia adgilze mxolod nawilobriv xdeba da

arc misi multiplikatoruli efeqtia maRali _ ucxouri

investiciebi umTavresad adgilobrivi ki ara, Semotanili mate-

rialuri resursebiTaa dasaqonlebuli. es investiciebi jer-

jerobiT verc uaxlesi teqnologiebis mozidvaSi asrulebs

mniSvnelovan rols, xolo uamisod xangrZlivi warmatebis

miRweva gamoricxulia.

6 es formula uSualod (5)-dan miiReba, masSi -s CasmiTa da im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom .

15

1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan qarTuli ekonomikis zrdaSi

umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs Cvens emigrant TanamemamuleTa

fuladi gzavnilebi. es roli araa jerovnad Sefasebuli.

marTalia, gzavnilebis saSualo sidide umravles SemTxvevaSi 300-

500 aSS dolaris farglebSia, anu es Tanxa ZiriTadad

sainvesticio ki ara, samomxmareblo miznebiT ixarjeba, magram

misi multiplikatoruli efeqti mainc maRalia: gzavnilis mimRebi

mxolod importul saqonelze ki ar xarjavs am fuls, mas igi

uxdis Cvens mimwodebelsac – samedicino dawesebulebas,

saswavlebels, samSeneblo firmasa Tu sxvasa da sxvas, mokled,

brunavs da mimwodebelTa mTel wyebas amuSavebs da warmoSobs

kidec. bankis gavliT Tu gauvlelad, es fuli uSualodac

gadaiqceva investiciad.

emigraciis zrda da xelsayreli msoflio ekonomikuri

koniunqtura 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan swrafad zrdida

gzavnilebis nakads, magram es wyaro amouwuravi rodia. zrdis

Sewyveta da klebac mxolod krizisul movlenebs ki ar SeuZlia

gamoiwvios, aramed sxva faqtorebsac, maT Soris _ samSobloSi

datovebul axloblebTan emigrantTa kavSirebis Sesustebas.

rogorc Cans, gzavnilebis nakadma 2007 wels gaiara pikuri

wertili. amaSi unda veZioT imis erT-erTi mizezi, rom

saqarTvelos bankebs iafi sakredito resursi SemoakldaT, rom

mSenebloba did nawilSi Seferxda da a.S. jaWvuri reaqciiT, amas

SeuZlia imis ukuefeqti mogvces, rasac gzavnilebis zrda

gvaZlevda.

siZneleTa mTavari mizezi ki is aris, rom saqarTvelos

ekonomika ar aRmoCnda mzad, epasuxa im cvlilebebisaTvis,

romlebic dRes Sromis bazarze xdeba. pirukuc SeiZleba iTqvas:

xelfasis zrdisa da umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi xelfasis zrdisa da umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi xelfasis zrdisa da umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi xelfasis zrdisa da umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi

mmmmoumzadebeli aRmoCnda ekonomikis Sinagani mdgomareobiT, misi oumzadebeli aRmoCnda ekonomikis Sinagani mdgomareobiT, misi oumzadebeli aRmoCnda ekonomikis Sinagani mdgomareobiT, misi oumzadebeli aRmoCnda ekonomikis Sinagani mdgomareobiT, misi

efeqtiani, inovaciuri zrdiT. efeqtiani, inovaciuri zrdiT. efeqtiani, inovaciuri zrdiT. efeqtiani, inovaciuri zrdiT. umuSevroba kvlav didia, magram

aRaraa im sididisa, romelic am 10-15 wlis win iyo (ufro metad

igi emigraciis xarjze Semcirda). Sromaze moTxovna-miwodebis

Tanafardobis Secvlam maSindel uazro xelfass dRes raRac

azri misca. gamoCnda xelfasebic, romlebic mxolod 3-4-jer

CamorCeba msoflio mijnebs, rac xelfasis saerTo donis

16

momavali zrdis simptomia. Sesabamisad, izrdeba warmoebis

danaxarjebi, bevri firma gascda zRvars. maTi gakotreba

krizisis Seuqcevadi ganviTarebis safrTxes Seqmnida.

am safrTxes da mis mizezs ar eqceva jerovani yuradReba.

aqcenti keTdeba dasaqmebis zrdaze, saubari arcaa mis safuZvlian

momzadebaze. 4,5-miliardiani daxmarebebi da kreditebi (yovel

SemTxvevaSi misi is nawili, romelic warmoebaSi dabanddeba)

uTuod mogvcems multipikatorul efeqts da Seamcirebs

umuSevrobas, magram es mxolod erTjeradi da droebiTi efeqti

iqneba: xelfasi zrdaSi gadaaswrebs Sromis nayofierebas da

gaakotrebs firmebis imdenad did masas, rom Rrma krizisSi

CaiTrevs ekonomikas.

aseve imuSavebs sagdasaxado tvirTis amJamindeli Semsu-

buqeba saxelmwifo da municipalur doneebze. dRes es erTaderTi

da swori gamosavalia Seqmnili viTarebidan: igi amcirebs

ekonomikis zaraliani rgolebis masas da afarToebs kapitalis

gamoyenebis sazRvrebs, magram amiT igi ekonomikis intensiur

zrdas ki ar aZlevs stimuls, aramed eqstensiurs, romelsac

mudam Tan sdevs xelfasis moumzadebeli zrda.

aseTi sagadasaxado politika perspeqtivaSi sxva safrTxesac

warmoSobs: biujetis Semosavlis klebaze saxelmwifo dRes

ucxouri daxmarebebis imediT midis; ras izams maSin, rodesac

amowuravs am wyaros da rodesac, amasTan, Zveli da axali valebi

erTad wauWers yelSi? mkiTxvels Sevaxseneb, rom saqarTvelos

sagareo valma, a.w. 30 ivnisis mdgomareobiT, TiTqmis 6,7 mlrd.

dolari Seadgina, rac didad aRemateba uaxloes wlebSi misaReb

daxmarebebsa da kredits.

xangZlivi ekonomikuri zrdis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos

mxolod inovaciuri ekonomika _ inovaciuri ara mxolod

sawarmoo teqnologiebiT, aramed warmoebisa da, mTlianad,

ekonomikis organizaciiT, maT Soris _ socialuri sferosic,

romelic ekonomikis gareT ki ar dgas, aramed mis Tavsa da

bolos warmoadgens; igia misi Semkvreli da, imavdroulad, misi

amosavali rgoli.

rogor ekonomikas miviRebT 3-5 wlis Semdeg _ krizisulsa

Tu ganuxrelad mzards? es imazea damokidebuli, SevZenT Tu ara

17

mas inovaciur muxts, sworad gamoviyenebT Tu vera CvenTan Tu

sxvagan nacad _ fasebis diferenciaciis, sagadasaxado da sxva _

meTodebs da SemovitanT Tu vera axal meqanizmebs. Tu amas

SevZlebT, ekonomikuri zrdis garewyaroebi, romlis ganlevasac

ramdenime wlis Semdeg unda velodoT, amouwurav Sidawyaroebad

gadaiqceva.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis sastarto done imdenad dabalia,

rom raoden warmatebulic unda gamodges misi 10-15 wliani zrda,

amas Cven saswaulad aravin CagviTvlis, radgan igi ver

uzrunvelyofs cxovrebis donis awevas msoflio mijnebamde.

saswaulad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli mxolod iseTi sistemuri

instituciur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba socialur

sferoSi, romelic gadawyvets or umTavres amocanas: Seuqmnis

Rirseuli arsebobis garantias qveynis TiToeul moqalaqes da

warmoSobs ekonomikuri zrdis axal impulsebs.

sistemuri ekonomikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba gu-

lisxmobs moTxovnis zrdas ekonomikur mecnierebaze, xolo

inovaciuri ekonomika, masTan erTad _ iuridiulsa da teqnikur

mecnierebebze. biznesis, sazogadoebrivi sferosa da mecnierebis

TanamSromloba am ukanasknelSic iTxovs organizaciul

cvlilebebs.

iakob mesxiaiakob mesxiaiakob mesxiaiakob mesxia

monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:

inflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTireba

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic,

sabazro kanonebis damkvidrebisa da msoflio ekonomikuri

globalizaciis gaRrmavebis kvaldakval, mimdinareobs finansuri

stabilizaciis optimaluri modelebis Zieba da praqtikuli

aprobacia.

dRis wesrigSi mwvaved dadga ekonomikisaTvis yvelaze

saSiSi da damangreveli movlenis _ inflaciis zrdis problemis

gadawyveta. `̀̀̀saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb” kanonSi

Setanili cvlilebebiT aqcenti aRebul iqna `samomxmareblo

fasebis miznobriv maCvenebelze~, rac, Tavisi SinaarsiT, sxva

18

araferia, Tu ara sayovelTaod miRebuli da aRiarebuli

kategoria _ `inflaciuri TargeTireba~.inflaciuri TargeTireba~.inflaciuri TargeTireba~.inflaciuri TargeTireba~..

msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba TargeTirebis sami ZiriTadi

reJimi: gacvliTi kursisgacvliTi kursisgacvliTi kursisgacvliTi kursis,,,, monetaruli monetaruli monetaruli monetaruli da inflaciuri Targeinflaciuri Targeinflaciuri Targeinflaciuri Targe----

TirebaTirebaTirebaTireba. rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve ganviTarebad qveynebSi

gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs inflaciuri TargeTi-

reba, romelic monetaruli politikis SedarebiT axali reJimia.

zogadad, inflaciuri TargeTireba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes,

rogorc monetaruli politikis reJimi, romelic efuZneba

inflaciis prognozs. centraluri banki aprognozebs inflaciis

mosalodnel parametrebs da mis safuZvelze adgens raodenobriv

miznobriv orientirs ((((TargeTs) sagegmo periodisaTvis ise, rom

sakuTar Tavze ar iRebs valdebulebas sxva saxis miznobrivi

orientirebis miRwevaze.

monetaruli politikis sxva cnobili reJimebisgan gansxva-

vebiT, inflaciuri TargeTireba gulisxmobs centraluri bankis

saqmianobis srul Tavisuflebas da moqnilobas. inflaciuri

TargeTirebis gamoyenebis dros centraluri banki Tavis Tavze

iRebs oficialur valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos mxolod mTavari

miznobrivi orientiris miRweva.

im qveynebis gamocdileba, romlebic iyeneben TargeTirebis

reJims, saSualebas gvaZlevs, CamovayaliboT is zogadi mini-

maluri moTxovnebi da pirobebi, romelic aucilebelia am

monetaruli reJimis gamoyenebisaTvis.

upirveles yovlisa, inflaciuri TargeTireba SesaZlebelia

mxolod iq, sadac dabali inflaciis uzrunvelyofa ara mxolod

formalurad, aramed, agreTve faqtobrivad warmoadgens

monetaruli politikis umTavres mizans. qveynis xelisufleba

mkafiod unda acnobierebdes, rom inflacia ekonomikas

aunazRaurebel zians ayenebs, rom monetaruli da fiskaluri

eqspansiiT SeuZlebelia ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganvi-

Tarebis stimulireba da, rom sabiujeto deficitis monetizacia

winapirobebs qmnis ekonomikaSi fasebis zrdis, finansuri

seqtoris stabilurobis moSlisa da grZelvadian periodSi

ekonomikis zrdis SenelebisaTvis.

19

inflaciuri TargeTirebis erT-erTi mTavari moTxovnaa,

centraluri banki flobdes srul sazogadoebriv ndobas da misi

saqmianoba iyos gamWvirvale.

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, arsebobs agreTve monetaruli

politikis gansaxilveli reJimis sxva pirobebic: centraluri

bankis avtonomiurobis saTanado xarisxiT uzrunvelyofa da

uaris Tqma sxva maCveneblebis TargeTirebaze, garda inflaciis

prognozisa. centraluri bankis avtonomiuroba gulisxmobs

fiskaluri dominirebis principis, anu monetaruli politikis

fiskalur interesebze daqvemdebarebis uaryofas. praqtikuli

kuTxiT, es niSnavs mTavrobis dakreditebasa da sabiujeto

deficitis monetarizaciaze uaris Tqmas, agreTve, ekonomikaze

pirdapiri kreditebis gacemis akrZalvas. garda amisa, centralur

banks unda hqondes sruli Tavisufleba gadawyvetilebis miRe-

bisas, im monetaruli instrumentebis gamoyenebisas, romelsac is

CaTvlis mizanSewonilad.

aq erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas unda gausvas xazi.

moklevadian periodSi monetaruli eqspansiis meSveobiT SesaZ-

lebelia erToblivi gamoSvebis zrda, umuSevrobis Semcireba,

saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis gazrda, agreTve sxva

moklevadiani xasiaTis amocanebis gadaWra, rac, saboloo jamSi,

mTavrobas didi Zalisxmevis gareSe aZlevs saSualebas, miiRos

politikuri dividendebi. aseTi politikis saboloo Sedegebi

vlindeba ufro gvian, vidre mTavrobis saqmianobis dro kanoniTaa

dadgenili (4-5 weli), ris gamoc garkveuli droiT lagas aqvs

adgili, vidre daiwyeba inflaciis tempebis zrda, finansuri

arastabiluroba da realuri ekonomikis zrdis tempebis Seneleba.

cxadia, moqmedi xelisuflebis mier datovebuli problemebis

gadawyvetaze zrunva mouwevs axal mTavrobas. saboloo jamSi es

niSnavs, rom fiskaluri principebis dominireba monetarul

politikaze droSi Seusabamo da araTavsebadia. moqmedi xeli-

sufleba martiv da moklevadian droSi efeqtis momcemi gadawyve-

tilebebiT, grZelvadian periodSi axal xelisuflebas rTul da

Znelad gadasaWrel problemebs axvedrebs.

inflaciuri TargeTirebis gamoyenebis aucilebeli moTxov-

naa, agreTve, sxva maCveneblebis mixedviT oficialur orien-

20

tirebze uaris Tqma, magaliTad, iseTebis, rogoricaa: gacvliTi

kursis an fuladi masis agregatebis.

zemoxsenebuli meToduri winapirobebis garda, inflaciuri

TargeTirebis gamoyenebisTvis centralurma bankma unda uzrun-

velyos mTeli rigi teqnikuri pirobebis Sesruleba. kerZod,

saWiroa, ganisazRvros centraluri bankis mier kontrolirebadi

maCvenebeli, romelic daaxasiaTebs qveynis ekonomikaSi fasebis

zrdis tempebs. upiratesad, aseT kontrolirebad maCveneblad

centraluri banki irCevs samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss.

Cveulebriv, masSi Sedis im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis jgufebi,

romelTa fasebze zegavlenas axdens faqtorebi, romlebzec

centralur banks ar SeuZlia kontrolis ganxorcieleba: fasebis

administraciuli regulireba, iribi gadasaxadebis zrda, fasebis

zrda importirebul saqonelze da sxv. am mizezebis gamo

centraluri bankis kontrolirebad maCveneblad gamoyeneba

koreqtirebuli (`gawmendili~) indeqsi, saidanac gamoiricxeba

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is jgufebi, romelTa fasebs aregu-

lirebs mTavroba, anda eqvemdebarebian arsebiT ryevadobas

centraluri bankis monetaruli qmedebebis miuxedavad.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis koreqtireba-gawmendis praq-

tika farTod gamoiyeneba mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris ganviTa-

rebul qveynebSi. garda regulirebadi fasebisa, gamoiricxeba

iribi gadasaxadebis cvlileba, fasebi importirebul saqonelze,

fasebi agrosamrewvelo sawarmoebis produqciasa da sursaTze,

romlebic ganicdian arsebiT ryevas, magram naklebad mgrZnobiare

arian monetaruli politikis mimarT.

unda aRiniSnos, rom samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis

koreqtireba-gawmenda centraluri bankebisTvis Zalian problemu-

ria. erTi mxriv, misi koreqtireba centralur banks aZlevs

saSualebas, ufro srulad gaakontrolos inflacia. meore mxriv,

gauwmendavi indeqsis gamoyenebis pirobebSi, centraluri bankis

mier monetaruli politikis gatarebisas daSvebuli Secdomebi,

SeiZleba ganeitraldes fasebis administraciuli regulirebiT.

magaliTad, Tu Tavisuflad dadgenadi fasebi, romlebic

monetaruli politikis zemoqmedebas eqvemdebarebian, izrdeba

prognozulze ufro maRali tempebiT, xolo administraciulad

21

regulirebadi fasebi gegmiurze ufro naklebad, maSin

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi winaswar dadgenil farglebs ar

gascdeba. magram, SesaZlebelia moxdes piriqiT: mkacri

monetaruli politikis gatarebisas, romelic uzrunvelyofs

Tavisufali fasebis mocemul farglebSi SenarCunebas, centra-

luri banki SeiZleba waawydes mTavrobis mxridan administra-

ciulad regulirebadi fasebis zrdis problemas. Tu centraluri

banki kontrolirebad maCveneblad iyenebs Cveulebriv (gauwmendav)

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss, mas sruli pasuxismgebloba

mouwevs prognozuli inflaciis daucveloba-miuRwevlobaze..

Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, centralur banks, aseve

mTavrobas inflaciis faqtoruli analizis dros mouwevT imis

dadgena, ramdeni procentiT moimata inflaciam fasebis admi-

nistraciuli regulirebis da sxva faqtorebis Sedegad, romle-

bic ar eqvemdebarebian monetaruli politikis instrumentebis

gavlenas. es sakiTxi dakavSirebulia centraluri bankisa da

mTavrobis SeTanxmebul saqmianobasTan, romelsac, SeiZleba

iTqvas, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs inflaciuri TargeTirebis

gamoyenebis dros.

gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi inflaciuri TargeTi-

rebis gamoyeneba bevradaa damokidebuli statistikuri informa-

ciis saimedobasa da inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis

kvlevebis xarisxze, gansakuTrebiT mis prognozirebaSi gamoye-

nebuli meTodologiis gamarTulobaze.

inflaciis prognozirebaSi ganmsazRvrel rols TamaSobs im

faqtorebisa da pirobebis srulad gansazRvra da raodenobriv

maCveneblebSi asaxva, romlebic realur gavlenas axdenen

inflaciis cvlilebaze. es urTulesi problemaa da mas yo-

velTvis ekonomikurad kargad ganviTarebuli qveynebic ver

axerxeben. saqme isaa, rom inflaciaze moqmedi faqtorebis erTi

nawili Znelad an saerTod ar eqvemdebareba prognozirebas. maT

Soris unda aRiniSnos: nedleulsa da masalebze (gansakuTrebiT,

energomatareblebze) fasebis ryeva msoflio bazarze; sasoflo-

sameurneo warmoebis (agrosamrewvelo seqtoris) pirobebis

Secvla; bunebrivi kataklizmebi da sxva forsmaJoruli movle-

nebi, romlebic iwveven Sokebs moTxovna-miwodebaSi; erovnuli

22

valutis gacvliTi kursis gadaxra prognozirebuli maCve-

neblidan, romelic ar warmoadgens Siga ekonomikuri da

monetaruli politikis Sedegs.

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisTvis erT-erTi mTavari

problemaa statistikuri monacemebis droiTi trendebis xarisxi

da xelmisawvdomoba. 7-10 wliani droiTi statistikuri trendebi

sakmarisia inflaciis ekonometrikuli modelebiT prognozire-

bisaTvis, magram aseTi Sesadari mwkrivebis formireba did

sirTules warmoadgens, rac xels uSlis inflaciuri TargeTi-

rebis gamoyenebas. gamomdinare aqedan, centralurma bankebma

inflaciuri orientiris dadgenisas mizanSewonilia, daitovos

raRac garkveuli sivrce manevrirebisaTvis da TargeTi

gansazRvros ara wertilovani, aramed derefnis formiT, anu

SemosazRvros misi maqsimaluri da minimaluri SesaZlo raode-

nobrivi maxasiaTeblebi.

dRevandel etapze saqarTveloSi inflaciuri TargeTirebis

winapirobebi, misi praqtikuli realizaciis winadadebebi da

rekomendaciebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:

1. qveynis saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi da xarjebi

bolo periodSi maRali tempebiT izrdeba. 2008 wlamde

saxelmwifo biujetebi deficitur xasiaTs atarebda, Tumca,

mimdinare wlis biujetis Sedgenas safuZvlad daedo saerTa-

Soriso savaluto fondis meTodologia da igi proficiturad

`gamocxadda~. biujetis Sedgenis teqnologiis analizidan

martivad dgindeba, rom, faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs ara

proficitur, aramed sakmaod didad deficitur biujetTan. (ix.

vl. papava, `es biujeti aris ara ubralod deficituri, aramed

katastrofulad deficituri~, gaz. `rezonansis~ damateba _ `Cveni

biujeti~, #1, 2008; i. mesxia, saxelmwifo biujetis axali

orientirebi: proficituri, Tu deficituri, Jurn. `biznesi da

kanonmdebloba, 2008, #1). Cemi azriT, inflaciuri TargeTirebis

winapirobebis analizisa da miznobrivi orientiris progno-

zirebisas erovnulma bankma mkafiod da principulad unda

Seafasos saxelmwifo biujetis sizustis xarisxi da misi

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi, rac mas moqmedi kanonmdeb-

lobiTac aqvs davalebuli. sul axlaxan, mTavrobam gadawyvita

23

evroobligaciebis formiT naxevarmiliardiani (aSS dolari)

sesxis aReba, rac biujetis proficiturobis ideologias

Tavdayira ayenebs. biujetis xarjviTi politika araxelsayrel

pirobebs qmnis inflaciuri TargeTirebisaTvis.

2. inflaciuri TargeTirebis poziciebidan seriozul

mravalfaqtorul kvlevas saWiroebs laris gacvliTi kursis

sferoSi Camoyalibebuli tendenciebi. erovnuli valutis uwyveti

gamyarebis pirobebSi, inflaciis tempebis zrda da am negatiuri

procesis gamomwvev mizezad mxolod egzogenuri faqtorebis

(navTobis, xorblis da a.S. gaZvireba, dolaris gaufasureba)

dasaxeleba amadamajerebelia. xolo inflaciis endogenur

faqtorebs Soris xilis gaZvireba da bostneulis gaiafeba

civilur qveynebSi didi skandalis safuZveli gaxdeboda.

3. inflaciuri TargeTirebis kuTxiT erovnulma bankma da

mTavrobam unda daakmayofilos sazogadoebis informaciuli

moTxovnileba qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da, gamomdinare

aqedan, mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis droiT

vadebze. im garemoebam, rom xelisufleba gansakuTrebul apeli-

rebas akeTebs ekonomikuri zrdis maRal tempebze, sabiujeto

Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan matebaze da imavdroulad ar uxsnis

sazogadoebas, Tu ratom ar izrdeba maTi cxovrebis done

ekonomikuri warmatebebis kvaldakval, samarTlian ukmayofilebas

da socialur daZabulobas iwvevs.

4. inflaciuri TargeTis prognozirebis mizniT, fiskalur

xelisuflebas mouwevs mecnierulad argumentirebuli meTodikis

SemuSaveba. sazogadoebis moTxovnaa, rom icodes samomxmareblo

saqcielze fasebis dinamikis zusti prognozi. ra Tqma unda,

saWiro gaxdeba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis koreqtireba-

gawmenda, magram inflaciis prognozirebisas gverdi ar unda

auaros msoflioSi mimdinare ekonomikur ryevebs, strategiul

saqonelze fasebis matebas. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes is

garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi stra-

tegiuli produqtis (navTobi, xorbali da sxva) importi uxdeba

da, Sesabamisad, adgili eqneba inflaciis importsac. gasaTva-

liswinebelia is garemoebac, rom saqarTveloSi uaxloes moma-

valSi adgili eqneba samomxmareblo saqonelis msoflio

24

fasebTan miaxloebis process, rac obieqturi movlenaa. am faqto-

rebis Tundac zedapiruli analizi migvaniSnebs, rom inflaciuri

TargeTis zeda zRvari gacilebiT maRali unda iyos, vidre es

dadgenilia dRevandel etapze (8%).

5. inflaciuri TargeTirebis reJimisaTvis miuRebelia

qveynis Sida ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba eiforiis da

piaris fonze. analizi da Sefaseba unda iyos obieqturi da

kritikuli, raTa minimumamde iqnes dayvanili cdomilebebi

TargeTirebaSi.

inflaciuri TargeTis dadgena, anu prognozireba urTulesi

analitikur-kvleviTi da SemoqmedebiTi procesia. igi moiTxovs

inflaciaze moqmedi uamravi faqtorisa da pirobis siRrmiseul

analizs, ekometrikuli da sxva saxis maTematikuri instru-

mentariis gamoyenebas. TargeTis prognozinebisas dauSvebelia

mxolod inerciuli, pasiuri midgomebis gamoyeneba. amasTan erTad,

saWiroa aqtiuri, dinamikuri modelebis gamoyeneba. yovelive es

erovnuli bankis struqturaSi mZlavri kvleviTi samsaxuris

Seqmnis aucileblobas ayenebs dRis wesrigSi.

6. ramdenadac fasebis stabilurobaze ZiriTadi pasuxismge-

belia erovnuli banki, TargeTis prognozirebasa da reali-

zaciaSi cdomilebisas uwyebaTaSorisi `gadabralebis~ Tavidan

asacileblad mizanSewonilia, erovnulma bankma Seqmnas mone-

taruli statistikis mZlavri samsaxuri, romelic, erTi mxriv,

moipovebs da gaaanalizebs inflaciasTan dakavSirebul yvela

informacias da, meore mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas gamWvirvale da obieqturi

monetaruli informaciiT.

eeeelguja meqvabiSvililguja meqvabiSvililguja meqvabiSvililguja meqvabiSvili

globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze

zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtizemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtizemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtizemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqti

weliwadze metia msoflio ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT ki misi

finansuri segmenti, seriozul sirTuleebs ganicdis. amis mizezia

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ganviTarebuli ipoTekuri dava-

lianebis krizisi, romelic am qveynis mTavrobis mier gatarebuli

25

seriozuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad, mTeli ekonomikis recesiaSi

gadaizarda, mogvianebiT ki msoflio finansuri krizisis dawyebis

ZiriTadi mizezi gaxda.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis msoflio meurneobaSi integri-

rebulobis dabali donis miuxedavad, globaluri finansuri

krizisi masze zegavlenas axdens. es aSkarad daetyo saqarTvelos

sabanko sistemas da konkretulad SemdegSi gamoixata:

• komerciuli bankebis kreditebis gaZvireba;

• sesxebis uzrunvelyofaze sabanko moTxovnebis gamkacreba;

• xSir SemTxvevaSi, komerciuli bankebis mier sesxebis

gacemis Sewyveta.

saqarTveloSi fulad-sakredito da sabanko politikaze

msoflio finansuri krizisis zemoqmedebiT nawilobriv SeiZleba

aixsnas mimdinare wlis noembris dasawyisSi laris kursis

naxtomiseburi gaufasureba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo ramdenime

faqtoriT:

• msoflioSi fulis gaZvirebisa da misi deficiturobis

gazrdis gamo qveyanaSi ucxouri valutis Semodinebis

SemcirebiT;

• ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebis mkveTri SemcirebiT,

rac kidev ufro metad gaRrmavda agvistos movlenebis

Sedegad;

• finansuri krizisis gamo Cveni Tanamemamuleebis mier

ucxoeTidan gadmoricxuli Tanxebis aseve mkveTri Semci-

rebiT.

sabanko sferoSi Seqmnili sirTuleebis erT-erTi mizezia

inflaciis zrda, romelsac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs msoflio

bazarze ganviTarebuli finansuri krizisi. katastrofulad

uaryofiTi sagareo savaWro balansi (importis Rirebuleba 4-jer

aRemateba eqsportisas), rac amJamad saqarTvelos axasiaTebs,

laris gacvliTi kursis gauaresebisa da importuli produqciis

gaZvirebiT iwvevs inflaciuri procesebis gaZlierebas. es

ukanaskneli, e.w. “fiSeris efeqtis” Tanaxmad, warmoSobs kreditis

Rirebulebis gazrdis aucileblobas.

26

globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze

zemoqmedebis uaryofiTi efeqtis Sesamcireblad, Cveni azriT,

aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba:

• inflaciis moTokva unda moxerxdes maqsimalurad SemWidro-

vebul vadebSi, raTa is ar gadaizardos ekonomikuri zrdis

tempebis daqveiTebaSi da qveyana ar aRmoCndes stagflaciis

mdgomareobaSi;

• aucilebelia saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis instituciuri

gaZliereba da “aRdgena sakuTar uflebebSi”, rac arsebiTad

Seilaxa e.w. “reformatorebis” voluntaristuli qmedebebis

Sedegad;

• uaRresad aqtualuria erovnuli bankisa da mTavrobis anti-

inflaciur RonisZiebaTa sinqronizacia im garemoebebidan

gamomdinare, rom inflacias, monetarul faqtorTan erTad,

mTavrobis xarjebis politikac gansazRvravs;

• gardauval aucileblobad unda CaiTavlos erovnuli valutis

devalvacia, Tumca es procesi unda ganxorcieldes ara

naxtomebiT, aramed TandaTanobiT, ra mizniTac seb-ma sava-

luto bazarze unda gaagrZelos intervencionistuli poli-

tikis gatareba;

• mniSvnelovan RonisZiebad gvesaxeba parlamentis mier depo-

zitebis dazRvevis kanonis miReba, Sesabamisi meqanizmebisa da

struqturis SeqmnasTan erTad, rac aucileblad Seuwyobs

xels saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis mdgradobis xarisxis

amaRlebas.

ggggiorgi papavaiorgi papavaiorgi papavaiorgi papava

Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli

sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!

1. gavrcelebulia azri imis Taobaze, rom Turme "adamiani-

saTvis damaxasiaTebelia Secdomebis daSveba". amgvari ga-

moTqma dominirebs saerTod. igi amarTlebs adamianis

midrekilebas pasiurobisaken. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es

iwvevs midrekilebas inteleqtis sizarmacisaken ekonomikur

27

realobaTa Secnobis procesSi. amis gamo ekonomikaSi Tavs

iCens uneblie mcdari logikiT mcdar daskvnebze gasvla, e.i.

warmoiqmneba ekonomikuri paralogizmebi. isini adamianis

mxedvelobidan, nawilobriv an mTlianad, gamoricxaven kavSirs

ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da jansaR socialur viTarebas

Soris. amiT irRveva WeSmariti demokratiis safuZvlebi

aranormaluri socialur-ekonomikuri warmonaqmnebiT.

2. ekonomikaSi inteleqtis ganviTarebis kvalobaze Tu

ganxorcielda Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis realobaTa

Tvisebrivi Secnoba saTanado meTodologiiT, maSin SesaZlo

gaxdeba ekonomikur realobaTa srulyofili (unaklo) war-

marTva drois periodebis mixedviT. dReisaTvis ekonomikuri

paralogizmebi Tan sdevs ara marto ekonomikuri subieqtebis

saqmianobas (romlebic met-naklebi zomiT warmoadgenen dile-

tantebs TavianT ekonomikur saqmianobaSi), aramed profe-

sional ekonomistTa saqmianobasac. amis mizezi imaSi imaleba,

rom amJamad ar arsebobs ekonomikur realobaTa drois

periodebis mixedviT Tvisebrivi Secnobis meTodologia.

3. amgvari meTodologia mogvcems drois yoveli periodis

ekonomikur realobaTa Tvisebebis siRrmiseuli Secnobis

SesaZleblobas da isic Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis

pirobebSi. igi daeyrdnoba periodantul-genetikuri da "poli-

foniuri" wyobis ekonomikur azrovnebas. mas wina planze

gadmoaqvs qveynis masStabiT socialur-ekonomikuri wonas-

worobis dacvis aucilebloba, rogorc WeSmaritad

demokratiuli sazogadoebis realizaciis utyuari piroba.

amas igi moaxerxebs Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis funqcio-

nirebis normalur pirobebSi CayenebiT (normalizaciiT). igi

imazea gamiznuli, rom ekonomikuri funqciebis ganxor-

cielebaSi ar dauSvas ekonomikuri paralogizmebis Separva da

warmoqmnadi xarvezebis “post-faqtumi” “kosmetikuri”

mopirkeTebiT Tavis daxsnis aucilebloba. es SesaZlebelia,

Tu davZlevT azrovnebis pasiurobasa da inteleqtis

sizarmaces ekonomikur realobaTa Tvisebrivi Secnobis

procesSi da amiT mivaRwevT saTanado ekonomikur warmatebebs.

28

4. siRrmiseuli intensiuri ekonomikuri azrovneba, romelic

gamagrebulia uSreti wyurviliT, gatacebiT da SemarTebuli

ganwyobiT, SeiWras ama Tu im ekonomikuri realobis Sida

arsSi an problemis siRrmeSi, da romelsac gaaCnia unari,

Tavidan moiSoros ltolva inteleqtis sizarmacisaken

ekonomikuri paralogizmebis Semoparebis Tavidan asacileb-

lad, SeiZens imis unarsac, rom TiTqmis uxarvezod warmarTos

ekonomika (aq mxedvelobaSia misaRebi Semoparuli negatiuri

qcevebis gavlenis gamoricxvac).

5. demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis ideali moiT-

xovs, rom Tavidan aviSoroT qveynis mosaxleobis interesTa

dapirispirebuli Widili, vinaidan am gziT WeSmariti

demokratiis mSenebloba uxarvezod ver ganxorcieldeba. es

unda ganxorcieldes socialurad jansaRi biznesiT da

damsaxurebuli SromiTi moRvaweobiT, romelic gamoricxavs

amJamad arsebuli fsevdo-demokratiis minarevebs. amis miRweva

SesaZlebelia normalizebuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis

Camoyalibebis niadagze, romelic daeyrdnoba ekonomikuri

interesebis jansaR "polifoniur" SeuRlebas qveynis

ekonomikis saerTo warmatebisaTvis sakuTari miRwevebis

wyalobiT, rom ar aRmovCndeT wyalwaRebulis mdgomareobaSi,

romelic ”xavss eWideboda”. am idealur gzas unda daadges

qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis procesi. ideuri SemarTebis

da praqtikuli alRos aRebis utyuari da socialurad

jansaRi unar-Cvevebis amoqmedeba unda gaxdes welSi

gamarTuli ekonomikis teqnologiis safuZvelTa safuZveli.

6. praqtikam gviCvena, rom adamianTa da maTi jgufebis

gansxvavebul socialur interesTa dapirispirebaze dayrdno-

biT ver ganxorcieldeba WeSmariti demokratiis mSenebloba.

piriqiT, saWiroa maTi interesebis "polifoniuri" SeuRleba

qveynis ekonomikaSi saTanado rolebis SesrulebiT, romlebic

saerTo miznisaken mimaval gzaze ubiZgeben yvelas da

yvelafers, raTa ekonomika Camoyalibdes, rogorc mTliano-

biTi sistema da ara, rogorc ekonomikuri paralogizmebiT

dakvalianebuli jumlobrivi warmonaqmni. maTi saqmianobis

urTierTTavsebadi SeuRleba ki warmoqmnis qveynis norma-

29

lizebul da WeSmaritad demokratiul Sereul sabazro

ekonomikas, rogorc mTlianobiT sistemas. am garemoSi

Camoyalibdeba qveynis normalizebuli Sereuli sabazro

ekonomikis formirebis biznesteqnologia. amave dros, unda

gvesmodes, rom biznesmeni unda iyos biznesmogebis mkeTebeli.

igi ekonomikis formirebis teqnologiaSi unda iyos CarTuli,

rogorc inteleqtis sizarmacisagan Tavisufali, moqnili

moazrovne.

vvvvladimer papavaladimer papavaladimer papavaladimer papava

omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi

ekonomikuri problekonomikuri problekonomikuri problekonomikuri problemebiemebiemebiemebi

1. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos xuTdRiani omis

Semdeg, globaluri finansuri krizisis gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-

qarTvelos winaSe axali ekonomikuri problemebi dadga. kerZod,

esenia – omiT miyenebuli ekonomikuri zaralis likvidacia,

sabanko krizisis Tavidn acileba, inflaciis SedarebiT maRali

donis Semdgomi zrdis prevencia, erovnuli valutis – laris

gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis SenarCuneba. omis Semdgomi

saqarTvelosaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania aSS-isa da evro-

kavSiris mier SemoTavazebuli Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze

gadasvala. am gamowvevebze drouli da swori reagireba imis

sawindaria, rom saqarTvelom warmatebiT daZlios misi eko-

nomikis winaSe arsebuli sirTuleebi.

2. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos xuTdRian oms

saqarTvelos ekonomikam mTlianobaSi gauZlo, Tumca mniSvne-

lovani sirTuleebi Seeqmna. saxezea uSualo ekonomikuri zarali,

rac, uwinares yovlisa, gamoixata saomaro moqmedebebis dros

dasaxlebuli punqtebisa Tu infrastruqturis obieqtebis

ngrevaSi, qveynis ekologiisadmi miyenebul zianSi. 2008 wlis

oqtomberSi msoflio bankis egidiT briuselSi gamarTul

konferenciaze gadawyda omis Semdgomi saqarTvelosaTvis 4,5

mlrd dolaris daxmarebis gamoyofa, saidanac 2 mlrd grantia,

xolo 2,5 mlrd ki krediti. saqarTvelo am daxmarebas 2008-2010

wlebSi miiRebs da misi mniSvnelovani nawili im uSualo

30

ekonomikuri zaralis aRmosafxvrelad wava, rac saqarTvelos

rusuli samxedro agresiis Sedegad miadga.

3. safrTxe Seuqmna saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis

mdgradobas, erovnuli valutis – laris gacvliTi kursis

stabilurobas. kerZod, 2008 wlis 11 agvisto yvelaze mZime dRe

iyo saqarTvelos sabanko sistemisaTvis, roca, rusuli okupaciis

masStabebis zrdis safrTxis gamo, mosaxleobam da kerZo

kompaniebma bankebidan daiwyes kuTvnili depozitebis gatana, ris

gamoc sabanko sistemidan, jamSi, naxevari miliardi aSS dolaris

depozitebi gavida. omis dasrulebis erTi Tvis Tavze

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi ukan dabrunda am gatanili

Tanxebis mxolod 30 procenti, ramac sabanko sistema krizisis

winaSe daayena. sabanko krizisis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,

saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma, rogorc qveynis centralurma

bankma, swori gadawyvetileba miiRo, roca komerciul bankebze

refinansirebis operaciebi ganaaxla, riTac bankebs SedarebiT

iafi sakredito resursis arxi gauxsna. imavdroulad,

erTkviriani sadepozito sertifikati 12 procentidan 10

procentamde Camoiyvana (komerciuli bankebisaTvis naklebad

mimzidveli rom yofiliyo erovnuli bankis fasiani qaRaldebis

yidva), xolo komerciuli bankebis savaldebulo rezervebi 15

procentidan 5 procentamde daiyvana. aseTi qmedebebiT erovnulma

bankma, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos aacila sabnko krizisi, Tumca,

imavdroulad, xeli Seuwyo mimoqcevaSi fulis masis gazrdas,

rac, saboloo jamSi, zrdis inflaciis dones. sxva sityvebiT,

erovnulma bankma arCevani cudsa da uaress Soris cudis

sasargeblod gaakeTa, radganac sabanko krizisi mTeli ekonomikis

damangreveli SeiZleba Seiqmnes, maSin, roca maRali inflaciis

pirobebSi Seqmnili ekonomikuri problemebi SedarebiT ufro

advilad mogvarebadia.

4. rusuli agresiis Sedegad konfliqturi regionebidan

iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa socialur problemebTan

dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos mTavroba iZulebulia, gaswios

damatebiTi xarjebi. uwinares yovlisa, mTavroba am adamianebs

droebiT sacxovrebel saxlebs uSenebs, rac, erTi mxriv, ekonomi-

kas acocxlebs – Cndeba damatebiTi moTxovna samSeneblo

31

masalebze, dasaqmdeba muSaxeli, magram mSeneblobaze gaweuli

xarjebi, saboloo jamSi, moklevadian periodSi mainc inflaciu-

ria, radganac am saxlebs mTavroba yidulobs da ara kerZo

pirebi. mTavroba am adamianebs daurigebs vauCerebs gazis Tu

eleqtroenergiis xarjebis dasafarad, rac aseve inflaciis

zrdas Seuwyobs xels. miuxedavad amisa, mTavrobas sxva arCevani

ar aqvs. ase rom, maRali inflacia gardauvalia.

5. omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebis Semodineba Semcirda, rac, uwinares yovlisa, imiTaa

gamowveuli, rom, globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi,

investorebi cdiloben ufro metad usafrTxo qveynebSi

ganaxorcielon investiciebi vidre es rusuli agresiis qveS

myofi saqarTveloa. globaluri finasuri krizisis pirobebSi

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis

mier Tavis naTesavebTan gadmoricxuli fuladi gzavnilebi. Tuki

imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelos ukiduresad uaryo-

fiTi sagareo savaWro balansi aqvs, sadac importi eqsports

oTxjer aRemateba, gasakviri ar unda iyos laris gacvliTi

kursis stabilurobis SenarCunebas safrTxe rom daemuqra.

6. agvistos omis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma

saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad,

Stand-By-s programiT, 750 mln. aSS dolaris krediti gamouyo,

romlidanac 250 mln. ukve 2008 wlis Semodgomaze Cairicxa

erovnuli bankis rezervebSi. qarTuli laris TandaTanobiTi,

mcocavi gaufasurebis nacvlad saqarTvelos erovnuli banki

cdilobda, am rezervebis xarjviT uzrunveleyo laris TiTqmis

SeumCneveli gaufasureba. kerZod, erT Tvis ganmavlobaSi

erovnuli bankis rezervebidan daixarja 300 mln aSS dolari,

xolo lari dolarTan mimarTebaSi gaufasurda mxolod 2,5

procentiT. saqarTvelosaTvis avbediT 7 noembers bankTaSoris

savaluto birJaze komerciuli bankebis moTxovnam aSS dolarze,

maTi mxridan nulovani miwodebis pirobebSi (rogorc es iyo

bolo erT Tveze meti drois ganmavlobaSi), 31 mln-s gadaaWarba.

erovulma bankma am moTxovnidan mxolod 270 aTasi daakmayofila

da Semdeg sabirJo vaWroba Sewyvita viTomda teqnikuri mizezebis

gamo. aman ki imave dResve Seqmna panika: bankomatebi fulisagan

32

myisve dacarielda, xolo gadamcvlelma jixurebma dolaris

kursi mniSvnelovnad awies, Tanac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uars

ambobdnen dolaris gayidvaze. ase rom, saqarTvelos erovnulma

bankma qveyanas “mwvane paraskevi” mouwyo. saqarTvelos savaluto

bazarze panikuri dabneuloba SabaT-kvirasac gagrZelda, xolo

orSabaTs, 10 noembers, roca bankTaSoris savaluto birJaze

vaWroba ganaxlda, erovnulma bankma gayida 47 mln. dolari da

daafiqsira laris axali gacvliTi kursi, romlis Tanaxmadac,

“mwvane parskevis” dilasTan SedarebiT, lari dolarTan

mimarTebaSi 15 procentiT gaufasurda. mxolod amis Semdeg

gaakeTa erovnuli bankis xelmZRvanelobam gancxadeba imis

Sesaxeb, rom is, rac 7 noembers moxda, TiTqosda winaswar iyo

dagegmili. Sedegad ki Seiqmna iseTi situacia, rom “mwvane

paraskevis” Semdeg mosaxleoba gaurbis lars, komerciuli bankebi

eridebian larSi kreditebis gacemas da, saboloo jamSi,

ekonomikis dolarizacia gaizarda. radganac samomxmareblo

bazris 80 procenti importul saqonels uWiravs, aman xeli

Seuwyo fasebis avardnas. ase rom, inflacia omis Semdgomi

saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT seriozul problemad rCeba.

7. saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebis

stimulirebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs aSS-sa da evro-

kavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvalas. Tuki aSS-Tan

es sakiTxi mxolod ganxilvis sawyis etapzea, evrokavSirTan

Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvla, rogorc es 2008 wlis 1

seqtembers briuselSi gamarTul evrokomisiis sagangebo sxdomaze

gadawyda, dakavSirebulia im pirobebis Sesrulebaze, rasac

evrokavSiri saqarTvelosagan iTxovs evrokavSirTan samezoblo

politikis formatSi. kerZod, esenia iseTi Sromis kodeqsis

miReba, sadac, iseve, rogorc evrokavSirSia, daculi iqneba

daqiravebulTa uflebebi, agreTve antimonopoliuri reguli-

rebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli tipis

kanonmdeblobis miReba. marTalia, saqarTvelos mTavroba zoga-

dad miesalmeba evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis

damyarebas, Tumca evrokavSiris mier dayenebuli pirobebi,

romelTa Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosTan damyardeba

Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimi, saqarTvelos mTavrobam, samwuxarod,

33

ugulebelyo. kerZod, 2008 wlis 9 seqtembers saqarTvelos

mTavrobis saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisadmi gazavnil

ganzraxulobaTa werili da 2008-2009 wlebSi saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri da finansuri politikis memorandumi cxadyofs, rom

saqarTvelos mTavroba uaxloes periodSi ar apirebs arc Sromis

kodeqsis Secvlas da arc antimonopoliuri Tu momxmarebelTa

uflebebis evropuli tipis kanonmdeblobis miRebas. sxva

sityvebiT, saqarTvelos mTavroba sulac ar Cqarobs evro-

kavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvlas.

8. saerTaSoriso daxmarebis miRebiT saqarTvelos

ekonomikisadmi miyenebuli zaralis aRmofxvris procesSi didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba Sesabamisi xarjebis gawevis monitorings,

xarjvis procesi maqsimalurad gamWvirvale rom iyos.

9. omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi laris devalvaciis pro-

cesi gardauvalia, magram makroekonomikuri stabilurobis

SesanarCuneblad aucilebelia, devalvacia ganxorcieldes Tanda-

TanobiT, rom savaluto bazarze gamoiricxos panika, rogorc es

“mwvane paraskevs” moxda. 2008-2010 wlebSi saqarTvelosaTvis 4,5

mlrd. dolaris daxmareba imis obieqtur safuZvels qmnis, rom

laris SesaZlo naxtomiseburi vardna gamoiricxos, Tumca, Tu

“mwvane paraskevis” momwyobTa mimarT Tundac politikuri

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ra dadga, ar aris gamoricxuli misi

gameoreba. larisadmi ndobis aRdgenisaTvis ki didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba devalvaciis procesis mxolod da mxolod TandaTanobiT

reJimSi warmarTvas.

10. evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis damyareba

saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa da es ar unda

iyos mTavrobis mxridan politikuri spekulaciis sagani, roca is

qmnis imis iluzias, rom iswrafvis evrokavSirisaken, Tumca es

swrafva mxolod artikulaciis doneze aqvs dafiqsirebuli,

xolo realuri qmedebebiT ki sulac ar apirebs evrokavSiris

pirobebis Sesrulebas. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

eniWeba evrokavSirsa da breton vudsis institutebs Soris

TanamSromlobas, maT programebs Soris ufro met SeTanxme-

bulobas, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobas aiZulebs, ufro metad

Tanamimdevruli iyos Tavis qmedebebSi.

34

Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia ekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobani saqarTveSesaZleblobani saqarTveSesaZleblobani saqarTveSesaZleblobani saqarTveloSiloSiloSiloSi

Tanamedrove etapze saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari priori-

tetuli amocanebis ricxvSi umTavresia ucxouri kapitalis mo-

zidva da am TvalsazrisiT Sesabamisi instituciuri garemos

Seqmna.

msoflio bankis 2008 wlis monacemebiT, ekonomikuri zrdis

maCvenebelebiT saqarTvelom msoflios qveynebs Soris 118-dan me-

18 adgilze gadmoinacvla. amave organizaciis eqspertebis Sefa-

sebiT msoflios arc erT qveyenas 2005-2008 wlebSi reformebi ar

Cautarebia ise Tanmimdevrulad, rogorc es SeZlo saqarTvelom.

msoflio bankis da EBRD-is gamokvlevaSi _ `biznesis garemo

da warmoeba~ _ asaxulia, rom saqarTveloSi 2004-2008 wlebSi

korufciis yvelaze masStaburi Semcireba moxda, gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebs Soris.

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsiT saqarTvelo 161 qveynis

maCveneblebSi aRmoCnda 21-e adgilze, evropis 41 qveynidan _ me-20

adgilze.

biznesis, savaWro, fiskaluri, mTavrobisagan damoukideb-

lobis, monetaruli, sainvesticio, finansuri, Sromis Tavisuf-

lebis indeqsebi meryeobs 60-dan 99 procentamde.

Cvens qveyanaSi biznesis esoden swrafi tempiT ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi mizezebi aris Semdegi: masSi Catarebuli reformebi

sistemur xasiaTs atarebs, ris gamoc, is am dargSi lideris

adgils imkvidrebs, strategiuli geografiuli mdebareoba mas am

metad mniSvnelovani resursis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs;

stabilizacia ganicada makroekonomikurma garemom; Seiqna

xelsayreli savaWro reJimi; Catarda efeqturi sagadasaxado

reforma; Camoyalibda korufciisagan Tavisufali garemo da

biznesSi amoqmedda kanonierebis meqanizmi.

konvergenciis Teoriidan gamomdinare ekonomikuri refor-

mebi da maTi Sedegebi droSi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, radganac

reformebis Sedegebi grZelvadian perspeqtivazea orientirebuli.

35

amis gamo, kvlavindeburad aradamakmayofilebeli mdgomareobaa

qveyanaSi xalxis cxovrebis donis amaRlebis, umuSevrobisa da

inflaciis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT.

xelisuflebis gaazrebuli, Tanmimdevruli ekonomikuri

politika, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegebis likvidaciis mizniT

donori qveynebis mier gamoyofili finansuri daxmarebis efeq-

turi gamoyeneba, SeiZleba saqarTvelos Semdgomi ganviTarebisa

da winsvlis sawindari gaxdes.

lllleo Ciqavaeo Ciqavaeo Ciqavaeo Ciqava

demologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistema

1. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb

mecniereba "demografiad" iwodeba, rac gamarTlebuli iyo manam,

sanam igi mniSvnelovanwilad aRwerilobiT xasiaTs atarebda da

empiriul mecnierebad iTvleboda, magram dReisaTvis, roca

fundamentur mecnierebad warmogvidgeba da Camoyalibda

demografiul mecnierebaTa (demografiis zogadi Teoria, demo-

grafiul mecnierebaTa istoria, istoriuli demografia, demo-

grafiuli statistika, maTematikuri demografia, demografiuli

prognozireba, demografiuli modelireba, regionuli demogra-

fia, gamoyenebiTi demografia, genetikuri demografia, sociolo-

giuri demografia, eTnikuri demografia, samedicino demografia,

samxedro demografia da a.S.) sistemad, Cemi azriT, upriania

iwodebodes "demologiad", anu mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanon-

zomierebaTa Sesaxeb moZRvrebad. amiT mecnierebis es specifikuri

dargi Tavisi realuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis adekvatur

saxelwodebas miiRebs.

2. mecnierebis yvela dargi Tavisi Seswavlis sagnis

amsaxvel kategoriebsa da kanonebs moicavs. am mxriv arc demo-

logiaa gamonaklisi.

demologiur movlenebsa da procesebs Soris mizezSede-

gobriv aucilebel, myar, mudmivganmeorebad, arsebiT kavSirsa da

urTierTganpirobebulobas demologiuri kanoni ewodeba.

3. demologiuri kanonebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: moqmedebis

obieqturi xasiaTi; subieqtTa neba-survilis mixedviT SemoReba-

36

gauqmebisa da gardaqmnis SeuZlebloba; moqmedebis realizaciaSi

adamianiseuli faqtoris monawileobis aucilebloba; pirdapiri

kavSiris uqonloba sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciebTan da

sxva.

bunebis ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri kanonebis analo-

giurad, ara marto SesaZlebeli, aramed aucilebelicaa demo-

logiuri kanonebis aRmoCena, Secnoba da, mosaxleobis aRwar-

moebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadasaWrelad, gonivruli

gamoyeneba.

4. demologiuri kanonebi moqmedebs ara izolirebulad,

erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, aramed urTierTorganul

kavSirSi, rac am process sistemur xasiaTs aniWebs.

5. demologiuri kanonebi SeiZleba davyoT saerTo (zogad),

specifikur da kerZo kanonebad. aseT klasifikacias safuZvlad

udevs demologiur kanonTa moqmedebis xangrZlivoba da masStabi

(moqmedebis kanonzomierebaTa gancalkevebuloba).

6. saerTo demologiuri kanonebi moqmedebs kacobriobis

arsebobis mTel manZilze, Tumca gzadagza garkveul transfor-

macias ganicdis. aseTebia: TaobaTa ganaxlebis, anu mosaxleobis

aRwarmoebis kanoni; demologiuri gadasvlis, anu mosaxleobis

aRwarmoebis tipebis Tanmimdevruli cvlis kanoni; mosaxleobis

ricxovnobis ganuxreli matebis kanoni; sicocxlis saSualo

xangrZlivobis zrdis kanoni; sqesTa raodenobrivi Tanafardobis

kanoni da sxva.

7. specifikuri demologiuri kanonebi moqmedeben sazo-

gadoebis ganviTarebis calkeul etapebze. aseTi kanonebia:

Sobadobis klebis kanoni; ojaxebSi bavSvTa ricxovnobis Tanda-

TanobiT gamoTanabrebis kanoni; demologiuri daberebis kanoni

da sxva.

8. kerZo demologiuri kanonebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

gancalkevebul demologiur kanonzomierebaTa asaxva. maT Semad-

genlomaSi SeiZleba movaqcioT: mosaxleobis gafarToebuli aR-

warmoebis kanoni; mosaxleobis martivi aRwarmoebis kanoni; mosax-

leobis Sekvecili aRwarmoebis kanoni; demografiuli kompen-

saciis kanoni da sxva.

37

9. TaobaTa mudmivi ganaxlebis, anu, rac arsebiTad igivea,

mosaxleobis uwyveti aRwarmoebis demologiuri kanonis mTavar

niSnebsa da moTxovnebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: jer erTi, is, rom

moqmedebs kacobriobis dasabamidan da imoqmedebs manam, sanam

kacobrioba iarsebebs; meore, gamoirCeva abstraqtulobiT,

ramdenadac gamoxatavs mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ara romelime

calkeul kanonzomierebas, mis konkretul mxares (gafarToebul,

martiv an Sekvecil aRwarmoebas), aramed zogad kanonzomierebas _

TaobaTa ganaxlebis process saerTod; da mesame, rac

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, asaxavs demologiis centraluri

problemis _ mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis TiTqmis yvela mTavar

mxaresa da mTavar process, mis arss. amitom, Tavisi am

gamorCeulobis gamo, SeiZleba mas ZiriTadi demologiuri kanoni

vuwodoT.

10. demologiuri kanonebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvne-

lovani Taviseburebaa is, rom isini asaxaven mTeli msoflios da

ara calkeuli regionebis, kontinentebisa Tu qveynebis mosaxle-

obis ganviTarebis tendenciebsa da kanonzomierebebs.

nodar xadurinodar xadurinodar xadurinodar xaduri

saqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTis

“liberaluri” imperia“liberaluri” imperia“liberaluri” imperia“liberaluri” imperia

omi, romelsac yvela velodiT, magram mainc yvelas

gvjeroda, rom ar daiwyeboda, 2008 wlis agvistos 5 dRis

ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda, magram sakmarisi aRmoCnda, saqarTve-

los ekonomikaSi (da ara mxolod saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi)

mimdinare procesebis katalizatori rom yofiliyo. cxadia, Cven

ar vapirebT konkretulad ganvixiloT yvela is problema,

romelic omma gamoaCina, Tumca sakiTxTa wre, romelTa gadaWris

gzebis Zieba imis Semdeg ufro garTulda, gacilebiT farToa,

vidre Cven warmogvidgenia.

sabanko sfero, mSenebloba, transporti, turizmi, tran-

zituli gadazidvebi, soflis meurneoba, infrastruqtura – omis

pirdapiri msxverpli aRmoCnda. samwuxarod, yvela is uaryofiTi

Sedegi, romlis motanac oms SeeZlo, jer ar damdgara, magram man

38

bevri iseTi problemac gamoaCina, romelic xelisuflebis

zogierT SemTxvevaSi ugunurma, xSirad ki danaSaulebrivma

qmedebam gamoiwvia.

saubari, upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

usafrTxoebis doqtrinis ararsebobas da ruseTis mxridan omis

realuri safrTxis pirobebSi strategiuli aqtivebis rusul

saxelmwifo kapitalze privatizebas Seexeba.

omamde 5 wliT adre, 2003 wlis 25 seqtembers sanqt-

peterburgis sainJinro-ekonomikur universitetSi “sapatio

doqtoris” wodebis miniWebis ceremoniaze gamosvlisas, ruseTis

erTiani energosistemis, e.w. “РАО ЕЭС Россий”-s xelmZRvanelma,

anatoli Cubaisma Camoayaliba e.w. liberaluri imperiis

ideologia, romlis mTavari amosavali wertilia post-sabWour

sivrceSi ekonomikuri berketebis gavleniT ruseTis liberaluri

imperiis Seqmna.

es ideologia sakmaod farTod aitaces ara mxolod rusma

politikosebma. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel-

ma ekonomistebma, politikosebma, politologebma droulad mia-

niSnes xelisuflebas, rom ruseTi ar apirebs saqarTvelodan da

sxva postsabWouri qveynebidan gasvlas da rom ekonomikuri

berketebi gamoyenebuli iqneboda politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.

Cubaisi aRiarebda rom win, anu ukan sabWoTa kavSirisaken,

mxolod ekonomikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleboda miRwe-

uliyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTma ekonomikurTan erTad

samxedro Zalis gamoyenebazec ar Tqva uari, misTvis saqarTvelos

mier mniSvnelovani (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT strategiuli)

obieqtebis gadacema am imperiis aRdgenaSi seiozuli daxmareba

iyo.

2006 wlis martSi gazeT The Iordan Times-Si gamoqveynda

cnobili qarTveli ekonomistis lado papavasa da hopkinsis

universitetis (aSS) Sua aziisa da kavkasiis institutis

direqtoris frederik staris statia “ruseTis ekonomikuri

imperializmi”, romelSic, empiriuli masalis analizis safuZ-

velze, gaanalizebuli iyo rusuli liberaluri imperiis

gafarToeba da msoflio gaafrTxila, rom rusuli imperializmi

saxes icvlis, magram ar icvlis Sinaarss.

39

ruseTma, romelic mdidaria energetikuli resursebiT,

araerTxel daadastura, rom ver egueba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas

da orpolusiani samyarodan misi polusis amogdebas. amdenad,

imas, rasac ver axerxebs politikuri gzebiT, miaRwevs sxva, maT

Soris ekonomikuri da samxedro instrumentebiT.

pirveli nabiji, saqarTvelos rusul imperiaSi SesaTrevad

gadaidga ara saqarTveloSi, aramed somxeTSi, maSin, rodesac

rusulma saxelmwifom valebis sanacvlod xelSi Caigdo som-

xeTis ekonomikuri infrastruqtura. ruseTma somxeTis rkinigzac

daiqvemdebara da mas Sorsmimavali saxeli “samxreTis rkinigza”

uwoda. gasagebia, rom somxeTi ar aris ruseTis sarkinigzo

mezobeli, mas minimum saqarTvelos rkinigzis xelSi Cagdeba

sWirdeboda, rom somxeTis rkinigza marTlac samxreTisa

gamxdariyo.

am mosazrebis gagrZelebaa ruseTis gadawyvetileba,

vladikavkazi daakavSiros cxinvals sarkinigzo magistraliT. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom cxinvali gorTan rkinigziT aris

dakavSirebuli, miviRebT, rom ruseTi qmnis “samxreTis rkinigzis”

Semoklebul versias, da somxeTisas ufro mokle gziT.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam arc imas miaqcia yuradReba,

rom ruseTma amerikelebisagan SeiZina Tbilisis energosadistri-

bucio qseli – Telasi da, realurad, swored “РАО ЕЭС Россия”

gaxda energodistribuciis monopolisti, da energogeneraciaSi

sabazro Zalauflebis mqone.

erTi mxriv ruseTis mier saqarTvelosa da somxeTis, da,

nawilobriv, azerbaijanis ekonomikis dauflebis process meore

mxriv qarTuli biznesaqtivobis Semcireba ruseTSi, da ruseTis

mxridan saqarTvelos ekonomikuri embargos gamocxadeba mohyva.

gaurkveveli da absoluturad TiTidan gamowovili mizezebiT

moxda saqarTvelodan Rvinis, mineraluri wylebis, soflis

meurneobis produqciis Setanis akrZalva. Tu 10-12 wlis win

ruseTi saqarTvelos nomer pirveli partniori iyo sagareo

vaWrobaSi, dRes saqarTvelodan ruseTSi ganxorcielebuli eqs-

porti saqarTvelos mTeli eqsportis mxolod 1,8%-ia, rac

nominalur gamosaxulebaSi 2-jer naklebia 1995 wlis Sesabamis

40

periodTan, maSin, rodesac, imave periodTan SedarebiT,

saqarTvelos eqsporti aSS dolarebSi 10-jer gaizarda.

am monacemebis analizi imis safuZvels iZleoda, rom

qveyanaSedarebiT frTxilad mopyroboda saxelmwifo qonebis im

nawilis gansaxelmwifoebriobas, romlis gamoyenebac saqarTve-

los winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda.

Tumca, rogorc ruseTis poltbizneselitis, aseve saqar-

Tvelos politelitis mier gadadgmuli nabijebi mowmobs, rom an

aravin seriozulad ar aRiqvamda rusuli liberaluri imperia-

lizmis safrTxes, an uaresi, xels uwyobda am imperiis gafar-

Toebas.

amas unda davumatoT ruseTis ukve premier-ministris,

vladimer putinis gancxadeba, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo yvela

formiT daicavs ara mxolod mis moqalaqeebs msoflios nebismier

wertilSi (risi sababiTac cxinvalis regionSi samxedro Zala

gamoiyena), aramed daicavda ruseTis moqalaqeTa sakuTrebasac.

amiT man seriozuli gancxadeba gaakeTa da preveciulad

gaafrTxila saqarTvelo da msgavs situaciaSi myofi qveynebi, rom

rusul kapitals problemebi ar Seuqmnan.

samwuxarod, dRes saqarTvelos ekonomika rusuli saxel-

mwifo kapitalis seriozul zegavlenas ganicdis. gzebi am

zegavlenisagan Tavis dasaRwevad ar Cans. es ki ekonomikuri

politikis ganxorcielebis berketebs mkveTrad amcirebs. umar-

tivesad, erT-erT rusul banks SeuZlia saqarTvelos ekonomikaze

seriozuli zegavlenis moxdena da erovnuli banki ver SeZlebs

am riskis ganeitralebas.

amdenad, omma, ruseTis mier gacxadebulma survilebma,

minimum sabWoTa kavSiris yofil teritoriaze liberaluri impe-

ria Seqmnas, ekonomikuri politikis formirebis procesi ufro

metad pragmatuli unda gaxados.

ekonomekonomekonomekonomikuri Teoriis seqciaikuri Teoriis seqciaikuri Teoriis seqciaikuri Teoriis seqcia

41

alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvili

xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da

institucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmi

WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos

Seqmnisa da efeqtiani funqcionirebis da, Sesabamisad, xalxis

interesebis realizaciisaTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs

sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi kanonis uzenaesobis problemaze

Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi tradiciuli da damkvid-

rebuli Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs, romelic Tanamedrove

mecnierebasa da politikaSi faqtobrivad gadawyvetilad iTvleba,

romlis samarTlianoba TiTqosda eWvs ar badebs (?!).

sinamdvileSi ki, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, rogorc mecnierul

kvlevaSi, ise sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi, Cem mier

SemuSavebuli xalxis interesebis uzenaesobis Teoriidan gamom-

dinare, aucilebelia vxelmZRvanelobdeT ara kanonis uzenae-

sobiT, ara saSualebaTa, aramed miznis uzenaesobiT _ socialuri

miznis, adamianis interesebis uzenaesobiT, rac principulad

axal mecnierul mimarTulebas warmoadgens filosofiur,

iuridiul, politikur da ekonomikur mecnierebebSi, romelic

gamomdinareobs miznis filosofiidan da socialuri miznis

filosofiidan (da ara filosofiidan, romelsac Cven saSuale-

baTa filosofias vuwodebT), agreTve, socialur-ekonomikuri

kanonebis Teoriidan, socialur-ekonomikuri marTvis Teoriidan

da a. S.

amrigad, kanonis uzenaesoba, rogorc cnobilia, sayovel-

Taodaa aRiarebuli Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi.

magram kanonis uzenaesoba, arcTu iSviaTad, seriozul

dabrkolebebs qmnis xalxis interesebis realizaciisas adamianis

uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis da interesebis dacvaSi, xolo

zogjer xalxis ekonomikur genocids da damonebas iwvevs.

Tumca zemoaRniSnuli sulac ar niSnavs sazogadoebisa da

saxelmwifos marTvaSi kanonebisa da sxva samarTlebrivi aqtebis

gamoyenebis aucileblobis uaryofas.

zemoaRniSnuli ar niSnavs agreTve ukanonobis winaaRmdeg

umkacresi brZolis aucileblobis uaryofas.

42

maSasadame, msjeloba aq mxolod imaze midis, Tu vis an ras

unda ekuTvnodes uzenaesoba sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi,

rasac principuli mecnierul-Teoriuli, politikuri da praq-

tikuli mniSvneloba aqvs da rac uSualod aris dakavSirebuli

yoveli adamianis uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis da socialur-

ekonomikuri interesebis dacvis problemasTan.

kanonis uzenaesobis problema, kanonSemoqmedebisa da

kanonebis gamoyenebis problema sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi

gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTs Rebulobs bazris, fulis, mogebis,

kapitalis batonobis pirobebSi, rodesac yidva-gayidvas eqvemdeba-

reba yvela da yvelaferi.

amitom, xalxis interesebis uzenaesobis Teoria, Cemi azriT,

umniSvnelovanesi politikur-samarTlebrivi da socialur-ekono-

mikuri Teoriaa, romelic sabazro urTierTobebis srulyofis

umniSvnelovanes samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens da

romelic gansazRvravs adamianis adgils WeSmaritad adamianur

sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi.

adamianis interesebis dacvis, agreTve, sabazro urTierTo-

bebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos efeqtiani

funqcionirebis erT-erT ZiriTad mecnierul mimarTulebas da

aucilebel inteleqtualur safuZvels warmoadgens aseve Cem mier

SemuSavebuli Tanamdebobis pirTa uflebebisa da pasuxismgeb-

lobis balansirebis Teoria.

Tanamdebobis pirTa uflebebTan dabalansebuli iuridiuli

pasuxismgeblobis politikur-samarTlebrivi da socialur-ekono-

mikuri safuZvlebis, agreTve, samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis Seqmna

socialuri samarTlianobis damkvidrebisa da sazogadoebisa da

saxelmwifos efeqtiani funqcionirebis aucilebeli pirobaa.

adamianis pirovnuli potencialis realizacia, mimarTuli

TviT adamianisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis socialur-ekono-

mikuri interesebis realizaciaze, obieqturi aucileblobiT

moiTxovs misi praqtikuli ganxorcielebis Sesabamisi Teoriul-

samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Seqmnas.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, principuli mniSvneloba aqvs, upir-

veles yovlisa, saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis filosofiur-samar-

Tlebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri safuZvlebis gaxsnas.

43

maSasadame, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, upirveles yovlisa,

vgulisxmob ara sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos marTvis orga-

nizaciis formas, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Sinagan

miznobriv mimarTulebas _ mizans, romelsac is emsaxureba.

Tu saxelmwifo, miuxedavad misi marTvis organizaciis

formisa, emsaxureba yoveli adamianis interesebis realizacias

da, maSasadame, Tu igi qmnis adamianis pirovnuli potencialis

gaxsnisa da realizaciis politikur, samarTlebriv, organi-

zaciul da socialur-ekonomikur safuZvlebs da meqanizmebs,

maSin aseTi saxelmwifo WeSmaritad adamianuri saxelmwifoa.

kerZod, WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebis Teoriisa da

WeSmaritad adamianuri saxelmwifos Teoriis Sesabamisad: WeSma-

ritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobisa

da funqcionirebis saqmeSi yvela gza, forma da meTodi

gamarTlebulia, Tu isini emsaxurebian socialur mizans _

adamianis interesebs (sazogadoebis yvela wevris socialur-

ekonomikur interesebs) da Tu, amave dros, isini gamoricxaven

antisocialur, antihumanur, antizneobriv movlenebs.

amasTan erTad, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom socialuri

miznis realizacia avtomaturad _ TavisTavad _ ar xdeba. is

cxovrebaSi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod Sesabamisi samar-

Tlebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri safuZvlebisa da meqanizmebis

Seqmnis meSveobiT, rac xels Seuwyobs socialuri miznis

realizacias; aseve is SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sazogadoebisa da

saxelmwifos marTvis Sesabamisi organizaciis meSveobiT.

amrigad, xalxis interesebis realizacia urTules prob-

lemas warmoadgens, romlis praqtikuli gadaWra kompleqsur

midgomas saWiroebs. es moiTxovs institucionalur uzrunvel-

yofas, risTvisac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieniWos

saxelmwifos, kanonmdeblobis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis da

a. S. rols socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebaSi.

44

alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilkurataSvilkurataSvilkurataSviliiii

ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad adamianuri ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad adamianuri ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad adamianuri ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad adamianuri

sazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzaze

msoflio ganviTareba obieqturad midis WeSmaritad

adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gziT.

amasTan, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, arsebobs WeSmaritad adamianuri

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis sami gza, da,

Sesabamisad, _ xalxis interesebis uzenaesobis praqtikuli

realizaciisa da damkvidrebis sami gza, romlebsac unda Seesaba-

mebodes ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofis ZiriTadi mimar-

Tulebebi.

WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis pirveli da, amasTanave, yvelaze ufro mokle gza _

es aris administraciuli socializmis (rogorc Cven mas

vuwodebT, romelSic igulisxmeba stalinuri tipis socializmi)

evoluciuri, Tavisi formiT, magram revoluciuri Tavisi

SinaarsiT, ganviTarebis gza.

administraciuli socializmis swori gziT _ WeSmaritad

adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gziT _

ganviTarebis TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTi, romelsac, arcTu

iSviaTad SecdomiT Tvlian postkomunistur kapitalistur

saxelmwifod. Tumca mimaCnia, rom CineTSi, araviTari kapitalizmi

da sociokapitalizmic ki ar aris.

CineTis aseTi Sefasebis mcdaroba zogierTi mecnierisa da

politikosis mxridan imiT aris gamowveuli, rom am SefasebaTa

avtorebi, Tavis Tavs antimarqsistebad Tvlian, faqtobrivad ki,

cnobierad an qvecnobierad, marqsizmis tyveobaSi imyofebian, ris

Sedegadac saxelmwifoSi kerZo sakuTrebisa da sabazro urTi-

erTobebis arsebobas kapitalizmTan aigiveben.

kerZod CineTSi, kerZo sakuTrebis da sabazro urTier-

Tobebis arseboba am mecnierTa da politikosTaTvis am saxelmwi-

fos kapitalisturobis kriteriums warmoadgens (?!).

sinamdvileSi ki, sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi sistemebi

miznis filosofiis da socialur-ekonomikuri kanonebis Teoriis

Sesabamisad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ara maTSi sakuTrebis

45

ama Tu im formis arsebobiT an ararsebobiT, ara sabazro

urTierTobebis arseboba- ararsebobiT da a. S., anu sazo-

gadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi sistemebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvav-

deba ara saSualebebiT, aramed am sistemebis Sinagani miznobrivi

mimarTulebiT _ mizniT, romelsac isini emsaxureba.

maSasadame, kapitalisturobis kriteriums warmoadgens ara

kerZo sakuTrebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis arseboba, aramed

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos funqcionirebis ekonomikuri

miznobrivi mimarTuleba _ fulis, bazris, kapitalis batonoba

sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi, iseve, rogorc WeSmaritad

adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mSeneblobisa da

funqcionirebis kriteriums warmoadgens ara kerZo sakuTrebisa

da sabazro urTierTobebis ararseboba, aramed am sazogadoebisa

da saxelmwifos funqcionirebis socialuri miznobrivi mimar-

Tuleba _ xalxis interesebis uzenaesoba da misi praqtikuli

realizacia.

WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis meore da, amasTanave, bevrad ufro grZeli, magram

bunebrivi, evoluciuri gza _ es aris gza klasikuri

kapitalizmidan sociokapitalizmisaken da iqidan WeSmaritad

adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaken, radganac socio-

kapitalizmi warmoadgens Sualedur rgols kapitalizmidan _

WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisaken mimaval gzaze, e. i.

sociokapitalizmi _ es jer kidev kapitalizmia, magram, amasTan

erTad, es ukve Tvisebrivad axali kapitalizmia, romelic wavida

kapitalizmidan WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gziT.

swored am gziT midian mTeli msoflios Tanamedrove

ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi, romlebic amJamad Tavis

ganviTarebaSi sociokapitalizmis stadiaze imyofebian.

rac Seexeba mesame gzas, es moZraobis maxinji gzaa

WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisaken, radgan es ar aris

administraciuli socializmis moZraobis gza win _ uSualod

WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaken.

46

mesame gza _ es agreTve ar aris klasikuri kapitalizmis

moZraobis gza win sociokapitalizmisaken da iqidan WeSmaritad

adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaken.

sxva normaluri gza ki WeSmaritad adamianuri sazoga-

doebisa da saxelmwifosaken ar arsebobs.

amitom, mesame gza _ es aris maxinji, siRrmiseulad mcdari

gza administraciuli socializmis kontrrevoluciuri

moZraobisa ukan _ veluri, mZarcveluri, kriminaluri kapitaliz-

misaken, romelsac Tan sdevs adamianis uflebebis, Tavisuf-

lebebis da interesebis klasikuri kapitalizmisaTvisac ki

gaugonari Selaxva, romelsac Tan sdevs xalxis ekonomikuri da

moralur-fsiqologiuri genocidi da misi damoneba.

magram es aris gza, romelsac misi momxreebi ratomRac

uwodeben `moZraobas win~ (?!).

Tumca zogierTisTvis, kerZod ki maTTvis, vinc isargebla

ekonomikisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sxva sferos

ngrevis procesebiT da gamdidrda xalxis Zarcvis xarjze _ es

namdvilad aris moZraoba win (?!). aseTi pirobebi maTTvis savsebiT

xelsayrelia, radgan, rogorc cnobilia: `mRvrie wyalSi Tevzs

kargad iWeren~.

amasTan, mesame gza _ es ar aris ubralod gza

administraciuli socializmis moZraobisa ukan, mxolod adre

cnobili Cveulebrivi veluri, mZarcveluri, kriminaluri

kapitalizmisaken, aramed es aris moZraoba ukan iseTi

kapitalizmisaken, romelSic gaCnda agreTve xalxis damonebis

sruliad axali formebi da meTodebi, romlebic daibada

aRniSnuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi fsevdosocializmis niadagze.

amasTanave, miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame gza iwyeba

administraciuli socializmis dabrunebiT ukan _ veluri,

mZarcveluri, kriminaluri kapitalizmisaken, rac aranairad ar

SeiZleba CaiTvalos dadebiT movlenad, _ es, saboloo jamSi,

mainc aris gza (magram grZeli SemovliTi gza), romelsac

logikuri aucileblobiT unda mohyves axali revoluciuri

gardaqmnebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, wagviyvans WeSmaritad adamianuri

sazogadoebisaken.

47

maSasadame, mesame gza _ es aris xelovnurad gagrZelebuli

da xalxisaTvis umZimesi gza administraciuli socializmidan

yvelaze progresuli sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi siste-

misaken _ WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-

fosaken, radgan mesame gza iwyeba sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos

moZraobiT ukan, romelsac xalxisaTvis didi materialuri da

moraluri danakargebi sdevs Tan. mxolod am stadiidan, xalxis

mravali wlis umZimesi cxovrebis Semdeg, daiwyeba jer kidev im

kapitalizmis mSenebloba, romlidan gaqceviTac uSvela Tavs

Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma kapitalizmma.

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis garkveuli donidan ki daiwyeba

sociokapitalizmis mSenebloba, romelic Soreul momavalSi

gadaizrdeba WeSmaritad admianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-

fos mSeneblobaSi.

Tumca, saxelmwifo xelisuflebaSi saTanado donis li-

deris, saTanado inteleqtualuri bazis, SemoqmedebiTi azrov-

nebis da saTanado organizatoruli unaris mqone patiosani

adamianebis arsebobis pirobebSi, romlebic Tavisi qveynis

patriotebi da xalxis interesebisaTvis mebrZolni iqnebodnen,

mesame gza WeSmaritad adamianuri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-

fosaken ukve zedmeti iqneboda.

anzor kuranzor kuranzor kuranzor kurataSviliataSviliataSviliataSvili

sabazrosabazrosabazrosabazro ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis institucionalizacia da institucionalizacia da institucionalizacia da institucionalizacia da

samarTlebrivi faqtorisamarTlebrivi faqtorisamarTlebrivi faqtorisamarTlebrivi faqtori

sabazro urTierTobebis institucionalizacia, Cveni azriT,

gulisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa, samarTlebrivi faqtoris

efeqtian gamoyenebas ekonomikuri sistemis progresuli ganvi-

Tarebis saqmeSi, radgan saTanado iuridiuli bazis Seqmnis da

efeqtiani gamoyenebis gareSe socialurad orientirebuli

sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa daZleva da mbrZaneblur-

administraciuli ekonomikidan socialurad orientirebul sabaz-

ro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mTavari miznis _ ekonomikis efeqtiani

48

funqcionirebis safuZvelze xalxis cxovrebis maRali xarisxis

uzrunvelyofis praqtikuli realizacia SeuZlebelia.

amrigad, samarTlebrivi faqtoris mniSvneloba gansakuT-

rebiT izrdeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom, jer erTi,

mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikidan socialurad orien-

tirebul sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pirobebSi, faqtobrivad,

socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa funqcionirebis Tvisebrivad

axali sabazro meqanizmebi iqmneba, rasac win unda uswrebdes

saTanado samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Seqmna; da, meorec, sabazro

ekonomikis socialuri orientacia SesaZlebelia mxolod

samarTlebrivi faqtoris mizandasaxuli da efeqtiani gamoyenebis

meSveobiT, ris gareSec TavisTavad sabazro ekonomikis soci-

aluri orientacia ganuxorcielebadia.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi

meqanizmebis meSveobiT sabazro urTierTobebis mizandasaxuli

gamoyeneba am urTierTobebis socialuri orientaciisa da

sazogadoebis efeqtiani socialur-ekonomikuri funqcionirebis

aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aq is faqti imsaxurebs, rom

sabazro urTierTobebis formirebis mamoZravebeli mizania

maqsimaluri mogebis miReba, rac sabazro ekonomikis mkveTrad

gamoxatul ekonomikur orientaciaze miuTiTebs.

amasTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom momgebiani

ekonomika TavisTavad ar niSnavs mis socialur orientacias, rom

mxolod samarTlebrivi faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis saSuale-

biT aris SesaZlebeli am winaaRmdegobis da, saerTod,

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmde-

gobebis daZleva da am sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis efeqtiani

funqcionireba.

maSasadame, aq msjelobaa ara imaze, rom mxolod momgebiani

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli, saboloo jamSi, misi

socialuri orientacia, rac gulisxmobs, am SemTxvevaSi,

socialuri problemebis gadaWris SesaZleblobas, aramed

msjelobaa imaze, rom sabazro ekonomikis Sinagani ekonomikuri

mimarTuleba, misi Sinagani ekonomikuri mizani ar SeiZleba

winaaRmdegobaSi ar iyos mis socialur orientaciasTan.

49

cxadia, momgebiani ekonomikis gamoyeneba SeiZleba socialu-

ri problemebis gadasaWrelad, magram ekonomikis Sinagani

mimarTuleba ekonomikuri miznis realizaciaze da, Sesabamisad,

mogebis gamocxadeba ekonomikis mamoZravebel miznad, aSkarad

ewinaaRmdegeba sabazro ekonomikis realur socialur orien-

tacias, radgan sabazro urTierTobebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi

ekonomikis socialuri orientaciis praqtikuli realizaciis

aucilebel saSualebas unda warmoadgendes da ara TviTmizans.

amrigad, realurad, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro

ekonomikis mamoZravebel Zalas swored ekonomikis socialuri

orientacia unda warmoadgendes, rac sulac ar amcirebs sabazro

ekonomikis ekonomikuri Sedegebis mniSvnelobas, romlebic, ro-

gorc ukve aRiniSna, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientaciis

realizaciaze unda iyos gamiznuli.

samarTlebrivi faqtoris _ rogorc socialurad orien-

tirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis saSua-

lebis mniSvnelobas, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs am sabazro

ekonomikuri sistemis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis daZlevis saqmeSi.

kerZod, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis

ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis daZleva _ winaaRmdegobisa aRniSnuli

sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis ekonomikur mizansa da mis soci-

alur orientacias Soris _ SesaZlebelia mxolod samarTlebrivi

faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis saSualebiT.

amasTan erTad, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro

ekonomikis sxva winaaRmdegobebis daZleva, anu im winaaRmde-

gobebisa, romlebic gamomdinareobs am sabazro ekonomikuri

sistemis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobidan, SesaZlebelia agreTve

samarTlebrivi faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebiT, radgan samar-

Tlebrivi faqtori warmoadgens socialurad orientirebuli

sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis aucilebel

saSualebas.

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmde-

gobebTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom, erTi

mxriv, sabazro urTierTobebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis aucilebeli

pirobaa maTi Tavisufali funqcionireba, magram, meore mxriv,

sabazro urTierTobebis Tavisufali funqcionireba, faqtobrivad,

50

TiTqmis gamoricxavs sabazro ekonomikis socialur orientacias

da amiT winaaRmdegobaSi modis mis realur socialur

orientaciasTan.

amrigad, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientacia, am

ekonomikuri sistemis Tavisufal funqcionirebasTan erTad,

moiTxovs sabazro urTierTobebis Sesabamis regulirebas, Tumca

gonivruli adgilobrivi iniciativisa da Semoqmedebis SezRudvis

gareSe.

amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sabazro ekonomikis

saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba da misi socialuri orientacia

warmoudgenelia samarTlebrivi faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis

gareSe, kidev erTxel aSkara xdeba samarTlebrivi faqtoris,

rogorc socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis,

winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis aucilebeli saSualebis mniSvneloba.

amrigad, sabazro ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebisa da

erTdroulad misi socialuri orientaciis aucilebel pirobas

warmoadgens Tavisuflad funqcionirebadi sabazro urTierTo-

bebisa da saxelmwifos maregulirebeli rolis optimaluri

Sexameba Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri

meqanizmebis, agreTve, saTanado organizaciuli formebisa da

meTodebis gamoyenebiT, romelTa Soris samarTlebrivi faqtori

warmoadgens sabazro ekonomikis Tavisufal funqcionirebasa da

saxelmwifos maregulirebel rols Soris arsebuli winaaRmde-

gobebis daZlevis aucilebel saSualebas.

rac Seexeba institucionalizmis rols da mniSvnelobas

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis winaaRmdegobaTa

daZlevaSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom am saqmeSi samarTlebrivi da

organizaciuli meqanizmebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia institu-

ciuri midgomis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

amrigad, zemoaRniSnuli adasturebs socialurad orienti-

rebuli sabazro sistemis winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevaSi institu-

ciuri midgomis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas.

anzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSviliiii

socialuradsocialuradsocialuradsocialurad orientirebuliorientirebuliorientirebuliorientirebuli sabazrosabazrosabazrosabazro ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis arsiarsiarsiarsi

51

dadadada misi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSi

sabazro ekonomikisa da misi socialuri orientaciis

problemebis kvleva gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria Tanamedrove

pirobebSi, rodesac mimdinareobs civilizebuli sabazro urTi-

erTobebis Camoyalibebis procesi da am urTierTobebis efeqtiani

gamoyenebis gzebis Zieba.

ekonomika, rogorc cnobilia, faqtobrivad yvelgan sabaz-

ro ekonomikas warmoadgens, radgan realurad ekonomika ar arse-

bobs saqonelwarmoebis gareSe, xolo saqonluri warmoeba warmo-

udgenelia bazris gareSe.

amasTan erTad gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom

terminSi `sabazro ekonomika~ igulisxmeba, erTi mxriv, ekonomika,

romlis mizania maqsimaluri mogebis miReba da, meore mxriv,

ekonomika, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikuri urTi-

erTobebis subieqtTa sruli Tavisuflebis arseboba, sakuTrebis

formaTa pluralizmi, samewarmeo saqmianobis saxeobaTa da orga-

nizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebis mravalferovneba, romlebsac

ganviTarebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia.

sabazro ekonomika _ es aris ekonomika, romlis marTva

ZiriTadad bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis ZalTa gavleniT

xdeba, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis SezRudvis pirobebSi.

maSasadame, terminSi `sabazro ekonomika~, Cveni azriT,

unda igulisxmebodes, erTi mxriv, maqsimalurad SesaZlo moge-

baze gamiznuli ekonomika, misi sabazro organizaciis mraval-

ferovani formebis gamoyenebiT, xolo, meore mxriv, _ ekonomika,

romelSic mTavari roli sabazro meqanizmebs eniWeba.

amrigad, sabazro ekonomika _ es aris mogebis miRebis

maqsimizaciaze gamiznuli ekonomika masSi sabazro meqanizmebis

gadamwyveti maregulirebeli roliT.

amasTan, sabazro ekonomikaSi faqtobrivad igulisxmeba

bazris _ sabazro urTierTobebis _ kapitalizmisaTvis dama-

xasiaTebeli sayovelTao xasiaTi. e. i. terminSi `sabazro ekono-

mika~, Tanamedrove gagebiT, faqtobrivad igulisxmeba kapitalis-

turi sabazro ekonomika, radgan sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia aixsnas

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis Sinaarsi, maSin, rodesac bazari

52

_ sabazro urTierTobebi da, Sesabamisad, sabazro ekonomika

mxolod kapitalizmisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sabazro ekonomikas, im

gagebiT, rac am terminSi Tanamedrove gagebiT realurad igu-

lisxmeba, Cveni azriT, unda ewodebodes upiratesad bazriT

regulirebadi ekonomika.

amasTan erTad yuradRebas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika gansxvavdeba

rogorc mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikisagan, ise Tavi-

sufali bazrisagan _ Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikisagan _ kidev

imiT rom, Tu sabazro ekonomika aris ekonomika, romlis mizania

maqsimaluri mogebis miReba mravalferovani formebisa da

saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rac sabazro ekonomikis arsis

ganmsazRvrel kriteriums warmoadgens, socialurad orienti-

rebuli sabazro ekonomika aris ekonomika, romlis arsi

ganisazRvreba misi, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis, mogebisadmi

swrafvis paralelurad socialuri problemebis gadaWraze

orientaciiT; ufro zustad ki _ socialuri orientaciiT, radgan

realurad ekonomikurad efeqtiani ekonomikis da, amave dros,

socialuri orientaciis mqone ekonomikis pirobebSi socialuri

problemebis arsebobis albaToba Zalian dabalia.

maSasadame, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekono-

mikis arsi iseTi sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebaSia, romli-

saTvisac erTdroulad damaxasiaTebelia mogebis miRebisadmi

swrafva da socialuri orientacia.

kerZod, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sabazro ekonomikis mizania

maqsimalurad maRali mogebis miReba.

rac Seexeba socialurad orientirebul sabazro ekono-

mikas, is agreTve mogebis misaRebad aris mimarTuli, magram,

gansxvavebiT socialurad araorientirebuli sabazro ekonomi-

kisagan, sabazro ekonomikis socialurad orientirebuli modeli,

Tavisi arsis ganmsazRvrel kriteriumad mogebisadmi swrafvasTan

erTad, socialur orientacias da mis praqtikul realizacias

Seicavs.

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis arsis

zemoaRniSnuli gansazRvra, anu misi arsis gansazRvris Cveneuli

53

kriteriumi mecnierul siaxles warmoadgens, radgan samecniero

literaturaSi socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis

sxva aseTi gansazRvra, rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, ar arsebobs,

Tumca, cxadia, sabazro ekonomikis socialuri orientacia

TavisTavad xalxis keTildReobaze orientacias gulisxmobs,

rasac ludvig erxardis socialuri sabazro ekonomikis

problemisadmi miZRvnili cnobili wignis saxelwodebac _

`keTildReoba yvelasaTvis~ _ adasturebs.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom socialurad orienti-

rebuli sabazro ekonomikis arsis gansazRvra, romelic daafiqsi-

rebda am tipis ekonomikis mTavar ganmsazRvrel kriteriums,

samecniero literaturaSi faqtobrivad TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba,

radgan socialurad orientirebul sabazro ekonomikaSi

igulisxmeba Cveulebrivi sabazro ekonomika, romelsac soci-

aluri orientacia aqvs. Tumca socialurad orientirebul

sabazro ekonomikas, misi socialuri orientaciidan gamomdinare,

Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli arsi da aqedan gamomdinare speci-

fikuri niSnebi gaaCnia.

kerZod, Tu sabazro ekonomikis arsis gansazRvrisas

yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvilebulia sabazro urTierTobebis

funqcionirebis formebsa da meTodebze: sakuTrebis formaTa

mravalferovnebasa da maT Tanasworuflebianobaze, ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis subieqtTa srul Tavisuflebaze, bazris maregu-

lirebel rolze da a. S., socialurad orientirebuli sabazro

ekonomikis arsis gansazRvrisas, Cveni azriT, upirveles yovlisa

yuradReba unda gamaxvildes, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, sabaz-

ro ekonomikis ekonomikur mizanze _ mogebaze, da, amave dros, mis

socialur orientaciaze _ xalxis keTildReobaze.

nazira kakulianazira kakulianazira kakulianazira kakulia

nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis SesaZleblobani nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis SesaZleblobani nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis SesaZleblobani nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis SesaZleblobani

postkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSipostkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSipostkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSipostkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSi

makroekonomikuri politikis umTavresi mizani _ stabi-

luri ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis da regulirebis

problema, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa postkomunisturi qveyne-

54

bisaTvis, sadac transformaciis procesi jer kidev ar

dasrulebula da sadac ar arsebobs wina wlebSi dagrovili

erovnuli Semosavlisa da ucxouri investiciebidan miRebuli

Semosavlis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobani. ekonomikuri zrda,

rogorc is mraval samecniero gamokvlevaSia ganxiluli, ar aris

mxolod Sedegi an qveyanaSi arsebuli cxovrebis donis

maCvenebeli. postkomunistur garemoSi ekonomikuri zrda bevrad

ufro rTuli movlenaa da mas gansxvavebuli analizi sWirdeba.

sabazro sistemaSi zrda warmoadgens yvela ekonomikuri

institutebis moqmedebis Sedegs, anu im organizaciebis,

dawesebulebebis moqmedebebis principebs moicavs, romlebic

uzrunvelyofen mis dacvasa da funqcionirebas. ramdenadac

institutebi uzrunvelyofen arsebul mdgomareobas ekonomikur

sistemaSi da SeaqvT masSi cvlileba, amitom isini SeiZleba

ganixilos, rogorc `meqanizmebi~.

vinaidan jerjerobiT ar aris srulyofili da bolomde

ganviTarebuli sabazro instituciebi, SeuZlebelia myari

ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva. aqedan SeiZleba Tavisuflad

davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis gadasvla myar

ekonomikur zrdaze sakmaod rTulia instituciuri reformebis

mniSvnelovani gaRrmavebis gareSe, xolo ekonomikuri zrdis

miRweva ukve TavisTavad niSnavs nekrosawarmoebis transfo-

rmaciis periodis damTavrebas da normaluri konkurentuli

garemos uzrunvelyofas.

savsebiT naTelia, rom saxelmwifo ver gansazRvravs

bazarze ekonomikuri subieqtebis qcevis wesebsa da maTi

funqcionirebis pirobebs. amitom, aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi

saxelmwifom izrunos Tavisi saxelisuflebo funqciebis Sesru-

lebaze, Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtebis, qcevis wesebis SemuSa-

vebiTa da SesrulebiT, biznesis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofiT.

imavdroulad, korufciasTan aqtiuri brZoliT da Crdilovani

ekonomikis daZleviT, saxelmwifom unda SeZlos qveyanaSi konkre-

tuli atmosferos Camoyalibeba, romelic bunebrivad gadaWris

nekrosawarmoebis problemas ekonomikis transformaciis piro-

bebSi.

55

Cveni reformisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, droSi gawelili

intervalebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikur zrdaze. nebismier

SemTxvevaSi, droiTi faqtoris gaTvaliswineba, reformebis tempi

da siCqare aucilebeli instumentia, romelic uzrunvelyofs

myari ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevas, rac, upirvelesad, nekrosa-

warmoebis gamoaSkaravebiTa da maTi Semdgomi restruqturizaciiT

iqneba SesaZlebeli. am etapze nekrosawarmoebis arseboba, maTi

aRmofxvrisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobebi aferxebs maT gamoaSka-

ravebas da xels uSlis ekonomikis zrdis maRali tempebis

miRwevas. konkurentuli garemo TavisTavad STanTqavs nekrosa-

warmoebs, magram imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas konkurentuli garemo,

saxelmwifos keTili neba mimarTuli unda iyos mkveTri

socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gverdiT ekonomikuri zrdi-

saTvis aucilebeli institutebis Seqmnasa da maTi funqcio-

nirebis uzrunvelyofisaken.

mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis aRdgena dRes saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikis ZiriTadi prioritetia,

romlis miRwevis gareSec SeuZlebelia mosaxleobis Semosavlebis

zrda, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis normaluri uzrunvelyofa,

investiciebis zrda jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sistemaSi,

siRaribis problemis daZleva. am amocanis Sesasruleblad

reformebis fokusireba, upirveles yovlisa, unda moxdes

ekonomikuri saqmianobis efeqtiani sabazro meqanizmis Seqmnaze.

Tanamedrove etapze efeqtiani sabazro ekonomikis strategiis

umTavres mimarTulebas warmoadgens sabazro institutebis Seqmna,

romlebic uzrunvelyofen ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorebis

yvelaze efeqtian kombinacias, rac waaxalisebs investiciebis

mozidvas warmoebis sferoSi da sabolood aRmofxvris

orientacias rentaze. saubaria institutebze, romlebic uzrun-

velyofen sakuTrebis uflebebs, daaregulireben urTierTobebs

mewarmeTa Soris da Seqmnian bazarze Sesvlisa da gamosvlis

civilizebul formebs.

vinaidan sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi kerZo sakuTrebis

instituti gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs, misi meqanizmebis

amoqmedeba, ZiriTadad, mainc xdeba efeqtiani da daculi sakon-

traqto urTierTobebis, kapitalis likviduri bazrebis,

56

normaluri konkurenciis damcavi institutebis Seqmnis safuZ-

velze. aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo garkveuli pirobebis Seqmna

axali, kerZo sawarmoebis Camosayalibeblad. saxelmwifos mxridan

pasiurobam transformaciis periodSi gamoiwvia kerZo sakuT-

rebisa da misi Sesabamisi infrastruqturis, sakanonmdeblo da

samarTlebrivi uflebebiT uzrunvelyofis ararseboba. priva-

tizaciis procesi ki maSin aris warmatebuli, Tu arseboben

Sesabamisi institutebi, romlebic daaregulireben kontraqtebis

Sesrulebis dacvas da garantad daudgebian kerZo sakuTrebas.

aseTi institutebis Seqmna da gakontroleba mxolod saxelmwi-

fos prerogativaa.

ekonomikuri transformaciis procesSi moTxovnileba Zlier

saxelmwifoze gamomdinareobs sazogadoebaSi saWiro institu-

ciuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis aucileblobidan, romelTa

Catareba SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos monawileobis gareSe.

privatizaciis procesis warmatebiT uzrunvelyofa Sesabamisi

institutebis Seqmnis safuZvelze sawarmoTa restruqturizaciis

procesis ganxorcielebis erTaderTi saSualebaa. restruqturi-

zaciis gareSe ki SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove, mogebaze orien-

tirebuli sabazro tipis sawarmoTa Camoyalibeba. restruqturi-

zaciis procesis araswori Catareba ki, Cveni azriT, nekrosa-

warmoebis arsebobis safuZveli, misi sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebis

bunebrivi saSualebaa.

Cveni azriT, saqarTveloSi restruqturizaciis procesis

warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia, aqcenti gakeTdes

mZlavr instituciur ganviTarebaze da am mimarTulebiT unda

Seiqmnas da xeli Seewyos im organizaciebis saqmianobas da im

sistemebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, srulyofil da

Tanamedrove biznesgaremos Seqmnian sabazro sistemaSi funqcio-

nirebadi sawarmoebisaTvis.

murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia

ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebiilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi

da Tanamedroveobada Tanamedroveobada Tanamedroveobada Tanamedroveoba

57

msoflio TanamegobrobaSi yvela qveyanas Tavisi ganmasxva-

vebeli niSnebi da Taviseburebebi gaaCnia. am TaviseburebaTa

gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli faqtoria Tanamedrove srulyofili

ganviTarebuli sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis rTul

procesSi.

ekonomikurad da socialurad maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis

msgavsad, saqarTvelos, rogorc ganviTarebad qveyanas, iseTi

niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCnia, romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli

winapirobaa swori ekonomikuri strategiis SemuSavebisaTvis,

vinaidan am Taviseburebebs SeuZlia garkveuli saxis konkretuli

zemoqmedeba moaxdinos qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebaze.

am problemas didi ilia WavWavaZe eris inteleqtualuri

Zalebis kardinalur problemad aRiqvamda. mis Semoqmedebas

yovelTvis wiTel xazad gasdevda misi brZnuli Teza – “warsuli

mkvidri saZirkvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo - momavlisa!”. am

maradiuli sibrZnis gamoZaxilia swored “... daviwyeba istoriisa,

Tavisis warsulisa da yofilis cxovrebis aRmofxvra xsovnisagan

– momaswavebelia suliT da xorciT moSlisa, darRvevisa da

mTlad warwymedisaca... es sami sxvadasxva xani, sxvadasxva Jami

eris cxovrebisa, isea erTmaneTzed gadabmuli, rom erTi umeorod

warmoudgeneli, gaugebari da gamoucnobia... es samTa JamTa

erTmaneTzed damokidebuleba kanonia iseTive Seuryeveli da

garduvali, rogorc yovelive bunebiTi kanoni”... (i.W. Txz., Tb.,

1989, gv. 608-609).

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dRevandel epoqaSi ilias

Sexedulebebi erovnuli ekonomikis strategiis Sesaxeb. didi

ilia gvaswavlis, rom “TviTon cxovreba aRmoSobavs xolme

TavisaTvis wessa, gansazRvravs xolme Tavis rjulsa da kanonsa,

_ mxolod am kanonsa gageba unda, gamofena saqveynod da

SeZlebisamebr gzis gaxsna, rom misi warmoeba ar Seayenos”(i.W.

Txz., t. 3, gv. 66-67).

aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom qarTuli cxovrebis wesma,

maT Soris sameurneo ganviTarebam da qveynis saerTo geopo-

litikurma viTarebam saukuneebis manZilze TviTon “aRmoSoba”

iseTi wesi da kanonebi, romelTac Cvengan gageba da axal

istoriul pirobebSi gamoyeneba unda.

58

ase Tu mivudgebiT dRevandel Cvens socialur-ekonomikur

problemebs, Cveni qveynis winsvla-ganviTarebisaTvis arsebobs

seriozuli rezervebi da SesaZleblobebi. aqedan, Cveni azriT,

SeiZleba gamoiyos sami globaluri problema:

1. saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

zogadi kanonzomierebebi;

2. qveynis xelsayreli geopolitikuri viTareba, rac

msoflio kavSirurTierTobaTa gaaqtiurebaSi

gamoixateba;

3. swori ekonomikuri strategiis SemuSaveba.

msoflio praqtika adasturebs, rom qveynis progresis gziT

wasayvanad sakmarisi araa marto misi mdidari materialuri

resursebi, misi eris xelmZRvanelTa movaleobaa“ kacTa

urTierTSorisi ganwyobileba” ise aawyon, rom qveyanas katastro-

fa Tavidan aacilon. sxvanairad qveynis simdidre wyalSi

gadaiyreba.

iliasTvis aqsioma iyo is, rom erovnuli ekonomikis

ganviTareba erovnuli interesebis dacviT unda warmarTuliyo.

ucxo eTnosis burJuazia amas, bunebrivia, naklebad gaakeTebda da

verc mosTxovdi. samwuxarod, dRes ucxo qveynis eTnosi aqtiurad

eufleba qarTul kapitals es samomavlod sad migviyvans Zneli

warmosadgenia. ilias kargad esmoda erovnuli kapitalisa da

burJuaziis formirebis didi mniSvneloba da misi warmomavlobis

faqtori qveynis samomavlo winsvlis erT-erT mTavar berketad

miaCnda.

jemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvili

gardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi sazogadoebagardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi sazogadoebagardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi sazogadoebagardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi sazogadoeba

Tanamedrove periodSi friad aqtualuria gardamavali

ekonomikis problemebi. am periodSi sul ufro arsebiTi xdeba

Cveni sazogadoebis sicocxlisunarianobis miRwevis gzebis Ziebis

amocana. igi gardauvals xdis im ekonomikuri koncefciebis gamo-

yenebas, romlebic, garkveul periodSi, warmatebiT emsaxu-

rebodnen ama Tu im sazogadoebas.

59

bevri magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba imis sailustraciod, rom

gansazRvruli ekonomikuri ideebi axali ZaliT da formebiT

warmoCndeba xolme sxvadasxva situaciaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,

gardamaval periodSi did mniSvnelobas iZens Zveli da axali

ideebis saTanado codna. igi saSualebas iZleva sxvadasxva

dasaSvebi variantidan SeirCes esa Tu is modeli, romlis

saTanado realizaciiT moxdeba sakacobrio progresis ganviTa-

rebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba.

gardamavali periodis seriozuli siZneleebis dasaZlev

realur gzad warmoCindeba, Sereuli tipis mravalwyobiani

ekonomikis safuZvelze pluralisturi sazogadoebis Camoya-

libeba da Semdeg misi svla civilizebuli bazrisaken.

pluralizmi [pluralizmi _ (laT. –Pluralis) mravlobiTi]

is Tvalsazrisia, romlis mixedviT saxelmwifo gardaiqmneba

organizebuli jgufebis gaerTianebebis (mewarmeTa kavSirebi,

profkavSirebi, saeklesio organizaciebi, politikuri partiebi da

sxv.) koleqtiuri Zalauflebis gamoxatulebad, sayovelTao

socialur demokratiad.

Cven ar veTanxmebiT zogierTi Tanamedrove politikosisa da

ekonomistis qadagebas ’’wminda kapitalizmis’’ Sesaxeb da migvaCnia,

rom nebismieri gardamavali periodi gverds ver auvlis

mravalwyobianobas, Sereul ekonomikas. Cveni poziciis gasaZlie-

reblad moviSveliebT cnobili amerikeli ekonomistebis p.

samuelsonis da u. nordhausis miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom

amerikis Seertebuli Statebic ki Sereuli ekonomikiT viTardeba.

igi warmoadgens Sereul ekonomikas, sadac kerZo da sazo-

gadoebrivi institutebi axorcieleben kontrols: kerZo sistema –

uxilavi warmarTveli sabazro meqanizmis saSualebiT, sazoga-

doebrivi institutebi - administraciuli regulirebiT da

sagadasaxado stimulebiT [samuelsoni p., nordhausi u. ekonomiksi,

Tb., 1992, gv. 19.].

nobelis premiis laureatma v. leontievma arasworad miiCnia

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa (dsT) teritoriaze amerikuli tipis

Tavisufalfunqcionirebadi kapitalisturi ekonomikis danergva.

’’eWvs gareSea - aRniSna man - rom, rac ar unda moindomon, amis

gakeTeba SeuZlebelia. gardaqmnis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, misi

60

idealuri Sedegi Soreuli perspeqtivisaTvis, SeiZleba misaRebi

gaxdes evropuli tipis Sereuli ekonomika, romelSic sabazro

meqanizmi, marTalia, emyareba konkurencias, magram, amave dros,

angariSs uwevs mkacr kontrols saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis

socialuri momsaxurebis yovelgvari sistemis mxriv, rasac

xmardeba mTeli erovnuli Semosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili’’

[samuelsoni p., nordhausi u. ekonomiksi, Tb., 1992, gv. 19.].

iaponiis dadebiTi gamocdilebis magaliTze v. leontievi

aRniSnavs, rom centralizebuli mkacri dagegmvis nacvlad

SeiZleba daveyrdnoT indikatorul, maorientirebel samrewvelo

dagegmvas. es ukanaskneli uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo xomaldis

svlas SemuSavebuli kursiT ise, rom individebis pirad

dainteresebas qaris roliRa darCa Sesasrulebeli [leontievi v.

bazrisaken saxelmwifo kontrolis gziT. J. “ekonomisti”, #10,

1990, gv. 41.].

komunisturi reJimis dros CvenSi kerZo iniciativa ugule-

belyofili iyo. Semdeg mas farTo gasaqani mieca, magram man

iseTi gaqaneba miiRo, lamisaa mTeli sazogadoeba walekos.

amitom, aseTi mdgomareobidan gamosavals vxedavT Sereuli eko-

nomikis im modelSi, romelic gulisxmobs kerZosa da sazogado-

ebrivis SeTanawyobas, konkurenciisa da proporciulobis

Sexamebas.

miznis misaRwevad SeiZleba sazRvargareTuli gamocdileba

gamoviyenoT.

ekonomikur azrSi arsebobs pluralisturi sazogadoebis

sxvadasxva modeli.

pluralistuli sazogadoebis koncefcia 1965 wels

wamoayenes amerikelma ekonomistebma: e. ginzbergma, d. saistendma

da b. rubensma. isini realistur modelad Tvlian ara Sereuli

ekonomikisaTvis Cveul orseqtorovan models _ kerZo sawar-

moebis SerwymiT saxelmwifoebriv institutebTan, aramed

samseqtorovan models romelic, saxelmwifo da kerZo sawar-

moebis garda, kidev iseTi saxis organizaciebs moicavs,

rogorebicaa saavadmyofoebi, universitetebi, saqvelmoqmedo

fondebi da sxva iseT institutebs, romlebsac mogebis mocema ar

61

SeuZliaT [j.xaritonaSvili, ideaTa sesxebis sakiTxi plura-

lizmis TeoriaSi, J. ’’ekonomisti’’, №3, 1990, gv. 35-37].

germaneli neoliberalebis l. erhardis, e. fogelinis, g.

brifsis, a. moleris da sxvaTa formirebuli sazogadoebis

koncefciaSi ganxilulia pluralistuli sazogadoebis sainte-

reso modeli.

formirebuli sazogadoebis Teoretikosebis mtkicebiT,

germaniaSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebam sami faza ganvlo, esenia: 1.

XIX saukunis klasobrivi sazogadoeba; 2. pluralisturi

sazogadoeba; 3. formirebuli sazogadoeba. maTi azriT, pirvel

fazaSi jer kidev arsebobs mowinaaRmdege klasebi da klasobrivi

brZola. meore - pluralisturi sazogadoebis fazaSi, romelic

germaniaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg dadga, klasebs Soris

brZola wydeba. klasobrivi sazogadoebis adgilze warmoiSoba

pluralisturi sazogadoeba, romelSic mowinaaRmdege klasebis

nacvlad iqmneba kavSirebSi organizebuli ganmtkicebuli jgu-

febi, romlebic mewarmeTa organizaciebisa da profkavSirebisagan

Sedgeba [Wolf-Dieter Narr, Pluralistische Gesellschaft, Hannover, 1969, s. 19]. am organizaciebs Soris warmoebs brZola, magram igi mimdinareobs

erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebisaTvis. ganmtkicebuli

jgufebi eswrafvian xelSi Caigdon sazogadoebrivi produqtis

rac SeiZleba meti wili [’’Gesellschaftspolitische Kommentare’’, Bonn,

1965, №13/14, s.158]. formirebuli sazogadoebis etapze ki qreba

winaaRmdegoba sxvadasxva jgufis interesebs Soris, xolo

pluralizmi adgils uTmobs formirebis process. e.i. iseTi

sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelSic sayovelTao keTildReobas

eqvemdebareba yvela klasi, fena da jgufi.

pluralisturi sazogadoebis modeli Camoyalibda CineTSi.

iq arsebobs sakuTrebis mravalmxrivi formebi _ saerTo-saxal-

xodan kerZomde da aqedan gamomdinare mravalmxrivi interesebi.

amasTan, CineTSi Seucvlel principad rCeba saxelmwifo

sakuTrebis dominirebuli roli. masze modis sakuTrebis 63

procenti, danarCeni kerZo da Sereuli formebia. didia sxvada-

sxvagvari gardamavali da Sereuli formebis roli. ekonomikuri

reformis Semdeg gaZlierda kerZo da koleqtiuri sakuTrebis

formebi. agreTve aRiares saSualo da mcire sawarmoTa ekono-

62

mikuri upiratesoba. amave dros, saxelmwifo seqtoris wili

mrewvelobis mTlian produqciaSi mcirdeba, arasaxelmwifo seqto-

rebis wili ki Sesabamisad izrdeba. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom

mkveTri winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebs Soris ar

arsebobs.

pluralisturi sazogadoebis saintereso modeli funqcioni-

rebs egvipteSi. misi gacnobis saSualeba momeca 1996 w. kairoSi

Catarebul saerTaSorisi seminarSi monawileobis dros.

egvipteSi mimdinare sameurneo reformis gacnobam dagvanaxa,

rom iq funqcionirebadi privatizaciis koncefcia gulisxmobs

saxelmwifo seqtoris efeqtianobis gaZlierebas, marTvis xarisxis

gaumjobesebas. egviptelebs gacnobierebuli aqvT azri imis

Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo seqtoridan kerZoSi sakuTrebis

gadasvla mizani ki ara, aramed saSualebaa. es RonisZieba

gulisxmobs konkurenciis principis danergvas, rasac gamoric-

xavda saxelmwifo seqtorSi Seqmnili adrindeli monopolizmi.

egvipteSi moqmedi kanoni saerTo kompaniebis Sesaxeb gulisxmobs

sxvadasxva seqtorebis gamijvnas. amasTan, igi iTvaliswinebs

saxelmwifo da kerZo kompaniebis erT pirobebSi yofnas. am

kanonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo seqtoris sawarmoebi iseTive

modeliT imoqmedeben, rogorc kerZo seqtorSi. kanonma SezRuda

saxelmwifos Careva am kompaniebis muSaobaSi. egvipteSi 17

holdingkompaniaa, romelTac eqvemdebareba qaliSvili kompaniebi.

maTi Seqmnis mizania konkurenciis principis danergva, rasac adre

saxelmwifo seqtorSi arsebuli monopolizmi gamoricxavda.

egvipteSi saxelmwifo qonebis gayidvisas Zalian mniSvne-

lovani sakiTxi dgas. esaa sakuTrebis bazis gafarToeba.

pluralisturi sazogadoebis ganxiluli modelebi sainte-

reso unda iyos dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis. maTi saTanadod

arCeva da saqmiani gamoyeneba dadebiTad waadgeba Cveni ekonomikis

ganviTarebas.

Cvenma sazogadoebam marto fexebiT ki ara TaviTac unda

iaros, rom gavigoT ra xdeba samyaroSi. ganviTarebis iseTi

modeli unda davnergoT, romliTac warmatebas movipovebT am

saukuneSi.

63

revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili

CrdiCrdiCrdiCrdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi lovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi lovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi lovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi

• Crdilovani ekonomika Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi aqtu-

aluri problemaa, romelic msoflioSi met-naklebi zomiT yvela

qveynisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Crdilovani ekonomika erovnuli

ekonomikis nawilia, romelic moicavs samewarmeo saqmianobis

aRuricxav da kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebaTa erTobliobas.

Crdilovani ekonomikis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqtiani meTodebis

SemuSavebisa da gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa misi gamomwvevi mize-

zebis Rrma mecnieruli analizi, romelic saxelmwifos iseTi

politikis gatarebis saSualebas miscems, rac saTanado niadags

gamoaclis Crdilovani ekonomikis aRmocenebas da ganviTarebas.

aseTi gamomwvevi mizezebi SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri, socialuri

da samarTlebrivi xasiaTis, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:

• gadasaxadebiT dabeggadasaxadebiT dabeggadasaxadebiT dabeggadasaxadebiT dabegvris maRali done.vris maRali done.vris maRali done.vris maRali done. Tanamedrove etapze

msoflioSi sagadasaxado datvirTvis done zrdis tendenciiT

xasiaTdeba. Tu gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi evropul qveynebSi

xelfasidan anaricxebSi igi udrida 27%-s, sadReisod es

maCvenebeli 42%-ze metia. saberZneTSi, italiaSi, belgiasa da

SveciaSi yvelaze maRali gadasaxadebia evropaSi (72 _ 78%). amave

qveynebSi sakmaod maRalia ekonomikis Crdilovani seqtori

(saberZneTSi _ 29%, italiaSi _ 27,3%, portugaliasa da espaneTSi

_ 23,1%. Zalze maRalia Crdilovani ekonomikis done azerbaijanSi

_ 59,3%, somxeTSi _ 60%, saqarTveloSi _ 63%. rac Seexeba

SedarebiT mcire sagadasaxado datvirTvis qveynebs _ aSS-sa da

Sveicarias (41,4% da 39,7%), Sesabamisad, ufro dabali Crdilovani

ekonomikis maCveneblebi aqvT (8,9 da 8,1%) [Ж: ,,Экспрес”, №7, 2001, с.17.].

mogebis 50%-ze meti sagadasaxado amoRebis SemTxvevaSi ki

arsebiTad ispoba sawarmos aqtiuri saqmianobis stimulebi da

maTi mTliani raodenobis 55% ekonomikis Crdilovan seqtorSi

gadadis.

• Eekonomikuri arastabiluroba, misi krizEekonomikuri arastabiluroba, misi krizEekonomikuri arastabiluroba, misi krizEekonomikuri arastabiluroba, misi krizisuli mdgomaisuli mdgomaisuli mdgomaisuli mdgoma----

reoba. reoba. reoba. reoba. ekonomikis Crdilovan seqtorSi gadasvla misi saerTo

mdgomareobis pirdapiri Sedegia. rac ufro Zlieria legaluri

64

ekonomika, miT ufro sustia Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabebi da

piriqiT. Ooficialuri ekonomikis daqveiTebisa da sistemuri

krizisis pirobebSi, misi didi nawili ,,CrdilSi” gadadis, sadac

is Tavisi upiratesobebis praqtikul realizacias axdens.Amas

mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs is garemoebac, rom ekonomikis

krizisuli mdgomareoba aiZulebs mewarmeebs, moZebnon saqmianobis

maTTvis xelsayreli niSebi, romelTagan erT-erTs ekonomikis

Crdilovani seqtori warmoadgens. Eekonomikis sistemuri krizisi

mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs, warmoebasTan erTad, sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis sxva sferoebsac _ politikas, Zalovani struqturebis

saqmianobas, ganaTlebas, mecnierebas, jandacvas, kulturas,

xelovnebas, sportsa da sxv., rac ufro Seuqcevads xdis

Crdilovani ekonomikis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebas.

• saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis procesSi daSvebuli

Secdomebi.Secdomebi.Secdomebi.Secdomebi. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizeba, misi personificireba

unda ganixilos, rogorc sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis

centraluri rgoli. rogorc mTlianad postsabWour sivrceSi,

ise saqarTveloSi, privatizeba didi xarvezebiT Catarda. kerZod,

ar arsebobda amisaTvis saTanado sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli

baza, ris gamoc igi ganxorcielda ara kanonis moTxovnis

gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed, ufro metad saxelmwifo Cinovnikebis

neba-survilze dayrdnobiT. parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis gamo-

kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom mosaxleobis 10%-ze gadanawilebiT

moxda mTeli saxelmwifo qonebis 50%, faruli privatizebis 90%,

xolo kerZo da aqcionerul sakuTrebaSi gadasuli ZiriTadi

fondebis Rirebulebis 75 _ 80%. aman seriozuli ziani miayena

qveyanaSi sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis safuZvelis _ kerZo

sakuTrebis samarTliani formirebis process.

• sakuTrebis uflebis daucvelsakuTrebis uflebis daucvelsakuTrebis uflebis daucvelsakuTrebis uflebis daucveloba. oba. oba. oba. mewarmeebSi igi

,,medroveobis” fsiqologias iwvevs. aseTi sameurneo qceva efuZ-

neba Semdeg garemoebas: Tu sakuTrebis ufleba, adre Tu gvian,

SeiZleba dairRves da arsebuli kanonmdebloba da samarTal-

gamoyenebiTi praqtika ar iZleva misi dacvis garantias, maSin

maqsimalurad unda iyos gamoyenebuli arsebuli SesaZleblobebi.

sxvanairad, Tu SesaZlebelia gadasaxadebis Tavis arideba da

65

mogebis maqsimizacia, aseTi SesaZlebloba xelidan ar unda iqnes

gaSvebuli.

• ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris masStabebis zrda da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris masStabebis zrda da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris masStabebis zrda da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris masStabebis zrda da

ekonoekonoekonoekonomikis reglamentaciis amaRleba. mikis reglamentaciis amaRleba. mikis reglamentaciis amaRleba. mikis reglamentaciis amaRleba. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo

seqtoris didi masStabebi ganapirobebs sabiujeto resursebis,

SeRavaTiani kreditebisa da sxv. saxsrebis saxelmwifo sawarmoTa

sasargeblod gadanawilebas. aseTi viTareba xels uwyobs

resursebis gadanawilebasTan dakavSirebuli kriminaluri urTi-

erTobebis warmoSobas. saboloo jamSi, am mimarTulebiT

saxelmwifos saqmianobis gaaqtiureba iqceva Crdilovani ekono-

mikis masStabebis zrdis mniSvnelovan faqtorad. ekonomikis

reglamentaciis amaRleba ZiriTadad saxelmwifos iseTi saxis

qmedebaSi gamovlindeba, rogoricaa: sxvadasxva saxis saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis mimoqcevis akrZalva; faswarmoqmnis procesSi

administraciuli Careva; biurokratiis SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba

da susti kontroli.Yyovelive amas Sedegad mosdevs Crdilovani

ekonomikis masStabebis zrda, rac, uwinares yovlisa, gamoixateba

sxvadasxva saxis aralegaluri bazrebis (Sromis, sasaqonlo,

safinanso, savaluto) warmoqmniT, romelTa meSveobiT xorciel-

deba sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebis gverdis avla.

• Aaraxelsayreli socialuri foni.Aaraxelsayreli socialuri foni.Aaraxelsayreli socialuri foni.Aaraxelsayreli socialuri foni. mzardi umuSevroba,

Sromis anazRaurebisa da sapensio uzrunvelyofis dabali done

saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis Crdilovani ekonomikis ganviTa-

rebisaTvis. Ooficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, saqarTve-

loSi 2008 wlis dasawyisSi Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobaSi

umuSevrobis done Seadgenda 18,9%-s [saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

tendenciebi, kvartaluri mimoxilva, Tebervali, 2008, gv. 40.].

faqtobrivad, es monacemebi, ra Tqma unda, ufro metia da igi sul

ufro izrdeba saxelmwifo-sabiujeto struqturebSi muSakTa

didi Semcirebis Sedegad. saqarTveloSi xelfasis wili mSp-Si

3_4-jer naklebia civilizebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac

anazRaurebis qveda zRvarad iTvleba TveSi 300 _ 400 aSS dolari,

saqarTveloSi ki is ar aRemateba 160 dolars.

• politikuripolitikuripolitikuripolitikuri arastabilurobaarastabilurobaarastabilurobaarastabiluroba. sakuTrebis uflebis da-

ucvelobis faqtorTan erTad, igi mniSvnelovnad astimulirebs

Crdilovani ekonomikis ganviTarebas. politikuri arastabilu-

66

robis pirobebSi aseTi ekonomika Zalze dinamiurad viTardeba da,

Sesabamisad, oficialuri ki muxruWdeba. swored aseT viTarebaSi

mwvavdeba brZola politikur elitaSi TanamSromlobis, Zalauf-

lebis mopovebisa da Crdilovani Semosavlebis gadanawilebi-

saTvis. yovelive amas Tan axlavs xelisuflebis zeda eSelonebSi

dapirispireba da intrigebi, korumpirebuli fenebis aRzeveba da

xelisuflebis organoebis mier maTi interesebis dacva. dausje-

lobis sindromis zrda ki iwvevs disciplinisa da wesrigis moS-

las, mosaxleobis mxriv xelisuflebis organoebisadmi undob-

lobis gaZlierebas, rasac Sedegad mosdevs nihilizmi da xvalin-

deli dRisadmi rwmenis dakargva.

Давлашеридзе Ната ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЗАНЯТОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЧЕРЕЗ СОЗДАНИЕ СВОБОДНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН (МИРОВОЙ ОПЫТ)

1. Свободные экономические зоны образованы и успешно действуют во многих странах мира. Они функционируют как в промышленно развитых странах, таких, как США, Япония, Германия, Англия, Канада и других, так и в развивающихся странах. Многолетняя позитивная мировая практика зару-бежных стран по созданию и функционированию свободных экономических зон свидетельствует об эффективности применения подобного метода оздоровления экономики и проведения в жизнь новых экономических идей на изолированных участках территории принимающих их стран. 2. Цели создания свободных экономических зон варьируются в широких пределах в зависимости от экономических, социальных, иногда политических условий той или иной страны. Одной из главных целей создания СЭЗ является повышение уровня занятости населения и качественного состояния рабочей силы как непосредственно в экономической зоне, так и за ее пределами. В развитых капиталистических странах свободные экономические зоны создаются, как правило, в застойных районах, страдающих безработицей, с недоразвитой инфраструктурой. Придавая таким районам статус зон, правительства этих стран не делают акцента на привлечении иностранных инвестиций, а стараются создать условия, максимально стимулирующие развитие имеющихся производств, интегрированных во внутренний рынок, а также обеспечения дополнительных рабочих мест.

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3. В развивающихся странах, имеющих невысокий уровень экономического развития при создании свободных экономических зон в первую очередь ставятся задачи привлечения иностранного капитала, передовой технологии и управленческого опыта, улучшения его структуры с целью увеличения занятости и подготовки квалифицированных кадров (квалифицированных рабочих, инженеров, хозяйственных и управленческих кадров), обеспечения так называемого «эффекта обучения» для национальных кадров. 4. С 70-е годов наблюдался наибольший расцвет СЭЗ. Темпы занятости в этих зонах превышали ежегодно 20%.В 90-х годов по разным оценкам в мире насчитывалось уже свыше тысячи таких свободных экономических зон и через них проходило 1/10 мирового торгового оборота и занято было более 3 миллионов человек. Сейчас в мире существует порядка 25 разновидностей и функционирует около 2000 свободных экономических зон, в том числе более 400 зон свободной торговли, столько же научно-промышленных парков, более 300 экспортно-производственных зон, 100 зон специального назначения (эколого-экономических, оффшорных, туристических и т.д.). Есть зоны, ориентированные на внешний рынок, есть - на внутренний.

Число СЭЗ в экономически развитых странах Запада, по-видимому, уже превышает 250. Примерно 90 из них находятся в Западной Европе. В большинстве своем это свободные торговые (беспошлинные) зоны в морских портах для осуществления погрузочно-разгрузочных операций с транзитными грузами. Примером такого рода могут служить шесть «свободных портов» ФРГ – Гамбург, Киль, Эмден, Куксхафен, Бремерхафен и Бремен. «Вольная гавань» в Гамбурге специализируется также на судостроении, судоремонте, нефте-переработке; в ней занято 60 тысяч человек. Для Великобритании более характерны предпринимательские зоны, для Швейцарии – страховые и банковские. В некоторых странах региона возникли также научно-внедренческие зоны и экспортно-промышленные (ирландское изобретение, связанное с аэропортом Шеннон). В таких зонах функционирует около трети мировых банковских депозитов развитых стран.

В странах Восточной Европы свободные экономические зоны стали возникать в конце 70-х – начале 80-х годов. К концу 80-х годов их было уже более 40, в основном в Югославии и Венгрии, но также в Польше, Болгарии. Как и в Западной Европе, это были преимущественно зоны свободной торговли, расположенные в морских и речных портах (Риека, Силит, Белград, Будапешт, Русе, Щецин).

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В США общее число СЭЗ превышает 200. В ближайшее время в США планируется создать до 1000 СЭЗ. Объем инвестиций должен при этом составить более 3 млрд. долл., а число дополнительных рабочих мест - 100 тысяч. Такие же зоны характерны и для Японии. наибольшее число СЭЗ существует в Северной Америке - 320 и Азии - 225. Однако все большее их число возникает в развивающихся регионах. В развивающихся странах первые свободные экономические зоны возникли в середине 60-х годов; примером такого рода может быть СЭЗ «Кондла» в Индии. Хотя существующие оценки числа таких зон в развивающихся странах очень противоречивы (от 100 до 300), в любом случае они свидетельствуют об их весьма широком распространении. В этих зонах занято около 1,5 млн. человек. 5. Общепринято, что эффективность зон оценивается по таким критериям, как занятость, инвестиции и экспорт. При этом, появление 5 рабочих мест в СЭЗ косвенно приводит к возникновению еще 8 мест вне зон, среднегодовой темп роста занятости составляет 20-30%. В результате эффекта мультипликатора доход, полученный служащими и потраченный на продовольствие, одежду, жилье и т. д., увеличивает занятость и доходы в соответствующих отраслях, которые удовлетворяют потребности тех, кто работает в зонах.

В связи с тем, что развитие регионов через предпринимательство и занятость является основной целью всех программ по функционированию зон для каждого уровня отдельно разрабатываются государственные, штатные и местные льготы. К примеру, в США на федеральном уровне налоговые скидки бизнес-предприятиям на каждое дополнительно созданное рабочее место составляют сумму в размере около 2000 долларов США. Около 70% всех налоговых льгот в предпринимательских зонах предоставляется с целью создания новых возможностей для увеличения занятости населения. Решения социально-экономических проблем, в частности проблемы занятости, удалось добиться в эстонских свободных зонах в Силламяэ (преодолена 12%-ная безработица) и в Нарве, а также в СЭЭЗ «Сиваш» (Украина). 6. Хотя СЭЗ являются несомненно мощными "генераторами занятости", особенно для женщин в развивающихся странах, их репутация страдает от обвинений в низком уровне заработной платы, плохих условий труда и неразвитости трудовых отношений. Для большинства таких зон характерна занятость - как мужчин, так и женщин - на низкооплачиваемых рабочих местах, не требующих квалификации. На них смотрят как на рабочую силу, которую легко заменить: их желания в плане трудовых и социальных отношений учитываются недостаточно. Часто они не хотят или не могут вкладывать

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средства в профессиональную подготовку или в новые технологии и меры по повышению производительности. Очень немногие правительства смогли проводить политику, ведущую к переливанию технологии и профессиональных навыков из СЭЗ в национальную промышленность, в результате чего базовый человеческий капитал остается там неразвитым. Слабая нацеленность на развитие необходимых человеческих ресурсов ограничивает потенциал СЭЗ по повышению производительности и качества рабочих мест. Трудовые отношения и развитие человеческих ресурсов остаются двумя самыми проблемными областями деятельности этих зон.

Чтобы СЭЗ полностью использовали свой экономический и социальный потенциал, правительства должны разработать ясную комплексную стратегию в области промышленного развития и инвестиций, которая бы содействовала экономическому росту и соблюдению основных прав трудящихся. 7. При создании СЭЗ целесообразна ориентация вновь создаваемых зон на решение не только внешнеэкономических, но и общехозяйственных задач, особенно учитывая состояние грузинской экономики, характеризующееся спадом производства и ростом безработицы. В этих условиях заслуживает внимания мировой опыт образования зон развития отсталых районов и технологических парков. Зоны развития отсталых районов благодаря предоставлению предпринимателям большей свободы деятельности и определенных экономических льгот могли бы способствовать развитию малого и среднего бизнеса в депрессивных районах, а также уменьшению размеров безработицы.

makroekonomikismakroekonomikismakroekonomikismakroekonomikis seqciaseqciaseqciaseqcia

nanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZe Sromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiSromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiSromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiSromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSi

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Sromis bazris ganviTarebuloba iseTi maxasiaTeblebiT

gamoixateba, rogoricaa: Sromis anazRaurebis done kvalifika-

ciisa da ganaTlebis Sesabamisad da anazRaurebaSi dargTaSorisi

gansxvavebulobis sidide, rac imas niSnavs, rom maRali

kvalifikaciisa da SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis mqone samuSao

Zalis Semosavali saarsebo minimums mniSvnelovnad unda aRema-

tebodes da aseve mcire unda iyos anazRaurebis dargTaSorisi

gansxvavebulobis sidide. am mxriv saqarTveloSi arsebuli

Sromis bazari ganviTarebis metad dabali doniT xasiaTdeba,

ramdenadac misTvis Tanamdevi ar aris arc Sromis maRali

anazRaureba kvalifikaciisa da ganaTlebis Sesabamisad da arc

mcire gansxvaveba xelfasebSi dargebis mixedviT. maSin, roca

xelfasi warmoadgens ara ubralod fasis nairsaxeobas, aramed

muSakisa da misi ojaxis keTildReobis ganmsazRvrels, sazoga-

doebaSi socialuri klimatisa da socialuri daZabulobis

xarisxis Semqmnelsa da Camomyalibebels.

2000 - 2007 wlebSi Cvens qveyanaSi SeimCneva umuSevrobis

donis zrdis tendencia, ZiriTadad, Sromisunariani asakis mosax-

leobaSi da dasaqmebulTa zrda TviTdasaqmebis mimarTulebiT.

dasaqmebis done soflad bevrad aRemateba analogiur

maCvenebels qalaqad, umuSevrobis done ki qalaqSi 4-jer da ufro

metad aRemateba am maCvenebels soflad, rasac ganapirobebs iq

TviTdasaqmebulTa maRali xvedriTi wili.

pensionerTa daaxloebiT mexuTedi iZulebulia isev imuSaos,

ZiriTadad, TviTdasaqmebis mimarTulebiT, sakuTari Tavic da

ojaxis sxva umuSevari axalgazrda wevrebic rom Seinaxos.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 65 wlis da meti asakis momuSaveTa

nawilSi upiratesia qalTa xvedriTi wili – 53,7%, m.S.

daqiravebiT momuSaveTa Soris – 54,1% da TviTdasaqmebulTa

Soris – 53,4%.

qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebma da axlad miRebulma

zogierTma kanonma Tu normatiulma aqtma ganapiroba rogorc

SromiTi resursebis gadanawilebis aucilebloba sxvadasxva

dargSi, ise samuSao adgilebis Semcireba. Tu imasac gaviTva-

liswinebT, rom zogierTi marto erT adgilze ar muSaobs, gamo-

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dis, rom umuSevarTa realuri cifri, SesaZlebelia, aRricxul

261.0 aTas kacze bevrad meti iyos. rogorc Cans, umuSevarTa

aRricxvis meTodebi gadaxedvas saWiroebs.

Cveni azriT, dasaqmebulad SeiZleba mxolod is piri

CaiTvalos, romelic daxarjuli Sromis safasurad TveSi sul

cota, saarsebo minimumis tol Semosavals iRebs. aqve unda iTqvas

imazec, rom saarsebo minimumis gamoTvla realuri fasebis

Sesabamisad, Semdgom dazustebas moiTxovs.

dasaqmebulTa aRricxvis sizustisaTvis SeiZleba mizanSe-

wonili iyos dasaqmebis dargebis konkretizacia, gansakuTrebiT

mrewvelobaSi.

amJamad Sromis bazarze arsebul situaciaze zemoqmedebs

ekonomikuri, politikuri, demografiuli da socialuri faqto-

rebis erToblioba, ris Sedegadac umuSevroba sul ufro

struqturul da ciklur xasiaTs iRebs da SesamCnevi xdeba misi

xangrZlivobis zrda. iZulebiTi umuSevrobis zrda ufrosi asakis

qalebsa da axalgazrdebs Soris mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT

unars _ xelaxla CaerTon SromiT procesebSi da sul ufro

zrdis samuSaos moZebnis drois saSualo xangrZlivobas. yove-

live es ki gamanadgureblad moqmedebs rogorc samuSao Zalis

xarisxze, ise TiToeul pirovnebasa da mTlianad ojaxebis

keTildReobaze.

ramdenadac qveyanaSi aRar funqcionirebs dasaqmebis

samsaxurebi (calkeuli programebis garda), xolo axlad-

miRebuli Sromis kanonmdebloba ar Seesabameba evropul standar-

tebs, saWirod vTvliT dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurebis

gafarToebuli masStabiT aRdgenas ara mxolod qveynis, aramed

regionebis mixedviTac da Sromis kanonmdeblobis evropul

standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas, Tu gvinda mapi da

evropasTan sasurveli integracia, raTa es procesi, rogorc

CvenTvis, ise, gansakuTrebiT, evropisaTvis, naklebad mtkivneuli

iyos.

xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili

lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis moculoba, lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis moculoba, lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis moculoba, lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis moculoba,

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struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebistruqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebistruqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebistruqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebi

saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti

lizinguri bazris brunvaSi aerTianebs rogorc finansur da

operatiul lizings, ise Cveulebriv arendas, rac, Cveni azriT,

arasworia. aseTi midgomiT lizinguri momsaxurebis moculoba

xelovnurad iyo gazrdili da is Seadgenda: 2000 wels _ 12573,5,

2001 wels _ 20982,4, 2002 wels _ 21959,9 aTas lars, 2003 wels _

26585,4 da 2006 wels _ 33237,7 aTas lars. Tu aqedan uZravi,

sakuTari qonebis gaqiravebis Rirebulebas gamovaklebT, romelic

Cveulebriv arendas warmoadgens da ara lizings, maSin viRebT

lizingur garigebaTa namdvil sidides, anu lizingis bazris

moculobas. is, Sesabamsad, Seadgens: 3567.1, 4225.2, 4949.8, 7079.2, 9400

aTas lars.

zemoT aRniSnuli wesiT gamoTvlili lizingis bazris

saerTo saqonelbrunvaSi 2006 wels pirvel-meore adgilze idga

msubuqi avtomobilebis (45,5%) da satvirTo da samgzavro

avtomanqanebis (30,8 %) lizingi. mesame adgili _ 15,1%-iani wiliT

ekava samSeneblo manqana-mowyobilobas. sxvaTaSoris, unda aRvniS-

noT, rom 2000 wels samSeneblo manqana-mowyobilobis lizingis

operacia saerTod ar ganxorcielda. Semdeg wlebSic (2001 _ 2003)

igi mcire xvedriTi wiliT iyo warmodgenili. 2006 wels

dafiqsirebuli misi aseTi maRali procenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom

es dargi swrafad viTardeba, rac vizualuradac etyoba qveyanas.

Semcirebis tendencia gamoikveTa samrewvelo aRWurvilobis

lizingis wilSi (3,8%, nacvlad 2000 wlis 6,8%-sa), orgteqnikis da

kompiuterebis lizingis wilSi (1,7%, nacvlad 2000 wlis 4,7%-sa)

da sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis xvedriT wilSi (0,1%, nacvlad

2000 wlis 0,7%-sa). Cven gansakuTrebiT arasasurvel faqtad

miviCnevT sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis lizingis da samrewvelo

aRWurvilobis lizingis wilebis Semcirebas. migvaCnia, rom

dauSvebelia qveyanaSi, romlis privatizebuli sasoflo-

sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis 50% da ufro meti ar muSavdeba,

lizingis bazarze sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebi mxolod 12,8 aT.

laris RirebulebiT iyos warmodgenili.

saqarTvelos bazarze samrewvelo mowyobilobis lizingis

wilic Semcirebulia. arada, samTo-mopovebiTi mrewveloba Tu

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ara, gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba xom is dargia, romelsac

prioriteti aqvs miniWebuli saqarTveloSi. maS, ratom unda

mcirdebodes misi mowyobilobis lizingiT gacemis xvedriTi

wili? etyoba, aqac gadamamuSavebeli samrewvelo sawarmoebis

finansuri gaWirvebaa mizezi. isini xom ZiriTadad mcire an

saSualo sididis sawarmoebi arian, romelTa finansuri SesaZ-

leblobebi, msxvil sawarmoebTan SedarebiT, Zalze mokrZa-

lebulia. yvela qveyanaSi, da, miT ufro, Cvennair ganviTarebad

qveyanaSi, mcire (da saSualo) sawarmoebs saxelmwifo exmareba _

aZlevs teqnologiebs, teqnikas, umcirebs gadasaxadebs da a.S.

saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs saxelmwifos

mxridan aranairi msgavsi daxmareba ar aqvT. Cveni winadadebaa,

rom saqarTvelos gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis mcire sawar-

moebs saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi myofi salizingo kompaniebidan

gadaeceT teqnika lizingiT msxvil sawarmoebTan SedarebiT ufro

iafad, anda sulac ufasod.

lizingis saqarTvelos bazris klient-sawarmoTa saerTo

ricxvidan mcire sawarmoebze modioda brunvis metad mcire

nawili, kerZod, 2000 wels _ 17%, 2001 wels _ 54,6%, 2002 wels _

28,4%, 2003 wels _ 8,6% da 2006 wels _ 14,8 %. qonebis lizingiT

SemZenebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad msxvili sawarmoebia. maTze

2006 wels modioda brunvis 70%. es imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos

msxvili sameurneo subieqtebic ki jerjerobiT finansurad ise

ver gaZlierdnen, rom maT Tavisi sakuTari saxsrebiT an bankis

kreditiT iyidon teqnika, amitom isini lizingiT miRebas aZleven

upiratesobas.

Tu lizinguri brunvis geografiul struqturas dinamikaSi

ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom masSi q. Tbilisis wili SesamCnevad

aris gazrdili (83,1%-dan 94,5%-mde), yvela danarCeni regionis

isedac mcire wili ki 2000 _ 2006 wlebSi kidev ufro

Semcirebulia, rac imas niSnavs, rom regionebSi ganTavsebul

sameurneo subieqtebs qonebis lizingiT SeZenis araviTari

finansuri SesaZlebloba ar aqvT. Cveni azriT, am mdgomareobiT

yvelaze metad unda dainteresdnen marTvis regionuli organoebi

da municipaluri struqturebi, romelTac SeuZliaT wilobrivi

wesiT daafinanson regionSi lizinguri operaciebi. rogorc adre

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aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebiT regionebSi, es unda Seexos sasoflo-

sameurneo daniSnulebis teqnikas.

xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili

lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:

arsebuli mdgomareobaarsebuli mdgomareobaarsebuli mdgomareobaarsebuli mdgomareoba,,,, srulyofis gzebisrulyofis gzebisrulyofis gzebisrulyofis gzebi

saqarTveloSi salizingo saqmianobas aregulirebs

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos kanoni `Sali-

zingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ da sagadasaxado kodeqsi.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsidan Tavi meoTxe _

`lizingi~ _ xuTi muxli (576 _ 580) daTmobili aqvs mTlianad

lizings, Tumca iqve gansazRvrulia, rom danarCeni sakiTxebis

regulireba moxdeba qiravnobis urTierTobis maregulirebeli

muxlebis Sesabamisad. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom salizingo

saqmianoba bevr iseT niuanss Seicavs, romelic qiravnobas

saerTod ar axasiaTebs (Tundac is, rom finansuri lizingis

SemTxvevaSi xdeba lizingis obieqtis saboloo gamosyidva da

sakuTrebaSi gadacema).

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi lizings daTmobili

aqvs erTi muxli (muxli 21 _ lizingi (finansuri ijara),

romelSic ganmartebulia, Tu rodis iTvleba lizingi finansur

ijarad. amisaTvis masSi CamoTvlilia 4 piroba: 1) ijaris vadis

dasrulebis Semdeg gaTvaliswinebulia qonebis sakuTrebis

uflebis gadacema an ijaris mimRebs ufleba eqneba, SeiZinos

qoneba fiqsirebuli an ijaris xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli

fasiT; 2) ijaris vada aRemateba ZiriTad saSualebaTa

ekonomikuri samsaxuris vadis 75%-s; 3) ijariT aRebuli qonebis

mosalodneli narCeni Rirebuleba ijaris vadis dasrulebisas am

vadis dasawyisSi qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis 20 procentze

naklebia. 4) minimaluri saijaro gadasaxdelis mimdinare

diskontirebuli Rirebuleba lizingis (finansuri ijaris) mTeli

periodisaTvis qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis 90 procentia an

aRemateba mas. am pirobebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi finansuri

lizingis vada unda aRematebodes lizingis obieqtis ekonomikuri

samsaxuris vadis 75%-s, aSS-Si misi sasicocxlo periodis 80%-s,

75

aSS-Si finansuri lizingis gamcemma damatebiT unda ganaxor-

cielos misi Rirebulebis 20% investicia, saqarTveloSi

lizingis gamcems es aRar moeTxoveba da a.S.

metad gansxvavebulia lizingisadmi moTxovnebi dsT-s

qveynebSic. am qveynebs Soris lizingis kanonmdebloba Seqmnilia

ruseTSi, belorusiaSi, ukrainaSi, moldaveTSi, yazaxeTSi,

azerbaijanSi, uzbekeTsa da saqarTveloSi. maTgan lizinguri

urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebulia ruseTSi, ukrainasa

da belorusiaSi. Tumca am qveynebSic ki, lizingis Sesaxeb

erTidaigive normatiuli debulebebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvne-

lovnad gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, belorusiaSi lizingis obieqti

SeiZleba iyos aramaterialuri aqtivebi, romlebic ruseTis da

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar Sedis salizingo obieqtis

CamonaTvalSi; uzbekeTsa da saqarTveloSi qoneba lizingiT

SeiZleba gaices mxolod samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis; azerbai-

janSi ar SeiZleba erTi da igive piri iyos lizingis obieqtis

mwarmoebeli da lizinggamcemi; ruseTis da saqarTvelos

salizingo kanonmdeblobiT ki es dasaSvebia da a.S. rogorc Cans,

sxvadasxva qveyana lizings, maT Soris finansur lizings,

sxvadasxva moTxovnebs uyenebs. ase udgeba am sakiTxs saqarTve-

loc. Tumca, Cven vfiqrobT, rom es xels SeuSlis saerTaSoriso

lizingis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi.

aris meore, da SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro mniSvnelovani

sakiTxi. es aris lizingis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo

aqtebis urTierTSeusabamoba. im 4 pirobis nacvlad, romlidan

erT-erTis dacvis SemTxvevaSi lizingi finansur lizingad

iTvleba, romelic saqarTvelos sagadasaxados kodeqsSia moce-

muli da romlebzec Cven zeviT visaubreT, saqarTvelos kanoni

`salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ iTxovs 6 pirobas.

ratomaa am pirobebsa da sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mocemul

pirobebs Soris gansxvaveba? romelia maT Soris sarwmuno:

kanonSi `salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ mocemuli,

Tu saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mocemuli pirobebi?

roca qveynis SigniT erTi da imave sakiTxis dasaregulireblad

Seqmnil or dokumentSi aseTi Seusabamobaa, cxadia, pirvel rigSi,

saWiroa es Seusabamoba gaswordes. amis garda, saWiroa kanonSi

76

`salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~ calke gamoiyos

finansuri lizingi (radgan arsebobs operatiuli lizingic),

anda, ruseTis analogiurad, saqarTvelos mTavrobamac miiRos

calke kanoni `finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb~.

arasrulyofilia da Casworebas moiTxovs TviT samo-

qalaqo kodeqsis meoTxe Tavi (Tavi IV. lizingi). mas lizingi ki

ara `finansuri lizingi~ unda ewodos, radgan misi 576 _ 580

muxlebis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom igi exeba finansur da ara

operatiul lizings.

amrigad, lizingis nawilSi srulyofas saWiroebs samo-

qalaqo kodeqsis meoTxe Tavi da mTlianad kanoni `salizingo

saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~. amis garda, Tu am sakiTxSi

saqarTvelos ruseTs SevadarebT, misaRebia kanoni `finansuri

lizingis Sesaxeb~, `salizingo gadasaxdelis gaangariSebis erTi-

ani meTodika~, kanoni `saerTaSoriso safinanso lizingis

unificirebul wesebTan misaerTeblad~ da sxv.

saqarTveloSi finansuri lizingis mimarT moTxovnebi

gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis moTxovnebisagan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

am sakiTxSi qveynebi `sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben~. aseT dros

lizingi, miT ufro finansuri, scildeba erTi qveynis farglebs.

lizingis mTeli rigi obieqtebi – TviTmfrinavebi, axali Taobis

manqana-mowyobiloba, kompiuteruli teqnika da a.S., saerTaSoriso

lizingur brunvaSia moqceuli. ganviTarebad qveynebs m.S.

saqarTvelos sul ufro da ufro sWirdebaT, miiRon isini

lizingiT ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. aseT dros, lizingis

kanonmdebloba maTTan `sxvadasxva enazea dawerili~. aseTma

mdgomareobam karga xniT Seaferxa saerTaSoriso lizingis

ganviTareba. marTalia, aseTi operaciebi sruldeboda, magram

mTeli rigi sakiTxebi iwvevda davas da maT gadasawyvetad saWiro

xdeboda saerTaSoriso arbitraJis Careva. 1988 wels Seiqmna

konvencia _ `saerTaSoriso finansuri lizingis Sesaxeb~

(SemoklebiT mas unidruas konvencias uwodeben). am konvenciiT

moxda lizingis internacionalizacia da lizingur SeTanxmebaTa

pirobebis da iuridiuli cnebebis unifikacia. sasurvelia,

saqarTvelom sabolood moiwesrigos lizingis sakiTxebze

Seqmnili mTeli erovnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da amisaTvis

77

saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyenos zemoT dasaxelebuli unidruas

konvencia.

Nnana bibilaSviliNnana bibilaSviliNnana bibilaSviliNnana bibilaSvili dasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi aspeqtidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi aspeqtidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi aspeqtidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi aspeqti

postkomunistur qveynebSipostkomunistur qveynebSipostkomunistur qveynebSipostkomunistur qveynebSi

dasaqmebis procesTa regulireba Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da socialuri problemaa. swored

amgvar procesTa regulireba TamaSobs ganmsazRvrel rols ama

Tu im qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebis,

TiToeuli moqalaqis profesiuli SesaZleblobebis formireba-

ganviTarebisa da pirovnebis Camoyalibebasa da mis gamovlenaSi.

dasaqmebas, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikuri movle-

naa, gaaCnia rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve demografiuli da

socialuri Sinaarsi. es, umTavresad, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

ramdenadac dasaqmeba damokidebulia ekonomikur da demografiul

procesebze, is gvevlineba, rogorc socialuri politikis na-

wili.

cnobilia, rom ama Tu im qveynis dasaqmebis mdgomareoba,

garkveulwilad, axasiaTebs misi ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da xal-xis keTildReobis doneebs.

dasaqmeba iseTi urTierTobebis erTobliobaa, romelic

gansazRvravs mosaxleobis SromiT saqmianobaSi monawileobis mas-

Stabebs. igi gvevlineba, rogorc Sromis bazris regulirebis

umniSvnelovanesi faqtori da mosaxleobis Sromis procesSi

CarTvis ganzomilebis daxasiaTebasTan erTad, gamoxatavs ara

marto muSakebze arsebuli sazogadoebrivi, aramed iseTi piradi

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis xarisxs, rogoricaa anazRaure-badi samuSao adgilebis povnisa da Semosavlebis miRebis survi-lebi.

specialur literaturaSi dasaqmebis cnebis qveS igu-

lisxmeba moqalaqeTa iseTi sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli saqmia-

noba, romelic dakavSirebulia piradi da sazogadoebrivi moT-

xovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan da romelsac, rogorc wesi, mo-aqvs SromiTi Semosavali.

saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis Sesaxeb amJamad arsebuli kanonis

mixedviT, dasaqmebulad iTvleba yvela is fizikuri piri,

78

romelic, piradi da sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-

lebis mizniT, eweva kanoniT aukrZalav saqmianobas da anazRau-

rebas iRebs fuladi an naturaluri formiT.

ekonomikaSi, dasaqmebulebis SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabmis we-

sis mixedviT, dasaqmebulTa simravle iyofa Semdeg jgufebad:

a) daqiravebuli pirebi. maT miekuTvnebaT sakuTari samuSao

Zalis gayidvis Sedegad dasaqmebuli pirebi;

b) samuSaos mimcemi. maT miekuTvnebaT mewarmeebi, romlebic

sakuTari samewarmeo unaris realizebas axdenen;

g) TviTdasaqmebulebi. maT miekuTvnebaT pirebi, romlebic

muSaoben sakuTar sawarmoSi an sakuTar meurneobaSi mogebis an

ojaxuri Semosavlis (fuliT an naturiT) miRebis mizniT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos gadayvanam administraciul-

mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan sabazro urTierTobebze, dasaqmebis

sferoSic moiTxova reformebis gatareba. msoflio gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavda dasaqmebis ZiriTadi principebi,

romlebic Taviseburad aisaxa saqarTvelos konstituciasa da

Cveni qveynis mosaxleobis dasaqmebis Sesaxeb miRebul specialur

kanonSi.

pirveli principis pirveli principis pirveli principis pirveli principis mixedviT, Sroma saqarTveloSi nebayof-

lobiT xasiaTs atarebs. es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni qveynis moqa-

laqeebs gaaCniaT ufleba, Tavisuflad gankargon warmoebrivi da

SemoqmedebiTi Sromis sakuTari unari.

meore principimeore principimeore principimeore principi gulisxmobs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas

qveyanaSi iseTi pirobebis Seqmnaze, romlebic aucilebelia moqa-

laqeTa SromiTi uflebebis realizaciisaTvis.

mesamemesamemesamemesame principiprincipiprincipiprincipi dasaqmebis problemebis gadawyvetisadmi

kompleqsur midgomas gulisxmobs. igi asaxavs yvela donis

saxelisuflebo organoebis qmedebaTa koordinacias; saxelmwifo

regulirebisa da sabazro TviTregulirebis meqanizmebis

urTierTqmedebas; biujetebis finansuri SesaZleblobebis, arasa-

biujeto fondebis, agreTve, sawarmoTa, sazogadoebriv gaerTiane-

baTa da moqalaqeebis saxsrebis gamoyenebas; ekonomikuri da soci-

aluri efeqtianobis miRwevas specialuri programebis xarjze.

dasaqmebisa da Sromis bazris regulirebis procesebma spe-

cifikuri niSnebi SeiZina postkomunistur qveynebSi.

79

am qveynebis mosaxleobis dasaqmebis sferoebSi bolo aTwle-

ulSi sruliad axali situaciebi Seiqmna: SromiTi resursebis Ta-

visufali wesiT daqiravebisa da daTxovnis safuZvelze formir-

deba dasaqmebis axali modelebi; SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebis

sferoSi viTardeba sabazro urTierTobebi; mwvave socialur-eko-

nomikuri krizisis pirobebSi adgili aqvs umuSevrobis donis

zrdis tendencias, Cndeba Sromis siWarbe da sxvadasxva saxeobis

umuSevroba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynebSi mimdinare reformebma

gamoiwvia SromiTi resursebis stiqiuri gadanawileba, romlis-

Tvisac ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia TviTdasaqmebulebis, forma-

lurad an komerciul seqtorSi dasaqmebulebisa da umuSevrebis

odenobis gazrda, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxov-

nobis mudmiv SemcirebasTan erTad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Sromis bazris marTva (rogorc dasaq-

mebaze moqmedi RonisZiebebis organizebuli sistema) unda war-

moadgendes postkomunistur qveynebSi mimdinare radikaluri eko-

nomikuri reformebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas.

cnobilia, rom saxelmwifo politikisadmi konkretuli mid-

gomis gansazRvra dasaqmebis sferoSi iTvaliswinebs Sromis ba-

zarze Tavmoyrili tendenciebis kvlevas, maTi formirebis mizez-

Ta analizs, agreTve, Zalze mwvave da damangreveli umuSevrobis

formebis gamovlenas.

imisaTvis, rom Sromis bazarze pirobebi gaumjobesdes da

moxdes sazogadoebis yvelaze daucveli fenebis gadarCena, Cveni

azriT, aucilebelia saxelmwifo mizanmimarTulad Caerios dasaq-

mebisa da Sromis bazris sferoebSi (anu ganxorcieldes am

sferoebis saxelmwifo regulireba). amitom migvaCnia, rom rac

ufro male moxdeba Cvens qveyanaSi dasaqmebis sferos marTvis ga-

aqtiureba swori saxelmwifo politikis gatarebis gziT, miT

ufro meti iqneba imis albaToba, rom SesamCnevad aRmoifxvras

respublikaSi amJamad arsebuli masiuri umuSevroba.

madona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvili

ekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebi

80

saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis safuZvlebi gansazRvru-

lia ganviTarebis erovnuli programiT. igi iTvaliswinebs qveynis

grZelvadiani, saSualovadiani da moklevadiani ganviTarebis

prognozebs. prognozebi da koncefciebi ki gamoiyeneba erovnuli

ekonomikis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebis dasad-

genad, romelSic aisaxeba Semdegi sakiTxebi: makroekonomikuri,

instituciuri, socialuri, regionuli, investiciuri, struqtu-

ruli, agraruli, ekologiuri, socialuri, saerTaSoriso.

saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi Semadgeneli

nawili swored ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebaa. igi war-

moadgens sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da makontrolebeli

xasiaTis RonisZiebebs, romelsac Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebi

da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi axorcieleben qveynis stabili-

zaciisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.

Teoriulad, cneba _ ”saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politika”

ufro farToa, vidre cneba _ ”ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-

lireba”, radgan pirveli SeiZleba dafuZnebuli iyos agreTve

saxelmwifos Caurevlobis principze sameurneo cxovrebaSi. Tumca

dResdReobiT saxelmwifos Caurevloba socialur-ekonomikur

procesSi warmoudgenelia. Tanamedrove etapze sakiTxi ganixileba

ara imdenad, ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis aucileblobis,

aramed regulirebis masStabebis, formebisa da intensivobis

Sesaxeb. saxelmwifo regulirebis obieqturi SesaZlebloba

iqmneba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, warmoebisa da kapitalis

koncentraciis garkveuli donis miRwevisas, xolo aucilebloba,

romelic am SesaZleblobas realobad aqcevs, aris is problemebi

da siZneleebi, romelic ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis

gadasawyvetia.

dReisaTvis saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politika ekonomikuri

kvlavwarmoebis Semadgenelia. misi saSulebiT SesaZlebelia

sxvadasxva amocanis gadawyveta, rogoricaa: ekonomikuri zrdis

stimulireba, dasaqmebis regulireba, dargobrivi da regionuli

struqturebis progresireba, eqsportis mxardaWera. ekonomikis

saxelmwifo regulirebis konkretuli mimarTulebebi, formebi,

masStabebi ganpirobebulia konkretul periodSi, konkretuli

81

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis xasiaTiTa

da simZafriT.

ekonomikuri politikis saxesxvaobebis erTiani, sayovelTaod

miRebuli klasifikacia ar arsebobs. Tumca, pirobiTad, igi iyofa

liberalur, regulirebad da mobilizaciur saxeebad.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifom Tavis Tavze

unda aiRos da ekonomikuri politikis mTavar miznad daisaxos is

problemebi da amocanebi, romelsac bazari damoukideblad ver

wyvets. am midgomiT, saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis miznebi

emTxveva sabazro ekonomikis regulirebis saxelmwifo miznebs.

sakmaod konstruqciulia pragmatuli midgoma, romlis

safuZvelzec saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis mizani mdgoma-

reobs ekonomikuri situaciis stabiluri da gawonasworebuli

pirobebis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebaSi, ekonomikur Tavisuflebasa

da ekonomikur TanasworobaSi, socialur daculobasa da

socialur-ekonomikur efeqturobaSi, fasebis donis stabilu-

robasa da SromiTi dasaqmebis maRal doneSi, ekonomikur zrdasa

da sagareo savaWro operaciebis dabalansebaSi.

miuxedavad yvela zemoT CamoTvlili miznebis aucileblo-

bisa da safuZvlianobisa, SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo ekonomikuri

politikis mTeli sistemis damaxasiaTebeli amocanebisa da

problemebis amowurva. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom arsebobdes

sxva miznebic, romelic am statiaSi ar ganvixileT da romelic,

garkveuli qveynis ekonomikis specifikidan gamomdinare, xeli-

suflebis mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens.

Mmarine gumberiZeMmarine gumberiZeMmarine gumberiZeMmarine gumberiZe

Tanamedrove msoflios demografiuliTanamedrove msoflios demografiuliTanamedrove msoflios demografiuliTanamedrove msoflios demografiuli

politikapolitikapolitikapolitika

ganviTarebadi qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

sirTuleebma prioritetuli gaxada demografiul politikaze

zrunva.Ddemografiuli politika aris demografiuli procesebis

regulirebis sferoSi mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba.Eekonomikuri

ganviTarebis done, garkveulwilad, gansazRvravs aRniSnuli

politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. dasavleTis ganviTarebuli

82

qveynebis poziciis mixedviT mosaxleobis ricxovnobaze

kontroli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis auci-

lebeli pirobaa. 1990 wels qalaq hiustonSi miRebul erTobliv

komunikeSi calsaxadaa aRniSnuli, rom rig ganviTarebad

qveynebSi aucilebelia, mosaxleobis ricxvi ekonomikur resur-

sebTan balansSi imyofebodes. aRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda, ar unda

gavrceldes saqarTveloze, sadac isedac sagangaSo demo-

grafiuli situaciaa.

demografiuli politika _ es aris saxelmwifo organoebisa

da sxva socialuri institutebis mier mosaxleobis kvlavwarmo-

ebis regulirebis sferoSi mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba. demogra-

fiuli situaciidan gamomdinare, igi ori mimarTulebiT SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes, _ pirveli mimarTulia Sobadobis gazrdisken,

rac damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis,

xolo meore _ Sobadobis Semcirebaze, rac ZiriTadad

ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri politika

orientirebulia ekonomikur RonisZiebebze da mimarTulia

Sobadobis stimulirebisken. aRniSnuli ekonomikuri RonisZiebe-

bis arsenali moicavs fulad dotaciebs – yovelTviur

daxmarebebs ojaxze; SeRavaTebs martoxela dedebisTvis da a.S. im

qveynebSi, sadac Zlieria eklesiis gavlena (irlandia, aSS,

poloneTi) muSavdeba kanonebi, romelTa ZaliTac mkacrad isjeba

orsulobis Sewyveta da aborti.

Tanamedrove etapze demografiuli procesebi sxvadasxva

socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT

viTardeba. Tavis mxriv ki, demografiuli procesebi aqtiur

gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoze.

Aase, magaliTad, Sobadobis dabali done iwvevs sapensio asakis

mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdas, rac mniSvnelovnad amwvavebs

`mamebisa da Svilebis~ problemas. Sobadobis donis rxevadoba,

droTa ganmavlobaSi, Sromis bazarze iwvevs dasaqmebis, umu-

Sevrobis problemebs, aseve qveyanaSi damnaSaveobis zrdas da a.S.

dRemde yvela sxva qveyanaSi, sadac saqarTvelos msgavsi

demografiuli situaciaa,GZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ojaxebze mate-

rialuri daxmarebebi, Semweobebi da a. S. magram, rogorc istoria

83

aCvenebs, aseTi RonisZiebebis efeqturoba didi ar aris. saWiroa

ufro mizanmimarTuli, radikaluri, ekonomikuri da socialuri

cvlilebebis gatareba sazogadoebis yvela sfroSi, raTa

amaRldes ojaxis institutis, mravalSviliani ojaxebis prestiJi,

anu, saWiroa daxvewili demografiuli politikis gatareba.

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria demografiuli politikis gata-

reba ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac Sobadobis maRali tempe-

bia.Bbevr qveyanaSi misi realizacia ver xerxdeba finansebis

simwirisa da mravalSvilianobis tradiciebis gamo. muslimanuri

qveynebis umravlesobaSi xelisufleba saerTod uaryofs

saxelmwifos mxridan raime saxis zemoqmedebas ojaxis ganvi-

Tarebis saqmeSi.

mosaxloebis martivi kvlavwarmoeba, anu `nulovani zrda~ _

demografiuli politikis mizani ganviTarebad qveynebSi _

Teoriulad dasaSvebia, Tu yoveli ojaxi iyoliebs saSualod

or-sam Svils, Tumca, aseTi mdgomareobis miRweva arcTu ise

advilia. aRniSnuli metad aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvis, raTa

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi Tavi gadavirCinoT da

maradiulad, kacobriobis aRsasrulamde iarsebos qarTulma

genma.

ekaterine guluaekaterine guluaekaterine guluaekaterine gulua

saqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebissaqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebissaqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebissaqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebiperspeqtivebiperspeqtivebiperspeqtivebi

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri tendenciebi _ globaluri

problemebi _ msoflio birJebis, globaluri finansuri bazrebis

ryevebi, energomatareblebze fasebis inflacia, msoflio Warb-

warmoebis problemebi _ aqtualurs xdis, aqcentebi gakeTdes

qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis, mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis,

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxebze yvela aspeqtSi. saqarTve-

los ekonomika mniSvnelovani perspeqtivebis, mravali arCevanis

winaSea. kvlavac fiqris sagania saqarTvelos ekonomikis Tanabar-

zomieri, mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.

arsebuli politikuri da socialuri realobidan gamomdi-

nare, umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis uzrun-

velyofa. eqspertuli SefasebebiT, saqarTvelos ekonomikis swraf

84

zrdas bolo wlebSi ganapirobebda kapitalis importi (pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebi da fuladi gzavnilebi), SinameurneobaTa

moxmareba da mTavrobis danaxarjebis zrda. amave dros, ucxouri

eqspertebis daskvnebiT SemaSfoTebelia saqarTvelos savaWro

balansis deficitis zrdis tempebi. uaryofiTma sagareo savaWro

balansma 67.3%-iT gadaaWarba wina wlis analogiur maCvenebels.

2006 wels Seadgina mSp-s 23.8%. amave dros, eqsportis zrdis tempi

CamorCa rogorc wina wlebis, ise importis zrdis maCvenebels.

aseve erTcifrian niSnuls gascda inflaciis tempi. amave dros,

saqarTvelos sagareo vali Seadgens mSp-s 21.3%-s. 2002 wels igi

iyo 51.5%.

mdgradi, saSualo da grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrda unda

daefuZnos investiciebs sawarmoo simZlavreebSi da eqsports,

romelic afarToebs bazars da specializaciidan efeqts zrdis.

aseT pirobebSi, qveynis fardobiTi upiratesobebis dasadge-

nad, aqtualuria siRrmiseuli seqtoruli analizi.

saqarTvelos industriuli warsuli sakmaod mravlismTqme-

lia, miuxedavad sxva qveynebze absoluturi damokidebulebisa,

komunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi industria soflis

meurneobis Semdeg umTavres adgils ikavebda ekonomikis seqto-

rul struqturaSi. dRes misi aqtualoba erTi SexedviT TiTqos

Senelebulia, magram misi roli dRevandel ekonomikaSic mniSvne-

lovania. dRes mrewvelobis mier Seqmnili damatebiTi Rirebuleba

(C+D+E) mTliani Sida produqtis 12.4% (1 708.2 aTasi lari)

Seadgens da meore adgils ikavebs am mxriv seqtorebs Soris,

vaWrobis Semdeg (1878.6 aTasi lari).

2003 da 2006 wlebSi samrewvelo sawarmoTa ricxvi Semcirda.

2006 wels klebam Seadgiana 493 erTeuli. 2006 wlis monacemebiT

samrewvelo sawarmoTa ricxvia 4139.

Semcirda mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvi. nacvlad 2005

wels dasaqmebuli 94 300 kacisa, 2006 wels dasaqmebulTa ricxvma

Seadgiana 6% _ 90 300 kaci.

warmoebis moculobis seqciuri ganawileba aseTia: samTo-

mompovebel mrewvelobaze modis 8.5% gadamamuSavebel mrewve-

lobaze _ 69.6%, eleqtroenergiis, airisa da wylis warmoebasa da

ganawilebaze _ 21.9%.

85

mrewvelobaSi brunvis moculobam Seadgina 3228.7 mln. lari;

saxelmwifo seqtorSi _ 654.4 mln. lari (20.3%); arasaxelmwifo

seqtorSi _ 2574.3 mln. lari. brunvis 50.1% modioda kerZo

adgilobriv fizikur da iuridiul pirebze, xolo 29.7% _ kerZo

ucxoel fizikur da iuridiul pirebze. msxvil firmebSi brunvis

moculobam Seadgina 2812.8 mln. lari (87.1%), saSualoSi _ 251.1

mln. lari (7.8%), xolo mcireSi _ 164,8 mln.lari (5.1%)

samrewvelo produqciis warmoeba (C+D+E) zrdis tendenciiT

xasiaTdeba [2006 wels Seadgina 2 757.3 milioni lari (moqmed

fasebSi)] miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

politika mrewvelobisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ar

gamoirCeva.

eqsportis amJamindeli struqtura garkveulwilad asaxavs

qveyanaSi fardobiTi upiratesobis mqone sferoebs. kerZod,

saqarTvelos saeqsporto produqciaSi mrewvelobis wili

mniSvnelovania da moicavs feroSenadnobebs, spilenZis madnebsa

da koncentratebs, safren aparatebs (SekeTeba-remonti), daumu-

Savebel da naxevraddamuSavebul oqros, mineralur an qimiur

azotovan sasuqebs, yurZnis naturalur Rvinoebs, maTma wilma

Seadgina 22%. 2007 wels gansakuTrebiT gaizarda cementis da sxva

saSeni masalebis eqsportic, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa,

qveyanas hqondes fardobiTi upiratesoba industriul seqtorSi,

rac sxva seqtorebis (soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba, vaWroba da

a.S) ganviTarebasac Seuqmnida myar dasayrdens.

aseve arsebobs postsabWouri qveynebis warmatebuli indus-

triuli ganviTarebis magaliTebic: gasul wels azerbaijansa da

TurqmeneTSi mrewvelobaze modioda mSp-s 35%, ruseTSi _ 30%, am

qveynebis bunebrivi upiratesoba aSkaraa, magram aris aseve CexeTis

magaliTic, sadac industria mSp-s 40%-s awarmoebs.

msoflios mimdinare da istoriuli gamocdilebebi mecnier-

Ta Tu praqtikosTa kvelevas met diapazons aniWebs. industriuli

ganviTareba, mogebis maRali normis maxasiTeblis, arasezo-

nurobis, avtomatizebuli sistemebis danergvis SesaZleblobis da

sxva mravali upiratesobis gamo, dResac mdgradi ganviTarebis

erT-erT sayrdenad miiCneva. amitomac, am gzaze gacilebiT meti

barieria aRmarTuli, vinaidan, msoflios industriuli produq-

86

ciis Warbwarmoeba, konkurentuli winaRobebi, msoflio bazrebi-

dan gamodevnis mZlavri konkurenciis uunaro qveynebis

produqcias, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es barierebi dauZlevelia,

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erT dros iaponiis, xolo axlo warsulSi

aziuri vefxvebis, CineTisa Tu sxva erTi SexedviT ,,susti”

qveynebis ,,Tamam SeWrebs” msoflio bazrebze.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi

SezRudulia da masobrivi produqciis warmoebis SesaZleblobas

ar iZleva, saqarTvelos industriulma produqtma SesaZloa

Tavisi niSa msoflio bazarze im SemTxvevaSi ipovos, Tu

aqcentebi gakeTdeba maRalxarisxiani, saimedo, originaluri,

ZviradRirebuli produqciis warmoebaze da SeZlebs, daakmayo-

filos msoflios mosaxleobis is umciresoba, romelTa xelSi

Tavmoyrilia msoflio kerZo kapitalis 75%-ze meti. mniSvne-

lovani problema am gzaze adamianuri resursebis profesiuli

codnis gaumjobesebaa, riTac SesaZlebelia yvela sxva problemis

gadalaxva, rac xels uSlis qveynis ekonomikis winsvlas da im

bunebrivi, potenciuri upiratesobis gamoyenebas, rac qveyanas aqvs

geopolitikuri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare.

lina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvili

xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis ekonomikis xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis ekonomikis xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis ekonomikis xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis ekonomikis

aRorZinebis safuaRorZinebis safuaRorZinebis safuaRorZinebis safuZZZZveliveliveliveli

_ gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynisTvis, iseTi, rogorc

saqarTveloa, erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis erT-erT mniSvne-

lovan sferos investiciuri politikis sworad warmarTva

warmoadgens.

_ Tu gavaanalizebT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze myofi

saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur politikas, vnaxavT, rom investiciebi

sWirdeba ara marto ganviTarebad, aramed igi aucilebeli da

saWiroa ganviTarebuli qveynisTvisac, rogorc ekonomikis aRor-

Zinebis mZlavri saSualeba.

_ im qveynis mTavrobebi, romlebic maRal Sedegebs aRweven

ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, did mniSvnelobas aniWeben investiciebs,

rogorc qveynis ekonomikis gajansaRebis erT-erT efeqtur

87

RonisZiebas. saqarTvelosTvis investiciebis mozidva gansakuT-

rebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan man xeli unda Seuwyos qveyanaSi

umuSevrobis Semcirebas da, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebisa da Semo-

savlebis gadidebas, sabazro urTierTobaSi ucxouri gamocdi-

lebis gaziarebas, inovaciebis danergvas, saeqsporto poten-

cialisa da qveynis savaluto Semosavlebis zrdas da sxv.

_ investiciebis mozidvis saqmeSi udidesi roli eniWeba

sainvesticio garemos, romlis Sinaarsi rTuli da kompleqsuria,

amitom SeiZleba misi ganxilva sxvadasxva doneze.

_ makrodoneze ganxilvis dros yuradReba unda gamaxvildes

iseT faqtorebze, rogoricaa: investiciebis mimReb qveyanaSi

arsebuli realuri politikuri da ekonomikuri situaciebi,

socialuri klimati, saxelmwifo politika ucxour investicieb-

Tan damokidebulebaSi, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaTa dacvis tra-

dicia, myari saxelmwifo institutebi, saxelmwifoebrivi Carevis

xarisxi ekonomikaSi da sxva.

_ ekonomikur parametrebs Soris sainvesticio garemoze

gavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareoba, qveynis

sakredito-safinanso sistema, valutis mdgomareoba (rogoria

savaluto kursis simyare), inflaciuri procesebis dinamika,

kreditis fasi (sagadasaxado procenti), partnioris gadaxdis-

unarianoba da sxva.

_ sainvesticio garemo mikrodoneze mJRavndeba ormxriv

urTierTobaSi _ investor firmebsa da investiciebis mimRebi

qveynis konkretul organoebs, sameurneo subieqtebs, mimwodebels,

myidvels, safinanso organoebsa da investiciebis mimRebi qveynis

SromiT koleqtivebs Soris. amasTan, sainvesticio garemos

ganzogadebuli Sefasebis konkretizacia investorma unda gaake-

Tos qveynis realuri ekonomikuri, iuridiuli da socialur-

kulturuli mdgomareobis Sesabamisad.

_ 1996-2007 wlebSi saqarTveloSi investiciebi ZiriTad

kapitalSi 718,2 mln. laridan 4805 mln. laramde gaizarda,

magram, 2008 wlis agvistos movlenebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo isev

saomar mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda ruseTTan, aseT viTarebaSi

investorebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben im faqts, Tu

ramdenad keTilsasurveli garemo arsebobs ama Tu im qveyanaSi

88

(mag., saqarTveloSi) kapitalis dabandebisaTvis, maT ainteresebT

im qveynis ekonomika, ideologia, politika da, rac mTavaria,

stabiluria Tu ara im qveyanaSi situacia, sadac isini apireben

investiciebis Cadebas. dRes saqarTveloSi arsebuli arasta-

biluri mdgomareoba investorebs afrTxobs, da marTlac, maTi

SiSi safuZvels moklebuli ar aris. safrTxe realuria, amitom

agvistos movlenebis Semdeg qveyanaSi investiciebis Semodinebam

iklo, investorebisaTvis saqarTveloSi dabandebul kapitalze

maRali riskis gamo.

_ investorisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs investiciis mimReb

qveyanaSi rogoria infrastruqturis ganviTarebis arsebuli

done. saqarTveloSi am mxriv bolo 5 weliwadSi garkveuli

dadebiTi tendenciebi SeiniSneboda, magram agvistos ramdenime-

dRianma omma, romelic ZiriTadad qveynis infrastruqturis

moSlisaken iyo mimarTuli, mdgomareoba gaauaresa. ekonomikis

ganviTarebis iseT pirobebSi, rogoric saqarTveloSia, investori

TviTon qmnis mikrogaremos, rac damatebiT danaxarjebTan aris

dakavSirebuli. amitom aRniSnuli faqti (infrastruqturis

ganviTarebis dabali done) problemas uqmnis investors,

daabandos kapitali aseT qveyanaSi da ganaxorcielos raime

sainvesticio proeqti.

_ investori investiciis mimReb qveyanaSi gansakuTrebiT

afasebs bazris sidides da tevadobas. es maCvenebeli, sxva

maxasiaTebelTan erTad, erT-erTi ZiriTadia, rodesac igi Tavisi

saqmianobisTvis ama Tu im regions irCevs da Tavis sawarmos qmnis

an sxva saxiT abandebs kapitals. sxvadasxva situaciis

(politikuri, socialuri, kriminogenuli da sxv.) stabilurobam

investors unda misces stimuli, Seqmnas axali sawarmoebi,

awarmoos produqcia da gaitanos bazarze. amdenad, investoris

saboloo mizani swored regionSi bazris ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobaa.

_ investori did yuradRebas aqcevs stabilur sagadasaxado

politikas, romelic emyareba gamarTul, dasabuTebul

sagadasaxado sistemas, rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTebi myari

da realuria, amasTan, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ar

89

icvleba rigi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi araswori da dauxvewavi

formulirebiT.

_ CamoTvlili RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT myari sainvesticio politikis realizebam, saqarTveloSi

xeli unda Seuwyos qveynis ekonomikis Tanmimdevrul, mdgrad

ganviTarebas.

ekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSvili

saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia ekonomikurisaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia ekonomikurisaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia ekonomikurisaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia ekonomikuri

zrdis procesSizrdis procesSizrdis procesSizrdis procesSi

nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis erTi ekonomikuri sistemidan

meoreze gadasvla siZnelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. gamonaklisi arc

saqarTvelo aRmoCnda. qveynis ekonomikuri donis amsaxvel erT-

erT ZiriTad ganmazogadebel faqtors ekonomikuri zrdis maCve-

nebeli warmoadgens. rogorc viciT, ekonomikuri zrda mosax-

leobis cxovrebis donis zrdis Sesabamisad Seqmnili sargeblis

moculobis zrdas warmoadgens. ekonomikuri zrda maSinaa

efeqtiani, rodesac Sexamebulia socialuri stabiluroba da

socialuri optimizmi. aseTi zrda iTvaliswinebs mTeli rigi

miznebis miRwevas, kerZod: cxovrebis xangrZlivobis zrdas,

racionalur moxmarebas da moTxovnilebaTa ufro srul dakma-

yofilebas, cxovrebis doneebs Soris arsebul mkveTr gansxva-

vebasa da siRatakis daZlevas, maqsimaluri dasaqmebis miRwevas,

ekologiuri usafrTxoebisa da garemos dacvis xarisxis

amaRlebasa da sxv.

ekonomikuri zrdis kategorias mravali interpretacia

gaaCnia, yvelaze farTo gagebiT ki ekonomikuri zrda warmoebisa

da misi faqtorebis Sedegebis xarisxobriv da raodenobriv

cvlilebas warmoadgens. igi Tavis gamoxatulebas mTliani

erovnuli produqtis potenciuri da realuri moculobis zrdaSi

poulobs.

dResdReobiT ekonomikuri zrdis problemebi centralur

adgils ikavebs ekonomikur diskusiebsa da ganxilvaSi. warmoebis

realuri zrda saSualebas iZleva garkveuli xarisxiT mainc

gadaiWras yvela ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

90

problema, rac resursebis SezRudulobasa da adamianTa moTxov-

nilebebis ganuzRvrelobaSi mdgomareobs.

nebismieri Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sistemis normaluri

funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba

saxelmwifos. saxelmwifo, mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze,

marTlwesrigis dacvis, erovnuli usafrTxoebis (Tavdacvis)

amocanebis gverdiT, garkveul funqcias asrulebda ekonomikis

sferoSic. saxelmwifo regulirebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs.

jer kidev adreuli kapitalizmis etapze evropaSi arsebobda

centralizebuli kontroli fasebze, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

xarisxze, procentul ganakveTebsa da sagareo vaWrobaze.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvela saxelmwifo axorcielebs erovnuli

ekonomikis regulirebas, oRond Carevis sxvadasxva xarisxiT.

saxelmwifo ekonomikuri zrdis regulirebaSi mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs da amitom, aucilebelia, ganvixiloT saxelmwifo

regulirebis is RonisZiebebi, romelic yvelaze met masti-

mulirebels warmoadgens am procesisaTvis. yvela arsebuli

midgomis ganxilvis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

arsebobs rigi Taviseburebebi, romelTa daregulirebac metad

rTuli xdeba da amitomac, faqtobrivad, ekonomikuri zrdis

stimulireba ferxdeba. Cveni azriT, safuZvels moklebuli ar

iqneba im gzis arCeva, romelic dRevandel pirobebSi,

garkveulwilad, miesadageba arsebul situacias da mniSvnelovnad

daaCqarebs ekonomikuri zrdis temps. aseT saSualebad mecnierTa

nawili industriul politikas miiCnevs, romlis meSveobiTac

saxelmwifo aqtiur rols iTamaSebs mrewvelobis struqruris

formirebaSi. mas SesaZlebloba eqneba gaataros iseTi

RonisZiebani, romlebic daaCqareben maRalmwarmoebluri dargebis

ganviTarebas da xels Seuwyoben resursebis gadaadgilebas

dabalmwarmoebluri dargebidan. mTavrobas aseve saSualeba

eqneba, gazardos Tavis xarjebi fundamentur gamokvlevebsa da

damuSavebebze, rac, Tavis mxriv teqnikuri progresis

stimulirebas gamoiwvevs. ganaTlebaze xarjebis zrda ki xels

Seuwyobs samuSao Zalis xarisxis amaRlebas da Sromis nayo-

fierebis zrdas.

91

ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis meTodebis mraval-

gvarobisa da sirTulis miuxedavad, ekonomistTa absoluturi

umravlesoba eTanxmeba im azrs, rom ekonomikuri zrdis tempis

gadideba Zalian rTuli amocanaa, vinaidan kapitaltevadoba da

dazogvisaken midrekileba Znelad eqvemdebareba regulirebas.

Catarebuli analizi, rogorc vxedavT, saSualebas gvaZlevs

vaRiaroT, rom eqstensiurma gzam didi xania amowura Tavisi Tavi.

Cvens pirobebSi mas mxolod CixSi mivyavarT da aranair Sanss ar

iZleva ekonomikuri aRorZinebisaTvs. amitom, ekonomikuri zrdis

tempis Secvla da meurneobis ganviTareba-wayvana intensiuri

ganviTarebis gziT obieqturi aucileblobiT aris ganpirobebuli.

amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom eqstensiurma gzam moamzada

naidagi ganviTarebis axali tipis (intensiuri) aRmocenebisaTvis.

Seiqmna ra bazisi axali ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTa-

rebisaTvis, eqstensiurma gzam udidesi wvlili Seitana msoflio

ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.

nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili

adapturi molodinis makroekonometrikuliadapturi molodinis makroekonometrikuliadapturi molodinis makroekonometrikuliadapturi molodinis makroekonometrikuli

modelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxeb

ekonometrika ekonomikis kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili

da prestiJuli mimarTulebaa. igi sakmaod swrafad afarToebs

gamoyenebis sferoebs. ekonometrikis saSualebiT ekonomikur

Teoriaze dafuZnebuli zogadi xarisxobrivi kanonzomierebebi

raodenobrivad gamoisaxeba, rac praqtikuli daskvnebisTvis,

rogorc wesi, metad Rirebuli informaciis Semcvelia.

ekonometrikuli modelirebis dros SesaZlebelia ekonomika

danawevrdes Sesaswavli obieqtis mixedviT da Sesabamisi

Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT aigos modeli. amjerad

yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT makroekonomikuri modelis Sesaxeb,

romelic droiTi faqtoris gavlenas iTvaliswinebs da

Sesabamisad, dinamikuri modelebis klass miekuTvneba. kerZod,

ganvixiloT adapturi molodinis modeliadapturi molodinis modeliadapturi molodinis modeliadapturi molodinis modeli.

molodinis modelireba gamoyenebiT ekonomikaSi sakmaod

rTuli amocanaa, gansakuTrebiT makroekonomikaSi, sadac inves-

92

ticia, danazogi da aqtivebze moTxovna molodinis mimarT

sakmaod mgrZnobiareni arian. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom amJamad

makroekonomikuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad molodinis gazomvis

damakmayofilebeli meTodebi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, makro-

ekonomikuri modelirebis saSualebiT maRali sizustis prognozi

ver miiReba, rac, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikis marTvas arTulebs.

problemis gadasawyvetad sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven. isini

makroekonomikuri modelis Sesabamisad SeirCevian.

zogierT makroekonomikur modelSi molodinis problemis

gadasawyvetad arapirdapiri meTodi gamoiyeneba, romelic

`adapturi molodinis procesis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

adapturi molodinis procesi molodinis martiv koreqtirebas,

gulisxmobs. martivi koreqtirebisas drois nebismier periodSi

cvladis realuri mniSvneloba mis mosalodnel mniSvnelobasTan

mimarTebaSi ganixileba. Tu realuri mniSvneloba mosalodnelze

meti aRmoCnda, maSin molodinis koreqtireba matebisken xdeba,

xolo Tu naklebi _ Semcirebisken. amasTan, igulisxmeba, rom

koreqtirebis sidide cvladis realuri da mosalodneli

mniSvnelobebis sxvaobis proporciulia. e.i. Tu ganixileba x

cvladi, xolo etx misi mosalodneli mniSvnelobaa t periodSi,

maSin

)(1ett

et

et xxxx −=−+ λ , (0≤λ≤1) (1)

sxvaobiT moxdeba martivi koreqtireba. aq λ proporciulobis

koeficientis rols asrulebs. (1) gamosaxuleba gadavweroT

Semdegnairad: ett

et xxx )1(1 λλ −+=+ , (0≤λ≤1). (2)

maSasadame, (2)-is Tanaxmad, momavali periodis

mosalodneli mniSvneloba mimdinare periodis faqtobriv da

mosalodnel mniSvnelobaTa saSualo Sewonili sididis saxiT

ganisazRvreba. rac didia λ–s mniSvneloba, miT swrafia

mosalodneli mniSvnelobis wina periodis realur mniSvne-

lobasTan adaptireba da, piriqiT, Tu λ–s mniSvneloba mcirea,

adaptirebis procesi droSi Wianurdeba da Tavs iCens sxvadasxva

sirTule.

93

adapturi molodinis modeli, garkveulwilad, dakavSi-

rebulia nawilobriv koreqtirebis modelTan, amitom praqtikuli

gaTvlebis dros misi ganxilvac mizanSewonilia. aRsaniSnavia,

rom adapturi molodinis procesi momavalzea mimarTuli da

gamosaxulebis gamoyvana, romelic mxolod cvladebis dakvir-

vebad mniSvnelobebs moicavs, SedarebiT iolia. adapturi

molodinis modeli amtkicebs, rom cvladis mosalodneli

mniSvneloba am cvladis wina periodebis faqtobriv mniSvne-

lobaTa geometriulad klebadi wonis saSualo Sewonil sidides

warmoadgens.

Tavdapirvelad adapturi molodinis modeli realur

fulad naSTze moTxovnisa da fasebis donis mosalodnel

cvlilebas Soris Sesabamisobis dadgenisTvis SeimuSaves

(f.keigani). fulad naSTze moTxovnis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli

faqtoria misi Senaxvis xarji, rac realur gamosaxulebaSi

arsebuli naRdi fulis gaufasurebiTaa gamowveuli. dauSves, rom

aRniSnuli faqtori maRali inflaciis dros mTavaria. toloba

Semdegnairad Camoyalibda:

log(M/P)t=-αEt+1-γ+ut, (3)

sadac: M aris mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masis cvlilebis

indeqsi; P - fasebis indeqsi; log(M/P) – realur fulad naSTze

moTxovnis logariTmi; E – inflaciis mosalodeli done; α da γ – ucnobi parametrebi.

E cvladi dakvirvebadi araa, amitom misi

)(1 ttt ECE −=∆ + β adapturi molodinis gamosaxulebiT Seavses. es

ukanaskneli t periodSi inflaciis donis mosalodnel cvlilebas

gansazRvravs, rogorc realuri inflaciis mimdinare donisa da

ganWvretili donis sxvaobis wils. Sesabamisad, E Semdegnairad

gamoisaxeba:

[ ]...)1()1()1( 22

11 +−+−+=−+= −−+ tttttt CCCECE βββββ .

igi CavsvaT (3)-Si, riTac regresiul

[ ] ttttt uCCCPM +−+−+−+−= −− γββαβ ...)1()1()/log( 22

1 models

miviRebT.

adapturi molodinis modelis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil

gamoyenebas fridmenis mudmivi Semosavlebis hipoTezaze dafuZ-

94

nebuli moxmarebis modeli warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi

mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba gacilebiT efeqtians gaxdis marTvis

process.

iza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauri

Ggardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtGgardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtGgardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtGgardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani iani iani iani dasaqmebis dasaqmebis dasaqmebis dasaqmebis

modificirebuli modelis Sesaxebmodificirebuli modelis Sesaxebmodificirebuli modelis Sesaxebmodificirebuli modelis Sesaxeb

G ganasxvaveben sruli dasaqmebisa da efeqtiani dasaqmebis

modelebs.

sruli dasaqmebis modeli, klasikuri formiT, funqcio-

nirebda yofil socialistur qveynebSi. im dros umuSevroba ar

arsebobda. yvela Sromisunariani, gamonaklisebis garda, dasaqme-

buli iyo. dasaqmebaze zrunavda saxelmwifo. saxelmwifo qmnida

samuSao adgilebs, anawilebda maT momuSaveebze, romelTa umetes

nawilsac muSebi Seadgendnen. Uuxdida maT xelfasebs. xelfasi

dasaqmebulTa da maTi ojaxebis arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo.

gansxvavebiT sruli dasaqmebis socialisturi modelisagan,

romelSic erTaderTi damqiravebeli saxelmwifo iyo da

daqiravebulebs Sroma unazRaurdebodaT erovnuli Semosavlis

nawilidan _ xelfasis fondidan, _ `Sromis anazRaurebis

mecnierulad dasabuTebuli ganakveTebis safuZvelze’’. efeqtiani

dasaqmebis sabazro modeli asaxavs SromiTi xelSekrulebis

safuZvelze Camoyalibebul damokidebulebas damqiraveblebsa da

daqiravebulebs Soris. daqiravebulTa Sromis anazRaureba xdeba

damqiravebelTa Semosavlebidan, daqiravebulTa Sromis raode-

nobisa da xarisxis Sesabamisad, maTi Sromis saboloo Sedegebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. efeqtiani dasaqmebis sabazro modelis mixedviT,

samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-miwodeba, upiratesad, sabazro meqaniz-

mebiTaa gawonasworebuli; dasaqmebasTan erTad, daSvebulia

umuSevrobac; saxelmwifos valdebulebaa umuSevrobis bunebriv

doneze SenarCuneba; gaTvaliswinebulia profkavSirebis aqtiuri

roli; qveynis SigniT profesiuli da teritoriuli mobilurobis

xarisxi maRalia.

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi sruli dasaqmebis so-

cialisturi modeli Secvala efeqturi dasaqmebis modifi-

95

cirebulma sabazro modelma. am qveynebSi efeqtiani dasaqmebis

sabazro modelis modificireba ukavSirdeba dasaqmebis makro-

ekonomikur warsuls, mimdinare periodis ekonomikur kriziss da

dasaqmebis mikroekonomikur myofadsa da momavals.

makroekonomikuri warsulidan, didi qonebis patroni da

erTaderTi damsaqmebeli – saxelmwifo, dasaqmebulTa menta-

liteti da Sromis motivacia sami umniSvnelovanesi, grZelvadiani

efeqtebis matarebeli faqtoria. maTi zemoqmedeba Sromis bazris

funqcionirebasa da dasaqmebaze arsebiTi iyo Tavidanve da

aqtualuria amJamadac.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena

dasaqmebaze gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi. ekonomikuri krizi-

si gaamwvava sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis reformirebam da

ekonomikuri kavSirebis rRvevam, inflaciurma procesebma da

umZimesma socialurma fonma. moqmedi sawarmoebi gaCerda, axali

ver Seiqmna, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis didi nawili umuSevari

darCa, ramac Tavisi koreqtivebi Seitana efeqtiani dasaqmebis

sabazro modelSi, Seqmna Sromaze moTxovna-miwodebis disbalansi

da Secvala samuSao Zalaze faswarmoqmnis meqanizmi.

ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

farTomasStabiani dasaqmebis wamaxalisebel RonisZiebebs, profe-

siuli da teritoriuli mobilurobis waxalisebas, umuSevarTa

dacvas, samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis stimulirebas da sxv. rac

Seexeba saxelmwifos aqtiur rols, igi SenarCundeba manam, sanam

ar Seiqmneba Sesabamisi infrastruqtura, masStaburi ar gaxdeba

kerZo sakuTreba, sanam ar gveqneba kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis

srulfasovani meqanizmi, ar ganviTardeba konkurencia da mobi-

luri ar gaxdeba samuSao Zala qveynis SigniT da saerTaSoriso

masStabiT. Ggarda amisa, gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi kvla-

vac aqtualuria samuSao Zalis moTxovnasa da miwodebaze

zemoqmedeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. kerZod, samuSao Zalaze

moTxovna rom gaizardos, aucilebelia – axali efeqtiani

samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, mewarmeobis ganviTareba (mcire

sawarmoebis masiurad Seqmnis stimulireba), anazRaurebadi

sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis organizeba, SezRuduli SesaZleblo-

bebis adamianebisaTvis samuSao adgilebis Seqmna da sxv. rac

96

Seexeba samuSao Zalis miwodebas, misi gazrdisaTvis aucilebelia

personalis profesiul-kvalificiuri donis sistematiurad

amaRleba, TviTdasaqmebis ganviTareba, migraciuli procesebis

regulireba da sxv.

xaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZe saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: ganviTarebissaqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: ganviTarebissaqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: ganviTarebissaqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: ganviTarebis

Teoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebiTeoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebiTeoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebiTeoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebi

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ganviTareba, ekonomikis funqcioni-

rebis efeqturobis amaRleba da Tanamedrove sabazro infra-

struqturis Seqmna SeuZlebelia ekonomikis regulirebis iseTi

mniSvnelovani instrumentis gareSe, rogoricaa – ekonomikis

sajaro seqtori.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis problemuri sakiT-

xebis gadasaWrelad mniSvnelovania ara mxolod ucxouri

qveynebis sasargeblo gamocdilebis gamoyeneba, aramed am

gamocdilebis saqarTvelos erovnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvalis-

winebiT gamoyeneba.

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebis odenoba mniSvne-

lovnad Semcirda 90-ani wlebis da XXI saukunis axali

aTwleulis reformebis Sedegad.Mxolo misi funqcionaluri

mniSvneloba ki gaizarda, radgan socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis

transformaciis da sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis

Tanamedrove etapze saxelmwifo sakuTrebisa da, kerZod, sajaro

seqtoris gavlena ekonomikasa da mTlianad sazogadoebaze

vlindeba ekonomikis sabazro infrastruqturis Seqmnis

aucileblobasa da misi socialuri Semadgenlis gaZlierebaSi,

integraciul da globalizaciur procesebSi saxelmwifos

aqtiuri monawileobis, saxelmwifoTa Soris konkurenciis

gamkacrebis da Tanamedrove geopolitikur da geoekonomikur

problemebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis pirobebSi.

amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove etapze umniSvne-

lovanesi sakiTxia saqarTvelos politikuri, ekonomikuri, energe-

tikuli, samxedro da teritoriuli usafrTxoeba.

97

saxelmwifo politikis mimarTulebebis srulyofa mWidro

kavSirSia saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtoris funqcio-

nirebis optimaluri da efeqturi miznebis da principebis

gansazRvrasTan.

ase, magaliTad, saqarTvelos mTavrobis programa _ (2008 –

2012) “saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe” _ ganixilavs saxelmwifos

mTavrobis saqmianobis Semdeg ZiriTad miznebs:

- mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa;

- erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da sruli teri-

toriuli da samoqalaqo reintegracia.

zemoT aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad saqarTvelos mTavro-

bis saqmianobisa da yuradRebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs

warmoadgens sajaro seqtori. kerZod ki, _ saqarTvelos sajaro

seqtorSi Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba:

1. sajaro seqtoris dafuZneba Rirsebaze damyarebul princi-

pebze:

- saqarTvelos sajaro seqtoris marTvis principebis miax-

loeba kerZo seqtoris marTvis principebTan misi efeq-

tianobis gazrdis mizniT;

- sajaro samsaxurSi sakontraqto sistemis elementebis

danergva;

- sajaro institutebis saqmianobis Sefasebis gazomvadi

meqanizmebis da monitoringis mkafio kriteriumebis

danergva, ris Sedegadac miiReba mcire, moqnili, gamWvir-

vale, efeqtiani sajaro samsaxuri;

- maRali Tanamdebobis pirebze gansakuTrebuli zedamxedve-

lobis sistemis Seqmna.

2. antikorufciuli reformebis SenarCuneba da gaaqtiureba:

- sajaro samsaxurSi qonebrivi da finansuri deklarirebis

sistemis gaumjobeseba;

- eTikis kodeqsis normebis danergva;

- daqiravebisa da dawinaurebis sistemis gamWvirvalobis

uzrunvelyofa;

- mobilurobis gazrda sajaro da kerZo seqtorebs Soris.

3. eleqtronuli xelmoweris da erTiani samTavrobo eleqtro-

nuli qselis danergva:

98

- eleqtronuli xelmowerebis da eleqtronuli dokumentebis

gamoyenebis danergva rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtor-

Si.

maSasadame, Tanamedrove etapze saqarTvelos ekonomikis

sajaro seqtoris funqcionirebis mTavar mizans warmoadgens misi

socialur-ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRleba: saxelmwifoebrivi

amocanebis gadaWra, ekonomikis kerZo seqtoris funqcionirebis

optimizacia da misi efeqtianobis amaRleba, sazogadoebrivi

sargeblianobis sabazro maqsimizacia ekonomikuri cxovrebis

Tanamedrove pirobebSi.

goderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSvili saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobis

problemebiproblemebiproblemebiproblemebi

saqarTvelo is qveynaa, sadac ekonomikis transformacia

centralizebuli gegmiuridan _ Tavisufal kerZoze kataklizme-

biT ganxorcielda. Sedegad jer kidev Sorsaa qveynis ekonomika,

mag., 1985 wlis donemde. mSpmSpmSpmSp-s moculoba, Cveni gaangariSebiT, jer

kidev ramdenjerme CamorCeba gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis

maCvenebels, maSin, roca bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi indus-

triul saxelmwifoTa umetesobam TavianTi mSpmSpmSpmSp-s moculoba 2-jer

da metad gazarda.

saqarTvelos ekonomika damamcireblad gamoiyureba indus-

triul saxelmwifoTa fonze. aSS, iaponia, safrangeTi, italia,

inglisi da a.S. awarmoeben 46 _ 50 aTas aSS dolaris mSp mSp mSp mSp erT

sul mosaxleze (msoflio bankis 2007 wlis monacemebiT), maSin,

roca, igive wyaros Tanaxmad, CvenTan analogiuri maCvenebeli

mxolod 3 aTasia, anu daaxloebiT 15 _ 16-jer CamovrCebiT. cudi

mdgomareoba gvaqvs aRniSnul makroekonomikur maCvenebelSi

postsabWoTa sivrcis qveynebTan SedarebiTac. kerZod mSpmSpmSpmSp-s

moculoba erT kacze, gasul 2007 wels, msoflio bankis

monacemebiT, ruseTSi Seadgens 9 aTass, ukrainaSi – 4 aTass,

belorusiaSi _ 11 aTass, estoneTSi _ 21 aTass, somxeTSi _ 3,4

aTass, azerbaijanSi _ 5,7 aTass da a.S. [http //ru.vikipedia.org. gadamow-mebulia 14.11.2008.].

99

saqarTvelo mSpmSpmSpmSp-s mixedviT imyofeba 117-e adgilze, xolo

mosaxleobis ricxvis mixedviT _ 114-e adgilze, anu saSualo

msoflio maCveneblis SesabamisobaSia, xolo gasuli saukunis 80-

ian wlebSi igi erT-erTi mowinave qveyana iyo msoflioSi

ekonomikuri potencialis mixedviT.

ekonomikuri stabilurobisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi

sami makroekonomikuri maCveneblis miRweva:

_ mSpmSpmSpmSp-s moculobis zrda;

_ umuSevrobis arseboba aRiarebul normebSi (saqarTvelos-

Tvis daaxloebiT 10 _ 12%);

_ inflaciis SenarCuneba mxolod erTniSna ricxviT gansazRv-

rulis doneze.

am sami parametris garda SeiZleba gamoviyenoT uamravi

maCvenebeli. magaliTad, ekonomikis stabilurobaze gavlenas

axdens saSualo xelfasis da saSualo Semosavlebis sidide,

eqsport-importis saldo, fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze aqtivobis

koeficienti, sxvadasxva dargebSi kapitalizacia da kapital-

ukugeba da a.S. magram, ramdenadac eseni pirdapir an iribad

ukavSirdebian zemoT CamoTvlil sam ganzogadebul parametrs,

ekonomikis stabilizaciis problemebis ganxilva mxolod maTi

gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba.

saqarTvelos mSp, mSp, mSp, mSp, miuxedavad imisa, rom dabali rCeba, bolo

wlebis ganmavlobaSi dinamiurad izrdeba. 90-ian wlebSi misi

erTbaSad vardnis fonze aseTi dinamika dadebiT movlenad unda

miviCnioT, Tumca qveynis potenciali, ganpirobebuli arsebuli

teqnikuri baziT, SesaZlo investirebiT da samuSao Zalis

xarisxiT, ukeTesi Sedegebis miRwevis saSualebas iZleoda da

iZleva.

cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1

mTliani Sida produqciis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqciis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqciis moculoba da dinamikamTliani Sida produqciis moculoba da dinamika

(mimdinare fasebSi. mln. lari)(mimdinare fasebSi. mln. lari)(mimdinare fasebSi. mln. lari)(mimdinare fasebSi. mln. lari)

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

100

mTliani Sida produqti (sul) maT Soris: _ saqonlis warmoeba _ momsaxureba _ finansuri Suamavlobis pirdapiri Sefaseba _ wminda gadasaxadebi produqciasa da importze _ mSpmSpmSpmSp (mudmiv fasebSi) procentobiT wina welTan _ mSpmSpmSpmSp-is deflatori, procentobiT wina welTan

6674 2770 3531 _ 63 436 104,8 105,3

7456 3130 3903 _73 495 105,5 106,0

8564 3716 4404 _ 78 522 111,1 103,3

9824 3986 5079 _ 75 835 105,9 108,1

11621 4477 5937 _130 1336 109,6 107,9

13790 4539 7615 _107 1743 109,4 108,5

erovnuli angariSebi. sssd. Tb., 2007. gv.134.

mSp,mSp,mSp,mSp, 2001-dan 2006 wlamde, gaizarda 6 674 mln. laridan 13 790

mln. laramde mimdinare fasebiT, anu 2,06-jer. inflaciis

gaTvaliswinebiT, zrda gacilebiT naklebia, magram progresi

aSkaraa, Tumca saerTo sazogadoebrivi produqti, romelic

Tavisi SemcvelobiT gacilebiT mokrZalebuli iyo, vidre mSpmSpmSpmSp,

1985 wels Seadgenda 22 645,1 mln. maSindel maneTs. es dReisaTvis,

Cveni gaangariSebiT, 70 mlrd. laramdea da gacilebiT maRalia

2006 wlis maCvenebelze [Народное хозяйство ГССР в 1987 году.

Статистический ежегодник. Tб., 1988, с.14.]. makroekonomikuri stabilurobis iseTi parametri, rogo-

ricaa umuSevroba, anu dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba saqarTve-

losTvis aSkarad cudad gamoiyureba. marTalia, sssd-s ofi-

cialur gamocemebSi misi done 11_13 procentis farglebSi

meryeobs, magram aq, gazomvis meTodikis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebulebad

miiCneva e.w. “TviTdasaqmebulebi” da mosaxleobis is kategoria,

romelTac saangariSo wels mcire periodiT mainc hqondaT

anazRaurebadi samuSao, xolo daqiravebuli SromiT dasaqme-

bulTa realuri suraTi gacilebiT cudia. igive sssd-s mixedviT

saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulebi (daqiravebuli SromiT) ase

gamoiyureba (ix. cxr. 2).

101

cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2cxrili 2

dasaqdasaqdasaqdasaqmebulebi saqarTveloSi 2003 _ 2008 ww.mebulebi saqarTveloSi 2003 _ 2008 ww.mebulebi saqarTveloSi 2003 _ 2008 ww.mebulebi saqarTveloSi 2003 _ 2008 ww.

(kaci)(kaci)(kaci)(kaci)

wlebi 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 2008wlis

11kvartal.

dasaqmebulebi 297795 322779 388946 360987 361209 331389

cxrilidan Cans daqiravebuli SromiT dasaqmebulebis

dinamikis dadebiToba, Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas,

rom mosaxleobis49 _ 51% Sromisunariania da saqarTvelos

mosaxleoba 4,4 mln. kacia, gamodis, rom stabiluri ekonomikis

pirobebSi, daqiravebuli SromiT daaxloebiT 2 mln. kaci unda

iyos dakavebuli, xolo dReisaTvis arsebuli monacemebi (331 389)

aSkarad mokrZalebulia.

rac Seexeba inflaciis tempebs, igive oficialuri

monacemebiT 2008 wels misi sidide 7%-is farglebSia, xolo

bolo wlebSi ar aRemateba 9%-s, rac SeusabamobaSia faqtobriv

maCveneblebTan da misi done gacilebiT maRali unda iyos.

amasTan, erovnuli valutis _ laris meryeobac sxva _ msoflio

valutebTan mimarTebaSi, magaliTad, 1998 wels da mimdinare

periodSic, uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikis stabilur funqcio-

nirebaze.

bolo periodSi, msoflio masStabiT, saxezea finansuri

krizisi, rac ipoTekuri sesxebis daubruneblobiT da msoflio

bazarze navTobis fasebis vardniT daiwyo, msoflio safondo

birJebze daeca fasiani qaRaldebis Rirebulebac da saqmiani

aqtivobac, Sedegad vRebulobT msoflio ekonomikur kriziss,

romelic ar SeiZleba ar aisaxos saqarTvelos ekonomikazec. am

mimarTebiT saWiroa qveynis ekonomika momzadebuli Sexvdes am

kataklizmebs rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul aspeqtSi.

moyvanili msjeloba iZleva safuZvels davaskvnaT saqarT-

velos makroekonomikuri arastabiluroba. Sesabamisi RonisZiebe-

bis gautareblobis SemTxvevaSi, politikuri situaciidan gamom-

102

dinarec, SeiZleba ekonomika gacilebiT uares dReSi aRmoCndes,

vidre dResaa. am mimarTebiT aucilebelia:

_ biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna;

_ safinanso-sakredito sistemis mowesrigeba;

_ biznesis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis sistemis srulyofa;

_ ekonomikis sxelmwifo regulirebis operatiulobis da dasa-

buTebulobis ganviTareba.

biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis SeqmnaSi

igulisxmeba biznesisaTvis sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcireba,

xelsayreli sagareo-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofa,

mimzidveli sainvesticio garemo da a.S.

regulirebadi sagadasaxado davebis SemTxvevaSi Tavidanve

fiqsirdeba sagadasaxado organoebis upiratesoba. amasTan, miuxe-

davad bolo dros gadasaxadTa ganakveTebis nawilobrivi Semci-

rebisa, is mainc maRalia Cveni qveynisaTvis da biznesis

gaaqtiurebas ar uwyobs xels. cnobilia e.w. “lafetis wertili”

[http // ru.vikipedia.org. gadamowmebulia 14.11.2008.], romlis mixedviTac,

sagadasaxado tvirTi korporaciebisaTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi

ganisazRvreba 10 _ 20 %-iani intervaliT. Cvens realobaSi ki

mxolod dRgdRgdRgdRg Seadgens 18%-s, saSemosavlo, romelsac, marTalia,

daqiravebuli ixdis, magram gadaxdaze pasuxismgebeli firmaa da

Seadgens 25%-s daricxuli xelfasidan, aseve 15%-iani ganakveTiT

ibegreba mogeba, rom araferi vTqvaT sxva gadasaxadebze.

amasTanave, Cveni sagadasaxado sistema araproporciuli da

aradiferencirebulia, esec uaryofiTad aisaxeba samewarmeo aqti-

vobaze.

safinanso-sakredito sistema mewarmeobasTan kavSirSi

ZiriTadad komerciuli bankebiT gamoixateba. saqarTveloSi ko-

merciuli sesxebi gacilebiT maRalprocentiania, vidre indus-

triul saxelmwifoebSi. es ki amcirebs samamulo warmoebis

konkurentunarianobas da gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad aisaxeba

gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaze.

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT sameurneo davebis abso-

luturi umetesoba ganixileba saerTo sasamarTloebSi, sadac

gadawyvetilebaTa kvalifikaciaze rom araferi vTqvaT, davebis

ganxilva gaumarTleblad Wianurdeba, xSiria winaswari daya-

103

daRebis SemTxvevebi, dava SeiZleba gagrZeldes ramdenime

sasamarTlo instanciaSi da erT-erTma modave mxarem, didi

albaTobiT, SeiZleba ganuzomlad izaralos. gansakuTrebiT mci-

re da saSualo biznesis SemTxvevaSi.

Cveni kanonmdeblobiT daSvebulia kerZo saarbitraJo sasa-

marTloebi, magram maTi gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebis garan-

tiebis uqonlobis gamo, sasamarTloebis avtoriteti Zalzed da-

cemulia da minimumamdea Semcirebuli maT mier ganxiluli

saqmeebis raodenobac. amitom saWirod migvaCnia saxelmwifo

saarbitraJo sasamarTlo sistemis aRdgena.

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis sistema TiTqmis ar

iyenebs iseT berketebs, rogorebicaa gadasaxadTa diferencireba,

dargobrivi dotireba, licenzireba da a.S. ris gamoc regulireba

stiqiur xasiaTs atarebs da, saerTo jamSi, ver uzrunvelyofs

dargobrivi struqturis gaumjobesebas. saWiroa am sistemis

srulyofac.

CamoTvlili mimarTulebebis gamosworebis gareSe saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikis daCqarebuli ganviTareba da mimzidveli

sainvesticio garemos Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT gadamamuSavebel da

samrewvelo seqtorSi, SeuZlebelia.

nino faresaSvilinino faresaSvilinino faresaSvilinino faresaSvili umuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdis

mniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervi

saqarTvelos ganviTarebis mkacrad gansazRvruli ekono-

mikuri prioritetebis ararseboba gansazRvravs dasaqmebis poli-

tikis warmarTvis sirTules. umuSevrobis Semcirebisa da

produqtiuli dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis aucilebel winapirobad

gvevlineba ekonomikuri zrda, romelsac Tan axlavs axali

samuSao adgilebis Seqmna (amis gareSe nebismieri dasaqmebis

politika ganwirulia). amitom dasaqmebis politikis formuli-

rebis miznis misaRwevad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia misi

potenciuri zrdis wyaroebis moZieba. saqarTvelos gaaCnia

arsebiTi upiratesobani kavkasiis regionebis sxva qveynebTan

104

SedarebiT: geopolitikuri mdgomareoba, bunebrivi simdidre da

sasurveli bunebrivi klimaturi pirobebi.

qveyanaSi bolo wlebSi ikveTeba ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi

da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom orientireba keTdeba mTeli

politikis integraciaze msoflio sameurneo kavSirebis siste-

maSi, maSin SegviZlia CamovayaliboT dasaqmebis politikis

strategiuli mizani: qveyanaSi prioritetul dargebSi produq-

tiuli dasaqmebis gazrda da dinamikuri nacionaluri Sromis

bazris ganviTarebis safuZvelze umuSevarTa donis Semcireba.

aseve aucilebelia, movamzadoT misi CarTvis safuZveli gegmur

integraciul saerTaSoriso Sromis bazarze, sadac saxelmwifo

regulirebis mniSvnelovan mimarTulebebad migvaCnia:

1. saxelmwifos Zalisxmeva samuSao Zalis ganviTarebasa da

Sromis bazarze moqalaqeTa konkurentunarianobis asamaRleblad;

2. samuSao Zalaze moTxovnilebis zrdis stimulireba,

romelic moicavs Sromis bazris analizis, prognozisa da

monitoringis srulyofis, samuSao Zalis moTxovna-miwodebis

dabalansebis sakiTxebs;

3. dasaqmebis mxardaWerisa da ganviTarebis mixedviT dargob-

riv bazrebze socialuri partniorobis formaTa srulyofisaTvis

gatarebul kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba-realizacias;

4. aRmasrulebeli organoebis mxridan gansazRvrul saerTo-

saxelmwifoebriv midgomebs da Sromis bazarze RonisZiebebisa da

moqmedebebis CamonaTvalis uSualo formirebis uflebaTa

delegirebas saqarTvelos subieqtebis mier;

5. Sromis regionuli bazrebis problemebis gadaWras aRmas-

rulebeli xelisuflebis yvela dainteresebuli organos mier

resursebis mozidvis dros damsaqmeblebs, profkavSirebs, orga-

nizaciebs, gaerTianebebs Soris urTierTqmedebebis mogvarebis

pirobebSi, romlis mizanic uwyebaTaSorisi barieris moxsnaa;

6. saxelmwifo politikis miznad Sromis bazarze mudmivi

dasaqmebis uzrunvelsayofi RonisZiebebis gatarebas ara mxolod

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis, aramed im moqalaqeebisaTvis,

romlebic gansakuTrebiT saWiroeben socialuri da SromiTi

mowyobis pirobebSi `samisamarTo~ mxardaWeras. amasTan, pirvel-

xarisxovani mniSvneloba unda mieniWos mosaxleobis socialurad

105

dazaralebuli jgufebis dasaqmebis mxardaWeris miznobrivi

programebis damuSavebas;

7. ramdenadac Sromis bazari formirdeba mozardi Taobis

ricxovnobis Semcirebis pirobebSi, romelic TavisTavad gamoiw-

vevs axali samuSao Zalebis nakadis Semcirebas, aRniSnulis

gaTvaliswinebiT gatardes kargad gaazrebuli migraciuli

politika;

8. Cven mier Camoyalibebuli mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebani,

Semdgomi realizaciis mizniT, moiTxovs saxelmwifo politikis

mxridan finansuri resursebis konsolidacias, maTi gamoyenebis

efeqtianobis amaRlebas da Sromis bazarze socialuri

TanamSromlobis institutis ganviTarebas;

9. sabiujeto saSualebaTa gamoyenebis efeqtianobis asamaRle-

blad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos gansaxorcielebel Ronis-

ZiebaTa efeqtianobis Sefasebis meqanizmis SemuSaveba;

10. dasaqmebis dargobrivi programebisaTvis aucilebelia,

damuSavdes socialuri TanamSromlobis urTierTqmedebis tipuri

modelebi sawarmoebSi, romelTac gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebi aqvT. aqedan gamomdinare, Sromis bazarze dasaqmebis

samsaxurebis arsebobasa da maTi muSaobis efeqtianobis amaR-

lebas, romelic orientirebuli iqneba moqalaqeebis SromiT

mowyobaze udidesi mniSvneloba mieniWeba. aucilebelia gatardes

RonisZiebebi dasaqmebis samsaxurebis informaciuli sistemis

uzrunvelsayofad, nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis miRwevadi unda iyos

nebismieri informaciis miReba da gafarTovdes dasaqmebis

samsaxurebis momsaxurebis speqtri;

11. SemoTavazebuli koncefciebi, SesaZlebelia, saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis organoebis fuZemdeblur dokumentad iqces.

amasTan, strategiuli miznebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba

gvkarnaxobs dafinansebis gafarToebas, aqtiuri prognozebis

dagegmvasa da realizacias, Sesrulebeli samuSaoebis efeqtiano-

bis Sefasebasa da teqnikur uzrunvelyofas;

12. SromiTi potencialis formirebisa da efeqturi

saxelmwifo politikis gatarebisaTvis aucilebelia ara mxolod

saxelmwifos monawileoba, aramed arakomerciuli organiza-

106

ciebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi institutebis aqtiuri

moqmedeba, romelTac aqtiuri moqmedebis unari gaaCniaT.

Aamrigad, SeTavazebuli rekomendaciebi xels Seuwyobs

efeqtiani saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis

gansazRvrasa da ganxorcielebas Sromis bazarze, uzrunvelyofs

SromiTi potencialis mobilurobis amaRlebas profesiuli

adaptaciisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis safuZvelze.

malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava moxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxeb

mas Semdeg, rac makroekonomika samecniero disciplina

gaxda, mravali ekonomisti ikvlevda da dResac ikvlevs

momxmarebelTa qcevis kanonzomierebebs. maT Seqmnes Teoriebi,

sadac Camoyalibebulia moxmarebasa da Semosavalze arsebul

monacemTa ganmartebis sxvadasxva xerxi. rogor Rebuloben

ojaxebi gadawyvetilebas, TavianTi Semosavlis ra nawili

daxarjon dRes da ra nawili gadadon samomavlod? es sakiTxi

mikroekonomikis sferos ganekuTvneba, ramdenadac is exeba

calkeuli ekonomikuri agentis qcevas. miuxedavad amisa, am

sakiTxs aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs makroekonomikisaTvis,

vinaidan moxmarebaze gadawyvetileba gavlenas axdens mTlianad

ekonomikis mdgomareobaze rogorc moklevadian, ise grZelvadian

periodSi. moxmarebis Teoriis ganviTarebis saqmeSi udidesi

wvlili Seitanes iseTma saxelovanma ekonomistebma, rogoricaa

jon meinard keinsi, irving fiSeri, franko modiliani da milton

fridmeni. maTi gamokvlevebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevadaroT

moxmarebis kanonzomierebebis analizSi sxvadasxva midgomebi.

zemoTmoxseniebuli ekonomistebis mier Camoyalibebuli mox-

marebis funqciebi Taviseburad gvixasiaTebs moxmarebis mocu-

lobis dinamikas moklevadiani da grZelvadiani periodebisaTvis.

magaliTad, keinsis funqciaSi moxmareba, ZiriTadad, gankargvad

Semosavalsa da moxmarebisadmi zRvrul midrekilebazea damoki-

debuli. am funqciisgan gansxvavebiT, moxmarebis bolodroindeli

gamokvlevebi efuZneba momxmareblis qcevis irving fiSeriseul

models. am modelSi gamokvleulia droTaSorisi arCevani da is,

107

Tu rogor irCevs momxmarebeli moxmarebis dones axlandeli da

momavali periodisaTvis, riTac aRwevs keTildReobis yvelaze

umaRles SesaZlo dones mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. vidre

momxmarebels aqvs SesaZlebloba, isesxos saSualebebi da

daagrovos danazogebi, moxmarebis done damokidebulia im

resursebis raodenobaze, romelsac momxmarebeli gankargavs

sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. am funqciaSi erT-erTi cvladi,

romelic gavlenas axdens moxmarebis sidideze, saprocento

ganakveTia.

franko modilianis sasicocxlo ciklis hipoTeza xazs

usvams im faqts, rom sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi adamianis

Semosavali icvleba winaswar cnobili odenobiT, momxmareblebi

sargebloben danazogebiT da sasesxo saSualebebiT, raTa gada-

faron moxmarebis ryevebi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. hipoTeza

gulisxmobs, rom moxmareba damokidebulia rogorc Semosavalze,

aseve dagrovebul simdidreze.

milton fridmenis permanentuli Semosavlis hipoTezis

Sesabamisad, Semosavlis ryevebi SeiZleba iyos rogor mudmivi,

ise droebiTi. ramdenadac momxmareblebs SeuZliaT saSualebaTa

sesxeba an dazogva da maT surT, gadafaron TavianTi moxmarebis

donis ryevebi, moxmareba sustad reagirebs Semosavlis droebiT

cvlilebebze. ZiriTadad, moxmareba damokidebulia permanentul

Semosavalze.

keinsis moxmarebis funqciebisgan gansxvavebiT, danarCen

funqciebSi saprocento ganakveTis cvalebadoba moxmarebis sidi-

dis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.

Cveni azriT, procentebi sul sxvagvar gavlenas axdens

moxmarebaze, vidre es nagulisxmebia fiSeris, modilianisa da

fridmenis moxmarebis funqciebSi. es ukavSirdeba imas, rom pro-

centebis arseboba ganapirobebs Semosavlebis farul gadanawi-

lebas sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris.

sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, ramdenadac Ti-

Toeulma unda gadaixados procentebi, rodesac fuls sesxulobs

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad, imdenad nebismiers SeuZlia

miiRos procentebi fulis bankSi ganTavsebiT. Tanamedrove fula-

108

di sistema mTlianobaSi dadebiT (an uaryofiT) zemoqmedebas ax-

dens TiToeul individze.

Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli varaudi arasworia. sinamdvileSi,

maT Soris, romlebic mogebulni rCebian amgvari sistemiT da

romlebic ixdian procentebs, udidesi sxvaoba arsebobs. ada-

mianebi, romlebsac naklebi fuladi resursi gaaCniaT, gacilebiT

nakleb Semosavlebs Rebuloben procentebis saxiT, vidre Tavad

ixdian, vinaidan, procentebi nebismieri saqonlisa da momsa-

xurebis Rirebulebis Semadgeneli nawilia. is moqmedebs, rogorc

arapirdapiri gadasaxadi da, cxadia, mas nebismieri Cvengani ixdis.

aRniSnuli debuleba dasturdeba empiriuli monacemebiTac.

magaliTad, germaneli mkvlevari margarit kenedi Tavis naSromSi

_ `ekonomika procentebis gareSe~ _ gviCvenebs procentebis miRe-

bisa da gadaxdis Sedarebebs germaniis mosaxleobis 10 erTnairi

raodenobis jgufisaTvis. m. kenedis kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena, rom

germaniaSi mosaxleobis pirveli 80% ufro metad ixdis procen-

tebs, vidre Tavadve Rebulobs; 10% Rebulobs ramdenadme mets,

vidre ixdis, xolo ukanaskneli 10% Rebulobs orjer mets, vidre

ixdis. es erToblivad aris is nawili, romelic dakarga mosaxle-

obis pirvelma 80%-ma. es faqti Cinebulad xsnis im meqanizmis

arss, SesaZlebelia yvelaze mniSvnelovanisas, romelic mdidrebs

kidev ufro amdidrebs, xolo Raribebs kidev ufro aRaribebs

[Mergrit Kennedy: Interest and Inflation Free Money, Published by Seva International,

1995, p. 10.]. Tu ufro yuradRebiT gavaanalizebT mosaxleobis ukanas-

kneli 10%-is procentebiT miRebul Semosavlebs, kvlav aRmo-

vaCenT, rom mosaxleobis ukanaskneli 1%-saTvis procentebis sa-

xiT miRebuli Semosavlebi Tu izrdeba 10-jer, ukanaskneli 0.1%-

saTvis is daaxloebiT 100-jer mainc gaizrdeba.

procentebi, rogorc fulis brunvis uzrunvelyofis saSua-

leba Tanamedrove fuladi sistemis farglebSi, fuladi Semo-

savlebis faruli gadanawilebis saSualebad gvevlineba, romelic

efuZneba ara SromiT monawileobas, aramed Sedegia imisa, rom vi-

Racas SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos ekonomikis ganviTarebas, e.i. sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvlas gacvlis saSualebis gadanax-

viT, Tundac amaze miiRebodes jildo procentebis saxiT. amgva-

109

rad, bedis ironiiT, adgili aqvs fulis gadadinebas imaTgan, rom-

lebsac is saWiroze naklebi aqvT, maT sasargeblod, romlebsac

is saWiroze meti gaaCniaT. sabolood, vRebulobT situacias,

romlis drosac sul ufro didi raodenobis fulis koncentri-

reba xdeba sul ufro mcire raodenobis individebisa da firme-

bis xelSi. 1980 wlidan fulis spekulaciidan miRebuli Semosava-

li msoflio masStabiT orjer da ufro metad gaizarda. rekon-

struqciisa da ganviTarebis msoflio bankis SefasebiT, msoflio

masStabiT fuladi operaciebis Tanxam 15-20-jer gadaaWarba im

Tanxas, rac praqtikulad aucilebelia vaWrobis, e.i. saqonelmi-

moqcevis warmarTvis mizniT [Helmut Creutz, Wachstum bis zur Krise, Basis

Verlag, . Berlin, 1986, p.22.]. cxadia, qveynis ekonomikis zrdis kvalobaze, individebis

gankargvadi Semosavali izrdeba, rac iwvevs samomxmareblo

xarjebis zrdas. moklevadiani periodisaTvis keinsis moxmarebis

funqcia marTebulad asaxavs moxmarebis dinamikas. magram, grZel-

vadiani periodisaTvis aRniSnuli funqcia uSvebs moxmarebisadmi

saSualo midrekilebis klebadobas, rac ar dasturdeba empi-

riuli monacemebiT. moxmarebisadmi saSualo midrekilebis

ucvleloba, Cveni azriT, Semdegnairad SeiZleba aixsnas. rogorc

cnobilia, maRalSemosavlianTa moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midre-

kileba ufro mcirea, vidre dabalSemosavlianebis. procentebis

bunebidan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi sazogadoebis

sul ufro mcire nawilis xelSi xdeba mzardi fuladi simdidris

koncentracia sazogadoebis sul ufro meti nawilis

Semosavlebis xarjze, rac imas niSnavs, rom am ukanasknelTa

SefardebiTi mdgomareoba uaresdeba. sxva sityvebiT, procentebis

arsebobis gamo, mosaxleobis didi umetesobidan gadanawildeba

Semosavlebi mosaxleobis sul ufro mcire nawilis sasargeblod.

am ukanasknelTa wili mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi sul

ufro klebulobs. Sesabamisad, moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midre-

kilebis mniSvnelobaze gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis is mzardi

nawili, romelTa SefardebiTi mdgomareoba uaresdeba mosaxleo-

bis klebadi nawilisadmi sakuTari Semosavlebis farulad

gadanawilebis gamo. moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midrekilebis

odenoba grZelvadiani periodisaTvis Semosavlebis zrdis kvalo-

110

baze ara Tu klebadobiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc amas amtkicebs

keinsis moxmarebis funqcia, aramed izrdeba. sabolood, moxma-

rebis funqcias Tu SedarebiT moklevadiani periodisaTvis

ganvixilavT, moxmarebisadmi zRvruli midrekileba Semosavlebis

zrdis kvalobaze klebulobs, magram, grZelvadiani periodi-

saTvis, Cven mier zemomoyvanili mizezis gamo, moxmarebisadmi

zRvruli midrekileba izrdeba. amgvarad, grZelvadiani peri-

odebis monacemebis gamoyenebiT Tu gaviangariSebT moxmarebisadmi

zRvruli midrekilebis maCvenebels, is SedarebiT mdgradobiT

xasiaTdeba. vvaraudobT, rom swored am mizeziT aixsneba

moxmarebisadmi saSualo midrekilebis ucvleloba grZelvadiani

periodisaTvis, romlis axnac SeuZlebelia keinsis moxmarebis

funqciiT.

TinaTiTinaTiTinaTiTinaTin CxeiZen CxeiZen CxeiZen CxeiZe, , , , mamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZe

garemos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikuri

aspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSi

ekonomikisa da garemos mdgomareobis urTierTkavSiri da

urTierTzegavlena kanonzomieri movlenaa. me-20 saukunis 90-ian

wlebSi saqarTveloSi warmoSobilma ekonomikurma krizisma

Tavisi gavlena moaxdina garemo bunebaze. Seferxda mrewvelobis

ganviTareba, Seasusta an mTlianad Sewyvita funqcionireba

mTelma rigma samrewvelo obieqtebma, Sewyda an Semcirda wyalsa

da haerSi mavne samrewvelo narCenebis garemoSi gafrqveva, amiT

Serbilda garemoze samrewvelo zewola. samagierod, gaizarda

mosaxleobis negatiuri gavlena bunebaze. energokrizisis gamo

mosaxleobam daiwyo tyeebis gaCexva da SeSis sawvavad gamoyeneba,

yovelive aman negatiurad imoqmeda garemo bunebaze.

saxelmwifo da adgilobriv organoebs ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi

saxsrebi imisaTvis, rom SeakeTon an aRadginon mwyobridan

gamosuli sistemebi (daidgas haerisa da wylis gamwmendi

mowyobilebebi), usaxsrobis gamo ver xerxdeba sayofacxovrebo

narCenebis utilizacia (nagavsayrelebis mowyoba) da sxv.

111

ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo ver xerxdeba saxelmwifo

kontroli bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobaze, rac maTi

aRwarmoebis Seferxebas iwvevs.

ver tardeba degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis

RonisZiebebi. eroziis, daWaobebis, damlaSebis sawinaaRmdego Ro-

nisZiebebi dafinansebas saWiroebs, uamisoba ki sasoflo-sameur-

neo daniSnulebis miwebis farTobis Semcirebas iwvevs.

rogorc ganviTarebad qveynebSi, saqarTveloSic ekonomikis

zrda, ZiriTadad, bunebrivi resursebis eqsportzea damyarebuli.

saqarTvelodan gadis daumuSavebeli xe-tye, wiaRiseuli da sxva

nedli masala, rac, bunebrivi resursebis maragis droze adre

gamolevas iwvevs. magaliTad, xis morebis mosapoveblad gaCexili

tyeebis aRdgenas aTwleulebi esaWiroeba, xolo misgan gamow-

veuli mewyerebi da wyaldidobebi aunazRaurebel zarals ayenebs

qveynis ekonomikas, rom araferi vTqvaT mosaxleobisaTvis "mwvane

filtvebis" mniSvnelobaze.

finansuri mdgomareobis gamo saxelmwifo ver uzrun-

velyofs masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT da perioduli

gamocemebiT sazogadoebis sistematur informirebas garemos

dacviTi problemebis Sesaxeb. garemos dacviTi sakiTxebi masob-

rivi informaciis saSualebebSi ZiriTadad fragmentulad

Suqdeba.

garemos mdgomareobis gauareseba adamianis janmrTelobis

gauaresebas iwvevs, rac amcirebs samuSao Zalis Sromis nayo-

fierebas, safrTxe emuqreba turizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtivas,

romelic didad aris damokidebuli qveynis garemos sijansaReze.

saxelmwifo ver uzrunvelyofs garemos mdgomareobis

monitoringisa da garemosdacviTi samsaxurebis saTanado muSa-

obisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis gamoyofas maSin, roca bunebaT-

sargeblobaSi statistikuri aRricxvianobis mowesrigebis gareSe

SeuZlebelia ekologiuri situaciis gajansaReba. aRsaniSnavia,

agreTve, saqarTveloSi susti sakanonmdeblo bazis arseboba

bunrbrivi resursebis gamoyenebisa da garemos dacvis sferoSi.

garemos mdgomareobis gauareseba, Tavis mxriv, qveynis

ekonomikis daqveiTebas iwvevs.

112

marina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZe

dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis meTodasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis meTodasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis meTodasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis meTodologiuri dologiuri dologiuri dologiuri

ssssaaaafuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis Sesaxeb

1. Tanamedrove sabazro gardaqmnebis viTarebaSi, saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis erT-erT mniSvne-

lovan sakiTxs dasaqmebis donis zrda warmoadgens. dasaqmebis

zrdis procesTan dakavSirebulia ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis, Sromis potencialuri resursebis, momuSaveTa

Sromis anazRaurebis, maTi profesiuli momzadebis da

kvalifikaciis amaRlebis tempebi. isini sawarmoo da dargob-

riv sistemebSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvis gazrdis aucilebel

pirobas warmoadgenen. am procesebis racionalurad marTva

warmoebisa da saerTod ekonomikuri ganviTarebis qmediTi

saSualebaa.

2. dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesebis marTvis gaumjobeseba

dasaqmebis procesTa marTvis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis

srulyofasac moiTxovs. kerZod, firmebsa da kompaniebSi,

SromisunarianTa dasaqmebis donis zrdis mizniT, mizanSe-

wonilia warmoebis marTvis sistemis gardaqmna dasaqmebis

marTvis miznobrivi da funqcionaluri qvesistemebis rolis

gaZlierebiT. firmebSi dasaqmebis procesTa marTvis srulyo-

fis miRweva SeiZleba misi operatiuli, sabazro strategiuli,

pozitiuri da normatiuli aspeqtebis urTierTSexamebiT.

3. marTvis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis srulyofa da dasaqme-

bis donis zrda SeiZleba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT ganxor-

cieldes:

1) dasaqmebis procesebis sabazro regulirebis rolis

gaZlierebiT saxelmwifo regulirebasTan erTad;

2) gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi dasaqmebis marTvis

sistemis im faqtorebisadmi yuradRebis gaZlierebiT,

romlebic firmas uzrunvelyofen aucilebeli raode-

nobisa da kvalifikaciis SromiTi resursebiT;

3) firmaSi arsebuli dasaqmebis sistemis ganxilviT, Sro-

mis bazris moqmedebis areebTan da mis sazRvrebTan

erTad;

113

4) marTvis iseT meTodebis SemuSavebiT, romelic uzrun-

velyofs dasaqmebis procesSi miRweul wonasworul

mdgomareobaTa mdgradobas, firmaSi warmoebisa da

sabazro garemos marTvis optimalurobas;

5) dasaqmebis procesebis marTvis sistemis warmoebaze iseTi

zemoqmedebiT, romlebic ganapirobeben firmaSi momu-

SaveTa SromiTi Semosavlebis stabilurobas.

4. SromisunarianTa dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesebis sworad

warmarTva, firmis marTvis sistemis organizaciuli struq-

turis mniSvnelovan daniSnulebas warmoadgens. dasaqmebis

procesTa marTvis Sidasistemur funqcias asrulebs firmis

marTvis umaRlesi organo, xolo garesistemur kavSirebs

axorcieleben aqcionerebis, sainvesticio kompaniebisa da

Sromis bazarTan Suamavali firmis warmomadgenlebi, aseve

samarTlebrivi da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi. firmis

administraciis mier xorcieldeba marTvis sistemisaTvis,

informaciis miwodeba, kontroli SromiTi resursebis miwo-

debaze da Sromis anazRaurebis sazRvrebis SerCeva. amasTan

erTad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba marTvis centraluri qvesis-

temebis funqcionirebas, romlebic asruleben kvleviT, infor-

maciul da marketingul funqciebs.

dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesebis marTvis srulyofa

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli erT-erTi wanamZR-

varia.

finansebisfinansebisfinansebisfinansebis, saerTaSoriso, saerTaSoriso, saerTaSoriso, saerTaSoriso

ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis seqciaseqciaseqciaseqcia

xaTuxaTuxaTuxaTuna barbaqaZena barbaqaZena barbaqaZena barbaqaZe finansuri resursebis mozidvis strategiafinansuri resursebis mozidvis strategiafinansuri resursebis mozidvis strategiafinansuri resursebis mozidvis strategia

SeiZleba gamoiyos finansuri saSualebebis mozidvis stra-

tegiis ramdenime tipi, romlebsac SeiZleba gaaCndeT, rogorc

114

Sida, aseve gare orientacia. magram, rogorc wesi, organulad

unda moicavdes erTsac da meoresac.

dafinansebis gare orientacia gulisxmobs iseT sasesxo

saSualebebze dayrdnobas, rogoricaa obligaciuri sesxebi da

sabanko kreditebi, xolo dafinansebis Sida orientacia iTvalis-

winebs sakuTar saSualebebs, rogorc sawesdebo kapitals, aseve

mogebas.

1. Camoyalibebul mdgrad bazrebze moqmedi saSualo da

msxvili specializebuli firmebi iyeneben saxsrebs saku-

Tari sabazro niSis gafarToebisaTvis. mTlianobaSi es

naklebad momgebiania;

2. saSualo da msxvili firmebis finansuri resursebis

gaerTianeba axali bazrebis xelSi Cagdebis ZviradRire-

buli proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad;

3. dafinansebis yvela misawvdomi wyaro, rogorc sesxebi,

aseve, aqciaTa gamoSveba da konsorciumebis Seqmna-gamo-

yeneba mecnierebatevadi dargebis saSualo da mcire sawar-

moTa perspeqtiul-inovaciuri programebis formirebisa da

realizaciisTvis;

4. produqciis msxvili firma-momxmareblis donorul saSua-

lebaTa mozidva maTTan vertikaluri integraciis CarCo-

ebSi;

5. jvaredini dafinanseba (finansuri saSualebebis mageneri-

rebeli qvedanayofebi maT imaTTan inawileben, romlebsac

maTi nakleboba aqvT).

dafinansebis strategia gansazRvravs: pirveli,pirveli,pirveli,pirveli, finansuri

saSualebebis mozidvis Sida da gare wyaroebis optimalur

fardobas; meoremeoremeoremeore, fass, romelic firmas SeuZlia maTSi gadai-

xados; mesame,mesame,mesame,mesame, qvedanayofebs Soris finansuri resursebis

ganawilebis (gadanawilebis) xerxebs.

pirveli amocana gansakuTrebiT rTulia da ar gaaCnia

erTmniSvnelovani gadawyveta. mizezi imaSia, rom optimumidan

gadaxra erT da meore mxares erTdroulad metismetad

xelsayrelia da sarisko.

orientacia mogebis gamoyenebaze dafinansebis yvelaze

usafrTxo xerxia. magram, jer erTi,jer erTi,jer erTi,jer erTi, misi odenoba, saerTod,

115

SezRudulia, rac mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevs firmis ganviTarebis

potenciur SesaZleblobebs. meorec,meorec,meorec,meorec, warmoebis gafarToebasa da

srulyofaze mimarTuli mogebis wilis zrda laxavs mesa-

kuTreebis mimdinare interesebs.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cans, rom am SezRudvebis

daZleva SeiZleboda aqciaTa emisiis xarjze, romelsac damatebiT

moaqvs udidesi saxsrebi. Tumca kompaniebi am nabijze, Cveulebriv,

metismetad uxalisod midian da amis mizezebic arsebobs. saqme

isaa, rom aqciaTa realizebas axdenen ucxo pirebi, maSasadame,

gamodian emitentis kontrolidan da SemdegSi Tavisuflad xdeba

maTi yidva-gayidva fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze. amrigad, adre Tu

gvian, isini SeiZleba moeqcnen nebismieri piris (maT Soris

konkurentisac) xelSi, rac saSualebas miscems mas, damfuZ-

neblebisTvis cnobebis gareSe daamyaros kontroli korpo-

raciaze.

am kuTxiT dafinansebis gare (sasesxo) wyaroebis gamoyeneba

ufro upiratesia. magram am dros firma xdeba kreditorebze

damokidebuli, romlebsac SeuZliaT misi mizanmimarTuli

gakotreba. Tumca sasesxo saSualebebis gamoyenebam kompanias

SeuZlia didi sargebeli moutanos (da ara marto Tavidan

aacilos mesakuTris faruli cvla). saqme imaSia, rom maTi wilis

zrda ganapirobebs misi muSaobis efeqturobis maxasiaTebeli

ZiriTadi maCveneblis – sakuTari kapitalis rentabelobis zrdas.

rac ufro maRalia is, miT ufro meti moTxovniT sargeblobs

firmis aqciebi, maSasadame, miT ufro maRalia maTi kursi da,

amrigad, TviT korporaciis fasic. aRniSnulis mizezi isaa, rom

moziduli kapitali gamoimuSavebs sakuTari kapitalis Tanabar

mogebas, xolo mocemul SemTxvevaSi rentabelobis gamoTvlebidan

gamoiricxeba.

amave dros, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sasesxo kapitalis

wilis zrda Sesabamisad zrdis gakotrebis risksac, radgan

firmas saWiro momentSi SeiZleba ar aRmoaCndes saxsrebi

sesxebis dasafarad.

finansuri resursebis mozidvis zemoT aRwerili stra-

tegiebis mravali negatiuri mxare SeiZleba davZlioT lizingis –

mowyobilobis grZelvadiani ijaris saSualebiT. firma-lizingis

116

gamcemi yidulobs (maT Soris, firma-lizingis mimRebis

davalebiTac) da ijariT gadascems ZiriTadi kapitalis saWiro

elementebs.

zogjer adgili aqvs dasabrunebel lizings – subieqti

yidis lizinguri kompaniis qonebas da mas iRebs ijariT

ukugamosyidvis SesaZleblobiT. SinaarsiT lizingi warmoadgens

ZiriTad kapitalSi sasaqonlo kreditis formas, xolo formis

mixedviT sainvesticio dafinansebis msgavsia. arsebobs lizingis

Semdegi ZiriTadi variantebi:

I. monawileTa raodenobis mixedviT:

• pirdapiri lizingi (momwodebeli da lizingis mimcemi –

erTi piri);

• arapirdapiri lizingi (qonebas lizingiT gascems ara

momwodebeli, aramed finansuri Suamavali).

II. garigebis obieqtad qceuli qonebis tipis mixedviT

(uZravi da moZravi).

III. misi dadebis adgilis mixedviT (Sida da gare). Sida

lizingis dros yvela monawile warmoadgens erT mxares. gare

(saerTaSoriso) lizingis dros – sxvadasxva saxelmwifo.

IV. saxsrebis dabrunebis formebis mixedviT gamoyofen

lizings:

fuladi gadaxdiT;

• sakompensacio gadaxdiT (produqciiT? momsaxurebebiT);

Sereuli gadaxdiT.

V. momsaxurebis moculobis mixedviT:

• wminda lizingi (qonebis yvela momsaxurebasaxorcielebs

lizingis mimRebi);

• damatebiTi momsaxurebiT.

VI. qonebis gamoyenebis vadisa da masTan dakavSirebuli

amortizaciis pirobebis mixedviT:

• sruli amosyidviTa da sruli amortizaciiT;

• arasruliT;

• anazRaurebis xasiaTis mixedviT (operatiuli da

finansuri lizingi).

operatiuli lizingi gulisxmobs ijariT qonebis gadacemas

misi eqspluaraciis normatiul vadaze naklebi droiT. amitomac

117

lizinguri gadaxdebi erTi xelSekrulebiT ar faraven qonebis

mTel Rirebulebas da misi gadacema ramdenjerme xdeba. amave

dros, Cveulebriv, qonebis dazRvevisa da remontis valdebu-

lebebi ekisreba lizingis gamcems. lizingis aseTi forma

gamoiyeneba satransporto saSualebebTan, samSeneblo mowyobi-

lobasTan, sasoflo-sameurneo da kompiuterul teqnikasTan mimar-

TebaSi.

operatiuli lizingis dros gadaxdaTa odenobebi ufro

metia, vidre sxva formebis dros, lizingSi qonebis ganmeorebiT

SeTavazebis SeuZleblobis damatebiTi riskebis gaTvaliswi-

nebasTan dakavSirebiT.

finansuri lizingi – sakuTrebaSi qonebis specialuri

SeZenis operacia sargeblobaSi Semdgomi gadacemiT vadiT,

romelic daaxloebiT emTxveva amortizaciisa da eqspluataciis

vadas. Cveulebriv, qonebis SeZena xdeba konkretuli momxmareb-

lisTvis, romelic TviTon irCevs mas. riski gadadis lizingis

mimRebze.

zogjer gamoiyeneba gancalkevebuli lizingi, romelic

nawilobriv finansdeba lizingis gamcemis mier, xolo nawi-

lobriv – sesxebis xarjze. am dros ZiriTad risks sweven

kreditorebi.

susti finansuri bazis mqone, magram maRalrentabelur

sawarmoebs, agreTve, axal da mcire sawarmoebs SeuZliaT

sublizingis gamoyeneba. lizingis gamcemi TavisTvis amcirebs

sesxis dabrunebis risks, Rebulobs garkveul sagadasaxado

(qonebaze) da amortizaciul SeRavaTebs.

lizingis mimRebi iZens:

• 100%-ian dafinansebas;

• saxsrebis dauyovneblivi dabrunebis aucileblobis

ararsebobas;

• yvelasTvis mosaxerxebeli gadaxdis sqemis Seqmnis

SesaZleblobas;

• lizingis mimRebisTvis moraluri da fizikuri cveTis

riskis Semcirebas;

• gadasaxadiT dabegrili mogebis Semcirebas, radgan

lizinguri gadasaxdelebi miekuTvneba danaxarjebs;

118

• produqciis brunvis daCqarebas, stp-s miRwevebis

aTvisebisa da siaxleebis danergvis stimulirebas.

praqtikaSi gamoiangariSeba kapitalis saSualo-Sewonili,

anu mimdinare fasi (ksSf), romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba etalonisa

da diskontirebis ganakveTis saxiT moqmedebaTa Sesabamisi

strategiis gansazRvrisa da damatebiTi kapitalis mozidvis

pirobaTa xelsayrelobis SedarebisTvis.

kapitalis mozidvis strategiis nebismieri axali

variantis Sedareba xdeba mis moqmed fasTan an Semosavlianobis

Sida normasTan da, Tu is maRali aRmoCndeba, maSin misi

strategia SemuSavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra orientacia aqvs

sawarmos, Sida Tu gare.

aaaabesalom gabriWiZebesalom gabriWiZebesalom gabriWiZebesalom gabriWiZe efeqtianiefeqtianiefeqtianiefeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebibiujetirebis ZiriTadi principebibiujetirebis ZiriTadi principebibiujetirebis ZiriTadi principebi

nebismieri kompania sworad dagegmili finansuri marTvis

safuZvelze aRwevs mniSvnelovan masStabebs da swored esaa

sabiujeto marTva. biujetebi saSualebas iZleva, ganvaxorcieloT

sami ZiriTadi mmarTvelobiTi amocana: pirveli,pirveli,pirveli,pirveli, movaxdinoT

finansuri mdgomareobis, finansur resursebSi moTxovnaTa, finan-

suri Sedegebis prognozireba; meomeomeomeore,re,re,re, SevadaroT dagegmili da

faqtobrivad miRebuli Sedegebi; mesame,mesame,mesame,mesame, SevafasoT da gavaana-

lizoT gamovlenili gadaxrebi, raTa drouli reagireba

movaxdinoT maTze.

biujetebis sistema gviCvenebs, Tu rogor funqcionirebs

sawarmo, rogoria mis mier Seqmnili Rirebulebis struqtura;

sawarmoSi rogor Semodis fuli da sad ixarjeba is, rogor

gadaedineba pasuxismgebloba erTi centridan meoreSi; ra Rirs

qvedanayofTa momsaxurebebi kompaniis SigniT. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom biujetireba generalur direqtors uadvilebs sawarmos

ekonomikuri modelis gagebas, SesaZleblis farglebis SegrZnebas.

garda amisa, biujetireba warmoadgens sawarmos strategiis

Sesrulebis instruments, is iZleva saSualebas, SevaTanxmoT

kompaniis strategiuli miznebi maTi miRwevis gegmebTan da

119

akavSirebs ra maT operatiul procesebTan, uzrunvelyofs am

gegmebis realizacias.

sabiujeto marTvis mTavar instruments warmoadgens sami

ZiriTadi biujeti: pirveli,pirveli,pirveli,pirveli, Semosavlebisa da xarjebis biujeti

(Sxb); meoremeoremeoremeore, fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis biujeti (fsmb); mesame,mesame,mesame,mesame,

prognozuli balansi.

biujetebidan TiToeuls Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs. Semosavle-bisa da xarjebis biujeti gvexmareba, vmarToT operaciuli

efeqturoba. masSi igegmeba kompaniis mogeba, rentabeloba,

mwarmoebluroba. am biujetis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb informaciis

mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT rogorc mTlianobaSi sawarmos

efeqturobis, ise biznesis calkeuli mimarTulebebis

Sesaxebac.

fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis biujeti asaxavs Semaval da

gamomaval fulad nakadebs da gviCvenebs sawarmos gadaxdisuna-

rianobas: hyofnis Tu ara mas fuli mimdinare saqmianobaze, rCeba

Tu ara saxsrebi ganviTarebaze. Tu Sxb-dan generalur direqtors

esmis, ra mogebas gamoimuSavebs misi sawarmo, maSin fsmb

gviCvenebs, Tu rodis Semova da rodis daixarjeba es fuli.

magaliTad, kompanias SeuZlia didi rentabelobiT moax-

dinos produqciis realizeba da hqondes udidesi mogeba, magram,

amave dros, momwodeblebs SesTavazos gadasaxdelis arsebiTi

gadavadebebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi Semosavlebisa da xarjebis

biujetSi xelmZRvaneli dainaxavs SesaniSnav mogebas, xolo

fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis biujetSi saxsrebis nakadi iqneba

minimaluri. Tu am dros sawarmom angariSi unda gausworos

sakuTar momwodeblebs, is, kargi gayidvebis miuxedavad SeiZleba

mZime finansur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes. Sesabamisi biujetebi

saSualebas mogvcems ukve dagegmvis stadiaze davinaxoT es

situacia da winaswar miviRoT gamafrTxilebeli zomebi.

prognozuli balansi asaxavs qonebis Rirebulebas, romelsac

flobs sawarmo (aqtivebi) da saxsrebis wyaroebs am qonebis

formirebisTvis (pasivebi). balansi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba

kompaniis kapitali, misi struqtura, dafinansebis Tu romeli

wyaroebis xarjze arsebobs kompania.

120

Tu sawarmo ramdenime saxis bizness awarmoebs, romlebic

mogebis SedarebiT damoukidebel wyaroebs warmoadgenen,

TiToeul bizness unda gaaCndes sakuTari biujeti – es

aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom sworad SevafasoT saqmianobis

Sedegebi TiToeuli mimarTulebis mixedviT da uzrunvelvyoT

efeqturi marTva. sxvagvarad SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom erTi saxis

biznesi arsebobs sxva biznesis xarjze. nebismieri kompania,

mcirec ki, SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc holdingi. mas gaaCnia

mmarTveli bloki da biznes-mimarTulebebi, romlebic Tana-

moqmedeben erTmaneTTan. generalurma direqtorma Tvalyuri unda

adevnos biznes-erTeulebis ZiriTad maCveneblebs. misTvis ar aris

aucilebeli, ufro Rrmad Cawvdes im dromde, sanam ar gaCndeba

problemebi. maSin ukve saWiroa problemebis gaanalizeba.

generaluri direqtoris uSualo meTvalyureobis qveS unda

iyos kidev erTi biujeti – sainvesticio. investiciebze

mimarTuli fuladi nakadi – erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani.

generaluri direqtori pasuxismgebelia ganviTarebis strate-

giaze, amitom mas mkafiod unda esmodes, Tu ra sainvesticio

potenciali gaaCnia kompanias, Tu raze miimarTeba sainvesticio

resursebi, rogoria dabandebaTa efeqturoba. zogjer es biujeti

ganixileba, rogorc biujetis damoukidebeli saxe, zogierT

kompaniaSi is aris fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis biujetis

ganyofileba.

ramdeni kompaniacaa, imdenivea biujetTa struqturac. magram

arsebobs saerTo wesebi. biujetebis struqtura dakavSirebuli

unda iyos finansuri pasuxismgeblobis centrebTan, kompaniis

organizaciul struqturasa da amocanebTan, romlebsac is

ayenebs sakuTari Tavis winaSe. nebismier kompanias SeuZlia

gamoyos Tavisi saqmianobis ZiriTadi saxeebi, magaliTad, gayid-

vebi, warmoeba, servisi, Sida operaciuli momsaxureba. rogorc

wesi, biujetebis struqtura aigeba imave principiT: gayidvebis

biujeti, warmoebis biujeti, servisul qvedanayofTa biujeti da

a.S. Tumca, SeiZleba TanamSromelTa mTeli saqmianoba davyoT

operaciulsa da ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebulze. Cveni azriT,

dinamikuri ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania calke movaxdinoT

121

xarjebis biujetireba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc calke striqoni

biujetSi, ise calkeuli biujetic.

generalurma direqtorma biujetebis SemuSavebisas, sanam

safinanso samsaxurs daavalebs biujetebis Sedgenas, unda

SeimuSaos strategia, miiRos mkafio pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra zRvars

unda miaRwios kompaniam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. amis gaTva-

liswinebiT saWiroa ganisazRvros miznebi uaxloesi wlisTvis: ra

ZiriTad sawarmoo an sabazro maCveneblebs gsurT rom miaRwioT,

romeli proeqtebis realizeba unda moaxdinos Tqvenma kompaniam

am wels SemuSavebuli strategiis gaTvaliswinebiT? amis Semdeg

SeiZleba SeudgeT Tavdapirvelad wlis biujetis, xolo Semdeg

ufro mokle vadiT biujetebis Sedgenasac.

1 nabiji.1 nabiji.1 nabiji.1 nabiji. biujetis Sedgenis wliuri cikli iwyeba

menejerebis sakuTari gundisTvis generaluri direqtoris

“sabiujeto gzavniliT”. masSi unda gamoiyos ZiriTadi mimarTu-

lebebi da ganisazRvros ZiriTadi maCveneblebi, romelTa miRweva

moxdes. es dokumenti unda safuZveli unda iyos yvela

qvedanayofis biujetTa SemuSavebisTvis.

2 2 2 2 nabiji.nabiji.nabiji.nabiji. miiRebs ra miznobriv orientirebs, TiToeulma

qvedanayofma damoukideblad unda SeimuSaos sakuTari gegmebi

sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

biujetis ama Tu im striqonze pasuxismgebel TanamSromelTa

biujetirebis procesSi CarTva saSualebas iZleva, gadaiWras

ramdenime mniSvnelovani amocana:

• Semcirdes biujetirebis procesis sirTule misi

decentralizaciis gziT;

• amaRldes konkretuli Semsruleblebis pasuxismgebloba

maTTvis biujetis gansazRvruli maCveneblebis Sesru-

lebaze pasuxismgeblobisa da uflebamosilebebis dele-

girebis gziT;

• aigos kompaniis finansur gegmebTan dakavSirebuli

motivaciis efeqturi sistema.

mTlianobaSi, biujetirebis procesze pasuxismgebeli unda

iyos kompaniis finansuri direqtori. xolo imisaTvis, rom es

procesi ar iyos qaosuri da ar gaiwelos usasrulobamde,

finansurma samsaxurma finansuri direqtoris meTaurobiT unda

122

SeimuSaos sabiujeto reglamenti, romelic daafiqsirebda biuje-

tis Sedgenis etapebis Tanmimdevrobas, vadebsa da pasuxismgebel

pirebs. reglamenti unda daamtkicos generalurma direqtorma,

rogorc xelmZRvanelma, an biujetirebis sistemis kontrolisTvis

specialurad Seqmnilma mmarTvelobiTma organom – sabiujeto

komitetma.

3 nabiji3 nabiji3 nabiji3 nabiji. mas Semdeg, rac pasuxismgebeli TanamSromlebi

SeimuSaveben sakuTar biujetebs, finansuri samsaxuri maT

aerTianebs da ugzavnis gansaxilvelad xelmZRvanels. ar aris

gamoricxuli, rom miRebuli krebsiTi biujeti daSorebuli

iqneba kompaniis strategiuli miznebisgan. maSin daiwyeba

SeTanxmeba da biujetebi SeiZleba dabrundes bolomde dasa-

muSaveblad. es procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam yvela mxare ar

SeaTanxmebs sakuTar interesebs, ar moiyvanen sasurvel miznebs

SesaZleblobebTan da resursebTan SesabamisobaSi.

mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom biujetis Sedgena – es

kompaniis miznebis miRwevaze mimarTuli SeTanxmebuli moqme-

debebis Sesaxeb yvela donis menejerebs Soris xelSekrulebis

dadebis, koleqtiuri dagegmvis procesia. biujetis damtkicebis

Semdeg menejerebis gundi gadawyvetilebis qveS koleqtiurad

awers xels erToblivad dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas. rodesac es

procesi konstruqciuladaa organizebuli, mimdinareobs dialogi

da yvela kmayofili rCeba SedegiT, TiToeuli pasuxismgebelia,

sakuTar ubanze miaRwios imas, rac damtkicebulia biujetSi.

naTelia, rom Tu gegma ar muSaobs, rogorc miRweuli Sedegebis

analizisa da kontrolis instrumenti, ar warmoadgens safuZvels

menejerebisa da TanamSromlebis motivaciis sistemis asagebad,

maSin misi mniSvneloba ufasurdeba. kontrolis optimaluri

cikli – Tvea. TveSi erTxel jamdeba Sedegebi, romlebsac

ajereben gegmebTan, vlindeba gadaxrebi da maTi mixedviT miiReba

gadawyvetilebebi. mTavari maCveneblebi, romlebic unda akontro-

los generalurma direqtorma, asaxavs biznes-erTeulebis saqmi-

anobas: Semosavlebi, mogeba, gasavlebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

muxlebi. biznes-indikatorebis es ZiriTadi paneli saSualebas

gvaZlevs gavigoT, miaRwies Tu ara qvedanayofebma dasaxul

maCveneblebs. gegmasTan SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi generalur

123

direqtors aqvs ufleba, isaubros xelqveiTebTan misi gamomwvevi

mizezebis Sesaxeb. gamovlenili gadaxrebis Sesabamisad miiReba

gadawyvetilebebi: an am ubnebSi unda gaigzavnos damatebiTi

resursebi, an movaxdinoT im gegmebis koreqtireba, romlebic

aRmoCnda ararealuri, an vawarmooT gadaadgileba imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom adamianebi ver umklavdebian amocanebs.

kontrolis perioduloba damokidebulia organizaciis mas-

Stabsa da misi saqmianobis specifikaze. generalur direqtors

xSirad uwevs mravali funqciis Sesruleba, maT Soris dakave-

bulia operatiuli kontroliT. aseT kompaniebSi mas SeuZlia

gadaxedos angariSebs biujetis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kviraSi

erTxelac. magaliTad, savaWro kompaniaSi, romelic iyenebs mcire

daricxvebs da romelic ukve meore dRes gadauricxavs mimwo-

deblebs miRebuli saSualebebis did nawils, generalur direq-

tors SeuZlia yovel diliT Caixedos fsmb-sa da sagadasaxdelo

kalendarSi. magram msxvili kompaniis xelmZRvaneli ase ver

moiqceva, vinaidan mas ubralod ar eyofa dro ufro

mniSvnelovani amocanebis gadasaWrelad.

Tamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdia gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi ---- ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis

mniSvnelovamniSvnelovamniSvnelovamniSvnelovani instrumentini instrumentini instrumentini instrumenti

Cvens qveyanaSi aTiode wlis win gabatonebuli iyo rig

politikosTa Tu ekonomistTa, Teoretikos-praqtikosTa mosaz-

reba, rom sabazro meqanizmi avtomaturad uzrunvelyofs

wonasworobas gadasaxadebis regulirebaSi.

cnobili frangi mecnieris, ekonomikis dargSi nobelis

premiis laureatis moris ales gadmocemiT, “Tanamedrove sagada-

saxado kanonmdebloba” mniSvnelovanwilad antiliberaluria da

individuumis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli; igi xels uSlis pirov-

nebis niWisa da SesaZleblobebis srulad gamovlinebas da

sazogadoebis yvelaze unariani wevrebis winsvlas sazogadoeb-

124

rivi cxovrebis kibeze” [moris a. sagadasaxado sistemis

reformisaTvis, moskovi, «ТЕИС» 2001, 13-25.]. eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom gadasaxadebma rigiTi moqalaqis

keTildReoba minimalurad unda daazianos da qveynis saga-

dasaxado politikam Sualeduri gza unda ipovos [Slemrod J.,

Yitzhaki S. Tax Avoidance. Evasion and Administration. NBER WP No 7473. 2000. p.26.].

saxelmwifo sagadasaxado politika ekonomikur urTierTo-

baTa da tendenciaTa saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTad instru-

ments warmoadgens. sagadasaxado politikis arsi mniSvnlovnad

scdeba sagadasaxado RonisZiebebis CarCoebs, vinaidan swori

sagadasaxado politika qveynis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes

instruments warmoadgens.

sagadasaxado politikis gatarebiT saxelmwifo aqtiurad

ereva “bazris funqcionirebaSi”, aregulirebs warmoebis ganvi-

Tarebas, xels uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas, mniSvnelovnad zemoqme-

debs sainvesticio politikasa da struqturul gardaqmnebze.

saqarTvelo, rogorc evropisa da aziis sxva qveynebi,

ekonomikuri struqturebis reformebis stadiaSi imyofeba. misi

gamocdileba, sabazro sistemis formirebasa da gamoyenebaSi

arcTu iseTi didia. msgavs pirobebSi mniSvnelovania SeviswavloT

sabazro meurneobis sagadasaxado sistemebis modelebi, romlebic

farTodaa gavrcelebuli ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

pirveli modeli (amerikuli, anu liberaluri) ukavSirdeba

erovnuli meurneobis ganviTarebis pirdapir-administraciul

maregulirebel SezRudvebs (begaris Semcireba saxelmwifo

xarjebis SezRudviT, kreditebis liberalizaciiT da a.S.),

saxelmwifos socialuri funqciebis SemcirebiT, agreTve saxel-

mwifo sakuTrebis mcire wiliT. amasTan, ekonomikis yvela

sferoSi mTavari roli TviTregulirebad sabazro meqanizms

ekuTvnis.

sabazro meurneobis amerikuli tipi RirsSesaniSnavia imiT,

rom misi ekonomikuri modeli SedarebiT ufro moqnilia. is

mimarTulia maqsimaluri mogebis miRebisaken. samewarmeo aqtivoba

ufro maRalia, rac ganpirobebulia kapitaldabandebis farTo,

alternatiuli nakrebiT. magram am SemTxvevaSi bazris modeli

125

eyrdnoba individualur miRwevebs, ris Sedegadac Cndeba

socialurad arasakmarisad daculi sazogadoebrivi fenebi, rac

warmoadgens sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis cxovrebis donis

mkveTri diferenciaciis mizezs. amasTan, metad mniSvnelovania

imis aRniSvna, rom, Tu msgavs procesebs ganvixilavT xangrZlivi

drois aspeqtSi, SeiZleba saerTo arastabiluri situacia

Seiqmnas [Summers L. Tel Lessons to Learn – The Economist, January 5, 1996. p.

25-27.]. Semdegi modeli, romelic SedarebiT kargad Aaris ganvi-

Tarebuli germaniasa da iaponiaSi, xasiaTdeba erovnul meurne-

obaze saxelmwifos aqtiuri zemoqmedebiT, socialuri uzrunvel-

yofis mZlavri sistemiT, qveynis biujetSi saxelmwifo Semo-

savlebis da saxelmwifo sakuTrebis mniSvnelovani wiliT.

sabazro meurneobis iaponur-germanuli modeli uzrunvel-

yofs samewarmeo saqmianobis maRal saboloo Sedegebs (pirvel

yovlisa, gamoSvebuli produqciis xarisxs), radgan, erTi mxriv,

daculia dasaqmebulTa interesebi, uflebebi da movaleobebis

balansi, da, meore mxriv, daqiravebuli Sroma.

saxelmwifos regulirebis principi damokidebulia TiTo-

euli qveynis da konkretuli problemis specifikaze, romelic

warmoiSoba saxelmwifos winaSe ganviTarebis mocemul etapze.

amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo regulirebis mimarTu-

lebebi, formebi da meTodebi icvleba sazogadoebrivi warmoebis

struqturaSi mimdinare cvlilebebTan erTad, radganac mimdinare

teqnikuri Zvrebis dawyebisTanave xdeba saxelmwifo funqciebis

ganviTareba, gamdidreba, dazusteba.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis reformebi Tavidanve iyo orienti-

rebuli bazris liberalur modelze orientirebuli, rac

gamoixata saxelmwifos CaurevlobaSi ekonomikuri procesebis

regulirebisas, kerZod saxelmwifo: 1. ar monawileobs makro-

doneze dagegmaSi; 2. ar ereva sameurneo saqmianobaSi; 3. ar

axorcielebs fasebis liberalizacias; 4. neli tempebiT

axorcielebs privatizaciis process. aRniSnulma politikam mZime

finansur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi gamoiRo. msoflio praqtika

gviCvenebs, rom rac ufro CamorCeba ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT

126

qveyana, miT meti sameurneo funqciebi unda itvirTos

saxelmwifom.

saxelmwifos moqmed da efeqtur maregulerebel saSualebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos sagadasaxado meqanizmi. sagadasaxado

sistemis warmatebul funqcionirebazea damokidebuli ekonomikur

gadawyvetilebebis Sedegianoba. saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebaze pidapiri da iribi meTodebiT, moicavs:

dabegvris regulirebas, begaris amoRebis vadas, sabegaro tarifs,

dasabegr subieqtsa da obieqts, dasabegr bazebs, SeRavaTebsa da

sanqciebs, dabegvris pirobebis Secvlis vadebs. saxelmwifo, erTi

mxriv, stimuls aZlevs mewarmeobas da, meore mxriv, gansazRvravs

mas saerTo-erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare.

gadasaxadebiT regulirebis meTodebis gamoyeneba mraval

winaaRmdegobasTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelic gadasaxadis

fiskaluri arsidan gamomdinareobs. amis gamo, gadasaxadis,

rogorc ekonomikuri maregulirebel-mastimulirebelis efeqtiT

gamoyeneba – sakmaod rTuli amocanaa.

lili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZe likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebis likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebis likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebis likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebis

finansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi

1. saqarTveloSi 2000 wels sul 32 komerciuli banki iyo. 2007

wels maTi ricxovnoba Semcirda da 19 gaxda. amasTan, komerciuli

bankebis gacxadebuli sawesdebo fondi 2007 wels, 2000 welTan

SedarebiT, daaxloebiT 2, 6-jer gaizarda da 524,6 mln lari

Seadgina. rac Seexeba komerciuli bankebis dajgufebas ganaR-

debul sawesdebo kapitalis mixedviT, mimdinare wlis dasawyi-

sisaTvis 10 mln. lari da meti ganaRdebuli sawesdebo kapitali

15 komerciul banks, xolo 5-dan 10 mln laramde 4 komerciul

banks gaaCnda.

zrdis tendeciiT xasiaTdeba komerciuli bankebis rogorc

aqtivebi, ise saaqcio kapitali. 2007 wels, 2005 welTan SedarebiT,

komerciuli bankebis mTliani aqtivebi 2,8-jer gaizarda, xolo

saaqcio kapitali _ daaxloebiT 3-jer da 1 471,0 aTasi lari

Seadgina. komerciuli bankebis mier erovnul ekonomikaze gace-

127

muli sesxebiT davalianebis moculoba 2007 wels, 2005 welTan

SedarebiT, 2,6-jer gaizrda da 4 436,7 mln lari Seadgina. saanga-

riSo periodSi gaizrda kapitalis rezervebi da gaunawilebeli

mogebac. aseT pirobebSi sabanko seqtoris finansuri usafrTxoe-

bis dacvas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

2. safinanso seqtors qveynis ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia da sakmaod swrafad viTardeba. safinanso seqtoris

ZiriTad rgols saqarTveloSi sabanko seqtori warmoadgens.

sabanko seqtori, misi funqciebisa da operaciebis mixedviT, iyofa

centralur bankad da komerciul bankebad. saqarTvelos

centralur banks saqarTvelos erovnuli banki warmoadgens,

romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia saerTod qveynis safinanso

sistemis da kerZod komerciuli bankebis stabilurobisa da

gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofaa. rac Seexeba komerciul bankebs,

maTi meSveobiT ekonomikaSi arsebuli droebiT Tavisufali

fuladi saxsrebis akumulireba da ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqto-

rebs Soris gadanawileba xdeba. komerciuli banki gansa-

kuTrebuli institutia, sadac, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynis

gareT xdeba fuladi saSualebebis akumulireba da yovelgvari

tipis unaRdo angariSsworeba. amitom sxva saxis samewarmeo

saqmianobisagan gansxvavebiT, komerciuli bankebis problemebi

dauyovnebliv aisaxeba danarCen ekonomikaze. aseT pirobebSi

sabanko seqtoris mdgradoba qveynis safinanso usafrTxoebaSi

gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens.

3. sabanko seqtoris finansuri usafrTxoebis erT-erT aucilebel

pirobas likvidobis marTva warmoadgens. bankis normaluri

funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia, bankma dagvianebis gareSe gana-

xorcielos sxvadasxva sagadamxdelo operaciebi, rasac likvi-

doba ewodeba. Tu banks ar Seswevs unari, daakmayofilos fuladi

gadaxdis Sesaxeb klientis moTxovna, misi reputacia safrTxis

winaSe aRmoCndeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi sabanko angariSebidan mTeli

fuladi resursebis gatanis saSiSroeba arsebobs. bankis am

mdgomareobas depozitebis gadineba ewodeba, rasac, xSirad,

bankis daxurva mosdevs. arsebobs imis safrTxe, rom, aRniSnulma,

sazogadoebis mxridan mTlianad sabanko sistemis mimarT undob-

loba gamoiwvios da gadinebis igive procesi daiwyos sxva

128

bankebSic. Sesabamisad, komerciuli bankebis finansuri usafrTxo-

ebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani roli

likvidobis miznobrivma marTvam unda Seasrulos.

4. bankebs yovelTvis unda hqondeT fuli da sakmarisi odenobiT

sxva likviduri aqtivebi, rac moulodneli gadinebis saTanado

gawonasworebas uzrunvelyofs. amasTan, es raodenoba unda iyos

optimaluri da saprocento Semosavlis Semcirebis xarjze ar

unda ganxorcieldes. bankebs likvidoba garkveul safrTxes

uqmnis. likvidobis marTva moiTxovs efeqturi sainformacio

sistemiT uzrunvelyofas. likvidobis marTvis wesi ki imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom banks gaaCndes mTliani valdebulebebis

Sesabamisi likviduri aqtivebi. amasTan, bankebs sWirdeba fulis

Semodinebisa da gadinebis yoveldRiuri monitoringi da misi

samomavlo prognozireba garkveuli sizustiT, xolo likviduri

aqtivebis odenoba mTliani valdebulebebis proporciuli unda

iyos.

lia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZe

savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis

SemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebi

savaluto riski, Tavisi SinaarsiT, savaluto danakargebis

saSiSroebas warmoadgens, romelic warmoiqmneba savaluto kursis

arasasurveli cvlilebis Sedegad. savaluto kursis variacia da

araprognozirebadobac pirdapir asocirdeba savaluto riskTan.

riskebis marTva Tanamedrove etapze, misi aqtualobidan

gamomdinare, dinamiurad ganviTarebadi profesiuli moRvaweobis

sferoa. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba kvlevis iseTi Tanamedrove meTodi,

rogoricaa savaluto riskebis modelireba. modelirebis mizani

ki savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis SemuSavebaa.

Tavad modelirebis procesi SesaZlebelia ramdenime etapad

ganixilos. modelirebis procesis I etaps warmoadgens savaluto

riskebis gamovlena da formalizacia. am etapis Semdgom,

SesaZlebelia, Tavad am riskebis gazomva (Sefaseba). savaluto

riskebis modelirebis mesame etapad SeiZleba warmovadginoT

riskebis marTvisa da monitoringis meqanizmi, romelic emyareba

modelirebis wina ori etapis Sedegebs.

129

ekonomikur literaturaSi arsebobs riskebis klasifi-

cirebis sxvadasxvagvari midgoma. maTi analizis safuZvelze

SeiZleba riskebis Semdegi saxeebi gamovyoT: savaluto kursebis

cvlileba, saprocento ganakveTebis cvlileba, kreditebze

moTxovnis dacema, gadaxdisunarianobis Semcireba, bankis

reputaciis gauareseba, normatiuli bazis, gadasaxadebisa da

tarifebis cvlileba, likvidurobis dacema da a.S.

swored savaluto riskebis Sefaseba warmoadgens savaluto

riskebis modelirebis meore etaps. rogorc wesi, riskebs ori

ZiriTadi meTodiT zomaven:

1. ganisazRvreba movlenis albaToba, ufro zustad, misi

sididis albaTuri ganawileba. albaTuri ganawilebis

maCveneblad ki gamoiyeneba misi saSualo mniSvneloba

(maTematikuri lodini).

2. riskis Sefasebis meore meTodis arsi ki imaSi mdgoma-

reobs, rom gamovlindes damokidebuleba cud movlenasa

da mizezobriv movlenas Soris da ganisazRvros am

damokidebulebis maCveneblebi. es damokidebuleba SesaZ-

lebelia ase Caiweros:

Πc = k × Πm ,

sadac Πc aris cudi movlenis dadgoma, Πm _ mizezobrivi

movlena, xolo k _ ki koeficienti, romlis mniSvnelobis

mixedviTac xdeba riskis Sefaseba.

dReisaTvis savaluto riskebis Sefasebis yvelaze popu-

larul instruments warmoadgens meTodologiuri koncefcia VaR

(Value at Risk) romelic emyareba riskebis gansazRvruli ricxviTi

mniSvnelobebiT gamoxatvas albaTuri maxasiaTeblebiT, savaluto

kursis cvlilebis albaTuri ganawilebis ndobis SerCeuli

intervalis (95 an 99%) mixedviT.

am koncefciis safuZvelze eqspertebi SeimuSaveben riskis

Sefasebis sxvadasxva modelebs, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom

koniunqturis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi (gansakuTrebiT ki krizi-

suli situaciebis dros) aRniSnul modelebSi saWiro xdeba

koreqtivebis Setana.

riskebis formalizaciisa da Sefasebis Semdeg ukve SesaZle-

belia saubari riskebis marTvaze, anu riskebis modelirebis

130

mesame etapze. igi iTvaliswinebs rigi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas,

romlebic mimarTulia riskis Semcirebisaken. formalurad

riskebis marTvas ori ZiriTadi mizani aqvs:

1. riskis arsebul doneze SenarCuneba;

2. riskis minimizacia arsebul pirobebSi.

Tavis mxriv, savaluto riskebis marTvis meTodebi moicavs

sam ZiriTad meqanizms _ esenia limitireba, hejireba da

diversifikacia.

riskebis marTvis erT-erT mimarTulebas warmoadgens riske-

bis dazRveva. dazRvevis konkretuli meTodis SerCeva ki damo-

kidebulia qveyanaSi moqmed fulad-sakredito da savaluto

politikaze, riskebis dafarvis vadasa da savaluto kursisa da

saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebis perspeqtivaze.

dReisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba savaluto riskebis dazRve-

vis Tanamedrove meTodebi, romelTac, pirvel rigSi, ganekuTvneba

savaluto ofcioni. farTod gamoiyeneba, agreTve, forvarduli

savaluto garigebebi. savaluto riskis dazRvevis erT-erT

mimarTulebas warmoadgens aseve “svop” operaciebi.

SerCeuli meTodis mizanSewoniloba da praqtikuli Rir-

buleba ki naTeli gaxdeba aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis finansuri

Sedegebis mixedviT.

savaluto riskebis marTvis sistemebis gamoyeneba bankebs

saSualebas aZlevs, gaataron mecnierulad dasabuTebuli rea-

luri savaluto politika, anu SeimuSaon RonisZiebebi

maqsimaluri mogebis misaRebad, mis xelT arsebuli resursebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

Tea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSvili

inflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli msoflios

mTelma rigma qveynebma uari Tqves tradiciul monetarul

politikaze, romelic fuladi agregatebisa da gacvliTi kursis

manevrirebis meTods emyareboda da orientiri aiRes inflaciis

miznobriv maCvenebelze. aseT midgomas ewoda inflaciuri

131

targetireba, romlis arsic inflaciis garkveul miznobriv

mniSvnelobaze orientirebaa momavali periodisaTvis.

umetes qveynebSi efeqtian fulad-sakredito problemis

gadaWris gzebi inflaciur targetirebaSi moiZebna. misi daxma-

rebiT centralur bankebs SesaZlebloba miecaT warmatebiT

SeemcirebinaT inflacia da inflaciuri molodini mokle

periodSi, gaezardaT ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da agreTve aemaR-

lebinaT ndoba.

targetirebis qveS igulisxmeba ekonomikuri politikis

instrumentebis gamoyeneba miznobrivi cvladis raodenobrivi

orientirebis misaRwevad, romlebic regulirebis organos pasu-

xismgeblobaSi Sedis. imis gamo, rom centralur banks ar

SeuZlia saboloo mizans pirdapir miaRwios, igi moqmedebs ara-

pirdapir, Sualeduri miznis targetirebis gziT. saerTaSoriso

praqtikaSi yvelaze metad ganviTarda targetirebis ramdenime

varianti:

_ inflaciis targetireba: fulad-sakredito politikis

Sualeduri mizani, xSir SemTxvevaSi, emTxveva saboloo mizans da

misi saxiT gamodis inflaciis prognozi;

_ savaluto kursis targetireba: Sualedur miznad gamodis

erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursi;

_ fuladi targetireba: Sualedur mizans warmoadgens

fulad-sakredito agregatebi;

_ nominaluri Semosavlis targetireba: Sualedur mizans

warmoadgens nominaluri eSp-is zrda.

pirvel rigSi aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rogor Tanafar-

dobaSia erTmaneTTan fulad-sakredito politika mTlianobaSi da

kerZod targetirebis politika. imisda mixedviT, Tu targetireba

romeli cvladiT xorcieldeba, fulad-sakredito politika

SeiZleba funqcionirebdes ama Tu im reJimSi.

operaciuli miznebis amorCeva xdeba fulad-sakredito

politikis reJimis mixedviT (indikaturi cvladebis xasiaTiT

anda Sualeduri miznebiT), xolo operaciuli miznebi, Tvis mxriv

gansazRvravs fulad-sakredito instrumentebis gamoyenebas.

imisda mixedviT, Tu romel mizanze SeaCera Tavisi arCevani

xelisuflebam, ganisazRvreba aucilebeli instrumentebis nakrebi.

132

fulad-sakredito politikis realizaciisas centralurma

bankma SeiZleba mimarTos sabazro regulirebas anda gamoiyenos

administraciuli zomebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi eyrdnoba irib

instrumentebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ fulad-sakredito

politikis pirdapir instrumentebs.

pirdapir instrumentebs miekuTvneba saprocento ganakve-

Tebze kontroli, sakredito Weri da pirdapiri anda miznobrivi

kreditebi. fulad-sakredito politikis arapirdapir instrumen-

tebs miekuTvneba moklevadiani refinansirebis operaciebi, inter-

venciebi da sarezervo moTxovnebi.

inflaciuri targetireba dakavSirebulia centraluri ban-

kis saqmianobasTan da moicavs: 1. inflaciis mosalodneli donis

prognozirebas; 2. inflaciis miznobrivi donis Sedarebas

prognozul sididesTan; 3. maT Soris sxvaobis Semcirebis mizniT

monetaruli politikis gatarebas.

inflaciuri targetireba unda efuZnebodes Semdeg prin-

cipebs: inflaciis miznobrivi maCveneblis raodenobrivi paramet-

rebis sajarod gamocxadebas; fasebis stabilurobas, rogorc

fulad-sakredito politikis ZiriTad mizans; centraluri bankis

damoukideblobas fulad-sakredito instrumentebis SerCevaSi da

xelisuflebis mxridan sxva makroekonomikuri indikatorebis

targetirebisagan uaris Tqmas.

inflaciuri targetireba moicavs or fazas: pirveli gu-

lisxmobs inflaciis sasurveli donis miRwevas; xolo meore _

miRweuli donis SenarCunebas. inflaciuri targetirebis dros

centralurma bankma unda axsnas inflaciis gegmiuri maCveneblis

dadgenis mizanSewoniloba, daasabuTos misi raodenobrivi para-

metrebi da gaangariSebis meTodologia, agreTve, sagegmo maCve-

nebelTa miRwevis xerxebi.

inflaciuri targetireba fulad-sakredito politikis

axali mimarTulebaa da saWiroebs Tavisi Teoriul-meTodolo-

giuri safuZvlebis srulyofasa da ganviTarebas.

ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe

saqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelo----germaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWro----eeeekonomikuri TanamSromlobis konomikuri TanamSromlobis konomikuri TanamSromlobis konomikuri TanamSromlobis

aqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebiaqtualuri sakiTxebi 1918191819181918----1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi

133

saqarTvelo-germaniis ekonomikur-politikuri TanamSromlo-

ba saukuneebs iTvlis. metad didi iyo germaniis roli saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenaSi. diax, germaniam gadamwyveti

roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenaSi. saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso de faqto aRiareba

nabij-nabij, cxadia Znelad, magram mainc xdeboda. germaniam, erT-

erTma pirvelma, 1918 wlis 10 ivniss de faqto, xolo 1920 wlis 24

seqtembers ki de iure aRiara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da

pirvelma gaxsna saelCo TbilisSi.

foTSi 1918 wlis 28 maiss, saqarTvelo-germaniis warmo-

madgenlebma xeli moaweres ‘’droebiT SeTanxmebas saqarTvelosa

da germanias Soris winaswari urTierTdamokidebulebis damya-

rebis Sesaxeb’’ [Kress, Fridrich: Meine mission im Kaukasus. Verlag

„Samschoblo“, Tb., 2001.], romelic iTvaliswinebda germanuli

kapitalis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur ganvi-

Tarebas. SeTanxmebis meti wili savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebs

exeboda. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebidan naTlad Cans Tu ra did

mniSvnelobas aniWebda germania saqarTvelosTan ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba damouki-

debeli saqarTvelos mier dadebuli pirveli saerTaSoriso

SeTanxmeba iyo, marTalia, zogierTi punqti ar iyo saqarTve-

losaTvis xelsayreli, magram es daTmoba im udidesi daxmarebis

kompensaciiT aixsneba, romlis meSveobiTac saqarTvelom SeZlo

Turquli okupacia aecilebina.

aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniis politikuri wreebi kavkasias

damatebiTi resursebis wyarod ganixilavdnen da, amdenad, am

regions gansakuTrebul yuradrebas aqcevdnen. yovelive es

naTlad Cans raixstagis 1918 wlis 25 ivnisis sxdomaze deputat

fon vestarfis gamosvlidan. man aRniSna: regions uaRresad didi

mniSvneloba aqvs germaniisaTvis wiaRiseulis _ navTobis,

spilenZis, nayofieri niadagisa da klimatis gamo. vestarfma

yuradReba gaamaxvila aseve kavkasiis regionis, rogorc satran-

zito qveynis udides mniSvnelobaze, romelic warmoadgens

gadasasvlels Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvaze, im qveynebamde,

romlebic kaspiis zRvis gaRma mdebareoben da romlebic droTa

134

ganmavlobaSi germaniis nedleuliT momaragebaSi gadamwyvet

mniSvnelobas SeiZenen’’ [axsiaSvili g., saqarTvelo-germaniis

urTierTobaTa istoriidan, qarTuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli 3,

Tb., 1996. gv. 320.].

foTSi gaformda aseve SeTanxmeba ‘’saqarTvelosa da

germanias Soris savaluto urTierTobaTa winaswari regulirebis

Sesaxeb’’ [Kress, Fridrich: Meine mission im Kaukasus. Verlag „Samschoblo“, Tb.,

2001.], romlis safuZvelze saqarTvelos mTavrobas Tavis sa-

xelmwifoSi unda daeSva germanuli valuta, sakuTaris Tanabrad,

ganusazRvreli raodenobiT, rogorc kanonieri saangariSsworebo

saSualeba. kursebi unda yofiliyo myari, romelic unda

gansazRvruliyo mxareebs Soris aseve gansakuTrebuli SeTanxme-

biT. aseTi xelSekrulebis gaformebis dros ki erovnul valutad

iTvleboda mxolod saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier dadgenili

fuladi niSnebi. SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sedioda xelmowerisTanave da

misi moqmedeba Sewydeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca or qve-

yanas Soris gaformdeboda SeTanxmeba fulad-savaluto urTi-

erTobebis Sesaxeb. foTSi aseve moewera xeli winaswar SeTanxme-

bas saqarTvelosaTvis sesxis gamoyofis sakiTxze. SeTanxmeba

iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos mier qveyanaSi arsebuli da mSe-

nebare rkinigzebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebas. sa-

xelmwifos gankargulebaSi unda gadasuliyo foTis navsadguri,

romelic im dros qalaqis gankargulebaSi iyo. SeTanxmebis

Tanaxmad saqarTvelos rkinigzebidan da foTis navsadguridan

miRebuli Semosavlebis nawili moxmardeboda momavali sesxis

procentis dafarvas. kontroli rkinigzebisa da navsadguris

eqspluataciaze unda ganexorcielebina qarTul-germanul erTob-

liv komisias.

SeTanxmebis meore muxlis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos mTavroba

saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi gadascemda samTo mrewvelobis

mTel produqcias da wiaRiseulis damuSavebis uflebas miiRebda

mxolod saxelmwifos kontrolqveS myofi sawarmoebi, romelTa

aqciebi Tanabrad iqneboda ganawilebuli qarTul da germanul

mxareebs Soris. aq kargad Cans germanelTa interesi, saqarTvelos

mTavroba valdebulebas iRebda, ar SeezRuda mopovebuli madnis

gatana raime damatebiTi akrZalvebiTa da SezRudvebiT. mesame

135

muxli saqarTvelos mxares avaldebulebda germaniisaTvis

yovelgvari nedleulis Sesyidvis upiratesi uflebis micemas,

rac ki moipoveboda saqarTveloSi da gankuTvnili iyo saeqspor-

tod. Tavis mxriv, meoTxe muxliT germaniis mxare kisrulobda

mxareebs Soris uaxloes momavalSi sazRvao mimosvlis mowes-

rigebas, saqarTveloSi mza saqonlis da naxevarfabrikatebis

Semotanas. foTis SeTanxmebaTa Tanaxmad, mTeli omis ganmav-

lobaSi saqarTvelos gankargulebaSi myofi yvela gemi da sxva

sazRvao transporti germaniis gankargulebaSi gadadioda.

foTis xelSekrulebebSi gansazRvruli iyo germanuli

kapitalis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTareba.

germania, Tavis mxriv, miiRebda mogebas, magram arc saqarTvelo

waagebda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imdroindeli saqarTvelos mZime

socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas. adgilobrivi mrewvelobis

produqcia mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda msoflio standartebs,

amitom ZiriTadad warmoebda nedleulis, gansakuTrebiT manga-

numis eqsporti. marto 1918 _ 1920 wlebSi amoRebuli da eqsporti-

rebuli iuo 4819 aTasi fuTi manganumi.

qarTuli madani saeqsportod gadioda evropis qveynebSi,

ZiriTadad ki germaniaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom manganumis eqsportSi

wamyvan rols aseve germanuli firmebi asrulebdnen.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis teritoriaze

mimoqcevaSi iyo oqros Tumniani, girvanqa sterlingi, oqros

lira, osmaluri qaRaldis lira, franguli franki, amerikuli

dolari, germanuli marka, italiuri lira. 1919 wlis monacemebiT

erTi oqros maneTi 39.24 qarTul bons Seadgenda. imave wlis

bolosaTvis _ ukve 102.96, xolo 1920 wlis bolos _ 1300 bons,

rac warmoebis donis Semcirebaze metyvelebs [surgulaZe a.,

surgulaZe p. saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 1991. gv. 371.]. aRniSnul

periodSi saqarTvelodan saeqsportod ZiriTadad gadioda:

samrewvelo nedleuli, xili, bostneuli, Tafli, Cai, Rvino,

borjomi da a.S.

1918 wlis 12 ivliss berlinSi germaniasTan xeli moawera

axal xelSekrulebebs, romlebsac foTis droebiTi SeTanxmebebi

daedo safuZvlad. aRniSnul molaparakebebSi monawileobdnen

germaneli mewarmeebi, romelTa interesi isev da isev WiaTuris

136

manganumis sabadosTan iyo dakavSirebuli. germaniaSi gamarTul

Sexvedras eswrebodnen: germania-luqsemburgis samTo-samrewvelo

da metalurgiuli saaqcio sazogadoeba ‘’boxumi’’-is, ss ‘’fridrix

krupis’’, ss ‘’gelzenkirxenis’’, ss ‘’germaniis kaizeris’’, ss

‘’gutehofnungis hiutes’’, Sps ‘’kavkasiis maRaroTa gaerTianebis’’ da

sxvaTa warmomadgenlebi [Kress, Fridrich: Meine mission im Kaukasus. Verlag

„Samschoblo“, Tb., 2001, Vertrag 19, s.184-188.]. germanelebi cdilobdnen WiaTuris manganumis xelSi

Cagdebas. berlinSi xelmoweril erT-erT xelSekrulebaSi

aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba specialurad Seqmnil

saaqcio sazogadoeba _ ‘’saqarTvelos manganumis mompovebel

gaerTianebas’’ _ gadascems germanul mxares. saaqcio sazoga-

doebis centraluri ofisi unda yofiliyo TbilisSi da mas unda

hqonoda filiali berlinSi. saaqcio sazogadoeba iqmneboda 30

wlis vadiT da mas saqarTvelodan unda gaetana manganumis madani

da koncentratebi. ss ‘’saqarTvelos manganumis mompovebeli

gaerTianebis’’ sawesdebo kapitali _ 15 mln. germanuli marka

Tanabrad 50/50% nawildeboda qarTul da germanul mxares Soris.

aRniSnuli sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobaSi iqneboda sami kaci,

aqedan ori germanul mxares da erTi qarTvelebs ergebodaT.

sazogadoebis saqmianobas kontrols gauwevda saqarTvelos

mTavroba. wminda mogebis 50%, Tu igi aWarbebda saaqcio

kapitalis 10%-s, Cairicxeboda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujet-

Si. saqarTvelo yovel erT tona gatanil manganumze miiRebda 43

germanul markas. msgavs Semosavlebs miiRebda saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo manganumis madnisa da koncentratebis sxva ucxoeli

momxmareblebisagan. saqarTvelos mxares ekisreboda valdebuleba,

damatebiTi baJebiT ar SeeSala xeli manganumis saqarTvelodan

eqsportisaTvis. sazogadoebas ar unda dakisreboda iseTi

gadasaxadebis gadaxda, rasac sxva sazogadoebebi ar ixdidnen.

madnis transportirebisas ar unda gamoyenebuliyo ufro maRali

satarifo ganakveTebi, vidre saerTod iyo miRebuli saqarTvelos

teritoriaze tvirTis gadazidvisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom

wiaRiseulis SesyidvasTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebs gani-

xilavda Tbilisis sasamarTlo, rac did miRwevad unda

137

CaiTvalos, magram rigi sakiTxebisa berlinis sasamarTloSi unda

ganxiluliyo.

germaniaSi xelmowerili erT-erTi xelSekruleba Seexeboda

saaqcio sazogadoeba WiaTuris rkinigzisaTvis, Sorapani _

WiaTura _ saCxeres sarkinigzo xazis saeqspluataciod gadacemas

40 wlis vadiT. es sazogadoeba miiRebda rkinigzas yvela

nagebobiTa da saSualebiT, romelTa gadacemac specialuri

SeTanxmebiT unda momxdariyo. sazogadoeba rkinigzas Seinar-

Cunebda Tavisi nagebobebiT vargis mdgomareobaSi. rogorc wina

xelSekrulebaSi, am xelSekrulebaSic mocemulia, rom sawesdebo

kapitali _ 5 mln. germanuli marka, mxareebs Soris aseve

Tanabrad iyofoda.

erT-erTi xelSekruleba exeboda foTis navsadguris

eqspluataciis mizniT saaqcio sazogadoebis daarsebas.

navsadguri muSaobas Seudgeboda 1918 wlis 1 oqtombridan da mas

germanuli firmebi miiRebdnen 60 wlis vadiT. gaTvaliswinebuli

iyo sazogadebisaTvis foTis navsadguris mTeli teritoriis,

sanavsadguro dawesebulebebisa da saSualebebis gadacema.

xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg sazogadoeba saqarTvelos

mTavrobas gadaecemoda raime anazRaurebis gareSe. saaqcio sazo-

gadoebis sawesdebo kapitali gansazRvruli iyo 10 mln germanul

markad da aqciebi aseve iyofoda Tanabrad. wminda mogebis 10%

Cairicxeboda saqarTvelos biujetSi, iseve, rogorc erT tona

gatanil manganumze ori marka. aRniSnul SeTanxmebaTa garda,

xeli moewera calke SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviT, germanul

firmebs eZleodaT WiaTuraSi jer kidev Camouyalibebeli

manganumis sabadoebis eqspluataciis ufleba.

1918 wlis 15 agvistos germaniaSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas

saqarTvelo _ germanias Soris, germaniis savaWro firmebisa da

bankebis sindikatTan wliuri 6 procentiani saxelmwifo sesxis

Taobaze. sindikatis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen cnobili kompa-

niebi: berlinis saaRricxvo sazogadoeba, savaWro-samrewvelo

banki, berlinis savaWro sazogadoeba, firma “s. blaixrioderi”,

germaniis banki, drezdneris banki, firma “mendelsoni da kompania”

da firma “m. varburgi da kompania” [Kress, Fridrich: Meine mission im

Kaukasus. Verlag „Samschoblo“, Tb., 2001, s.172-173.]. germaniisagan

138

saqarTvelos mTavroba sesxad 54 mln. germanul markas miiRebda

fulis reformis gansaxorcieleblad. saqarTvelos mTavrobas

unda daearsebina banki, romelsac eqneboda bonebis gamoSvebis

ufleba. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sesxis dafarva weliwadSi orjer

_ 1 aprilsa da 1 oqtombers. sesxis xangrZlivoba Seadgenda 28

wels, wliuri saprocento ganakveTi (6%) im periodsa da

pirobebSi sakmaod dabali iyo.

ZiriTadi sesxis da procentebis gadaxdis garants

warmoadgenda saqarTvelos mTavroba. swored zemoT ganxiluli

sazogadoebebis (‘’saqarTvelos manganumis sazogadoeba’’, ‘’WiaTu-

ris sarkinigzo sazogadoeba’’ da ‘’foTis navsadguris sazoga-

doeba’’) Semosavlebidan iyo gaTvaliswinebuli sesxis dafarva,

magram, Tu aRniSnuli Semosavlebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCndeboda,

saqarTvelos sxva wyaroebidan unda daefara darCenili Tanxa.

germanelebma yuradReba miaqcies saqarTvelos soflis

meurneobas da saWirod CaTvales misi gamoyvana krizisuli

mdgomareobidan, risTvisac daisaxa germaniidan specialistTa

jgufis gamogzavna. specialistebs unda SeeswavlaT saqarTvelos

niadagebis Taviseburebebi da miecaT rekomendaciebi, raTa

momavalSi SesaZlebeli yofiliyo germaniis samrewvelo sawar-

moebSi iseTi manqanebis gamoSveba, romlebic saqarTvelos piro-

bebSi gamodgeboda. aseve miwis damuSavebis intensiuri meTodebis

Sesaswavlad germaniaSi mivlinebuli unda yofiliyo qarTveli

axalgazrdebis jgufi da maT germaniaSi miRebuli codna-

gamocdileba SemdgomSi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganvi-

TarebisaTvis unda gamoeyenebinaT.

germanelebma saqarTveloSi nedleulis Semsyidvel firmeb-

Tan naRdi fuliT momaragebis gaumjobesebis mizniT da fulis

gadmoricxvis gasaadvileblad, saWirod miiCnies Tbilissa da

foTSi germanuli bankebis filialebis gaxsna. germanelebi

saqarTveloSi bankebis filialebis gaxsnas imiT asabuTebdnen,

rom amiT ufro srulyofili da masStaburi gaxdeboda

saqarTvelo-germaniis savaWro-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba.

ganzraxuli iyo germaniidan saqarTveloSi saRebavebis,

farmacevtuli saqonlis, eleqtronakeTobebis, SuSisa da fai-

furis nawarmis, sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebisa da saweri qaRal-

139

dis Semotana [Г. Пипия. Политика Германии в Закавказъе в 1918 году.

Тб., 1971, с.158.]. saqarTvelodan germaniaSi ZiriTadad kvlav

manganumi gadioda, magram jer kidev ar iyo gaformebuli

xelSekrulebebi madnis gatanis monopoliis, WiaTuris rkinigzisa

da foTis navsadguris Sesaxeb. manganumis garda, germaniaSi

saqarTvelodan gadioda: Tambaqo, spilenZi, Rvino, Txili, dafnis

foToli, matyli, abreSumis parki, mineraluri wylebi, xe-tye da

sxva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelosadmi mxardaWera TviT

germaniis raixis interesebSi Sedioda. pragmatulad moazrovne

germanelebi saTanadod acnobierebdnen saqarTvelos geopoli-

tikuri mdgomareobis unikalurobas da cdilobdnen, rom

ruseTisaTvis seriozuli problema SeeqmnaT kavkasiaSi mZlavri,

germaniaze orientirebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoqmniT.

amdenad, germanelTa interesebi saqarTvelosadmi mravalmxrivi,

xolo gegmebi Sorsmimavali iyo [javaxiSvili n. saqarTvelo-

germaniis finansur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa istoriidan (1918 w.)

qarTuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli 5. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 269].

saqarTvelos mniSvnelobas germaniisaTvis isic zrdida, rom

inglisze orientirebuli somxeTi da TurqeTze orientirebuli

azerbaijani xels uSlida germaniis damkvidrebas amierkavkasiaSi.

amdenad, saqarTvelosa da germaniis daaxloebas safuZveli

hqonda. saqarTvelos germania sWirdeboda TurqeTisagan

Tavdacvisacavad, xolo damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg –

damoukideblobis garantad. samwuxarod, saqarTvelo-germaniis

urTierTobebi, rac friad saimedo perspeqtivebs usaxavda damo-

ukidebel saqarTvelos, didxans ar gagrZelebula.

saqarTvelosa da germaniis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

Semdgom ganviTarebas wertili dausva germaniaSi 1918 wlis

noembris revoluciam. bunebrivia, germania veRar iqneboda saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis SenarCunebis garanti... germanelebma

datoves saqarTvelo. ase dasrulda saqarTveloSi germanuli

orientacia, SeuZlebeli gaxda germaniis Semcvleli Zlieri

mokavSiris povna, rasac sabolood Seewira saqarTvelos

respublikis damoukidebloba. amrigad, erT-erTi qveyana, romel-

sac Seswevda ekonomikuri da politikuri Zala, garantad

140

dasdgomoda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas da

daecva igi, iyo germania. aucilebeli gaxda axali sagareo

politikis SemuSaveba, mokavSiris Zebna da am gzam saqarTvelo

ruseTTan ’’miiyvana’’. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos 1918 wlis

26 maisis damoukidebloba ruseTmac ki aRiara, unda aRiniSnos,

rom ruseTs mainc ar surda saqarTvelos “xelidan gaSveba.”

sabWoTa ruseTma fexqveS gaTela aseve 1920 wlis 7 maisis

xelSekruleba saqarTvelos teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa da

suverenitetis Sesaxeb da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTvelos

teritoriaze iZulebiT daamyara sabWoTa xelisufleba. sabWoTa

kavSiris dros saqarTvelos sagareo-ekonomikuri TanamSromloba

ZiriTadad mokavSire respublikebTan hqonda. saqarTvelo

faqtobrivad ar warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqts,

wevr qveyanas da mas damoukideblad ar SeeZlo germaniasa da sxva

qveynebTan ekonomikuri TanamSromloba.

biznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqcia

ciala benaSviliciala benaSviliciala benaSviliciala benaSvili danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino

momsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba

mmarTvelobiT aRricxvaSi erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa pro-

duqciasa da momsaxurebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis gansazRvra.

magram aqamde saWiroa, gairkves ra tipis danaxarjebi arsebobs;

ra niSnebis mixedviT klasificirdeba isini; agreTve, ra

damokidebulebaSia warmoebis moculoba danaxarjebTan da

rogoria es procesi dinamikaSi.

danaxarjebis klasifikacia menejerul aRricxvaSi ori

mTavari mizniT xorcieldeba: menejeruli gadawyvetilebis

misaRebad da gare momxmareblebisaTvis finansuri angariSgebis

mosamzadeblad Casatarebeli samuSaoebisaTvis.

process win uZRvis danaxarjebis klasifikacia. msgavsi

danaxarjebi jgufdeba menejeruli gadawyvetilebis miRebis

mosamzadeblad da saWiro analizis Casatareblad. saklasifika-

141

cio kriteriumis SerCeva damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mizans

isaxavs menejeruli gadawyvetileba. zogadad danaxarjebi Sed-

geba: materialuri, SromiTi da finansuri danaxarjebisagan.

magram sameurneo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis dros TiToeul maTgans

garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs

funqciebis mixedviT danaxarjebis klasifikaciafunqciebis mixedviT danaxarjebis klasifikaciafunqciebis mixedviT danaxarjebis klasifikaciafunqciebis mixedviT danaxarjebis klasifikacia xorciel-

deba Semdeg jgufebad: warmoebis danaxarjebi, administraciuli

xarjebi, realizaciis xarjebi da ganawilebis xarjebi. dana-

xarjebis funqciebis raodenoba damokidebulia organizaciis

tipze.

funqciebis mixedviT klasificirebul danaxarjebs sawarmos

xelmZRvaneloba iyenebs finansuri angariSgebis Sesadgenad,

danaxarjebis erTeulis gamosaTvlelad, maragis Sesafaseblad,

danaxarjebze kontrolis dasaweseblad.

produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli resursis Rirebulebis produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli resursis Rirebulebis produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli resursis Rirebulebis produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli resursis Rirebulebis

gadatanisgadatanisgadatanisgadatanis TvalsazrisiT, danaxarjebi klasificirdeba pirdapir

da arapirdapir danaxarjebad.

pirdapiria pirdapiria pirdapiria pirdapiria danaxarji, romelic uSualod dakavSirebulia

danaxarjTa erTeulTan, anu, roca daxarjuli resursis

Rirebuleba uSualod gadadis produqciaze.

arapirdapiria arapirdapiria arapirdapiria arapirdapiria danaxarji, romelic ar ukavSirdeba uSualod

danaxarjTa erTeuls an danaxarjTa centrs, anu, rodesac

daxarjuli resursis Rirebuleba unda gadanawildes produq-

ciaze samarTlianobis principiT. arapirdapir danaxarjebs

zednadeb xarjebszednadeb xarjebszednadeb xarjebszednadeb xarjebs uwodeben.

pirdapiri masalis, pirdapiri Sromis da pirdapiri gasav-

lebis (anu pirdapiri resursis) jami iwodeba produqciis

erTeulis ZiriTad danaxarjebadZiriTad danaxarjebadZiriTad danaxarjebadZiriTad danaxarjebad.

produqciis erTeulze mTliani danaxarjiproduqciis erTeulze mTliani danaxarjiproduqciis erTeulze mTliani danaxarjiproduqciis erTeulze mTliani danaxarji ki _ es aris

ZiriTad danaxarjebs damatebuli arapirdapiri (anu zednadebi)

xarjebi.

arapirdapiri xarjebi Sedgeba arapirdapiri masalisagan

(magaliTad, manqanebis sapox-sacxebi masalebi), arapirdapiri

Sromis danaxarjisagan (magaliTad, darajebi) da arapirdapiri

gasavlebisagan (magaliTad, qira).

142

produqciis maragis Rirebulebisa da mogebis maCveneblis

gamosaTvlelad saWiroa, davazustoT produqciis danaxarjebi da

periodis danaxarjebi.

produqciis danaxarjiproduqciis danaxarjiproduqciis danaxarjiproduqciis danaxarji aris maragis damzadebis an Sesyidvis

danaxarji. menejeruli aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT, igi SeiZleba

iyos ZiriTadi danaxarji an warmoebis mTliani danaxarji.

Ffinansuri aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT (bass 2-is mixedviT) igi aris

warmoebis mTliani danaxarji.

periodis danaxarjiperiodis danaxarjiperiodis danaxarjiperiodis danaxarji daericxeba mogeba-zaralis angariSs

konkretul periodSi da gamoiricxeba maragis Sefasebidan da

saerTo mogebis gamoTvlidan.

Tu maragi fasdeba ZiriTadi danaxarjiT, periodis dana-

xarji iqneba zednadebi da yvela sxva funqcionaluri danaxarji.

Tu maragi fasdeba warmoebis mTliani danaxarjiT, maSin

yvela funqcionaluri danaxarji iqneba periodis danaxarji.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, danaxarjebis saklasifikacio

kriteriumis SerCeva damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mizans isaxavs

menejeruli gadawyvetileba. saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacvis

sferoSi pirveli rigis amocanas warmoadgens samedicino

daxmarebis erTeulis danaxarjebis gansazRvra. es sakiTxi ki

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli calkeul daavadebaTa mkurnalobis

standartebis SemoRebasTan. samedicino momsaxurebaze fasebis

dawesebas win uswrebda standartizaciis Catareba. ganxorcielda

giganturi moculobis samuSao, standartebis SedgenaSi

monawileobas iRebda medicinis muSakTa didi kontingenti,

romlebic TavianTi viwro specializaciis mixedviT adgendnen

samedicino gamokvlevebisa da mkurnalobis standartebs daava-

debebis mimdinareobis TaviseburebaTa da mkurnalobisaTvis

saWiro medikamentebis, manipulaciebis, procedurebis maqsimaluri

gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnuli standartebis srulyofa da daxvewa

sistematurad unda xorcieldebodes.

standartSi mocemulia, agreTve, mkurnalobis xangrZlivoba

dReebSi: ramdeni sawol-dRe unda gaataros pacientma saavadmyo-

foSi mocemuli konkretuli daavadebis samkurnalod. standar-

tebi Sedgenilia rogorc stacionaruli, ise ambulatoriuli

mkurnalobisaTvis.

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gamoiyeneba ori saxis standarti: saxelmwifo da Sida-

dawesebulebrivi. saxelmwifo standartebiT mkurnaloben sa-

xelmwifo (federaluri da municipaluri) programebiT gaTvalis-

winebul nozologiebs, xolo Sidadawesebulebrivi standartiT

mkurnaloba utardebaT saxelmwifo programebSi arSemavali

daavadebebis mqone pacientebs da im pacientebs, romlebsac

utareben standartzeda momsaxurebas. Ggarda amisa, diagnostikisa

da mkurnalobis Sida standartebs iyeneben, agreTve, is

samedicino dawesebulebebi, romlebic ar monawileoben jandacvis

saxelmwifo programebis SesrulebaSi.

samedicino dawesebulebis standarti, nebismieri nozo-

logiis mixedviT, moicavs sadiagnostiko RonisZiebebis, samkur-

nalo RonisZiebebis da samkurnalo saSualebebis CamonaTvals. am

mizniT gaweuli danaxarjebi ki dayofilia pirdapir da

arapirdapir danaxarjebad. pirdapir danaxarjebSi Seitaneba:

1. medikamentebi;

2. erTjeradi moxmarebis sagnebi;

3. sadiagnozo da samkurnalo RonisZiebebi;

4. ZiriTadi xelfasi sul m.S. eqimis, eqTnis;

5. kvebis xarjebi.

arapirdapir danaxarjebSi Seitaneba:

1. administraciul-sammarTvelo aparatis xelfasi;

2. damxmare da momsaxure-teqnikuri personalis xelfasi;

3. amortizaciis anaricxebi;

4. mcirefasiani da swrafcveTadi sagnebis danaxarjebi;

5. komunaluri xarjebi;

6. sameurneo xarjebi.

pirdapiri da arapirdapiri danaxarjebis jami Seadgens

samedicino daxmarebis erTeulis Rirebulebas.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze

bevri problema arsebobs jandacvis sferos dawesebulebebis

danaxarjebis aRricxvisa da kontrolis saqmeSi; Seusrulebeli

rCeba am kuTxiT saqarTvelos kanonebisa da aRricxvis saerTa-

Soriso standartebis moTxovnebi. aqedan gamomdinare, jer kidev

bevria gasakeTebeli uaxloes momavalSi.

144

Giorgi Berulava

MICROECONOMIC ISSUES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

Recent period Georgia has implemented serious reforms of the business environment and attained high rates of growth. However, the quality of economic growth remains low with respect to economic and social sustainability and innovations. In particular, this growth is related neither to innovations and investment in high-technology industries, nor to expansion of activities of small and medium businesses, nor to increase of employment, equity in income distribution, and reduction of poverty. Though improving of the business climate had a positive influence on the increase in gross output, the growth in Georgia has mainly macroeconomic nature, and is associated with excess absorption and credit expansion, as well as with foreign investments mainly in non-tradable sectors. The low quality of growth means that it will be very hard to sustain it in the future, especially when the privatization process and associated with it capital inflows in the economy will be over.

We identified two broad categories of factors that preclude achievement of the sustainable growth in Georgia. These factors are “market failures” and “government failures.”

“Market failures” reflect the fact that the Georgian economy got stuck at a low-level equilibrium characterized by insufficient investments in innovation and technology and thus by poor perspective for development. Nor market forces neither based on the “laissez-faire” principle government policy could provide “push” for a higher level equilibrium and thereby for sustained economic growth.

“Government failures” in Georgia concern mainly with the problems in establishing and maintaining the rule of law in the society and providing independent and efficient judicial system. Poor rule of law institutions hamper incentives for long-term investments in technology development and innovations and thus preclude sustainable economic growth.

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To ensure economic development in Georgia the economic growth must be sustained for a long time. To do so the quality of growth must be improved. This in turn requires overcoming the obstacles created by both “market failures” and “government failures.” Below, we elaborate recommendations on how to induce innovative and productive behavior of firms, stimulate investments and thereby sustain economic growth in Georgia. 1. Georgian government must refrain from “laissez-faire”’ principle and pursue

active industrial policy oriented on dynamic transformation of production structures. Implementation of such policy requires:

• Identification of the sectors that will represent the basis for industrial development. This must be non-traditional export-oriented sectors, involving new technologies and knowledge.

• Elaborate development strategy focused on stimulating and attracting investments in selected sectors of industry, including such measures as investment and export subsidies, tax holidays, trade protection, socialization of investment risk through implicit bailout guarantees and etc.

• Ensure sound implementation of industrial policy, which means providing strict monitoring of the performance of encouraged enterprises and imposition of discipline. Those companies that fail to achieve high export performance must be punished.

2. Government must create such business environment, which will encourage emergence of the efficient market mechanisms through:

• Stimulating competition processes and processes of creating new enterprises, through providing free access to the market; active implementing anti-trust policies; reestablishing anti-trust agency and empowering it with sufficient authority and status necessary for efficient implementation of competition policy (but the same time leaving innovators with opportunities to take some rents from their innovations).

• Establishing of clear rules for market conduct of all economic agents without an exception and preventing any opportunity for non-productive or predatory activities.

• Eliminating any opportunity for the government to take part in the process of property redistribution.

• Stimulating the development of the market of financial resources providing the accessibility of the capital for the business and allowing the monitoring of the behavior of managers, including the establishment of the securities market, development of the institution of financial brokerage, creation of the

146

conditions for competition in the banking sphere, realization of the package of measures to reduce the systemic risks; development of information systems.

3. The improvement of the rule of law through the enhancement of legal and judicial system’s functioning is essential task for Georgia today to ensure the achievement of long-term economic development and poverty reduction goals. Well-developed formal system of contract enforcement is a necessary precondition for small and medium businesses to flourish as well as for development of capital and financial markets, attracting foreign investors and thereby for stimulating of long-term economic growth. The primary function of the state is the provision of sound legal and judiciary institutions and the rule of law and thereby creation relevant stimulus for businesses and economy for long-run economic growth. The problem of judiciary and legal system reform in Georgia is not an easy task and it certainly requires a time to be implemented. The judicial and legal systems are key element of business environment that determine its attractiveness through: reducing market uncertainty and transaction costs, increasing efficiency and sustainability of business performance stimulating both foreign and domestic investments. In doing so these institutions play a crucial role in promoting the development of markets, economic growth and poverty reduction.

gulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSvili

ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesisucxouri investiciebis roli biznesisucxouri investiciebis roli biznesisucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis

ganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSi

1. saqarTvelos ekonomikis krizisidan gamoyvanis, biznesis

ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori ucxouri inves-

ticiebis mozidva da misi racionalurad gamoyenebaa. igi xels

Seuwyobs sazRvargareTis progresuli teqnologiebis erovnul

sawarmoebSi ganTavsebas, menejmentisa da marketingis Tanamedrove

meTodebis danergvas, adgilobrivi warmoebis da, Sesabamisad,

eqsportis gazrdas, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, kidev ufro

gaafarToebs saqarTvelos sagareo kontaqtebs da, saerTod,

qveynis ekonomikis msoflio ekonomikaSi integrirebas.

2. saqarTveloSi sakmaod seriozuli investiciebi ganxor-

cielda 1993-1994 wlebSi, maSin roca qveyana Rrma krizisul

situaciaSi imyofeboda. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mopovebiTi

147

mrewvelobis firmebs. investiciebis dabandebis zrdis maRali

tendenciebi grZeldeboda 1996-1998 wlebSi. 1998 wels dafiqsirda

saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis dabandebis yvelaze maRali

maCveneblebi, man maqsimalur dones _ 288,04 milion dolars

miaRwia. magram, amave wlis meore naxevarSi ganviTarebulma

sagadamxdelo da safinanso-sabiujeto krizisma, erovnuli valu-

tis kursis mkveTrma meryeobam da inflaciam mZime dartyma miayena

qveynis meurneobis aRorZinebis process, daZaba socialuri foni

saxelmwifoSi. politikuri, savaluto da safinanso riskis zrdas

Tan mohyva arsebuli sainvesticio pirobebis gauareseba da

investiciebis moculobis mkveTri Semcireba. Aamis mizezi iyo

aseve baqo-sufsis milsadenisa da sufsis terminalis damTavreba,

rac qveyanaSi bolo periodSi ganxorcielebul yvelaze

ZviradRirebul proeqts warmoadgenda. investiciebis moculobam

1999 wels Seadgina daaxloebiT 83,65 milioni dolari, xolo 2000

wels _ 60,14 milioni dolari, anu ori wlis winandeli

maqsimaluri maCveneblis 21%.

investiciebis raodenoba 2007 wels, 2000 welTan SedarebiT,

ramdenjerme gaizarda.Bbolo wlebSi Semosuli ucxouri inves-

ticiebis 36 procenti energoseqtoris modernizebas moxmarda,

Tumca sxva seqtorebSi Cadebuli msxvili investiciebi qveynis

mimzidvelobis zrdaze miuTiTebs. sainvesticio nakadebis

analizi gviCvenebs, rom 2006 wels pirdapiri ucxouri inves-

ticiebis erTi mesamedi saqarTvelos mezobeli iseTi mdidari

qveynebidan Semovida, rogoricaa yazaxeTi (152 mln. $), TurqeTi

(130 mln. $) da ruseTi (34,2 mln. $). amave wels didi raodenobis

investicia Semovida gaerTianebuli samefodan (186 mln. $) da aSS-

dan (183 mln. $). 2007 wels investiciebi kidev ufro gaizarda da 1,7 mlrd

dolari Seadgina. mniSvnelovani odenobis sainvesticio nakadebi

Semovida niderlandebidan (219 mln. $), virjiniis kunZulebidan

(151 mln. $) da kviprosidan (136 mln $). mkveTrad imata

investiciebma didi britaneTidan (103, 9 mln. $), daniidan (92,6 mln.

$), safrangeTidan (37 mln. $) da italiidan (15,2 mln. $).Ppirdapiri investiciebi evrokavSiridan metwilad energetikaSi, samTo-

148

mopovebel mrewvelobaSi, turizmsa da samSeneblo industriaSi

ganTavsda.

3.Qqveynis ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis Camoyalibebi-

sTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs investiciebis ganTavsebis formebsa

da mimarTulebebs. ucxoel investorTa gamokiTxvis mixedviT

dadginda, rom saqarTveloSi yvelaze perspeqtiul dargebad

turizmi, transporti, komunikaciebi da kvebis mrewvelobaa.

SedarebiT naklebi mxardaWera moipova sabanko sferom,

energetikam, vaWrobam da soflis meurneobam. mZime mrewvelobisa

da mZime manqanaTmSeneblobis ganviTareba, maTi azriT, perspeq-

tiuli ar aris. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom 2007 wels sakmaod

mniSvnelovani investiciebi ganxorcielda saqarTveloSi sabanko,

sadazRvevo sferoSi, aseve telekomunikaciebSi, transportSi,

sastumroebSi, energetikasa da sxva sferoebSi.

2008 wlis bolos da 2009 wlis dasawyisSi erTdroulad

ramdenime cnobili saerTaSoriso sastumro qseli iwyebs operi-

rebas. saqarTveloSi yvela 5 varskvlaviani sastumro iqneba

warmodgenili – `merioti~, `hiltoni~, `redisoni,~ `kempinski~ da

a.S. es ganapiroba turistebis raodenobis yovelwliurad 70-80%-

iT zrdam.

samTavrobo programis mixedviT, momdevno 5 wlis ganmav-

lobaSi 10 mlrd. aSS dolaris pirdapiri da portfelis

ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebaa mosalodneli. Tumca, unda

aRiniSnos, rom isini umTavresad infrastruqturas (energetika,

milsadenebi, transporti) moxmardeba, rac kargia biznesgaremos

gasaumjobeseblad, magram xels ar uwyobs qveynis ekonomikis

mwarmoeblurobis da konkurentunarianobis zrdas.Ppirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebi iseT konkurentul seqtorebSi unda wari-

marTos, rogoricaa soflis meurneoba, gadamamuSavebeli mrewve-

loba da momsaxurebis sfero.

4. saqarTveloSi sainvesticio klimatis gasaumjobeseblad

aucilebelia:

_ Seswavlil iqnes saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebis

tendenciebi da mimarTulebebi, ganisazRvros maTi zegavlena

investiciebis mosazidad saqarTveloSi arsebul

SesaZleblobebze;

149

_ ucxoeli investorebis daintereseba, risTvisac saWiroa

qveyanaSi stabiluri politikuri situacia, kargi biznesgaremo,

garkveuli SeRavaTebi gadasaxadebze da naklebi SezRudvebi;

_ sainvesticio saqmianobis infrastruqturis ganviTareba;

_ sainvesticio proeqtebis srulyofili bankis Seqmna da

msoflio masStabiT saqarTveloSi arsebuli realuri mdgoma-

reobis Sesaxeb potenciuri investorebisTvis informaciis miwo-

deba.

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis gatareba xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi

ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebas da uzrunvelyofs Tanamed-

rove teqnologiebis danergvas, konkurentunariani produqciis

Seqmnas, momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas da qveynis

Semosavlebis gadidebas.

nato kakaSvilinato kakaSvilinato kakaSvilinato kakaSvili

aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da

dazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebi

aqtuaruli gamoTvlebi aris maTematikur da statistikur

kanonzomierebebze dafuZnebuli gaTvliTi meTodebis sistema. is

aris damzRvevis da dazRveulis sadazRvevo urTierTobis

reglamentaciis safuZveli. aseve, sadazRvevo fondis Camoya-

libebisa da xarjvis safuZveli, maT Soris xangrZlivi drois

sadazRvevo operaciebisas, dakavSirebuli sicocxlisa da pensiis

dazRvevasTan; amasTan, gamoiyeneba tarifebis dasadgenad da

satarifo ganakveTebis dasamrgvaleblad nebismieri saxis

dazRvevisas; agreTve, sadazRvevo fondis CamoyalibebaSi yvela

damzRvevis wilis gansazRvrisaTvis; aseve, Semosavlis im nawilis

angariSisaTvis, romelsac damzRvevi iRebs dazRveulis sakre-

dito resursebis saxiT gakeTebuli akumulirebuli Senatanebis

gamoyenebiT; agreTve dazRveulis finansuri valdebulebebis

moculobisa da misi sadazRvevo valdebulebebis likvidurobis

gasaangariSeblad; aseve, sicocxlis dazRvevis yoveli xelSekru-

lebisas formirebuli sarezervo Senatanebis ekonomikuri mizan-

Sewonilobis dasadgenad. agreTve, sadazRvevo organizaciis

150

sarezervo Senatanebis TviTRirebulebisa da gamosasyidi sa-

dazRvevo Tanxebis dasadgenad.

aqtuarul gamoTvlas ori ZiriTadi daniSnuleba aqvs:

1. konkretuli obieqtis dazRvevis xarjebis gansazRvra da

analizi, sadazRvevo momsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba.

2. konkretuli saxis sadazRvevo tarifis gansazRvra,

damzRvevis mier dazRvevisaTvis gaweuli momsaxurebis safasuris

dadgena.

saWiroa maqsimaluri sizustiT dadgindes damzRvevis mier

daSvebuli riski fuladi saxiT.

amisTvis ki aucilebelia:

1. dadgindes calkeuli riskis dadgomis maTematikuri

albaToba;

2. gamoiyos movlenebi, ganisazRvros sadazRvevo SemTxvevis

jgufebisa da mTlianad sadazRvevo TviTRirebulebis

Sedegad moyenebuli zaralis sixSire da simZimis xarisxi,

Sefasdes riski, rogorc SesaZlo movlena da tarifis

Rirebulebis sidide, romelic iqnes gadaxdili;

3. mocemul sadazRvevo TviTRirebulebis farglebSi gamoi-

yos riskis jgufebi, mTlianad iqnes isini gamokvleuli,

TviTRirebulebebis Seqmnis mizniT;

4. gaanalizdes sadazRvevo situacia da daxasiaTdes igi,

Sefasdes is SemTxveviTi movlenebi, romlebic iwvevs

gadaxrebs sadazRvevo gadasaxadebSi;

5. sadazRvevo SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli nawilobrivi an

sruli zaralis dadgena, specialuri cxrilebis saSuale-

biT unda dadgindes agreTve aRniSnuli zaralis drosa da

sivrceSi ganawilebis moTxovnilebis aucilebloba;

6. maTematikurad dasabuTdes damzRvevisaTvis saqmis msvle-

lobisas aucilebeli xarjebi da gamovlindes maTi cvale-

badobis tendenciebi;

7. gamoiTvalos sadazRvevo momsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba

mTlian sadazRvevo TviTRirebulebasTan mimarTebaSi;

8. maTematikurad dasabuTdes mzRvevelis aucilebeli sare-

zervo fondebi, SeirCes am fondebis formirebis konkre-

tuli meTodebi da wyaroebi;

151

9. gamoiyos specialuri rezervebi, romlebic damzRvevis

daqvemdebarebaSi iqneba;

10. Sedges prognozi, gakeTdes sadazRvevo xelSekrulebaTa

moculobebebis saeqsperto Sefaseba;

11. daangariSdes gasacemi procentis normebi da gamovlindes

misi konkretuli drois intervalSi cvalebadobis tenden-

ciebi;

12. ekvivalenturobis principis saSualebiT dadgindes daz-

Rveulis gadaxdebis da sadazRvevo sazogadoebis mier

SeTavazebuli sadazRvevo uzrunvelyofis adekvaturi Ta-

nafardoba.

13. gakeTdes gaTvlebi miRebuli sadazRvevo Senatanebis

drosa da sivrceSi ganTavsebis Semosavlebisa da gasavle-

bis Taobaze.

sadazRvevo gadasaxadebis gamoTvlisas, angariSis erTeuli

SeiZleba ganvixiloT sxvadaxsva ierarqiul tolobaSi mTlianad

qveyanaSi, calkeul regionebSi, mocemuli konkretuli raionis

Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT, da riskis araerTgvarovani

gamovlenebis gamo, droSi da sivrceSi.

qonebriv jgufSi riskebis maRali meryeobis gamo, gaTvalis-

winebulia specialuri danamati riskisaTvis, romelic, Cveu-

lebriv, ar gamoiTvleba aqtuaruli gamoTvlebisas piradi

dazRvevisaTvis, radgan erTianobaSi sadazRvevo moculoba

sakmaod maRalia, xolo sadazRvevo TanxebSi SedarebiT mcire.

aqtuaruli gamovlinebis kalsificireba xdeba dazRvevis,

teritoriis da drois mixedviT (gegmiuri da saangariSo an

mimdinare).

gegmiuri aqtuaruli angariSi Sedgeba maSin, roca gaTvalis-

winebulia dazRvevis axali saxis SemoReba, Tu ar aris zustad

angariSi msgavsi tipis an SinaarsiT miaxlovebuli saxis dazRve-

visas.

gegmiur aqtuarul angariSs koreqtirebas uweven yovel 3-4

weliwadSi erTxel, gamoiyeneben miRebul statistikul mona-

cemebs.

152

aqtuaruli angariSi SeiZleba iyos saerTo (qveynebisaTvis),

zonaluri (gansazRvruli regionisaTvis) da teritoriuli (cal-

keuli raionebisaTvis).

aqtuaruli angariSis centraluri jaWvi aris satarifo

ganakveTis gansazRvra.

satarifo ganakveTi – es aris sadazRvevo riskis fasi da

xarjebi misi dazRvevisaTvis, aseve damzRvevis valdebulebis

gamoxatuleba dazRvevis garigebis Tanaxmad. satarifo ganakveTi

iyofa bruto da neto – ganakveTad. bruto ganakveTi – satarifo

ganakveTia, romlis mixedviTac daideba dazRvevis garigeba. is

asaxavs yvela xarjs riskis dazRvevisaTvis, moicavs kompaniis

mogebas da Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: neto ganakveTi da

datvirTva. neto ganakveTi gamoxatavs sadazRvevo riskis fass;

xanZris, wyaldidobis, afeTqebis da a.S. dazRvevis nebismieri

saxeobis dros, netoganakveTis gaangariSebas safuZvlad udevs

sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomis albaToba. datvirTva Seicavs:

1. dazRvevis xarjebs sadazRvevo saqmis organizaciis da

warmarTvisaTvis;

2. saTanado fondebSi gadaricxvebs;

3. mogebas.

neto ganakveTis sidide izrdeba riskis gazrdasTan erTad,

e.i. roca dasazRvevis arakeTilsindisieri movlenebis albaToba

imatebs, amitom dazRveva vrceldeba riskze, romlis albaTobac

SedarebiT dabalia. riski, romlis SesaZleblobac 1-is tolia, ar

SeiZleba daezRvios, radgan irRveva mxareTa interesebi, sa-

dazRvevo urTierTobaSi monawileobisas.

bruto-ganakveTi dgindeba neto ganakveTis gamoangariSebis

Semdeg da datvirTvis Semdeg.

sadazRvevo statistikis ZiriTad maCvenebels miekuTvneba: n

sadazRvevo obieqtebis ricxvi, sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis ricxvi e; dazaralebul obieqtTa ricxvi sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis

Sedegad m; sadazRvevo gadasaxadebis saerTo ricxvi Ep;

sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gadaxdili Tanxa _ Eq; nebismieri

obieqtius dazRvevis sadazRvevo Tanxa – E Sn; sadazRvevo Tanxa,

romelic gankuTvnilia dazianebuli obeiqtebisaTvis erTianobaSi

E Sm.

153

statistikurma dakvirvebam zaralis sixSiresa da sidideze,

saSualeba mogvca, dagvedgina ramdenad sworad ganawilda

sadazRvevo premiebi. Tu gamoTvlaSi Secdoma gamovlinda, maSin

Segvaqvs koreqtivebi Sesabamis tarifSi.

stabilur, warmatebiT momuSave kompaniaSi SedarebiT

mudmivi xarjebis xvedriTi wili saqmis warmoebisaTvis SedarebiT

mcirea, xolo cvalebadi xarjebis – didi. Tu es Tanafardoba

irRveva, kompania iwyebs gamoumuSavebuli fulis ,,SeWmas” e.i. im

fondisas, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia sadazRvevo gadasaxa-

debisaTvis.

mudmivi da cvalebadi xarjebis cneba gamoiyeneba aqtuarul

angariSebSi dazRvevis im xelSekrulebis dadebisas, romelTa

xangrZlivoba erT welze metia.

saqmis warmarTvisaTvis saWiro xarjebi SeiZleba dakav-

Sirebuli (damokidebuli) iyos an ar iyos dakavSirebuli

(damokidebuli) sadazRvevo Tanxis cvlilebasTan.

saqmis warmarTvisaTvis saWiro Tanxebs Semdeg jgufebad

yofen:

1. saorganizacio Tanxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia

sadazRvevo sazogadoebis CamoyalibebasTan da miekuTvneba

damzRvevis aqtivebs;

2. akviziciuri xarjebi – sadazRvevo sazogadoebis sawarmoo

xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia axali sadazRvevo xelSekru-

lebis dadebasTan sadazRvevo agentebis meSveobiT.

3. inkasaciuri xarjebi – xarjebi, romlebic saWiroa naRdi

fulis brunvisaTvis, sadazRvevo gadaxdebisaDAda Semosav-

lebisAsadazRvevo gadaxdebisaTvis da saangariSo registrebi

(wignebi, cnobebi da a.S.).

4. likvidaciuri xarjebi – zaralis likvidaciis xarjebi,

romlebic ganicades sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis gamo, likvida-

torebisaTvis fulis gadaxada gaweuli muSaobisaTvis (im pirebs,

romlebic awarmoeben zaralis likvidacias), sasamarTlos

xarjebi, safosto-satelegrafo da sadazRvevo anazRaurebisTvis

saWiro Tanxa;GGG

5. marTvis xarjebi (marTvis saerTo xarjebi da xarjebi

qonebis marTvisaTvis), mmarTvelobiTi xarjebi Segrovili sadaz-

154

Rvevo gadasaxadebis proporciuli ar aris, maTi didi nawili

damokidebulia mocemul sadazRvevo sazogadoebaSi dasaqmebaze.

dazRvevis calkeuli saxeobis rentabelobis Sesafaseblad, Ziri-

Tad mniSvnelobas iZens mmarTvelobiTi xarjebis Tanxa. aqtua-

rul angariSebSi aucilebelia, davazustoT xarjebis raodenoba

dazRvevis calkeul saxeobebsa da jgufebSi, maTi specifikis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

eTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakulia biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis regulirebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis regulirebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis regulirebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis regulirebis

zogierTi aspeqti sazogierTi aspeqti sazogierTi aspeqti sazogierTi aspeqti saqarTveloSiqarTveloSiqarTveloSiqarTveloSi

sabazro ekonomika damyarebulia Tavisufal samewarmeo

(biznes) kavSirebze. es kavSirebi, rogorc wesi, formdeba xelSek-

rulebebiT.

ekonomikis centralizebuli marTvis sistemaSi sameurneo

kavSirebi ZiriTadad administraciuli aqtebis safuZvelze for-

mdeboda. xelSekruleba emsaxureboda gegmur da direqtiul

aqtebs. Tavdapirvelad mgegmavi organoebi gansazRvravdnen,

visTvis, rogor da ra unda miwodebinaT, amis Semdgom ideboda

sawarmoebs Soris xelSekrulebebi miwodebaze. xelSekrulebebis

meSveobiT realizdeboda samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebi.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ekonomikis liberalizacia da

sakuTrebis kerZo forma arsebiTad cvlis saxelSekrulebo

urTierTobaTa mniSvnelobas. samewarmeo xelSekrulebebi Rebu-

lobs sruliad damoukidebel xasiaTs, maT safuZvelze xorciel-

deba samewarmeo kavSirebi.

xelSekruleba aRiarebulia, rogorc garigeba, romelSic

erTze meti mxare monawileobs, igi aris valdebulebaTa gacvlis

saSualeba, gaaCnia kanonis Zala.

saxelSekrulebo samarTali ZiriTadad pirobaTa gansazRv-

ras emsaxureba, romelTa safuZvelze gacvla SeiZleba kvali-

ficirdes rogorc xelSekruleba. aseve xelSekrulebis ZiriTad

safuZvels Seadgens xelSekrulebaSi monawileTa ganzraxva (sur-

vili).

155

amasTan, xelSekruleba rom iyos moqmedi da hqondes kanonis

Zala, aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi:

1. aucilebelia gakeTdes SemoTavazeba.aucilebelia gakeTdes SemoTavazeba.aucilebelia gakeTdes SemoTavazeba.aucilebelia gakeTdes SemoTavazeba. mxareebidan erT-

erTma unda SesTavazos meores xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb.

winadadeba SeiZleba iyos zepiri an werilobiTi, an moqmedi

formiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi winadadebebi unda iyos mkveTrad,

saimedod da sruliad konkretulad gamoxatuli. SemoTavazebaSi

unda Candes rwmena, rom SemTavazebeli mzadaa, Tavis Tavze aiRos

gansazRvruli valdebulebebi da pasuxi agos masze kanonierebis

farglebSi. winadadebebi gadaeces im mxares, visTvisac aris

gaTvaliswinebuli.

2. winadadebebwinadadebebwinadadebebwinadadebebi miRebul unda iyos.i miRebul unda iyos.i miRebul unda iyos.i miRebul unda iyos. imisaTvis, rom

winadadeba miRebulad CavTvaloT aucilebelia meore mxaris mier

myari ganzraxvis (gamoxatuli zepirad an werilobiT, an moqme-

debiT) arseboba xelSekrulebis misaRebad.

3. orive mxare aucileblad unda iyos dainteresebuli.orive mxare aucileblad unda iyos dainteresebuli.orive mxare aucileblad unda iyos dainteresebuli.orive mxare aucileblad unda iyos dainteresebuli.

xelSekrulebas kanonis Zala mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvs, Tuki

orive mxarem dado erTmaneTTan garigeba da am safuZvelze moxda

risame urTierTgacvla. xelSekruleba aucileblad iTvalis-

winebs kanonier danakargs (zarals) TiToeuli an yvela monawile

mxareebisaTvis, maT mier Tavis Tavze aRebul garkveul valde-

bulebebze an uflebebis uaryofaze. e.i. SeTanxmeba iqneba iuri-

diulad uzrunvelyofili, Tu xelSekrulebaSi aRiwereba gacvla

da kanonieri danakargi.

4. orive (an yvela) mxaris SeTanxmeba unda iyos utyuari, orive (an yvela) mxaris SeTanxmeba unda iyos utyuari, orive (an yvela) mxaris SeTanxmeba unda iyos utyuari, orive (an yvela) mxaris SeTanxmeba unda iyos utyuari,

WeSmariti.WeSmariti.WeSmariti.WeSmariti. imisaTvis, rom xelSekrulebas kanonis Zala hqondes,

orive mxare valdebulia, masze TavianTi surviliT SeTanxmdnen.

moqmedi xelSekruleba ar dauSvebs gaiZverobas, iZulebebs da

urTierTis mimarT Secdomebs.

5. yvela mxare (orive mxare) unda iyos kompetenturi.yvela mxare (orive mxare) unda iyos kompetenturi.yvela mxare (orive mxare) unda iyos kompetenturi.yvela mxare (orive mxare) unda iyos kompetenturi.

6. xelSekrulexelSekrulexelSekrulexelSekruleba ar unda gavrceldes ukanono saqmianobaze.ba ar unda gavrceldes ukanono saqmianobaze.ba ar unda gavrceldes ukanono saqmianobaze.ba ar unda gavrceldes ukanono saqmianobaze.

7. xelSekrulebas unda hqondes kanoniT reglamentirebuli xelSekrulebas unda hqondes kanoniT reglamentirebuli xelSekrulebas unda hqondes kanoniT reglamentirebuli xelSekrulebas unda hqondes kanoniT reglamentirebuli

forma.forma.forma.forma. rig SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos zepiri

formiT an moqmedebis saSualebiT, an Tavisufali formis

sabuTebis SedgeniT. Tumca zogierTi xelSekruleba kanonis

moTxovnas unda daeqvemdebaros misi werilobiTi gaformebisas. im

156

SemTxvevaSi, roca kanoni iTxovs xelSekrulebis werilobiT

gaformebas, nebismieri cvlileba mis pirobebSi aseve unda iyos

werilobiTi.

moqmedi xelSekruleba savaldebuloa orive mxarisaTvis.

TiToeulma mxarem unda daicvas Tavis Tavze aRebuli dapirebani.

xelSekrulebis moqmedeba Sewydeba saxelSekrulebo vadis

gasvlis an saqmianobis erTdroulad damTavrebisas, rac mxareebs

aRebuli valdebulebebisagan aTavisuflebs. arcTu ise iSviaTad,

xelSekruleba ar sruldeba orive mxaris urTierTSeTanxmebiT

(nebayoflobiT). aris SemTxvevebi, roca xelSekruleba Seusru-

lebeli (dausrulebeli) rCeba urTierTTanamSromlobis gagrZe-

lebis SeuZleblobidan gamomdinare. magaliTad: 1) adamianis

sikvdilis an seriozuli avadmyofobis gamo, romelic piradad

monawileobda xelSekrulebis SesrulebaSi da visTvisac ver

moiZebna Semcvleli; 2) cvlileba kanonmdeblobaSi, romelic

xelSekrulebaSi mocemul saqmianobas ukanonos gaxdis; 3)

xelSekrulebis materialuri obieqtebis dangreviT. aseve, roca

mxareTa Soris erT-erTs ar aqvs kanonieri gamarTleba garigebis

pirobebis SeusruleblobisaTvis, meore mxares SeuZlia daadana-

Saulos igi xelSekrulebis darRvevaSi.

nebismieri xelSekruleba unda eyrdnobodes kanonmdeblobiT

da iuridiulad ganmtkicebuli valdebulebebis dafiqsirebas.

xelSekrulebaSi mocemul pirobebSi erTi mxaris mier

cvlilebis Setanisas, meore mxares ufleba aqvs: 1) CaSalos

xelSekruleba; 2) moiTxovos zaralis anazRaureba; 3) moiTxovos

xelSekrulebaSi mocemuli pirobebis zustad Sesruleba.

dReisaTvis qarTul biznesSi gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, roca

xelSekrulebis darRvevis faqti kerZo garCevis sagani xdeba, rac,

arcTu ise iSviaTad, urTierTSeuTanxmeblobis gamo, didi

materialuri zaraliT da tragikuli SemTxvevebiTac ki mTavrde-

ba orive mxarisaTvis. aRniSnuli ZiriTadad imiT aris ganpi-

robebuli, rom araa daregulirebuli biznesSi saxelSekrulebo

urTierTobani. xelSekrulebis darRveva kerZo garCevis sagani ar

unda iyos, igi unda ganixilebodes sasamarTloSi, rogorc es

xdeba rig ganviTarebul qveynebSi. magaliTad, aSS-s federalur

157

sasamarTloSi marto 1990 wels saxelSekrulebo samarTlis

ganxilvis sagani iyo saxelSekrulebo darRvevis 56 300 saqme.

saqarTveloSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobas aregulirebs

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (1997 w. 26 ivlisi), romelic ver

uzrunvelyofs biznesSi xelSekrulebis zemoT ganxiluli Svidi

principis dacvas. amdenad, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,

sakanonmdeblo organoebSi SemuSavdes kanoni `biznesSi saxel-

Sekrulebo urTierTobaTa regulirebis Sesaxeb~, sadac unda

ganisazRvros urTierToba bazris subieqtebTan (momxmarebeli,

mimwodebeli da sxv.), saxelmwifo institutebTan; sakredito

dawesebulebebTan. amasTan erTad, daregulirdes lizingis,

franCaizingis, venCuruli kapitalis, biznesinkubatoris,

teqnoparkis, saijaro, arenduli da sxva saxeobis

saxelSekrulebo urTierTobani.

savaWro sferos biznesSi, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa

daregulirebis mizniT, unda Seiqmnas `erTiani komerciuli

kodeqsi~, romelic uzrunvelyofs xelSekrulebis mxareTa Soris

samarTlebriv daregulirebas.

soso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvili

inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Tavinovaciuri biznesis marTvis Tavinovaciuri biznesis marTvis Tavinovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebaniiseburebaniiseburebaniiseburebani

saqarTvelos adgilobriv warmoebaSi inovaciebis marTvas

didi istoria aqvs _ individualuri gamomgoneblobidan,

saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobiT, ekonomikis mTeli rigi dargebis

kardinaluri ganaxlebis procesebis organizebamde.

arsebobs azri, rom sakomunikacio procesebis efeqturi

marTva SesaZlebelia mxolod saorganizacio-administraciuli

meTodologiis daxmarebiT, radganac inovaciis nebismieri

subieqti saWiroebs struqturizacias da reglamentacias. moti-

vaciuri meqanizmis, rogorc mravalfaqtoruli sistemis, ganxil-

visas, migvaCnia, rom inovaciur komunikaciebSi marTvis efeqtu-

roba, iseve, rogorc maTi warmoqmna, damokidebulia subieqtis

158

monawileobaze saboloo SemosavalSi. Tumca, inovaciis SedegSi

subieqtis Semosavlis damokidebuleba ar amowuravs erToblivi

saqmianobis yvela motivs, rac mas am marTvis sistemaSi

gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs.

inovaciebis marTva, rogorc rTuli horizontaluri struq-

turizebuli sistemebis menejmenti, sabazro urTierTobebis

damoukidebel komponentad gvevlineba.

inovaciebis masStabebSi, romelic ara mxolod biznesis da

mewarmeobis xasiaTiT ganisazRvreba, aramed yvela monawilis

TviTganviTarebis xarisxobriobiTac, srulad vlindeba asocire-

bis, kooperirebis (sinergiuli efeqti), TviTorganizaciis da

ganviTarebis efeqtebi. aman ar SeiZleba gavlena iqonios

inovaciis menejmentze, romelic iZulebulia, marTvis tradi-

ciuli meTodebi inovaciebSi ganviTarebul TviTmmarTvelobas

SeuTavsos. TviTmmarTveloba yalibdeba adamianuri faqtoris

safuZvelze, romelic inovaciebSi ganisazRvreba rogorc

xarisxobrivad axali urTierTobisa da komunikaciebis aqtiuri

elementi. inovaciur menejerad CaiTvleba is, visac SeuZlia

biznesis gadayvana sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvelSi. inovaciur

sistemebSi komunikaciebis menejeri inovaciebis subieqtebTan

gansazRvruli wesebiT urTierTqmedebs, ramdenadac saqme aqvs

specialistebis farTo wresa da maT amxanagobebTan, qmnis

gansakuTrebul socialur teqnologiebs.

aq, upirveles yovlisa, vgulisxmobT im saqmianobas,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, sxva saqmianobis gardaqmnisken aris

mimarTuli, meorec, mTel rig Tanmimdevrulad gamouyenebel

analizs da zemoqmedebis meTodebs, romelic inovaciebSi Camoya-

libda. socialuri inovaciuri teqnologiebi, Cveni azriT, iyofa

virtualurad (romelic iqmneba xelovnurad inovaciebis subieq-

tebis droebiTi da sxva sakomunikacio urTierTqmedebis

gansazRvrisaTvis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi gadaWris

mizniT) da operatiulad (subieqtebis urTierTqmedebis organi-

zebisTvis garkveul droSi, inovaciebis saSinao da sagareo

pirobebis cvlilebebze reagirebisTvis inovaciur sistemaSi

sakomunikacio cvlilebebis saSualebiT).

159

aRniSnuli socialuri teqnologiebis CarCoebSi moqmedebis

struqturas, praqtikulad, erTnairi safexurebrivi cvlileba

aqvs: organizaciuli diagnostika, gadawyvetilebis SemuSaveba,

realizaciis procesebi.

organizaciuli diagnostikis amocanaa informaciis mizno-

brivi damuSaveba, problemebis gamovlena, Sefaseba da

klasifikacia; dasasrul, cvlilebebis inovaciuri procesis

organizebisTvis mimarTulebis gansazRvra.

gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba inova-

ciuri subieqtebis poziciebi, anu ganisazRvreba poziciebis

SeTanxmebis pirobebi.

sarealizacio teqnologiebis mizania inovaciuri procesebis

warmatebuli dasruleba da biznesis faqtobrivi gadasvla axal

xarisxSi (kategoriebSi). erTdroulad unda realizdes subieq-

turi miznebis mTeli sistema da siaxlis SemomtanTa interesebi,

rac fiqsirdeba maTi potencialis zrdiT, ekonomikuri ganvi-

TarebiT.

socialuri teqnologiebi aucilebelia sabazro meqanizmebis

arasrulyofilebis gamo. Tavisufali sasaqonlo urTierTobebi

inovaciebSi, damyarebuli kerZo sakuTrebaze, TviTganviTarebisas,

moqmedebs, rogorc brma Zala da gaaCnia damangreveli muxti,

romelsac SeuZlia `aafeTqos~ inovaciuri komunikaciebi da

mTeli inovaciuri procesi. maSasadame, sasaqonlo urTierTobebi

inovaciebis subieqtebs Soris unda iyos regulirebadi da unda

Seivsos `arasasaqonlo~ ekonomikiT.

inovaciebSi `arasasaqonlo~ ekonomikis ZiriTad elementebs

miekuTvneba:

• inovaciebis xelmisawvdomoba inovaciuri komunikaciebis

sitemebSi inovaciis yvela subieqtisaTvis da misi gamo-

yenebis SesaZlebloba sakuTari ganviTarebisaTvis.

• uflebebisa da garantiebis warmoSoba inovaciebSi monawi-

leobis SewyvetisaTvis warmoqmnili riskis individualuri

xasiaTis gamo, agreTve maTi Semcirebis SesaZleblobaTa

arseboba riskebis kooperaciuli gadanawilebis xarjze.

• socialuri ganviTarebis kooperaciuli perspeqtivebi.

160

• partnioruli garemos, inovaciuri samewarmeo kulturis

Seqmna.

• regulireba inovaciebSi exeba rogorc urTierTobebs

subieqtebs Soris, aseve sagareo urTierTqmedebebs inova-

ciur procesebze.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi menejeri moqmedebs, rogorc Suamavali

(mesenjeri), meore SemTxvevaSi ki misi moqmedebebi sabazro

garemoTi ganisazRvreba.

mesenjeruli funqcia inovaciis monawileTa interesebis

marTvis safuZveli xdeba, radgan inovaciuri menejmentis sagans

warmoadgens droebiTi sakomunakacio sistemebis damoukidebeli

inovatorebis resursSemomtani urTierTobebis organizeba. am

sistemas, agebuls sakuTrebiT urTierTobebze, gaaCnia mudmivad

cvalebadi parametrebi da droebiTi mTlianoba, agreTve moti-

vaciebi TviTorganizaciisa da TviTganviTarebisaken; is ayalibebs

specialur moTxovnebs inovaciuri menejeris pirovnebisadmi.

inovaciuri menejmenti, rogorc mecniereba da marTvis

xelovneba axla iwyebs Tavisi ganviTarebis axal etaps sameurneo

cxovrebaSi principuli cvlilebebis gamo. inovaciuri xasiaTis

mewarmeoba warmoSobs axal organizaciebs, marTvis sistemas,

menejerebis instituts, romelTa xelmZRvanelobiTac xorciel-

deba inovaciebi da romelTac mesakuTreni da investorebi

andoben TavianT qonebas, fulad saxsrebs da uflebebs

samewarmeo saqmidan (biznesidan) Semosavlis imediT.

inovaciuri menejmenti dRes mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis

gansakuTrebul formas warmoadgens, rac ganisazRvreba misi

mewarmeobiTi xasiaTiT da miznobrivi mimarTulebebiT. miuxedavad

imisa, rom ZiriTadi funqciebiT, marTvis principebiT da

meTodebiT mas bevri saerTo gaaCnia Cveulebriv menejmentTan,

misTvis damaxasiaTebelia kavSiri ufro farTo sferosTan,

romelic moicavs samrewvelo, finansur, sainvesticio da sxva

procesebs.

marTvis obieqti inovaciur menejmentSi _ inovaciuri

procesi warmoebaSi, romelic rTul saorganizacio sistemas

warmoadgens, mtkiced orientirebulia inovaciebis miznebze

sagareo da saSinao pirobebis cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aq

161

igulisxmeba faqtorebis mniSvnelobaTa erToblioba, romlebic

arsebiTad moqmedebs inovaciur procesze, inovaciis yoveli

ciklis sasicocxlo fazaze yovel konkretul periodSi.

situaciuri midgoma gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi farTo SesaZleb-

lobaa manevrirebisa da adekvaturi reagirebisaTvis inovaciaTa

parametrebis transformirebaze.

inovaciuri menejmenti mowodebulia marTos inovaciuri

procesi. inovaciis, rogorc marTvis obieqtis specifika winaswar

gansazRvravs inovaciuri menejmentis Sromis Taviseburebebs,

romelsac, garda saerTo moTxovnebisa (SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi,

mravalmxrivi codna da analitikuri unari), moeTxoveba speci-

fikurobac, maT Soris Tavisi gadawyvetilebis motivireba

inovaciebis mravalricxovani monawileebis winaSe, xolo profe-

siuli ekonomikuri codna saSualebas aZlevs inovaciur

menejments, efeqturad imuSaos ekonomikur informaciasa da

bazebTan, romlebic mocemulia bazrebTan, teqnikasTan da a.S.

inovaciuri menejmentis saqmianobis safuZvelia muSaoba

inovaciur obieqtSi ekonomikur informaciasTan, e. i. movlenebisa

da gadawyvetilebebis aRricxvisa da analizis organizeba

inovaciur procesSi. sainvesticio kapitalis mesakuTreni,

investorebi, kreditorebi masTan erTad axorcieleben kontrols

inovaciuri proeqtis Sesrulebis msvlelobaze inovaciis

saproeqto da faqtobriv maCvenebelTan Sepirispirebis gziT.

inovaciuri menejmentis saboloo mizani ki inovaciis

subieqtis grZelvadiani sakonkurencio funqcionirebis uzrunvel-

yofaa, risi Sefasebac SeiZleba investiciebis efeqturobiT,

bazarze mdgomareobis perspeqtiviT da warmoebis Semdgomi

ganviTarebis rezervebiT.

sainovacio periodSi investiciebis realizacia moqmed

sawarmoSi iseTivea, rogorc axali sawarmos mSeneblobisas.

inovaciur menejments mouwevs inovaciuri movlenebis da

Sedegebis kontrolireba.

inovaciebis marTvaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs

urTierTobebs axalSemonaRebis mesakuTresa da investors Soris.

Cveni azriT, aseTi inovaciuri politika SeiZleba realiz-

des inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis _ bazris sakanonmdeblo da

162

sakonstitucio ganviTarebis pirobebSi, romelic stimulirebuli

iqneba investoris mier, saxelmwifo garantiebis sistemis inova-

ciebis sagadasaxado pirobebis srulyofiT.

amave dros, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifos soci-

alur politikas inovaciaTa mimarT mxardaWeraSi.

sazogadoeba unda gamodiodes fundamenturi faseulo-

bebidan da uTavsebdes mas Tanamedrove warmoebis pirobebs.

aqedan gamomdinareobs socialuri dakveTis aucilebloba

inovaciaze, mis prioritetze ekonomikuri amocanebis mimarT.

aseTi gansazRvra exeba ara marto erovnul faseulobebs, aramed

im faseulobebsac, romlebic miRebulia inovaciuri urTierTo-

bebis dros partniorebis mier da Tavisi arsiT erToblivi

saqmianobis ufro mniSvnelovan mizans warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba socialur faqtors, sawarmoSi inovacias per-

sonali ufro Sinaarsian da mimzidvel Sromaze gadahyavs, qmnis

mas ufro efeqturs, rac mis keTildReobaze aisaxeba. pirovnebis

ganviTareba gamovlindeba codnis gaRrmavebasa da gafarToebaSi,

axali Tvisebebis CamoyalibebaSi, urTierTobebis, Semoqmedebisa

da kulturis ganviTarebaSi.

uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili

momxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgili

Tanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSi

1. postindustriul epoqaSi firmebis saqmianobaSi gadamwyve-

ti sityva marketingul samsaxurs ekuTvnis. maqsimaluri mogebis

miRebisaTvis swored marketinguli samsaxuri Seiswavlis bazars

da gansazRvravs momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis maqsimaluri

dakmayofilebisaTvis ra saqoneli (momsaxureba), ramdeni, ra

fasad, rodis iwarmoos, rogor iqnes dayvanili momxmareblamde

da gaweuli iqnes gayidvis Semdgomi momsaxureba. naTqvamidan

gamomdinare, Tu myidvels raRac ar akmayofilebs _ iqneba es

saqoneli, gamyidveli, fasi Tu miwodeba, es imas niSnavs, rom

marketingis mimarTulebiT arsakmarisadaa Catarebuli samuSaoebi;

2. Tanamedrove biznesis sistemaSi centraluri figuraa

momxmarebeli (klienti) da sawarmoo personali. SesaZlebelia

163

momxmarebeli da klienti erTmaneTs ar daemTxvas. momxmarebeli

imitom, rom swored is axali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis avtori;

swored is iRebs gadawyvetilebas kompaniis saqmianobis gafar-

Toebisa Tu Sekvecis Sesaxeb; swored is, arCevnebSi xmis micemiT,

miuTiTebs saxelmwifos Tu rogor unda aagos man sakuTari

politika: „marcxniv“, „marjvniv“ Tu „pirdapir“ unda iaros.

klienti imitom, rom swored mis xarjze finansdeba biznesmenis

mogeba, daqiravebul muSakTa xelfasebi da saxelmwifos

Semosavlebis udidesi nawili; swored amitom, kompaniisa Tu

saxelmwifos saqmianoba momxmarebelTa interesebis garSemo unda

trialebdes. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ara gyavT momxmarebeli,

ar iqneba Tqveni biznesi. sawarmoo personali ki imitomaa

mniSvnelovani, rom swored is aRasrulebs momxmarebelTa

survilebs. saWiroa am orive jgufis warmomadgenlebze zrunva,

bazari izrunebs Tqvenze da warmatebuli iqneba Tqveni biznesi;

3. miuxedavad amisa, bevri biznesmeni uSvebs Secdomas. zogs

hgonia, rom raki sakuTari saqme aqvs, icnobs kidec sakuTar

momxmarebels. es mcdari azria. zogsac hgonia, rom raki

droulad uSvebs maRali xarisxis produqcias, es imas niSnavs,

rom, Tavis mxriv, akeTebs yvela SesaZlebels momxmarebelTa

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. aseTi TviTdajerebac, aseve,

mcdaria;

4. biznesis momgebiani mdgomareobis, anu bazarze mdgradobis

SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia myidvelTa daintereseba sakuTari

produqciis maRali xarisxiT an dabali fasiT, aseve,

novatoruli saqonliTa (momsaxurebiT) da mimzidveli reklamiT.

Cveulebriv, bazarze xangrZlivad is sawarmo rCeba, romelsac

momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis mimarT swrafi reagirebis unari

aqvs;

5. cudi klientebi arian isini, romlebic xSirad ar yidu-

loben, droulad an saerTod ar ixdian an mudmivad abruneben

nayidobas. maTi yidvebis moculoba imdenad mcirea, rom aseTi

klientebis SenarCuneba metad Zviri jdeba. Secdomaa, rodesac

saxsrebs xarjaven cudi klientebis SenarCunebaze da gamudmebiT

eZeben axal-axals. es maSin, rodesac Zveli klientebis Senar-

Cuneba bevrad iafi jdeba axlebis moZiebasTan SedarebiT

164

(klientTa Rirebulebis dadgenisaTvis wina wlis marketingis

xarjebs yofen SekveTebis raodenobaze);

6. kompaniis kargi klientebi isini arian, romelTa wiladac

modis gayidvebis udidesi wili. statistikuri dakvirvebebidan

gamomdinare, klientebis daaxloebiT 25% uzrunvelyofs

kompaniis mogebis 95%-s. swored eseni arian kargi klientebi.

isini endobian kompanias da amitomac iZenen mis produqcias. maT

SenarCunebaze kompaniebi xarjaven minimalur saxsrebs, xolo

isini mniSvnelovan mogebas iZlevian. mizanSewonilia, kargi da

cudi klientebis gamijvna da cudi klientebisagan gaTa-

visufleba;

7. kargi klientebis SenarCunebaze zrunva ar unda iyos

sagangebo da nametani xarjiani. magaliTad, bevri klientisaTvis

wamaxalisebeli iqneba is, Tu gaxsovT misi saxeli da saxeliT

mimarTavT an miulocavT dabadebis dRes, iubiles, rogorc

pirads, ise korporaciuls. swored amitom, calke failSi unda

gqondeT Tqveni klientebis, partniorebis vinaoba, maTi dabadebis

dReebi, kompaniebis iubileebi da sxva mniSvnelovani TariRebi,

raTa gamoiCinoT yuradReba da miulocoT RirsSesaniSnavi

TariRebi. yvelaferi es dadebiTad ganawyobs maT Tqveni kompaniis

mimarT.

8. yovelive zemoTqmulisaTvis firmis (sawarmos) marke-

tinguli samsaxuri unda flobdes klientebTan efeqtiani komuni-

kaciis, sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvis, marketinguli politikis

SemuSaveba-Sefasebis, misi drouli koreqtirebisa da srulyofis,

bazris segmentaciisa da klientebis moZiebis, saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis pozicionirebis, unikaluri savaWro winadadebis

SeTavazebis da mediadagegmvis codnasa da unarCvevebs. mokled,

mas unda SeeZlos pasuxi gasces marketinguli komunikaciis sam

mTavar kiTxvas: “vis vuTxraT?” (vin arian Cveni klientebi da

rogor moviZioT isini?), “ra vuTxraT?” (rogori winadadeba

mivceT maT?) da “rogor vuTxraT?” (rogor daviyvanoT es

winadadeba klientamde?).

roland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimelia

warmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebis

165

cvlilebebTan kavSirSicvlilebebTan kavSirSicvlilebebTan kavSirSicvlilebebTan kavSirSi

Tanamedrove msoflios ekonomikis strategiul miznebSi

bunebrivia, wina planze iyos wamoweuli mdgradi ekonomikuri

zrdis miRweva, umarTav inflaciasTan brZola da misi moTokva.

postkomunistur saqarTveloSi amas emateba sruli dasaqmebi-

saTvis pirobebis Seqmnaze zrunva, raSic Cveni azriT momgebiani

iqneba CairTos warmoebis marTvis optimizaciisaTvis riskis

masStabebis gafarToeba da misi gaaqtiureba. dasaqmebis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT da samuSao adgilebis

deficitis pirobebSi, mosalodnelia, gamosavali moinaxos axali

samuSaos formirebiT, misi ganxorcielebisaTvis riskze wasvlis,

zogjer iZulebiTi RonisZiebiTac ki, magaliTad dazRvevis

moSveliebiT. Ggarda amisa, SeiZleba Seiqmnas SesaZlebloba,

minimumamde iqnes dayvanili riskis uaryofiTi Sedegebi, xolo

ndobis faqtori gaumjobesdes riskis doneze warmoebis momge-

bianobis zrdiT (riskis masStabebis gafarTovebaSi vgulisxmobT

riskiT mogebisa da wagebis albaTur SefasebaTa absolutur

mniSvnelobebis jamis zrdas). yovelive es aisaxeba cxovrebis

donis zrdis perspeqtivaSi, rodesac qveyana Tavisi Semosavlebis

did nawils gonivrul dazogvasa da investirebaze iyenebs. amas

is axerxebs kapitalis maragiTa da mSp-is zrdiT, im qveynebisagan

gansxvavebiT, romlebic riskis gareSe naklebs zogaven da mcire

danaxarjebze «Cerdebian».

Mmosaxleobis dasaqmebis srulyofil zrdas maRalxel-

fasiani samuSaoebis Sesruleba ganapirobebs, xolo didi mogebebi

sawarmoebs aZliereben. rodesac aqtiurdeba riskis faqtoric,

gansakuTrebiT deficitis ekonomikaSi, maSin qveyana didi siZne-

leebis winaSe dgeba, romelic TavisTavad ar daregulirdeba.

sruli dasaqmeba dabalrentabeluri sawarmoebiT TavisTavad ar

miiRweva. mosaxleobis dabalmsyidvelunarianoba, riskze wasvlis

drosac, sawarmoebis maRal momgebianobaze gadasvlas xels ar

uSlis, Tuki mizezebi gaanalizebulia da gamovlinebas

eqvemdebareba maTi Tavidan acilebis SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad,

privatizebis gonivruli CatarebiT sawarmoebis gamdidrebis

SesaZleblobis efeqtiani gamoyeneba postkomunistur saqarTve-

loSi. Aanalogiuri sirTule maSinac warmoiSoba, roca dasaqme-

166

bulTa xelfasebi mcirea da isini (dasaqmebulebi) iZulebulni

arian arsebobis SesanarCuneblad gaagrZelon muSaoba dabali

xelfasebiTa da maRali gadasaxadebis pirobebSi, raSic post-

komunisturi qveyana imyofeba xolme da gamosavlad sesxis aRebas

miiCneven, xolo, es rom did riskTanaa dakavSirebuli, amas

yuradRebas ar aqceven an brma riskiT kmayofildebian, rac

saxifaToa.

mcire kapitaldabandebebis Sesabamisad, rodesac saeWvo

xdeba warmoebis funqcionirebis gaZliereba, gamosavali SeiZleba

aRmoCndes riskze wasvla maRali donis momgebiani produqtebis

gamoSvebis zrdiT da misTvis saWiro samamulo resursebis

SerCeviT, romelTa nawili SeiZleba deficitic ki aRmoCndes. am

SemTxvevaSi vadgenT warmoebis dagegmvis ekonomikur-maTematikur

models Semosavlis maqsimumiT (an rentabelobis, an Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis maqsimumiT), rasac emateba sawarmoSi dasaqme-

bulTa ricxovnobis zrdis moTxovna riskis pirobebSi.

Ddasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad ekonomikur-maTematikuri

modelis Sedgenas da masTan dakavSirebul msjelobas warvmar-

TavT, postkomunisturi saqarTvelos amJamindeli sinamdvilis

gaTvaliswinebiT, warmoebis optimaluri organizaciisaken da

maqsimaluri raodenobis samuSao adgilebis gamosavlenad.

bunebrivia, mewarmeebisaTvis Seiqmnas didi mogebiT riskze

wasvlis pirobebi zaralis minimizaciiT. saWiroebisamebr riskis

dazRveva ndobis faqtoris gaaqtiurebiT, maRal doneze aiyvans

mewarmis prestiJs da riskze wasvliT sawarmos momgebianobis

Semdgom gamovlenasac Seuwyobs xels.

Catarebuli msjelobis safuZvelze, produqciis warmoebis

teqnologiur koeficientebze dayrdnobiT, maTSi riskis elemen-

tebis CarTviT, Sesabamisad resursebsa da produqtebze moTxovna-

miwodebas Soris damaregulirebeli pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

saSualeba gveZleva SevadginoT warmoebis dagegmvisa da marTvis

ekonomikur-maTematikuri modeli. xolo misi (modelis) analizis

Sedegad SesaZlebelia riskis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoebis optima-

luri dagegmvis modificirebuli amocanis dasma, romelSic

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba, rogorc dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis

167

maqsimizaciis piroba, ise samamulo warmoebis produqciis

deficitis arsebobac.

maia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTuri

marketingis marTvis marketingis marTvis marketingis marTvis marketingis marTvis zogierTizogierTizogierTizogierTi

aspeqtisaspeqtisaspeqtisaspeqtis SesaxebSesaxebSesaxebSesaxeb

_ marketingis marTvas maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac

potenciuri gacvlis erTi mxare mainc SeimuSavebs da

iyenebs saSualebebs sxva mxareebisagan sasurveli gamoZa-

xilis misaRwevad.

_ marketingis marTva gulisxmobs ideebis, produqtis

da momsaxurebis faswarmoqmnis, win wawevis da ganawilebis

dagegmvisa da realizaciis process, romelic mimarTulia

gacvlis ganxorcielebisaken rogorc calkeul individTa,

aseve organizaciebis dasakmayofileblad, es ki, SeuZlebelia,

didi Zalisxmevisa da siaxleTa danergvis gareSe ganxorcieldes.

_ marketingis marTva damyarebulia gacvlis cnebaze;

marketingis marTva mimarTulia gacvlis TvalsazrisiT gan-

sazRvruli Sedegebis misaRwevad miznobriv bazarze, es aris

procesi, romelic moicavs analizs, dagegmvas, gegmebis

realizaciasa da kontrols.

_ marketingis efeqtiani marTva xels uwyobs sawarmos

warmatebas. unari imisa, rom gansazRvro rogor SeiZleba

marketinguli marTvis srulyofa romelime kompaniaSi, Sem-

deg ki ganaxorcielo es ideebi, gansakuTrebulad mniSvne-

lovania.

_ strategiuli marketingis koncefcia SeiZleba gani-

sazRvros, rogorc konkurentebTan myari upiratesobebis Ziebis

korporaciis mizanmimarTuli qmedebebi, momxmarebelTa saWiroebe-

bis dakmayofilebis gziT. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ki

mniSvnelovania mudmivi fiqri imis Sesaxeb, rogor davakmayo-

filoT bazarze momxmarebelTa saWiroebani ufro efeqtianad da

Sedegianad.

_ konkurentebiT gajerebul bazarze marketingul gada-

wyvetilebaTa miRebis process konkurentul racionalurobas

uwodeben. sityva “konkurentuli” gulisxmobs, rom firma

168

bazarze moqmedebs sxva kompaniebs Soris, romlebic msgavs

gadawyvetilebebs iReben; “racionaluria” _ gulisxmobs, rom

firma miiswrafis, iyos Tanmimdevruli momxmareblebTan

gacvlis organizaciaSi mudmivad ganviTarebad bazarze.

_ marketingis marTvaSi monawileoben analitikosebi,

saqonlis warmoebis da realizaciis menejerebi, gayidvebis

menejerebi, gasaRebis ganyofilebis, reklamisa da saqonlis

win wawevis menejerebi, savaWro markis mmarTvelebi da a. S.

TiToeul maTgans kompaniaSi mkafiod gansazRvrul amocanebi

da pasuxismgebloba gaaCnia. maTi Tanamdebobrivi valdebulebebi

moicavs marTvas specialuri marketinguli resursebiT.

_ marketingis menejerTa ZiriTadi samuSaoa analizi,

dagegmva da programebis realizacia. marketingis mmarTveli

asrulebs marketinguli RonisZiebebis Zalze farTo speqtrs.

marketingis marTva mimarTulia moTxovnis doneze, struqtu-

rasa da droebiT sazRvrebze zemoqmedebisaTvis iseTi amocanebis

Sesasruleblad, organizaciam dasaxul mizans rom miaRwios.

_ marketingis marTva xorcieldeba marketinguli kvle-

vebis, gegmebis Sedgenis, gegmebis realizaciisa da kontro-

lis CatarebiT. bazris aqtiurma subieqtebma unda miiRon

gadawyvetilebebi miznobrivi bazrebis warmoebis ganviTarebis,

markis pozicionirebis, ganawilebis arxebis, safaso poli-

tikis, saqonlis bazarze win wawevis da komunikaciis Sesaxeb.

_ marketingis marTvis safuZveli unda iyos socialurad

sapasuxismgeblo saqmianobis kargad gaazrebuli filosofia.

organizaciebs SeuZliaT marketingis marTvis xuTi koncefciidan

romelime midgoma daudon safuZvlad. es gadawyvetileba ki maTi

ZiriTadi filosofiis ganmsazRvreli xdeba.

_ kompaniis yvela ganyofilebis samuSao Tu klientis

interesebis samsaxurzea mimarTuli, yalibdeba integrirebuli

marketingis sistema. integrirebuli marketingi ordoniani siste-

maa. misi pirveli done sxvadasxva marketinguli funqciebia:

reklama, marketinguli gamokvleva, gasaReba, produqtis warmo-

ebisa da realizaciis marTva da a.S. es funqciebi unda

iyos urTierTgadajaWvuli, maTi Sesruleba koordinirebuli.

169

_ integrirebuli marketingis meore donea kompaniis yvela

ganyofilebis urTierTSeTanxmebuli muSaoba. marketingi efeq-

tiania, rodesac kompaniis TiToeuli muSaki pirad wvlils

Seitans klientTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis.

mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili sabanko eleqtronuli sistemebissabanko eleqtronuli sistemebissabanko eleqtronuli sistemebissabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis

usafrTxoebausafrTxoebausafrTxoebausafrTxoeba

usafrTxoebis sakiTxis saTanado Seufaseblobis Sedegi

SeiZleba katastrofuli aRmoCndes nebismieri bankisaTvis. saban-

ko eleqtronuli sistemis usafrTxoeba – es aramarto borot-

moqmedebisagan Tavis dacvaa. informaciis droulad ar miwodeba,

am sistemis funqcionirebis uunarobis gamo, an klientis

momsaxurebaze uaris Tqma, raRac mizezebis gamo, Tavisi

SedegebiT, informaciis dakargvis tolfasia. usafrTxoebis

sistemebis agebisas gamokveTilia ori midgoma: fragmentuli –

garkveul pirobebSi garkveuli muqarisadmi (safrTxisadmi)

winaaRmdegobis gaweva (mag., specializebuli antivirusuli

programebi, kriptografiuli meTodebi da a.S.) da kompleqsuri _

informaciis damuSavebisaTvis daculi pirobebis Seqmna, romelic

muqaris aRkveTis sxvadasxva saSualebebs aerTianebs (samarTleb-

rivi, organizaciuli, programul-teqnikuri). dReisaTvis, informa-

ciuli teqnologiebis menejerebi ganuwyvetliv cdiloben bankSi

ufro srulyofili da Tanamedrove programuli uzrunvelyofis

SerCevasa da danergvas, raTa uzrunvelyon bankis funqcionirebis

uwyvetoba da nebismieri safrTxis mimarT mdgradoba – es iqneba

bunebrivi, SemTxveviTi Tu winaswarganzraxuli safrTxe, agreTve,

muSaobis swrafad aRdgenis SesaZlebloba sistemis dazianebis

SemTxvevaSi, bankis klientebs problemebi rom ar SeeqmnaT

nebismier sabanko momsaxurebaze.

eleqtronuli sistemis usafrTxoebis mimarT nebismier

RonisZiebaTa dasaxvas win uZRvis dagegmvis etapi, romlis

drosac unda vupasuxoT kiTxvebs: ra saSualebebisa da Ronis-

Ziebebis miRebaa saWiro sistemis saimedoobis garantirebisaTvis

da ra danaxarjebia saWiro. amisaTvis ki unda moxdes: sistemis

170

dacvisadmi wayenebul moTxovnaTa Segroveba da analizi misi

susti mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT; usafrTxoebis politikis

formulireba, romelic formdeba dokumentis saxiT, sadac

gansazRvrulia bankis amocanebi sabanko sistemis dacvis sferoSi

zedmeti detalizaciis gareSe; arCeuli usafrTxoebis politikis

gaTvaliswinebiT dgindeba dacvis gegma – oficialuri dokumenti,

romelic aRwers konkretul moqmedebebs sabanko saqmianobis

avtomatizaciis usafrTxoebisaTvis. igi regularulad gadaisin-

jeba da saWiroebis mixedviT koreqtirdeba; xorcieldeba gegmiT

gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis meqanizmi; xdeba dacvis meqanizmis

moqmedebaze mimdinare kontroli.

usafrTxoebis politika warmoadgens im normebis, wesebisa

da meTodebis erTobliobas, romelTa safuZvelzedac Semdeg

sainformacio sistemis saqmianoba aigeba. am SemTxvevaSi sainfor-

macio sistema moicavs ara mxolod aparaturul-programul

kompleqss, aramed momsaxure personalsac. usafrTxoebis poli-

tika formirdeba SesaZlebeli safrTxeebis mimdinare mdgoma-

reobis analizisa da informaciuli sistemis ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebis safuZvelze da igi gansazRvravs: usafrTxoebis

sistemis miznebs, amocanebsa da prioritetebs; calkeuli qvesis-

temebis moqmedebis areebs; dacvis garantirebul minimalur dones;

personalis valdebulebebs dacvis uzrunvelsayofad; sanqciebs

dacvis darRvevaze.

Tu usafrTxoebis politika formulirebuli iqneba arasru-

li saxiT an araSedegobrivad, maSin informaciis dacvis

darRvevis albaToba mkveTrad izrdeba. informaciis dacvisas

igulisxmeba RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic uzrunvelyofs:

informaciis konfidencialobas, rac niSnavs informaciis gacno-

bis aRkveTas im pirTaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT masTan SeRwevis

uflebamosileba; informaciis daculobas (informacia SeiZleba

dazaraldes borotmoqmedis Segnebuli moqmedebisgan, personalis

Secdomebisgan, xanZrisgan, avariisgan da a. S.); SeRwevas (usa-

frTxoebis sistemis arseboba ar unda aferxebdes sistemis

normalur muSaobas).

usafrTxoebis politikis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia riskis

analizis gareSe, romelic ramdenime etaps moicavs: sistemis

171

Semadgenlobis aRwera, safrTxeTa realizaciis albaTobaTa

Sefaseba, mosalodneli danakargebis moculobis Sefaseba, dacvis

SesaZlo meTodebisa da saSualebaTa analizi, SemoTavazebuli

RonisZiebebidan SesaZlo danakargTa Sefaseba.

leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebimcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebimcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebimcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi

saqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiK

ekonomikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelsac SeuZ-

lia nebismieri qveynis ekonomika gamoiyvanos krizisidan, aris

mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba. swored maT aqvT yvelaze

didi potenciali, rom gaajansaRon qveynis ekonomika da swori

mimarTulebiT warmarTon biznesi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire

biznesi sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis mniSvnelovani da ganu-

yofeli nawilia. mcire biznesi _ es aris umcires da mcire

sawarmoTa erToblioba. dasavleTis literaturaSi mas "mcire

ekonomika"-sac uwodeben. ,,ekonomikis es seqtori qmnis samuSao

adgilebs, konkurenciisaTvis aucilebel atmosferos, swrafad

reagirebs sabazro koniunqturaSi momxdar nebismier cvlilebaze,

warmoadgens saSualo fenis formirebis ZiriTad wyaros” [Малый

бизнес, под. pед. А.В. Косьянова, М., “Гросс”, 2005, с 6.]. msoflio

gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom mcire da saSualo biznesi sabazro

ekonomikis mniSvnelovani elementia, masze mniSvnelovnadaa

damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebi, saerTo

erovnuli produqtis struqtura da xarisxi.

harvardis (aSS) universitetis mcire mewarmeobis ganvi-

Tarebis centris direqtoris _ uilford l. uaitis ganmartebiT,

mcire biznesi, upirvelesad, sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobiT

ganisazRvreba. es sargeblianoba unda gamoixatebodes, jer erTi,

momxmareblisaTvis saWiro saqonlis Seqmna-miwodebiT da momsa-

xurebis gaweviT, meore, xelsayreli samuSaoTi adamianebis

uzrunvelyofiT, mesame, amis sanacvlod mogebis miRebiT.

mcire biznesi bolo ocwleulSi msoflio qveynebis eko-

nomikuri zrdis da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mniSvnelovan

wyarod iqca. mcire biznesis adgili msoflio ekonomikaSi metad

172

STambeWdavia. Tu XX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde mcire biznesi erT-

erT uperspeqtivo da sustad ganviTarebul seqtorad iTvleboda,

amJamad igi aSS-s da dasavleT evropis qveynebis ekonomikis erT-

erTi dinamikurad ganviTarebadi nawilia da did rols asrulebs

maT socialur-ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovre-

baSi. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom swored mcire biznesis sferoSi

iqmneba erToblivi erovnuli produqciisa da erovnuli Semosav-

lis metad mniSvnelovani nawili, ase, magaliTad, mcire sawar-

moebi awarmoeben germaniaSi warmoebuli produqciis 60%, da

isini qmnian samuSao adgilebis 70-75%-ze mets.

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaniSnavi magaliTebia aSS,

iaponia, safrangeTi, italia, didi britaneTi da sxv. Tanamedrove

pirobebSi centralur da aRmosavleT evropis, agreTve Sua aziis

qveynebSi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas ZiriTadad mcire da

saSualo biznesis seqtori uwyobs xels.

saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis ganviTareba radikaluri gar-

daqmnebis Semdeg daiwyo. imis miuxedavad, rom TiTqmis 17 weli ga-

vida, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mcire biznesis adgili da roli

iseTi STambeWdavi ar aris, rogorc ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

saqarTvelos mcire biznesSi 2006 wels warmoebulia 590 mln. la-

ris produqcia. am maCvenebliT mas produqciis saerTo moculo-

baSi mxolod 8% ukavia. daaxloebiT amdenivea 8,2% mcire bizne-

sis wili produqciis brunvis saerTo moculobaSi (ix. cxr. 1).

mTlianad saqarTvelos mewarmeobaSi produqciis gamoSveba

da brunva 2000 - 2006 wlebSi samjer aris gazrdili. aRniSnul

periodSi mcire sawarmoebSi produqciis gamoSveba mxolod 19,4%-

iT aris gazrdili, xolo produqciis brunva, gazrdis nacvlad

14,8%-iT aris Semcirebuli. Tu 2000 wels produqciis brunva

mcire sawarmoebSi Seadgenda mTeli brunvis 33,5% da daasaqmebda

mTel dasaqmebulTa 33,3%-s, 2006 wels am maCveneblebma

Sesabamisad Seadgina 8,2% da 23,4%. am maCveneblebiT mcire

biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi metad

mokrZalebulia. es gamoiwvia arasrulyofilma sakanonmdeblo

bazam, aramastimulirebelma sakredito da fiskalurma politikam

da mravalma sxva faqtorma.

173

mdgomareoba arc 2007 da 2008 wlis ganvlil periodSi

Secvlila. am periodSi, yvela zemoT CamoTvlil faqtors,

daemata inflacia (oficialuri monacemebiT 11%), kreditis

saprocento ganakveTis gazrda da sxv. mcire sawarmoTaA didi

nawili gakotrda, nawilma ki uari Tqva muSaobis gagrZelebaze.

zemoaRniSnuli xels uwyobs umuSevrobis da siRaribis matebis

zrdas saqarTveloSi. migvaCnia, rom qveyanaSi gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda daeTmos mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas

cxrili 1 cxrili 1 cxrili 1 cxrili 1

mcire biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelosmcire biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelosmcire biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelosmcire biznesis adgili da roli saqarTvelos

mewarmeobaSi mewarmeobaSi mewarmeobaSi mewarmeobaSi

maCveneblebi 2000 2005 2006

dinamika 2006 w. %-ad 2000

welTan

1 produqciis gamoSveba saqarTvelos mewarmeobaSi (mln. lari)

2388,6 5838,3 7412 310,4

2 m.S. produqciis gamoSveba mcire sawarmoebSi (mln. lari) xvedriTi wili (%-ad)

493,7

20,7

551,2

9,4

590

8,0

119,4 _

3 produqciis brunva saqarTvelos mewarmeobaSi (mln. lari)

3781,4 10076,3 13090,3 346,2

4 maT Soris mcire sawarmoebis brunva (mln. lari) xvedriTi wili (%-ad)

1265,4

33,5

1155,8

11,5

1079,3

8,2

85,2 _

5 dasaqmebulTa ricxvi (kaci)

378055 388946 360987 _

6 maT Soris mcire sawarmoebSi (kaci) xvedriTi wili (%-ad)

125805

33,3

100415

25,8

84555

23,4

_ _

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis monacemebi. Tb., 2007.

174

da xelSewyobas. mcire sawarmoebs gadamwyveti roli da mniSvne-

loba eniWeba saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis

zrdis mimarTulebiT.

saqarTvelos dRevandeli ekonomikis krizisidan gamoyvanisa

da misi aRorZinebis erT-erTi mTavari magistraluri gza mcire

biznesis ganviTarebaa. amdenad, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politi-

kis ZiriTadi sakiTxi swored mcire biznesis yovelmxrivi mxarda-

Wera unda iyos. Tumca, es ise ar unda gavigoT, rom mcire biznesi

biujetis Sevsebis uSreti wyaroa. misi upirvelesi movaleoba

socialuri sakiTxebis mogvareba, kerZod, umuSevarTa dasaqmeba

da am gziT mosaxleobis siRaribisagan Tavis daRwevaa.

dasaqmeba da Semosavlebis zrda adamianTa normaluri

cxovrebis safuZvelia. xelisuflebas kargad aqvs gacnobiere-

buli pasuxismgebloba sakuTari xalxis winaSe da siRaribis

dasaZlevad 2007 wlis dekemberSi SeimuSava saxelmwifo programa

saxelwodebiT _ ,,iafi krediti”. aseve qveynis mTavrobam SeimuSava

2008_2032 ww. programa _ ,,erTiani saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe”.

am programaSi mocemulia saSemosavlo gadasaxadis 15%-mde

Semcireba da qonebaze gadasaxadis saerTod gauqmeba. siRaribis

dasaZlevad es sakmarisi ar iqneba. saWiroa, mowesrigdes da

gaumjobesdes mTeli biznesgaremo. mcire bizness unda mieces

ganviTarebis impulsis mqone SeRavaTebi dabegvraSi, dakrediteba-

dafinansebaSi, licenzirebaSi, registraciaSi, kontrolsa da

SemowmebebSi da sxva procedurebSi. amasTan, biznesgaremos

gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi unda gatardes ara cal-calke da

fragmentulad, aramed erToblivad, kompleqsurad. amiT mewar-

meobaSi miiReba sinergiuli efeqti, romelic ufro metia, vidre

cal-calke da sxvadasxva dros gatarebuli TiToeuli am

RonisZiebis jami.

mcire biznesis ganviTareba qveynis ekonomikuri politikis

mTavari mimarTuleba unda gaxdes, vinaidan mcire bizness

SesaZlebloba aqvs, gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos ekonomikuri da

socialuri problemebis gadaWraSi. mcire sawarmoTa marTvas ar

sWirdeba didi kapitali, isini gacilebiT moqnilni da

operatiulni arian sameurneo saqmianobaSi, swrafad reagireben

175

sabazro koniunqturis nebismier cvlilebebze, vidre msxvili

sawarmoebi. mcire sawarmoebi uzrunvelyofen adgilobrivi

bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebis maRal dones.

mcire biznesi komerciuli ideebis swrafi realizaciis SesaZleb-

lobas iZleva. mcire sawarmoebs SeswevT unari, SesaZleblobebis

farglebSi, daikavon bazarze sakuTari segmenti da xeli Seuwyon

konkurenciis gaRrmavebas. es im upiratesobebis nawilia,

romlebic mcire bizness axasiaTebs. mas sxva upiratesobebic

gaaCnia, mcire biznesis upiratesobaTa kompleqsi asabuTebs, rom

saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebas xelSewyoba sWirdeba,

maT ki qveynisTvis bevri sikeTis motana SeuZliaT _ mcire

biznesi Seasrulebs Tavis socialur movaleobas _ daasaqmebs

umuSevrebs da Seamcirebs siRaribes.

P P P P giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili

proeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliproeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliproeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliproeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavali

1969 wels amerikis pensilvaniis Statis q. derbiSi Seiqmna

proeqtis menejmentis instituti, romelic warmoadgens saerTa-

Soriso profesiul asociacias da mowodebulia, rom gaaRrmaos

proeqtis menejmentis mecniereba. zemoaRniSnul institutSi Cata-

rebuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, ,,proeqtis menejmenti aris cod-

nis, unaris, xerxebisa da teqnologiis erToblioba konkretuli

proeqtis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad~ [www.pmi./projectmana

gement/project. htm.].

80-ian wlebSi mikrokompiuteruli programirebis gamoCenam

kompiuteruli dagegmva da kontrolis meTodebis gamoyeneba

yvela proeqtisa da organizaciisaTvis misawvdomi gaxada.

proeqtebis marTvam sayovelTao aRiareba moipova. proeqtis

dagegmvisa da kontrolis meTodebTan erTad, adamianis faqtorma

SeiZina udidesi mniSvneloba da SesaZlebeli gaxda erTdroulad

ramdenime proeqtis marTva paraleluri teqnologiebis, uwyveti

gaumjobesebisa da strategiuli cvlilebebis safuZvelze.

proeqtebis marTvam Tavisi gamoyenebis sfero pova im problemebis

gadaWraSi, romlebic globalur sawarmoebs gauCnda XXI saukuneSi. Aaqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis

176

mniSvnelovania im gamocdilebis gaziareba, romelic ukve

gaaCniaT msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebsa da rig wamyvan

kompaniebs _ Coca-Cola, Kodak, Xerox, Motorola, General Motors , 3M-s

proeqtebis marTvaSi. proeqtebis marTvis cnobili mecnieri d. klivlendi

,,proeqtebis marTvis saukunis~ dasawyisad XXI saukunes miiCnevs

[Clifford F. Graj, Erik W. Larson, Project Management, (Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000), p.20.]. informaciis myisierma gavrcelebam, warmoebisa da

daproeqtebis avtomatizaciam gamoiwvia proeqtis sasicocxlo

ciklis Semcireba. 50 wlis win produqciis saSualo sasicocxlo

cikli 15-20 weliwads Seadgenda. amJamad sawarmoebis xelmZRva-

nelebi Tvlian, rom sasicocxlo cikli aris sami weli, xolo im

firmebis xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic iyeneben maRalmwarmoeblur

teqnologiebs, sasicocxlo cikls eqvs Tved miiCneven. axali

produqciis Seqmnis siswrafe gaizarda geometriuli progresiiT.

mokle sasicocxlo cikli zrdis proeqtebis raodenobas. resur-

sebis naklebobam da konfliqtebma SeiZleba gaarTulon garemoze

kontroli. maSin rogor Seurigdeba bazari resursebis proble-

mas? Aam faqtorma proeqtebis SerCevisa da marTvis sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebuli uamravi problema warmoqmna.

produqciis sasicocxlo ciklTan uSualo kavSirSi

imyofeba codna da teqnologiuri afeTqeba. bolo ori Tu sami

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi dagrovda gacilebiT meti codna, vidre

kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze. dRes mTliani erovnuli

produqtis 33%-s qmnis axal codnaze dafuZnebuli produqcia.

axali codna da inovaciebi biznesis teqnologiuri safuZvelia.

arc erT qveyanasa da produqcias ar SeuZlia gverdi auaros

globalur konkurencias. mkacr konkurenciul brZolaSi gadar-

Cena da warmateba gvkarnaxobs, mxari davuWiroT siaxleebs. brZo-

laSi imarjveben saukeTeso kompaniebi. proeqtis marTva sawarmos

zrdisa da misi gadarCenis dominirebadi saSualeba xdeba.

rogorc proeqtis marTvis eqsperti pol dins muri apol dins muri apol dins muri apol dins muri aRniSnavs,

momavalSi `kompaniebi ganixileba ara, rogorc ierarqiuli

funqcionaluri organizaciebi, aramed, rogorc sakuTari Tavidan

proeqtebis portfelis warmomdgeni swrafad ganviTarebadi

sawarmoebi, romlebic mudmivad icvlebian, axldebian da saWiro

177

xdeba maTi gardaqmna ufro swrafad, iafad da ukeTesad" [Clifford

F. Graj, Erik W. Larson, Project Management, (Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000), p. 514.].

analizi gviCvenebs, rom proeqtebis Cavardnis mTavari

mizezia cudi dagegmva. zogadi rekomendaciebi imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom meti yuradReba da dro daeTmos proeqtis gegmis Sedgenasa

da mkafio sazRvrebis gansazRvras. icvleba proeqtis SemkveTTa

moTxovnebic, marTvis umaRlesi rgolis strategiebic da

prioritetebic, Sesabamisad konkurentebic icvlian saqmianobis

sferos. biznesis axlandel samyaroSi ganusazRvreloba

fufunebaa, xolo jildo damyarebulia moqnilobaze. erT

proeqtze erTdroulad ramdenime Soreuli regionidan momuSave

mmarTveli globaluri gundebi proeqtis menejerisagan moiTxoven

marTvis stilis Secvlas garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad. proeqtis

menejerebi mzad unda iyvnen sxvadasxva qveynebSi samuSaod ucnobi

biznesiT da Seeguon sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis ucnob qcevas.

momavalSi proeqtebi mWidrod iqneba dakavSirebuli strate-

giul moTxovnebTan, kavSiri strategiul miznebsa da proeqtebs

Soris naTeli iqneba organizaciis yvela wevrisaTvis. proeqtebis

portfeli orientirebuli iqneba organizaciul miznebsa da

biznesgegmebze. organizaciuli resursebi saguldagulod iqneba

SerCeuli moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad da proeqtebis prioritetuli

sistemis Seqmna-gamoyeneba ganixileba, rogorc marTvis rgolis

mTavari pasuxismgebloba.

bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxda gadasvla teqnikurad

orientirebuli menejeridan kvalificiur menejeramde. msoflio

konkurenciam proeqtebis aqcenti gadaitana teqnologiebze,

infrastruqturaze, samomxmareblo saqonelze, ekologiur sakiT-

xebze da Sesabamisad moiTxova proeqtis menejerTa pasuxis-

mgeblobis gazrda am TvalsazrisiT. amitom proeqtebis Sesru-

lebaze orientirebuli kompaniebi proeqtebis menejerebs ganixi-

laven iseT adamianebad, romelTac cvlilebebi SeaqvT momavalSi.

nunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistauri

saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis

ganxorcielebaSiAganxorcielebaSiAganxorcielebaSiAganxorcielebaSiA

178

saxelmwifo auditoruli saqmianobis marTva-regulirebas

saTanado kanoniT axorcielebs. CvenTan auditoruli saqmianoba

etapobrivad dainerga. jer Camoyalibda axali azrovneba, axali

mentaliteti da, amis Semdeg, saxelmwifo makontrolebel orga-

noTa reformirebis gziT Seiqmna auditoruli saqmianobis

samsaxuri.

iseve, rogorc yvela sabazro ekonomikis mqone saxelm-

wifoSi, CvenTanac ganxorcielda makontrolebel organoTa

transformacia. amis Sedegad Camoyalibda safinanso-sameurneo

saqmianobis kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli sistema _ profe-

sional auditorTa instituti, romlis valia, mTel qveyanaSi

uzrunvelyos kanonis uzenaesoba. es saqmianoba sabazro

ekonomikis universalur instruments warmoadgens.

vinaidan CvenTan auditoruli saqmianoba jer kidev Camo-

yalibebis procesSi imyofeba, aucilebelia saxelmwifos mier am

saqmianobis aqtiuri marTva-regulireba. amis gamo Seiqmna audi-

toruli saqmianobis sabWo, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos: auditis

ganviTarebis pirobebis Seqmna, auditorTa swavleba da maTi

kvalifikaciis amaRleba, atestacia, licenzireba, xarisxis

kontrolis ganxorcieleba, TviTregulirebad organizaciebTan

koordinacia da sxva.

auditurma organizaciam, garda zemoaRniSnulisa, unda

daicvas konfidencialobis principi.

msoflio praqtikam gviCvena, rom auditis marTva-regu-

lireba, misi xarisxis kontroli imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom

amas aucileblad saxelmwifo unda axorcielebdes da ara TviT-

regulirebadi profesiuli organizaciebi.

aucilebelia, Cvens qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis

gadmoReba nacionalur pirobebTan adaptaciiT. am safuZvelzea

SemuSavebuli da danergili “auditis saqmianobis Sesaxeb” kanoni.

es kanoni harmonizebulia amerikisa da dasavleTis qveynebis amave

tipis kanonebTan.

saqarTveloSi mecnierebma unda Seqmnan auditis profesiuli

meTodologia, romelic adekvaturi iqneba sabazro ekonomikis

infrastruqturis elementebTan.

179

Cvens qveyanaSi auditorul saqmianobis marTavs da

aregulirebs auditoruli saqmianobis sabWo. saxelmwifo, Tavisi

funqciebis ganxorcielebis dacvis garda, TviTregulirebad

organizaciebTan koordinaciasac awarmoebs.

msoflioSi auditoruli saqmianobis regulirebaSi saxelm-

wifos roli izrdeba. amis mizezi gaxda “enronisa” da “veld-

komis” fiasko, ris Semdegac aSS-Si, auditorul saqmianobaze

kontrolis gaZlierebis mizniT, Seiqmna auditis regulirebis

saxelmwifo departamenti.

Cveni SexedulebiT, auditis ganviTareba (da saerTod

auditoruli saqmianobis marTva-regulireba) TviTregulirebadi

organizaciebis da saxelmwifos erToblivi ZalisxmeviT unda

ganxorcieldes, anu unda moxdes maTi saqmianobis gonivruli

SeuRleba (erTmaneTisadmi Sesabamisoba).

Cvens qveyanaSi auditoruli saqmianobas sabWos sakmaod

Zlieri auditis maregulirebeli funqciebi gaaCnia. es garemoeba

specialistTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. nawili Tvlis,

rom gaumarTlebelia saxelmwifosaTvis yvela funqciis gadacema,

mizanSewonilad miiCnevs zogierTi funqciis (atestacia, ganaT-

lebis sakiTxebi da sxv.) TviTregulirebadi profesiuli organi-

zaciebisaTvis gadacemas, nawili ki samarTlianad miiCnevs saxel-

mwifos mkacr kontrols auditorul saqmianobaze.

amrigad, mTels msoflioSi auditorul saqmianobaa saxelm-

wifo aregulirebs sazedamxedvelo kanonebis saSualebiT, amas-

Tan, zogierT qveyanaSi, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, adgili aqvs

sazogadoebriv auditorul organizaciebze zogierTi funqciis

delegirebas. aq mTavaria saxelmwifosa da profesiuli organi-

zaciebis interesTa dabalansebis miRweva.

2005 wlidan auditis saerTaSoriso standartebis gamoyeneba

savaldebulo gaxda evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis.

saqarTveloSi auditoruli saqmianobis marTva-regulirebas

axorcielebs saxelmwifo. saqarTvelos kanoni “auditoruli

saqmianobis Sesaxeb” ZiriTadad agebulia evroparlamentisa da

evrokavSiris mier miRebuli direqtivebis moTxovnebis safuZ-

velze. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli

aqtebis miRebas, auditis standartebis SemuSavebas, meTodo-

180

logiur uzrunvelyofas, auditorTa sertificirebas (ganaTlebis

sistemis Seqmnas) da licenzirebas (auditorebisa da audituri

firmebis registracia da sajaro reestris warmoeba).

aucilebelia auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifo reguli-

rebis mudmivi srulyofa, auditoruli saqmianobis sabWos funqci-

ebis mudmivad ganaxleba, maTi axleburi gaazreba. saWiroa, kidev

ufro daixvewos sabWosa da TviTregulirebad organizaciebs

Soris urTierToba, ganxorcieldes maT Soris funqciebis prag-

matuli urTierTgadanawileba.

amJamad Cvens qveyanaSi aucilebelia, auditoruli saqmiano-

bis marTva-regulireba ganaxorcielos saxelmwifom, romlis

valia auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifo warmarTvis (marTva-

regulirebis) meqanizmi Camoayalibos mTlianobiTi sistemis

saxiT. es ukanaskneli unda moicavdes Semdeg ingredientebs

(Semadgenlebs):

1. sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli uzrunvelyofa, rac

gulisxmobs meTodologiur uzrunvelyofas, standartebis

SemuSavebas, normatiuli aqtebis miRebas.

2. auditorTa sertificirebas, rac gulisxmobs ganaTlebis

saTanado sistemis Seqmnas.

3. maT licenzirebas (esaa auditorebisa da audituri

firmebis registracia da sajaro reestris warmoeba).

4. auditorebisa da audituri firmebis kontroli, rasac

axorcielebs saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis organo (esaa

auditoruli saqmianobis xarisxis kontroli), romelic

moicavs saerTaSoriso standartebTan Sesabamisobis dadge-

nas, uzrunvelyofs kanonmdeblobisa da eTikis kodeqsis

dacvas.

naira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvili

inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi

momsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSi

menejmentis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawili xdeba

inovaciebi _ mudmivi ganaxlebis procesi mewarmeobis yvela

sferoSi. bolo wlebSi samamulo servisma aiTvisa momsaxurebis

181

mravali saxe _ konsaltingi, inJineringi, lizingi, saTamaSo da

Sou-biznesi da sxva.

inovaciebis danergvis aucileblobas astimulirebs kon-

kurentuli brZola da bazris mTeli rigi sxva moTxovnebi. maTi

gamoyenebis mniSvneloba ganpirobebulia, aseve, demografiuli,

ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis cvlilebebiT, momxma-

rebelTa moTxovnebiT da survilebiT, cvlilebebiT Tanamedrove

adamianis fsiqologiaSi.

inovaciuri menejmenti samecniero-teqnikuri, socialur-

ekonomikuri, aseve, samewarmeo saqmianobis saxea, romelic mimar-

Tulia, inovaciuri procesebis efeqturi organizaciis safuZ-

velze, organizaciis miznebis miRwevisaken.

momsaxurebis sferoSi gamoyofen inovaciebis Semdeg ZiriTad

tipebs: teqnikurs, saorganizacio-teqnologiurs, mmarTvelobiTs,

kompleqsurs.

inovaciuri procesi _ es sawarmos saqmianobis sxvadasxva

sferoebis balansirebulobis srulyofaa TiToeuli rgolis

muSaobis rentabelobaze kontrolisas. yvela inovacia xorciel-

deba firmis muSaobis sxvadasxva mxareebis sistematuri,

kompleqsuri analizis safuZvelze, romelSic mTavaria miRebuli

Sedegebis Sedareba ara ukve miRweulTan, aramed bazris im

potencialTan, romelic arsebobs am periodSi.

servisis mraval sawarmoSi arian sainovacio menejerebi, e. i.

specialistebi, romlebic profesiulad arian dakavebulni

mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobiT firmis muSaobaSi inovaciebis daner-

gvaze. mTlianobaSi, efeqturi inovaciuri danergva saSualebas

aZlevs sawarmos, gazardos momsaxurebis gawevis procesis momge-

bianoba, ganamtkicos saqmis imiji, mTlianobaSi, moaxdinos Tavisi

mdgomareobis stabilizacia bazarze.

inovaciuri procesi moicavs sawarmoo, saorganizacio-

teqnologiur, marketingul da mmarTvelobiT saqmianobas, imis

miuxedavad, Tu rogor aRniSnaven TviT menejerebi danergvis

process da romel struqturul qvedanayofebSi amuSaveben isini

mas.

acnobiereben ra servisul praqtikaSi inovaciebis danergvis

udides sirTules, mewarmeebma da menejerebma unda danergon

182

inovaciis aTvisebis mTeli procesi, yuradRebiT adevnon Tvali

mis msvlelobas da Sedegebs. amaSi maT inovaciuri programis

SemuSaveba daexmareba.

inovaciuri programa uzrunvelyofs sistemis ,,marketingi _

teqnikuri politika _ warmatebul funqcionirebas, romelSic

marketingis roli gamoixateba sainformacio uzrunvelyofaSi,

aseve, miRweuli Sedegebis Sefasebis sistemis formirebasa da

monawileobis miRebaSi mTavari miznebis gansazRvrisas.

inovaciuri programis arseboba amartivebs organizaciis

resursebis gamoyenebasa da miznis misaRwevad saukeTeso saSuale-

bebis arCevas, mniSvnelovnad amcirebs saSiSroebas, romelic

gamomdinareobs garemodan.

inovaciuri programebis SemuSavebisas SeiZleba Semdegi

principebis gamoyeneba: mniSvnelobis principi, vakuumis Sevsebis

principi, kapitaldabandebaTa minimumis principi, ekologiurobis

principi, axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis gamoyeneba tradi-

ciuli momsaxurebis gawevaSi, momsaxurebis axali saxeebis

danergva, axali turistuli resursebis amoqmedeba, cvlilebebi

tradiciuli turistuli momsaxurebis warmoebisa da moxmarebis

organizaciaSi, turistul momsaxurebaTa da saqonlis gasaRebis

axali bazrebis gamovlena da gamoyeneba.

mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi servisis inovaciuri meTo-

debis ZiebaSi rigi turistuli firmebi SeimuSaveben da nergavren

dasvenebis axal sistemebs. magaliTad, dasvenebis erT-erTi axali

sistema saqarTvelos bazarze gaxda TaimSeri.

TaimSeris garda, turistuli firmebi iyeneben sxva

inovaciur meTodebs, raTa kvaldakval gahyvnen progress.

magaliTad, VIP momsaxureba. VIP _ es saqmiani adamianebia,

romelTac TavianT fulze SeuZliaT Tavs neba miscen gamoiyenon

,,yvelaze didi xelSewyobis reJimi’’ sazRvargareT mogzaurobisas.

kulturuli turizmis axali saxesxvaobis warmoqmnasTan

dakavSirebuli kidev erTi inovaciaa saqarTvelos turizmSi

civiluri turebis organizacia.

qveynis samuzeumo centrebi dakavebulni arian momsaxurebis

axali formebis ZiebiT, romlebsac SeuZliaT maTSi mraval-

ricxovani turisti moizidon.

183

es im inovaciebis mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia, romlebsac

servisisa da turizmis sferos sawarmoebi iyeneben momsaxurebaTa

organizaciasa da momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis formebSi.

SoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSvili

ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi

termini `ofSori~ (off shore – napirebs miRma) pirvelad erT-

erT amerikul gazeTSi gamoiyenes iseTi organizaciis mimarT,

romelmac saxelmwifoebrivi kontrolisagan Tavis aridebis

mizniT, saqmianoba sagadasaxado iurisdiqciis sazRvrebs gareT

gadaitana. Tanamedrove pirobebSi es termini ufro farTo

gagebiT gamoiyeneba da aRniSnavs rogorc firmebs, romlebic sxva

qveynebs iyeneben Tavisi safinanso saqmianobis dagegmvis dros,

aseve zonebs (saxelmwifo an teritoria), sadac ucxouri

kompaniebisaTvis moqmedebs specialuri savaluto, sagadasaxado

da organizaciuli SeRavaTebi.

gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom ofSoruli kompania mxolod

qaRaldze arsebuli sawarmoa da igi warmoadgens angariSs bankSi.

am angariSs eleqtronuli saSualebebiT marTavs cru magieri

piri, romlis saxelze registrirebuli dokumentebi sekretarul

kompaniaSi inaxeba. miuxedavad amisa, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ofSoruli

kompaniebi Cveulebrivi wesiT muSaoben da sxva firmebisagan

mxolod dabegvrisa da konfidencialobis doniT gansxvavdebian.

amasTan, ofSorul kompanias SeiZleba sxva qveyanaSi hqondes

filiali, romelSic is realur saqmianobas ganaxorcielebs.

iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, ofSoruli kompania principulad

arafriT gansxvavdeba sxva sawarmoebisagan. is warmoadgens

samewarmeo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis sruluflebian su-

bieqts da SeuZlia garigebebi sxva iuridiuli pirebis

Tanasworad dados. miuxedavad amisa, `ofSoruli kompania~ ar

aris iuridiuli termini. kanonSi, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba

mocemuli tipis firmebis registracia, isini SeiZleba

ganisazRvros, rogorc ararezidentebi (Non Resident), gadasaxa-

debisagan gaTavisuflebuli (Exept) an saerTaSoriso biznesis

184

kompaniebi (International Business Company) [mamulaSvili l., tuRuSi g.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi _ ofSoruli centrebi, Tbilisi,

2005, gv. 87.]. SeiZleba gamovyoT ofSoruli kompaniis Semdegi ZiriTadi

Taviseburebebi:

• mflobelebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen mocemuli ofSoruli

iurisdiqciis rezidentebi;

• nebismieri komerciuli operacia unda ganxorcieldes

registraciis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebs gareT;

• kontrolisa da marTvis centri ganlagebulia sazRvar-

gareT;

• sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi;

• yovelwliuri saregistracio mosakrebelis gadaxdis val-

debuleba;

• registraciis proceduris da sawarmos marTvis simartive;

• wardgeniTi aqciebis, nominaluri mflobelebisa da direq-

torebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba;

• saerTo krebisa da direqtorTa sabWoebis Catarebis

Sesaxeb moTxovnebis formaluri xasiaTi;

• minimaluri moTxovnebi finansur angariSgebasa da audito-

ruli Semowmebis Catarebaze;

• savaluto kontrolis ararseboba.

ofSoruli kompaniis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi aseve

damokidebulia konkretul qveyanaze. magaliTad, aSS, germania da

Sveicaria mkacr moTxovnebs awesebs ararezidenti kompaniebis

mimarT (didi sadamfuZneblo kapitali, gamkacrebuli angariSgeba,

finansuri operaciebis gamWvirvaloba). hibraltarSi ofSoruli

firmis gaxsnisaTvis aucilebelia, waradginoT bankSi angariSis

damadasturebeli dokumentebi da bankis rekomendacia. bevri

kunZulovani ofSori, rogorc wesi, maqsimalurad liberaluria.

isini ZiriTadad orientirebulni arian kompaniebidan yovel-

wliuri Senatanebis miRebaze da xSirad buRaltruli aRricxvis

warmoebasac ar iTxoven (bahamis, marSalis, kaimanis kunZulebi)

[Налоговый рай без двойной бухгалтерии, ж.`Валютный спекулянт~, №4 (18),

2001, с.76-78.].

185

qveynebis did nawilSi arsebobs SezRudvebi ararezidenti

kompaniebis saqmianobaze. Tu daculi ar iqneba gansazRvruli

pirobebi, maSin ofSorul firmebs mouwevT igive odenobis

gadasaxadebis gadaxda rac rezident kompaniebs.

ofSoruli kompaniebi sxvadasxva mizniT iqmneba, romelTagan

aRsaniSnavia: dabegvris optimizacia; saerTaSoriso imijis Seqmna;

biznesis realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva;

kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis uflebis

dacva. ganvixiloT am miznebis miRwevis meqanizmebi.

1111. dabegvris optimizacia. . dabegvris optimizacia. . dabegvris optimizacia. . dabegvris optimizacia. globalizaciis epoqaSi firmebi

aqtiurad axorcieleben saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado strategiebs,

romelic praqtikaSi SeRavaTiani dabegvris reJimis mqone

teritoriebis ZebnaSi gamoixateba. yvelaze xSirad ofSoruli

kompaniebi iqmneba rezidentobis principiT gadasaxdeli

gadasaxadebis (ZiriTadad pirdapiri gadasaxadebi) kanonieri gziT

minimizaciisaTvis. am dros biznesmenis motivebi zedapirulia da

SemdegSi mdgomareobs _ `ratom gadavixado zedmeti Tu SesaZ-

lebelia saerTod ar gadavixado~. Tu gadasaxadebis minimizacia,

magaliTad, erTdRiani firmebis gaxsniT, kanondarRvevaa,

ofSoruli kompaniebis gamoyenebiT es legaluri gziT miiRweva.

aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle l. xendi aRniSvnavs,

rom `yvelas aqvs ufleba ise moawyos Tavisi fuladi saqmeebi,

rom gadasaxdeli gadasaxadebi minimumamde Seamciros... aravinaa

valdebuli ise dagegmos Semosavlebi da xarjebi, rom asiamovnos

finansTa saministros... moqalaqisaTvis ar arsebobs aranairi, maT

Soris patriotuli valdebulebac ki, gazardos gadasaxadebis

gadaxda~ [Макдауэлл Д., Новис Г. Последствия отмивания денег и других

финансовых преступлений, Экономические перспективы. Электронный журнал государственного департамента США, 2001, №2. http:// usinfo.state.gov/journals/journal.htm.].

dabegvris optimizaciis mizniT firmebi aqtiurad iyeneben

egreT wodebul transfertul faswarmoqmnas (transfer pricing). am

dros ZiriTadi mwarmoebeli kompania bazirebuli maRali

gadasaxadebis mqone qveyanaSi Tavis produqcias dabal fasebSi

miyidis ofSorul firmas, romelic produqcias ukve realur

fasad gadayidis. amgvarad, mogeba Tavs iyris ofSorul zonaSi,

186

sadac minimaluri ganakveTiT ibegreba. Tu gvsurs ofSoruli

firma (magaliTad, amerikuli kompania delaveris Statidan)

gamoviyenoT, rogorc gadasaxadebis optimizaciis sqemis rgoli,

aucilebelia davaregistriroT ucxouri SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-

lobis sazogadoeba (Foreign Limited Liability Company (FLLC)). am

SemTxvevaSi Semosavlebi ar daibegreba aSS-is teritoriaze im

pirobiT, Tu misi wyaro imyofeba qveynis iurisdiqciis gareT.

magaliTad, Tu Tqven yidulobT saqonels germaniaSi da yidiT

saqarTveloSi, amerikaSi registrirebuli FLLC-is germanuli

firmis kontragentad gamoyenebis da Semdeg saqonlis saqarTve-

loSi gayidviT mTeli Semosavali Tavs moiyris ofSorSi da ar

daibegreba.

2.2.2.2. saerTaSoriso imijis SeqmsaerTaSoriso imijis SeqmsaerTaSoriso imijis SeqmsaerTaSoriso imijis Seqmnananana. bevr qveyanaSi investiciebis misazidad Seqmnilia SeRavaTiani pirobebi, romelic mxolod ucxour kompaniebze vrceldeba. meore mxriv, sagadasaxado samsaxurebi ofSoruli firmebis kontraqtebs gansakuTrebulad amowmeben. rig qveynebSi moqmedebs antiofSoruli kanonmdeb-lobac. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organi-zacia ganagebs im saxelmwifoebis da teritoriebis sias, romlebic ar gascemen informacias sagadasaxado da finansur operaciebze. dRes am siaSi 7 qveyana Sedis: andora, liberia, lixtenSteini, marSalis kunZulebi, monako, nauru da vanuatu. am saxelmwifoebis mimarT ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebi iyeneben finansur da ekonomikur sanqciebs. fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso jgufs (Financial Action Task Force) Sav siaSi Seaqvs yvela is qveyana, romelic aqtiurad ar ibrZvis fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg. didi Svideulis qveynebis mxardaWeriT Seqmnili finansuri stabilurobis forumi sistematurad aqveynebs ofSoruli zonebis saimedoobis reitings, sadac mTavar kriteriums gamWvirvalobis done warmoadgens, anu saimedod miiCneva ofSori, sadac ar arsebobs sabanko saidumloeba, ganviTarebulia makontrolebeli organoebi da kanonmdebloba. aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ofSoruli zonis politikur da ekonomikur saimedoobas. Sesabamisad, gansakuTrebuli popula-robiT gamoirCeva teritoriebi, romlebic ganviTarebuli qvey-nebis gavlenis zonaSi imyofebian [Лаханов Ю. Оффшори: надёжность и популярность, ж.”Валютный спекулянт”, №6 (8), 2000, с.74-75.].

aseT viTarebaSi firmis saerTaSoriso imijis asamaRleblad SeiZleba martivi xerxis gamoyeneba. kompania registrirdeba

187

ofSorul iurisdiqciaSi (mag., virjiniis kunZulebze), ofisi ki (safosto yuTi) arsdeba londonSi, aqve ixsneba sabanko angari-Sic. amis Semdeg firma garegnulad gamoiyureba, rogorc brita-nuli [Нетёсова А. Как работать с офшорами, ж. "Финансовый директор", № 2, 2005. www.fd.ru.].

arsebobs imijis amaRlebis sxva saSualebebic. magaliTad, Tanamedrove sqemebSi ofSoruli kompaniis ganTavseba xdeba ara pirvel (xilul), aramed meore (SeniRbul) doneze. pirvel doneze unda figurirebdes prezentabelur, saimedo qveyanaSi (dania, espaneTi, inglisi, kanada da a.S.) registrirebuli firma. am prezentabeluri firmis mflobelad gvevlineba ofSoruli kompania, romelic SeRavaTiani pirobebis mqone teritoriazea registrirebuli. finansuri operaciebi aseTi prezentabeluri firmebis meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, ofSorul kompaniasTan saagento SeTanxmebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. miuxedavad mniSvnelovani Tanxisa, romelic am gziT saimedo firmaze gaivlis, ukanaskneli gadasaxads ixdis sakomisiodan, rac mTliani brunvis mxolod ramdenime procents Seadgens.

3. biznesi3. biznesi3. biznesi3. biznesis realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis s realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis s realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis s realuri mflobelis Sesaxeb informaciis

dafarva. dafarva. dafarva. dafarva. ofSoruli kompaniebis gamoyeneba biznesmens saSualebas

aZlevs, darCes inkognitod. ofSoruli firmebis gaxsna ZiriTadad

iseT qveynebSi xdeba, sadac didia korufciis done, adamianis

usafrTxoeba naklebad daculia, sajaro moxeleebi aqtiurad

monawileoben biznesSi da surT amis damalva. saqarTveloSi

aqtiurad mimdinare privatizebis programebSi monawile

ofSoruli firmebis siuxvec albaT amiT aixsneba. magaliTad,

mesakuTre, romelsac ar surs Tavis afiSireba, ofSorul firmas

gaxsnis kviprosSi an antiliis kunZulebze (holandia), sadac

daculia ofSoruli kompaniis mflobelis anonimuroba. Semdeg

ofSoruli kompania yidulobs qarTuli sawarmos aqciebs. imis

garkveva, Tu vin flobs sinamdvileSi qarTul firmas, praqti-

kulad SeuZlebeli xdeba, Tu mflobeli Tavad ar isurvebs amas.

ofSorul kompaniasTan efeqtiani muSaobisaTvis zustad

unda ganisazRvros mesakuTris Sesaxeb informaciis konfi-

dencialobis aucilebeli done. imisaTvis, rom daimalos

informacia mflobelis Sesaxeb, ofSorul biznesSi iyeneben

marTvis iseT xerxebs, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis mTlianad an

TiTqmis mTlianad amoiZirkvos misi saxeli sabuTebidan

(magaliTad, aqciebi warmdgenze). xSirad amisaTvis iyeneben

188

nominalur aqcionerebs (Tu amis saSualebas iZleva ofSoruli

teritoriis kanonmdebloba) da niSnaven nominalur direqtorebs

(prezidentebs). nominaluri aqcionerebi sabuTebiT gvevlinebian

ofSoruli kompaniis damfuZneblebad, magram ar gaaCniaT aqciebis

gankargvis ufleba. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli

pretenziebi aseTi aqcionerebis mxridan, maT xeli unda moaweron

deklaracias aqciebis gankargvaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb

damfuZneblis sasargeblod. amgvarad, ofSoruli teritoriis

kanonmdebloba daculi iqneba, xolo realuri mflobelis

saxeli ar Seva reestrSi.

nominaluri direqtoris (prezidentis) Tanamdebobaze xSir

SemTxvevaSi iniSneba im kompaniis TanamSromeli, romelic

ofSorul teritoriaze axorcielebs saregistracio momsa-

xurebas. misive monacemebi miewodeba saregistracio organos.

nominaluri direqtoris (prezidentis) uflebebis SezRudvi-

saTvis, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba `uaris werili~ _ mis mier

xelmowerili gancxadeba gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb TariRis dasmis

gareSe, romelic mesakuTresTan inaxeba. Tu mesakuTres surs,

kompania marTos Tavisi saxeliT, am SemTxvevaSi masze gamoweren

mindobilobas.

aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi sekretarul kompanias SeuZlia

uzrunvelyos sruli nominaluri momsaxureba (full-time nominal

service). es momsaxureba gulisxmobs, rom mis mier daqiravebuli

ofSoruli firmis TanamSromlebi ara mxolod nominalurad

iricxebian, aramed realuradac muSaoben _ amzadeben dokumen-

tebs, xels aweren kontraqtebs, xvdebian kontragentebs da a.S.

4. kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis 4. kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis 4. kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis 4. kapitalis sazRvargareT gatana da masze sakuTrebis

uflebis dacva. uflebis dacva. uflebis dacva. uflebis dacva. ofSoruli firmebis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad

amartivebs didi Tanxebis sazRvargareT gatanis process.

magaliTad, qarTul sawarmos SeuZlia Seqmnas ofSoruli

kompania, gaaformos masTan momsaxurebis gawevis an sesxis

xelSekruleba da regularulad gadaricxos momsaxurebis

Rirebuleba an sesxis procentebi.

amas garda, aqciebis da sxva aqtivebis ofSorul kompaniaze

gaformeba sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis instruments warmoadgens.

ofSoruli firmisaTvis aqtivebis CamorTveva sasamarTlo

189

gadawyvetilebiTac ki rTulia. amisaTvis saWiroa misi mesakuTris

dadgena (amis gakeTeba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT sakmaod rTulia),

ris Semdegac sasamarTlo aRmasruleblebma unda moZebnon is da

aiZulon aqtivebi gadasces axal mflobels. ofSorul

kompaniebTan sasamarTlo davebis warmoeba sazRvargareT aris

saWiro, rac damatebiT bariers warmoadgens. aqtivebis dacvis

mizniT, xSirad iqmneba ofSoruli kompaniebis mTeli jaWvi (erTi

ofSoruli firma ekuTvnis meores, meore _ mesames da a.S.).

Sedegad, aqtivebis realuri mflobelis dadgena da misTvis

pretenziis wardgena SeuZlebeli xdeba.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ofSoruli sqemebis

dagegmvis procesi, mTel rig safrTxeebTan erTad, dakavSi-

rebulia firmis momgebianobis zrdasTan. ofSorul biznesSi

realuri muSaoba, ukve arsebuli meqanizmebis mudmiv aproba-

ciasTan erTad, axali gadawyvetilebebis dauRalav Ziebas

moiTxovs. amitom, es procesi kompaniis saerTaSoriso saqmianobis

optimizaciis erT-erT rTul da efeqtian saSualebad unda

ganvixiloT.

eka Coxelieka Coxelieka Coxelieka Coxeli

produqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi da I SO sertsertsertsertifikatiifikatiifikatiifikati

saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikurma procesebma qarTuli

kompaniebi garkveuli problemebis winaSe daayena. ruseTTan

urTierTobis garTulebam, romlis bazari aTeuli wlebis

manZilze saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani iyo da romelzec

viTardeboda qarTuli biznesi, kompaniebs mravali sirTule

Seuqmna. im xarisxis produqcia, romelic rusul bazarze

warmatebiT iyideboda, sxva bazrisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda.

qarTul bizness, arsebuli mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, sxva

bazrebis moZieba da iq damkvidrebisaTvis brZola uxdeba, rac

mkacri konkurenciisa da cvalebadi garemos pirobebSi sakmaod

rTulia.

warsulSi firmas SeeZlo warmatebisTvis mieRwia, Tu bazars

SesTavazebda produqcias, romelzec iyo moTxovna da konku-

rentebTan SedarebiT dabali fasi. produqciis miwodebis

190

gazrdam, bazris gajerebam saqonliTa da asortimentis gafar-

Toebam gaarTula biznesSi warmatebis miRweva. mxolod is

kompania aRwevs bazarze gamarjvebas, romelic yvelaze ukeTesad

akmayofilebs momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs da, Sesabamisad, romel-

sac hyavs meti momxmarebeli. momxmarebels ki im kompaniis

produqcia izidavs, romlis mier Seqmnili saqonlis xarisxi da

fasi romlebic optimaluria.

dRes, aRniSnuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, kompaniebis

umetesoba, romlebic miiswrafian myari konkurentuli upira-

tesobis Sesaqmnelad da warmatebis misaRwevad, ZiriTadad

prioritetad unda miiCnevdes xarisxis mudmiv srulyofas.

mxolodMmisi saSualebiT SeuZliaT kompaniebs maT mier warmo-

ebuli produqciis xarisxi iyos konkurentuli (konkurentebze

maRali) an, minimum, saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi,

radgan swored xarisxi warmoadgens produqciis im Tvisebebisa

da maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobas (daniSnuleba, saimedooba,

teqnologiuroba, ergonomikuloba, esTetikuroba, transportabe-

luroba, ekologiuroba, usafrTxoeba...), romlebic uzrunvelyofs

momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas.

xarisxis srulyofa pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli terminTan

`xarisxis Sesabamisoba~ (`conformance quality~). igi gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba produqciis xarisxi dadgenil

moTxovnebs. Ees moTxovnebi aisaxeba standartebSi, romelic

warmoadgens xarisxis garkveuli normebis, wesebisa da maxa-

siaTeblebis erTobliobas.

saerTaSoriso masStabiT, standartebs SeimuSavebs `stan-

dartizaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia (ISO)~. igi 157 qveynis

erovnuli standartizaciis organos aerTianebs da gansazRvravs

industriul da komerciul standartebs mTeli msoflios

masStabiT. ISO standartebi mTels msoflioSia aRiarebuli da

gamoxatavs produqciis xarisxis _ ekologiurobis, usafrTxo-

ebis, saimedoobis, efeqturobis da a.S. dones. igi momxmarebelTa

ndobis safuZvelia, radgan myidvelebi upiratesobas aniWeben im

kompaniis produqcias, romelsac aqvs ISO-s standartebis ser-

tifikati. ISO-s standartebi xels uwyobs biznesSi warmatebas,

radgan misi saSualebiT:

191

• produqciis warmoeba da miwodeba xdeba ufro efeqturi da

sando;

• maRldeba kompaniis saeqsporto SesaZleblobebi;

• xdeba teqnologiuri siaxleebisa da Tanamedrove miRwe-

vebis, kompaniis marTvis Tanamedrove formebis urTierT-

gaziareba;

• xdeba momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva.

dRes saqarTveloSi ISO-s standartebs iyenebs mxolod 23

kompania, romelic sertificirebulia TUV SUD-is oficialuri

warmomadgenlis kompania `menejmentis sistemebis~ mier, rac

Zalian mcirea, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom

gamudmebiT izrdeba rogorc ucxouri investiciebis moculoba

qveynis SigniT, aseve saerTaSoriso bazarze gasvlis perspeq-

tivebi.

amrigad, xarisxze zrunva da xarisxis mudmivi srulyofa

unda gaxdes aqtualuri qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis. saerTaSoriso

gamocdileba, cnobil kompaniebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom

mxolod xarisxiani produqciiT aris SesaZlebeli kompaniis

kargi imijis Camoyalibeba, momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebis dakma-

yofileba da maTi ricxvis zrda da, saerTod, warmatebis miRweva.

vano cevano cevano cevano cercvaZercvaZercvaZercvaZe

sainformacio teqnologiebis roli sainformacio teqnologiebis roli sainformacio teqnologiebis roli sainformacio teqnologiebis roli

ekonomikaSiekonomikaSiekonomikaSiekonomikaSi

sainformacio teqnologiebis industria msoflioSi ekonomikuri

zrdis mZlavri stimulatoria. am sferoSi, 4 aTasze met kompaniaSi

dasaqmebulia 9 mln. adamiani. garda amisa, ekonomikis es seqtori

damatebiT 20 mln-ze met samuSao adgils qmnis sxva dargebSi.

1996-2002 wlebSi samuSao adgilebis raodenoba sainformacio

teqnologiebis sferoSi gaizarda 40%-iT, xolo programuli

uzrunvelyofis dargSi _ 76%-iT. qveynebis biujetSi

sainformacio teqnologiebidan 700 mlrd. dolarze meti Sedis.

1996-2002 wlebSi sainformacio teqnologiebTan dakavSi-

rebuli saqmianobis dabegvris Sedegad, biujetSi Senatanebi 37%-

192

iT gaizarda, rac saSualebas iZleva damatebiTi saxsrebiT

dafinansdes skolebi, jandacva, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da sxv.

sainformacio teqnologiebis wili msoflio ekonomikaSi

Seadgens 1 trl. dolars wliurad, maT Soris 330 mlrd. modis

kompiuteruli aRWurvilobis warmoebaze, 180 mlrd. – programuli

uzrunvelyofis tiraJirebaze, xolo 420 mlrd. sainformacio

teqnologiebis momsaxurebis sferoze.

tradiciul dargebTan SedarebiT, sainformacio teqnolo-

giebis industria gacilebiT swrafi tempebiT viTardeba, risi

wyalobiTac am dargs SeuZlia Seqmnas meti samuSao adgili,

gazardos sabiujeto Senatanebi da ganaviTaros ekonomika

mTlianobaSi. rac ufro swrafia sainformacio teqnologiebis

industriis zrdis tempi, miT meti sargeblis motana SeuZlia mas

ekonomikisTvis.

am sferos daCqarebuli ganviTarebis mTavari mamoZravebeli

Zalaa programuli uzrunvelyofis dargi.

programuli uzrunvelyofa da masTan dakavSirebuli momsa-

xurebis dargi yvelaze ufro Semosavlian seqtors warmoadgens

am sferoSi. 2001 wels programul uzrunvelyofasa da momsa-

xurebaze gaweulma xarjebma Seadgina mTeli sainformacio

teqnologiebis sferos xarjebis 60% (diagrama 1). es dargi

gamoirCeva zrdis tempiTac. 1996-2002 wlebSi programul uzrun-

velyofaze gaweuli xarjebi izrdeboda 6-jer ufro swrafad

kompiuterul mowyobilobasTan dakavSirebul xarjebTan Seda-

rebiT (diagrama 2).

programuli uzrunvelyofa da momsaxureba iwvevs multi-

plikaciis efeqts da stimuls aZlevs ekonomikis sxva dargebis

ganviTarebas. kerZod, viTardeba adgilobrivi sacalo vaWroba,

farTovdeba adgilobrivi sainformacio teqnologiuri momsaxu-

rebis sfero, rac warmoadgens pasuxs axal moTxovnebze, izrdeba

sainformacio teqnologiebze gaweuli xarjebis wili yvela im

dargSi, romelic iyenebs am teqnologiebs, rac, Tavis mxriv,

uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri efeqtis gavrcelebas ekonomikis sxva

sferoebze.

193

45.50%54.50%

38.30%

61.70%

32.30%

67.70%

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

1996 2001 2006

diagrama 1

kompiuteruli aRWurviloba

programuli uzrunvelyofa da momsaxureba

8,60%

52,30%

43,40%

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

diagrama 2

aRWurviloba programuli uzrunvelyofa momsaxureba

sainformacio teqnologiebis sferos gavlenas ekonomikaze

asustebs aralicenzirebuli progamebis gavrceleba. sxvadasxva

qveynebs sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva

tempi gaaCniaT. Tu SevadarebT im qveynebs, romlebic gacilebiT

met sargebels iReben am sferos ganviTarebis Sedegad, qveynebTan,

sadac jer kidev ver moxerxda sruli ekonomikuri potencialis

amoqmedeba, davinaxavT, rom mTavari faqtori programuli uzru-

nvelyofis mekobrul gavrcelebas ukavSirdeba.

dabali mekobruli donis mqone qveynebSi sainformacio

teqnologiebis sfero did rols TamaSobs ekonomikur zrdaSi.

dadgenilia kompiuteruli mekobreobis donesa da mSp-Si sain-

formacio teqnologiebis sferos wilis ukuproporciuli urTi-

erTdamokidebuleba.

qveynebi, sadac kompiuteruli mekobreobis done 30%-ze

dablaa, gamoirCevian am sferos ganviTarebis maRali doniT da,

194

Sesabamisad, ekonomikaze mniSvnelovani gavleniT (didi britaneTi,

axali zelandia da fineTi – 3,5%-ze meti wiliT mSp-Si), xolo im

qveynebSi, sadac kompiuteruli mekobreobis done 85%-s aWarbebs,

mTlian Sida produqtSi am sferos wili 1,5%-s ver scdeba.

mekobreobis dabali maCveneblis mqone qveynebi, rogorc wesi,

gamoirCevian sainformacio teqnologiebis sferoSi meti samuSao

adgiliT, ufro didi SenatanebiT biujetSi da ufro meti wiliT

mSp-Si (diagrama 3).

lali xurcialali xurcialali xurcialali xurcia kompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategia

optimaluri strategiis SemuSaveba da yvela detalis

gaTvla SeuZlebelia winaswar gansazRvrul drois monakveTSi.

Tumca, SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas optimalurTan miaxloebuli stra-

tegiuli modeli, romelic Tanamimdevrulad gaimeorebs yvela

etaps Tavidan bolomde. yoveli aseTi iteracia adreul etapze

dasaxuli miznebisa da amocanebis dazustebisa da koreqtirebis

SesaZleblobas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, sawar-

mos strategiaze muSaoba iyos droSi gangrZobadi da Seuwyve-

teli procesi.

195

Tu kompanias surs, hqondes formalizebuli strategia, mas

Semdegi saxis dokumentebic unda hqondes SemuSavebuli: misia,

xedva, strategiuli miznebis sistema, strategiuli gegma.

strategia warmoadgens arsebulidan sasurvel mdgoma-

reobamde miRwevis gzas. sasurveli mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba

kompaniis misiiTa da xedviT, xolo miRwevis gza _ miznebisa da

samoqmedo gegmis sistemizaciiT. SemuSavebul gegmaze dayrdno-

biT, SesaZlebelia mizanmimarTuli nabijebis gadadgma _

strategiis ganxorcieleba.

misia aris mokle teqsti, romelic gansazRvravs kompaniis

”daniSnulebas”. igi pasuxobs kiTxvebze: ”ra faseulobas vqmniT

sazogadoebisTvis, qveynisTvis, kacobriobisTvis?” an ”ra gvsurs

SevcvaloT Cvens irgvliv?”

xedva aseve warmoadgens teqsts, romelic aRwers kompaniis

momavals 5-10 wlis perspeqtivaSi, sadac mocemulia kompaniis

damaxasiaTebeli yvela aRsaniSnavi niSan-Tviseba: klientis port-

reti, saqonlis maxasiaTeblebi, ZiriTadi faseulobebi da a.S.

strategiuli miznebi _ kompaniis ganviTarebis xarisxobrivi

an raodenobrivi orientirebi. miznebi SemuSavdeba arsebuli

misiisa da xedvis mixedviT, aseve dargis strategiuli analizis

Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, sadac fasdeba konkurenciis done,

arsebuli resursebi da konkurentuli SesaZleblobebi.

strategiis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa. staretegiuli gegme-

bis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia Sesabamisi resursebi.

resursebis gadanawileba biujetze muSaobis dros unda iqnes

gaTvaliswinebuli. amitom, maCvenebelTa dabalansebul sistemaSi

Cadebuli iniciativebi momdevno kalendaruli wlis biujetSi

organizaciulad formdeba mkveTrad gansazRruli proeqtis

saxiT Tavisi samuSaoebis moculobiT, biujetiT, pasuxismgeblo-

bebiTa da realizaciis vadebiT. biujetis SemuSavebisa da

SeTanxmebis kvaldakval zustdeba proeqtis finansirebis Sesa-

Zleblobebi, cvlilebebs ganicdis winaswar dagegmili mona-

xazebi.

droiTi intervalebi. droiTi intervalebis arCeva damoki-

debulia dargisa da mTlianad ekonomikis stabilurobaze, aseve,

kompaniis sasicocxlo ciklze. ra Tqma unda, 2-4 wliani gegmebis

196

gansazRvra gacilebiT ufro zustadaa SesaZlebeli vidre 6-8

wliani gegmebisa. meore mxriv, Tu gvsurs, mivaRwioT garkveul

mizans 7 wlis Semdeg, qmedeba am mimarTulebiT ukve dResve unda

daviwyoT da movniSnoT Sualeduri 2-4 wliani miznebi. sxva

sityvebiT, orwlian samoqmedo gegmaSi unda gaiweros is

iniciativebi, romlebic mimarTulia Semdegi periodis miznebis

misaRwevad, vinaidan momdevno periodis xangrZlivoba SesaZlebe-

lia arasakmarisi aRmoCndes dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad.

miznebis sistemis gadanawileba. maCvenebelTa korporaciuli

sistemis safuZvelze unda SemuSavdes sxva bizneserTeulebis,

departamentebisa da ganyofilebebis maCvenebelTa dabalansebuli

sistema. sxva sityvebiT, unda moxdes strategiuli miznebis

gadanawileba TanamSromlebis piradi gegmebis doneze. aseTi ram

kompaniaTa umravlesobaSi namdvilad ar xdeba, Tumca sasurvelia.

TanamSromlebis strategiuli miznebisadmi morgeba, maTi gadam-

zadeba da kvalifakaciis amaRleba daqiravebuli personalis

miznebSic unda Sediodes. ganviTarebis yoveli mimarTulebisTvis

unda daigegmos kompetenciis zrdis mimarTulebebi, dadgindes

Sedegebis miRwevis vadebi da Sefasebis kriteriumebi. aucile-

belia, miznebis miRweva kompaniis yvela TanamSromlis mudmiv

orientirad iqces.

maCvenebelTa dabalansebuli sistemis ZiriTadi Rirebuleba

isaa, rom igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevimuSaoT regularulad

moqmedi kontrolis sistema, romelic eyrdnoba ara mxolod

aRricxvis mkacr maCveneblebs (magaliTad, Semosavlebs), aramed

SedarebiT „rbil“ monitoringis maCveneblebs (magaliTad, kompa-

niis imijis).

maCveneblebis sistemidan strategiuli marTvisken. strate-

giis formalizebiT safuZveli eyreba strategiis ganxorcielebis

marTvis sistemis Seqmnas: samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba marTvis

yvela doneze; saqmianobis efeqtianobis Sefasebis maCvenebelebis

gadanawileba; motivaciis sistemis danergva, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, xels uwyobs gemebis efeqtianad ganxorcielebas; inicia-

tivebis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa startegiuli miznebisa da

biujetis dakavSirebiT.

197

maCveneblebis sistemis asamuSaveblad aucilebelia mudmiv

safuZvelze momuSave dagegmvis, monitoringis, pasuxismgeblobis,

motivaciis sistemis uzrunvelyofa. strategiuli marTvis aseTi

sistemis Seqmna iTvaliswinebs Semdegi etapebis ganxorcielebas:

pirveli etapi.pirveli etapi.pirveli etapi.pirveli etapi. danergvisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna.

meore etapi.meore etapi.meore etapi.meore etapi. kompaniis garemos strategiuli analizi, misi

susti da Zlieri mxareebis, SesaZleblobebisa da safrTxeebis

Sefaseba.

mesame etapi.mesame etapi.mesame etapi.mesame etapi. maCveneblebis dabalansebuli sistemis Semu-

Saveba korporaciul doneze: dagegmarebis horizontebis gan-

sazRvra; mimarTulebis arCeva; organizaciis ZiriTadi miznis

gansazRvra; proeqciis yvela miznis SemuSaveba, SeTanxmeba da

dokumentireba; warmatebis kriteriumebisa da normativebis

gansazRvra; saqmianobis strategiuli gegmis momzadeba; samoqmedo

gegmis vadebisa da resursebis Sejereba; reglamentisa da

struqturis SemuSaveba maCveneblebis kontrolis mizniT; stra-

tegiis gadasinjvis reglamentis SemuSaveba.

meoTxe etapi.meoTxe etapi.meoTxe etapi.meoTxe etapi. maCveneblebis dabalansebuli sistemis gada-

nawileba dabal mmarTvelobiT rgolebze, piradi Semadgenlobis

CaTvliT: struqturis gansazRvra; gadanawilebis Catareba; stra-

tegiuli rukebis SeTanxmeba da dokumentireba.

mexuTe etapi.mexuTe etapi.mexuTe etapi.mexuTe etapi. strategiis realizacia da misi ganxor-

cielebis monitoringi.

mamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZe, , , , zurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZe

ekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebi

cnobilia, rom sabazro ekonomikaSi wamyvan adgils ikavebs

mewarmeoba. is mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ara mxolod

ekonomikuri, aramed ekologiuri problemebis gadawyvetaSic.

mewarmeobisaTvis erT-erT yvelaze mTavar aspeqts warmo-

adgens Tavisufleba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, rasac Tan sdevs

sruli pasuxismgebloba mosalodnel ekonomikur Sedegebze.

mewarmeobaSi warmatebas aRwevs is, vinc swrafad reagirebs

sazogadoebis SekveTaze. aseTi amocanis ufro operatiulad

gadawyveta SeuZlia mcire da saSualo bizness. amasTan, saqmia-

nobis masStabebi da sawarmos zoma mwarmoebelma yovel

198

konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda SearCios mosalodneli ekonomikur-

ekologiuri Sedegebis Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ priori-

tetebis SezRudvebisa da efeqtianobis kriteriumis safuZvelze.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi mewarmeobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

mimarTulebaa ekobiznesi.

ekobiznesis konceptualuri safuZvlebi da ZiriTadi princi-

pebi gadmocemulia “samewarmeo saqmianobis qartiaSi”, romelic

moamzada saerTaSoriso savaWro palatam 1990 wels.

amJamad, msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, rasac, samwuxarod, ver

vityviT saqarTveloze, mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba imas,

rom garemo bunebis dacva da bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri

gamoyeneba unda iyos biznesis sferoSi nebismieri saqmianobis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi prioriteti.

zemoxsenebul qartiaSi Camoyalibebulia 16 principi, romel-

Ta realizaciis mizania, sawarmoebma maqsimalurad gaiTavison

bunebisdacviTi valdebulebebi, raTa saqmianobis procesSi

gaiTvaliswinon ekologiuri moTxovnebi. maT Soris yvelaze

mniSvnelovania: sawarmoebisaTvis ekologiuri usafrTxoebis

prioritetuloba; integrirebuli menejmenti; personalis ekolo-

giuri ganaTlebis amaRleba da garemosdacviT RonisZiebebSi

masobrivi monawileoba; mosalodneli ekologiuri Sedegebis

winaswari Sefasebebi; momxmareblisaTvis produqciis ekologiuri

sisufTavis Sesaxeb rCevebis micema da a.S.

ufro konkretuli principebi da debulebebi SemuSavda mog-

vianebiT, 1996 wels, organizacia GERES-s mier. aRniSnuli organi-

zaciis da misi partniori subieqtebis saqmianobis ZiriTad

amocanas warmoadgens cvalebadi teqnologiuri procesebisa da

inovaciebis misadageba garemo bunebis dacvis procesebTan.

ekonomikasa da garemo bunebas Soris urTierTobis regulirebisa

da ekobiznesis ganviTarebis mizniT aRniSnuli organizaciis mier

SemoTavazebul principebs mravalma qveyanam dauWira mxari. am

principebTagan ZiriTadia Semdegi: biosferos dacva; bunebrivi

resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisa da aRwarmoebisaTvis xel-

Sewyoba; narCenebis gamoyeneba; energoresursebis dazogva; ris-

kebis Semcireba; ekologiurad usafrTxo produqciis warmoeba;

199

sazogadoebis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa arsebuli da mosa-

lodneli ekologiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da a.S.

ekologiuri mewarmeobis formebi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari

iyos: ZiriTadi da Semavsebeli ekologiuri mewarmeoba, eko-

logiuri mewarmeoba sakuTrebis formis da saqmianobis sferoebis

mixedviT da sxva.

ZiriTadi mewarmeoba, romelic dakavSirebulia ekologiur

moTxovnebsa da SezRudvebTan, Tavis TavSi moicavs: ekoteqnikis

warmoebas; mcire-narCeniani teqnologiebis SemuSavebas da a.S.

Semavsebelia mewarmeoba _ rodesac arsebuli araekolo-

giuri warmoeba dakavSirebulia: narCenebis utilizaciasTan;

RonisZiebebTan, romlebic xels uwyoben sasargeblo wiaRiseulis

mopovebis gazrdas da sxva.

garda aRniSnuli formebisa, calke gamoiyofa mewarmeoba

ekologiurad sufTa produqciis warmoebis sferoSi.

saqmianobis sferoebis mixedviT ekologiuri mewarmeoba

SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc komerciuli (saqmianoba

mimoqcevis sferoSi), finansuri (kreditebi, aqciebi da a.S.) da

saSuamavlo (ekomarketingi, ekoinformacia da sxva). ekologiuri

mewarmeobidan gansakuTrebulad SeiZleba gamoiyos agreTve

ekologiuri dazRveva da lizingi.

ekologiuri mewarmeobis efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba misi

ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri Sedegebis SedarebiT maT

misaRwevad saWiro danaxarjebTan.

ekobiznesis efeqtianoba SeiZleba sxvadasxva doneze gani-

sazRvros:

_ erovnuli ekonomikis doneze (dasaqmeba, damatebiTi

produqcia da a.S.);

_ regionul doneze (meoradi resursebis gamoyeneba da sxv.);

_ firmis doneze (damatebiTi mogebis miReba da a.S.).

warmoebis ekologizaciis Sesaxeb axal midgomebs, rogorc

wesi, kargi Sedegebi moaqvs. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod Cans es

narCenebis gamoyenebis dros. izrdeba narCenebisagan moxmarebis

sagnebis warmoeba da Sesabamisad mcirdeba narCenebis ganTav-

sebisa da garemo bunebis gaWuWyianebisaTvis gadasaxadebi, mcir-

deba garemosadmi miyenebuli zarali. firmebi iafi meoradi

200

resursebis gamoyenebiTac Rebuloben damatebiT mogebas. garda

amisa, mcirdeba danaxarjebi pirveladi nedleulis mopovebaze.

msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi “mwvane” biznesis ganviTarebis

gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom mravali sawarmo Rebulobs

solidur Semosavals garemo bunebis gaWuWyianebis Semcirebis

Sedegad. narCenebis utilizaciisa da ekosistemis gaWuWyiane-

bisagan dacvis mizniT kompaniebi, sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebebs

atareben. garemo bunebis dacva sul ufro metad xdeba kapitalis

dabandebis saimedo sfero. ekobiznesis dadebiTi efeqtebis Se-

saxeb informacia farTod vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi, rac zrdis

biznesis am sferoSi moRvawe firmebis reputacias da, agreTve,

xels uwyobs mosaxleobis ekologiuri azrovnebis amaRlebas.

ekologiuri mewarmeobis niSnebi saqarTveloSi postkomunis-

turi sabazro transformaciis dasawyisSi _ 1991 wels _ gaCnda,

rasac biZgi misca “mwvaneTa” moZraobis dawyebam. Tumca, bolo

wlebSi ekologiuri mewarmeobis subieqtebis raodenoba mniSvne-

lovnad Semcirda, xolo isini, vinc darCa, aqcents akeTebs

bunebrivi resursebis realizaciaze.

saqarTveloSi ekologiurma mewarmeobam Tavisi adgili unda

daikavos biznesSi. is warmodgenili unda iyos rogorc msxvili,

aseve saSualo da mcire biznesis saxiT. ekologiuri biznesis

ganviTareba Cvens qveyanaSi unda moxdes msoflios wamyvani

qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT da man xeli unda

Seuwyos sazogadoebis sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas,

misi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri miznebis realizaciasa da, rac mTa-

varia, ekologiuri situaciis gajansaRebas.

daviT jalaRoniadaviT jalaRoniadaviT jalaRoniadaviT jalaRonia

finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri

safuZvlebisafuZvlebisafuZvlebisafuZvlebi saerTaSoriso standartebisaerTaSoriso standartebisaerTaSoriso standartebisaerTaSoriso standartebiT T T T

PPPP

finansuri angariSgeba maCvenebelTa iseTi sistemaa, romelic

axasiaTebs saangariSgebo periodSi ganxorcielebul sameurneo

operaciebs da movlenebs drois konkretuli TariRisaTvis.

saerTaSoriso standartebiT finansuri angariSgeba Sedgeba Sem-

degi komponentebisagan: balansi; mogeba-zaralis uwyisi; fuladi

201

saSualebebis moZraobis uwyisi; sakuTar kapitalSi momxdari

cvlilebebis uwyisi; axsna-ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi.

finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi _ esaa

aRricxvasTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebis erToblioba, romleb-

sac amuSavebs buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standar-

tebis komiteti (bassk) da romelSic, finansuri angariSgebis

calkeuli elementebis mixedviT, mocemulia is ZiriTadi prin-

cipebi da mimarTulebebi, romlebic gasagebs xdis finansur

angariSgebaSi asaxulი informaciis arss. finansur angariSgebaSi

asaxuli informaciა mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba momxma-

reblisTvis aRqmadi da sasargeblo, Tu igi momzadebuli da

wardgenilia buRaltruli aRricxvisa da angariSgebis saerTa-

Soriso standartebiT aRiarebuli koncefciiT, romelic moicavs:

finansuri angariSgebis Sedgenis mizans; sabaziso varauds imis

Sesaxeb, rom finansuri angariSgeba unda momzaddes daricxvis

meTodiT da funqcionirebadi sawarmos principis gaTvalis-

winebiT; finansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli informaciis xaris-

xobriv maxasiaTeblebs; finansuri angariSgebis elementebs; finan-

suri angariSgebis elementebis aRiarebis kriteriumebs; finansuri

angariSgebis elementebis Sefasebis meTodebs.

finansuri angariSgebis meTodologiuri safuZvlebidan ga-

momdinare, misi mizania informaciis momxmareblebze sawarmos

finansuri mdgomareobis, saqmianobis Sedegebisa da cvlilebebis

Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba. aseTi SinaarsiT momzadebuli

finansuri angariSgeba saSualebas iZleva, Sefasdes sawarmos

calkeuli rgolis menejeris saqmianoba masze mindobili resur-

sebis marTvis Sedegebis da pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT.

saerTaSoriso standartebis moTxovnaTa safuZvelze momza-

debuli finansuri angariSgeba efuZneba or ZiriTad sabaziso

varauds, anu daSvebas: daricxvis meTods da funqcionirebad

sawarmos princips.

daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad,daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad,daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad,daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad, sawarmoSi ganxorcielebuli

sameurneo operaciebis an sxva movlenebis aRiareba xdeba ara

fuladi saSualebebis miRebis an gadaxdis dros, aramed maTi

moxdenisTanave. finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisas aseTi daSve-

bis aucileblobas ganapirobebs is faqti, rom sawarmos

202

sameurneo saqmianoba warmoadgens uwyvet process, maSin, rodesac

finansuri angariSgeba dgeba gansazRvrul droSi da xelovnurad

xdeba am uwyveti sameurneo procesis Sewyveta. Sesabamisad,

finansuri angariSgebis Sedgenis momentisaTvis ukve arsebobs

gaweuli, magram jer kidev aunazRaurebuli xarjebi valde-

bulebebis saxiT da gamomuSavebuli, magram jer kidev miuRebeli

Semosavali aqtivebis saxiT. swored daricxvis meTodis safuZ-

velze gaweuli xarjebis da miRebuli Semosavlebis, Sesabamisad,

valdebulebebisa da aqtivebis aRiareba xdeba ara xarjebis

anazRaurebis an Semosavlebis miRebis momentSi, aramed maTi mox-

denisTanave, rac saSualebas iZleva, Sefasdes ara marto

warsuli sameurneo operaciebi, aramed ganisazRvros momavalSi

gasanaRdebeli valdebulebebi da misaRebi moTxovnebi.

funqcionirebadi sawarmosfunqcionirebadi sawarmosfunqcionirebadi sawarmosfunqcionirebadi sawarmos daSvebis mixedviT igulisxmeba,

rom sawarmo funqcionirebs da Tavis saqmianobas gaagrZelebs

uaxloes saprognozo momavalSic. e.i. igulisxmeba rom sawarmo

ar apirebs da ar mouwevs Sewyvitos Tavisi saqmianoba an

sagrZnoblad Seamciros warmoebis masStabebi uaxloes saprog-

nozo momavalSi.

saerTaSoriso standartebiT momzadebuli da Sedgenili

finansuri angariSgeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba sasargeblo

momxmareblebisaTvis, Tu is agebulia iseTi xarisxobrivi maxa-

siaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa: aRqmadoba, Sesaba-

misoba, saimedoba da Sesadarisoba.

finansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli informacia advilad aRsaq-

meli unda iyos im momxmareblebisaTvis, romelTac aqvT biznesis,

ekonomikuri saqmianobisa da buRaltruli aRricxvis Sesabamisi

codna. Tumca, dauSvebelia informaciis gamotoveba mxolod imis

gamo, rom igi Znelad aRsaqmelia zogierTi sxva momxmareb-

lisaTvis.

finansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli informacia mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos sasargeblod, Tu igi Seesabameba

momxmarebelTa mier ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad

saWiro moTxovnebs. amasTan, informacias mxolod maSin gaaCnia

Sesabamisobis Tviseba, Tu igi gavlenas axdens momxmareblis

203

ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze imiT, rom exmareba mas, Seafasos

sawarmos warsuli, mimdinare da momavali saqmianoba.

finansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSifinansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli informacia mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos sasargeblo, Tu is saimedoa. saimedoa

mxolod iseTi informacia, romelic ar Seicavs arsebiT

Secdomebs, ar aris tendenciuri da sruliad miukerZoeblad

asaxavs saqmis realur viTarebas.

buRaltruli aRricxvisa da finansuri angariSgebis Tval-

sazrisiT, informaciis saimedoba niSnavs, informaciis utyuar,

samarTlian da Tavisdroul wardgenas, neitralobas, windaxe-

dulobas, sisrules.

ffffinansur angariSgebaSiinansur angariSgebaSiinansur angariSgebaSiinansur angariSgebaSi asaxulma informaciam, sawarmos

finansuri mdgomareobisa da saqmianobis Sedegebis tendenciebis

gansazRvris mizniT, unda uzrunvelyos sawarmos ekonomikuri

maCveneblebis Sedareba da Sefaseba wlebis mixedviT. finansur

angariSgebaSi asaxuli informaciis Sedareba unda ganxor-

cieldes rogorc drois, aseve msgavsi sawarmoebis Sesabamisi

safinanso maCveneblebis mixedviTac.

saerTaSoriso standartebis konceptualuri safuZvlebis

mixedviT sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad, ro-

gorc wesi, gamoiyeneba aqtivebi, valdebulebebi da sakuTari

kapitali. xolo sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegebis dasaxasiaTeb-

lad ki _ Semosavlebi da xarjebi.

CamoTvlili xuTi elementidan _ aqtivebi, valdebulebebi da

sakuTari kapitali _ warmoadgens buRaltruli balansis, xolo

Semosavlebi da xarjebi _ mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebis

maxasiaTebel elementebs.

saerTaSoriso standartebis konceptualuri safuZvlebidan

gamomdinare finansur angariSgebaSi asaxuli elementebi SeiZleba

Sefasdes: pirvandeli, mimdinare, sarealizacio da diskon-

tirebuli RirebulebiT.

204

regionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqcia

Kklimenti aCelaSviliKklimenti aCelaSviliKklimenti aCelaSviliKklimenti aCelaSvili

saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos regionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis Sesaxeb

saqarTveloSi istoriulad Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri

sivrcis araerTgvarovneba da diferenciacia arsebiT gavlenas

axdens erovnuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis efeqtianobaze. ekono-

mikuri sivrcis araerTgvarovnebisa da diferenciaciis uaryofiTi

mxareebis Sesaxeb saubris dros ar igulisxmeba qveynis

regionebis mixedviT sxvadasxva dargebis Tanabari ganlageba,

radganac swored maTi araTanabari ganlageba warmoadgens

nebismieri organizebuli ekonomikuri sivrcis gardauval Tvise-

bas, rac ganpirobebulia Sromis regionuli ganawilebiT,

warmoebis koncentraciiTa da specializaciiT, mosaxleobis

urbanizaciiT da a.S. araerTgvarovneba da diferenciacia gaigeba,

pirvel rigSi, rogorc Sidaregionuli da regionTaSorisi

gansxvavebebi ekonomikur aqtivobasa da cxovrebis doneSi. maTi

Semcireba ufro xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis erovnuli ekonomikis

ganviTarebisa da saxelmwifos mTlianobis gamyarebisaTvis.

postkomunisturi sabazro transformaciis periodSi saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikuri sivrcis araerTgvarovneba da diferenciacia

mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. es Semdegi mizezebiT aixsneba: pirveli,

konkureniciis moqmedebiT, romlis drosac regionebi ekonomikis

gansxvavebuli struqturiTa da mentalitetiT sxvadasxvanairad

adaptirdebian sabazro pirobebisadmi. meore, mniSvnelovnad

Semcirda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regionuli regulireba da

gaizarda regionebis ekonomikuri uTanabroba. mesame,

mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan darCa arcTu ise mcire

regionuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis specifikuri problemebi:

calkeuli regionebis viwro specializacia, zogierTi warmoebis

metismeti koncentracia da rig regionebSi Warbi mosaxleoba,

patara qalaqebis kritikuli mdgomareoba, sasoflo-sameurneo

daniSnulebis miwebis degradacia da a.S.

205

uaxloes periodSi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisas,

savaraudoa, ara CamorCenili regionebis wamyvan regionebTan

miaxloeba, aramed warmoebis zrdis dadebiTi tempebis mqone

regionebis raodenobis gazrda. amasTan, rac meti iqneba

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi, miT meti iqneba finansuri resursebis

regionTaSorisi gadanawilebis SesaZlebloba regionebis socia-

luri ganviTarebis doneebis gaTanabrebisaTvis. maRali konku-

rentunarianobisa da xelsayreli samewarmeo klimatis mqone

calkeuli regionebis mzardma mimzidvelobam, kapitalisa da

Sromis mobilurobis zrdasTan erTad, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos

regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneebis kidev ufro met

diferenciacias.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT problemad rCeba auci-

lebeli samarTlebrivi da instituciuri safuZvlebis Seqmna,

romlebic xels uwyobs ekonomikisa da misi regionebis efeqtian

funqcionirebas. amasTan, didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTrebis

uflebebis dacvas. sakuTrebis uflebebis arasakmarisi dacva

safrTxes uqmnis politikur da socialur stabilurobas, dana-

zogebisa da investiciebis stimulirebas, ucxouri investiciebis

mozidvas. unitaruli saxelmwifodan regionuli federalizmis

sistemaze gadasvla saqarTveloSi centrsa da regionebs Soris

mravalricxovani koliziebiT mimdinareobs rogorc politikur,

aseve ekonomikur sferoebSi. rogorc gamocdileba mowmobs, am

problemebis ignorirebas sxvadasxva saxis negatiuri movlenebi

mosdevs, romlebic SeiZleba konkretuli regionebis ganviTarebis

krizisis mizezi gaxdes da saxelmwifos erTianobac ki

daarRvios. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, regionuli ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis “optimaluri” mimarTulebebis gansazRvris (erov-

nuli interesebidan gamomdinare) sakmao sirTule, radganac es

gulisxmobs erovnuli ekonomikisa da misi regionebis ganvi-

Tarebis sxvadasxva scenarebis dawvrilebiT analizsa da

Sedarebas.

axlo momavalSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regionuli regu-

lirebis sakiTxebisadmi interesi saqarTveloSi kidev ufro

gaizrdeba, radganac is mniSvnelovani politikuri, ekonomikuri

da socialuri movlenebi, romlebic amJamad qveyanaSi xdeba,

206

mosalodnelia, rom sakmao xans gagrZeldes. moxdeba postindus-

triul da, sainformacio sazogadoebaze gadasvla regionebis

gansakuTrebuli funqciebiT da Semdeg, regionuli ekonomikuri

ganviTareba Tvisebrivad axal dones miaRwevs. amave dros,

ekonomikis ekologizaciis gaZlierebasTan erTad, regionebSi

gamkacrdeba moTxovnebi garemos dacvis mimarT. regionul

ekonomikur ganviTarebaze Zlier zegavlenas iqoniebs msoflioSi

mimdinare integraciuli procesebi. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

globalizaciis perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ismis kiTxva imis

Sesaxeb, SeZlebs Tu ara saqarTvelo axal pirobebSi, efeqtianad

daicvas teritoriuli mTlianoba da ekonomikuri suvereniteti,

aqtiur Tu pasiur rols iTamaSebs regionuli ekonomikuri

politika da a.S.

vaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burduli

teritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis mewarmeobis teritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis mewarmeobis teritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis mewarmeobis teritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis mewarmeobis

ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da sabazro ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da sabazro ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da sabazro ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da sabazro

koordinaciis srulyofis gzebikoordinaciis srulyofis gzebikoordinaciis srulyofis gzebikoordinaciis srulyofis gzebi

teritoriul doneebze mewarmeobis ganviTarebis ori Ziri-

Tadi mimarTulebis gardaqmnis aucilebloba arsebobs: pirveli

dakavSirebulia adgilobrivi komunaluri, socialur-ekonomikuri

amocanebis gadawyvetasTan, meore (romelic Cveni ganxilvis

sagania) – mewarmeobis sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoebis (romelTa

funqcionireba mocemul teritoriaze xelsayrelia) ganTavsebisa

da funqcionirebis xelSewyobasTan.

saqarTveloSi saWiroa mewarmeobis saerTo seqtorebis

(romelic araa dakavSirebuli komunalur meurneobasTan) terito-

riuli ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi meqanizmis Seqmna, iseTis,

rogoric arsebobs ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac ekonomikuri

regulirebis liberalizaciasTan erTad, mimdinareobs reguli-

rebis TandaTanobiTi decentralizaciis procesi da, amave dros,

Zlierdeba centris kontroli daniSnulebisamebr saxsrebis

xarjvis mimarT. mowinave qveyanebSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis

teritoriuli regulirebisa da sabazro koordinaciis meqanizmi

sxvadasxvanairia, rac damokidebulia qveynis zomebze, tradi-

207

ciebze, samarTlis sistemebze da a.S. meqanizmi aseve icvleba

ekonomikis ganviTarebis donis zrdis Sesabamisad, politikuri

situaciis da gare ekonomikuri urTierTobebis SesaZleblobebis

cvlilebisa da sxva garemoebebis gamo.

ekonomikis ZiriTadi seqtorebis ganviTareba da funqcio-

nireba, upirveles yovlisa, regulirdeba sxvadasxva bazris moT-

xovnebiT saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul farglebSi.

am regulirebaSi gansazRvruli roli aqvs sxvadasxva rangis

teritoriul regulirebas da mewarmeTa sabazro koordinacias.

mniSvnelovania, ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTze dayrdno-

biT, mewarmeebma sabazro koordinaciis ganxorcielebis xerxebi

daadginon saqarTveloSi arsebuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

teritoriuli ekonomikuri politikis ganviTarebaSi sul ufro

didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda mis im mimarTulebebs, romelTa

realizacia gulisxmobs mWidro kavSirs biznesTan. amitom, misi

gatareba Tanamedrove periodSi SeuZlebelia samewarmeo sazoga-

doebasTan adgilobrivi xelisuflebis dialogis gareSe.

bolo periodSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis teritoriuli

regulirebisa da sabazro koordinaciis ZiriTadi sakiTxebia:

regionuli monospecializaciis daZleva da axali da maRali

teqnologiebis bazaze mewarmeobis teritoriuli diversifikaciis

uzrunvelyofis xelSewyoba rogorc soflad, aseve qalaqebSi;

mewarmeobis teritoriuli regulirebis xelSemwyobi safinanso

da arasafinanso organizaciebis Camoyalibeba; erovnuli mewarme-

ebis mier axali teqnologiebis Semozidvis da maRalteqno-

logiuri samrewvelo transerovnuli korporaciebis sawarmoebis

mozidvisa da adgilobriv sawarmoebTan maTi kooperirebisaTvis,

teritoriul doneze xelsayreli sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnis

xerxebis gansazRvra. amJamad gaCnda teritoriebis swrafi ganvi-

Tarebis axali SesaZleblobani. iseTi meqanizmebis gamoyenebis

safuZvelze, rogoricaa franCaizingi da autsortingi,

regionul TeoriebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia regi-

onuli mizidulobis centrebis ganviTarebas. aseTi centrebi

aucilebelia, radganac emsaxurebian soflad Seqmnili produq-

ciis samrewvelo gadamuSavebas, xels uwyoben axali teqnolo-

208

giebis aTvisebas da uzrunvelyofen dasaqmebis mkveTri zrdi-

saTvis pirobebis xelSewyobas.

meqanizmSi aucileblad unda Caidos yoveli regionis mosax-

leobis interesebis dacvis elementebi (umuSevrobis yvelaze

minimalur, anu bunebriv donemde Semcireba, kargad anazRaurebadi

samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, profesiuli gadamzadeba da sxva).

gadamwyveti mniSveloba aqvs mewarmeobis daxmarebis safi-

nanso organizaciebs. esaa sxvadasxva saxis regionuli (an

saxelmwifo donis regionuli filialebiT) miznobrivi saxelm-

wifo, Sereuli da kerZo fondi, regionuli depozitariebi,

sadazRvevo organizaciebi da sxva. mravalia aseve arasafinanso

xasiaTis damxmare organizacia, magaliTad, inJineringuli, sakon-

sultacio, eqsportis xelSewyobis da marketinguli (strate-

giuli teritoriuli marketingi amJamad ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

xelSewyobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba) organizaciebi, aseve

biznesis inkubatorebi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi sul ufro metad

izrdeba teqnopolisebis da teqnoparkebis mniSvneloba, romlebic

inovaciebis SemuSavebis umniSvelovanes wyarod xdebian.

teritoriuli miznobrivi sabiujeto da biujetgareSe

sxvadasxva fondi (regionuli ganviTarebis, socialuri, inova-

ciebis, sagareo ekonomikuri operaciebis regulirebis, sapensio,

socialuri dazRvevis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis da a.S.) sxvadasxva

formiT arsebobs nebismier ganviTarebul qveyanaSi.

teritoriul doneze mewarmeobis ganviTarebis waxalisebi-

saTvis aseve gamoiyeneba: saxelmwifo investiciebi, e.i. saxelmwi-

fos wilobrivi monawileoba pirvel xanebSi kerZo mewarmeebze

datvirTvis SemsubuqebisaTvis, subsidiebis miniWeba, zogierT

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo usasyidlod gadascems saxsrebis

garkveul nawils kerZo investorebs da sxva.

mcire biznesis xelSewyobisaTvis ganviTarebul qveynebSi

saxelmwifo regulirebis iseTi meTodebi gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa

sxvadasxva saxis fondSi sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyofa da maT

mier mcire biznesis safinanso mxardaWera, garantiebis gacema

komerciuli bankebis kreditebze (SesaZlo danakargebis kompen-

saciiT), sadazRvevo fondebis (“riskebis fondebis”) Seqmna.

209

regionuli fondebi safinanso saSualebebis akumulirebas

Semdegi wyaroebis xarjze axdenen: Sesatanebi centraluri da

adgilobrivi teritoriuli biujetebidan; anaricxebi saxelmwifo

sakuTrebis privatizaciiT miRebuli Tanxebidan; Sesatanebi

sabanko struqturebidan; Sesatanebi sxvadasxva sawarmosa da

organizaciidan; anaricxebi saxsrebidan, romelic miRebulia

sawarmoebis registraciiT; Semosavlebi, miRebuli fondebis

samewarmeo saqmianobisagan; ucxouri investiciebi; Sesabamisi

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier gamoyofili Tanxebi.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs mewarmeobis ganviTarebis uzrunve-

lyofis saxelmwifo instrumentebis nusxas (rogorc centralur,

aseve teritoriul doneebze). am instrumentebis ricxvSi Sedis:

regionebSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis SemuSavebuli progra-

mebis realizaciisaTvis centraluri biujetidan gamoyofili

transferebi da adgilebze mobilizebuli safinanso saxsrebi;

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi; sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi (mewarmeobis

waxalisebis mizniT), teritoriul doneze gamoiyeneba terito-

riuli gadasaxadebidan droebiTi gaTavisufleba (an gadasa-

xadebis Semcirebuli ganakveTebi); instrumentebi mewarmeobisaTvis

komunaluri infrastruqturis Seqmnis, funqcionirebis uzrunvel-

yofis da ganviTarebis stimulirebisaTvis; instrumentebi momu-

Saveebis gadamzadebisaTvis axali teqnologiebis aTvisebis

mizniT; instrumentebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis

dasaqmebas (esaa axali sawarmoebis, an sawarmoebis, romlebic

Rebuloben sawarmoebSi damatebiT muSa Zalas, droebiTi (ramde-

nime wlis ganmavlobaSi) gaTavisufleba adgilobrivi gadasaxa-

debisagan da sxva); instrumentebi, romlebic xels uwyobs

xelsayreli investiciuri klimatis Sesaqmnelad maRal-

teqnologiuri transerovnuli sawarmoebis mocemul teritoriaze

ganlagebas esaa _ ZiriTadi saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis droebiTi

Semcireba, warmoebisaTvis saWiro teqnologiebis Semozidvis

ganbaJebisagan gaTavisufleba, adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis droe-

biTi moxsna, produqciis qveyanaSi realizaciisa da eqsporti-

saTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna, adgilobrivi sawarmoebis

kooperirebis variantebis SemoTavazeba (rac xels uwyobs orive

210

mxaris transformaciuli da transaqciuli danaxarjebis

Semcirebas) da sxva.

amJamad, ekonomikuri liberalizaciis pirobebSi ganviTa-

rebul qveynebSi gaCnda sxva meqanizmi: regionebis mTavrobebis

uflebamosilebebis da pasuxismgeblobis gafarToeba da regi-

onebs Soris konkurenciis ganviTareba investiciebis, specialis-

tebis, kvalificiuri muSa Zalis da sxva komponentebis

(magaliTad, Tanamedrove tradiciuli dargebis teqnologiebis an

“maRali” teqnologiebis) mozidvisaTvis xelsayreli sainvesticio

da socialuri uzrunvelyofis garemos Seqmnis safuZvelze.

didi mniSveloba aqvs aseve saxelmwifo, Sereul da kerZo

berketebs, romlebic xels uwyobs mecnierebis da teqnologiebis

ganviTarebas, teqnopolisebis da teqnoparkebis Seqmnas, venCu-

ruli kapitalis regionebSi mozidvas. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba

Semcirebuli gadasaxadebis an gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebis

praqtika, saxelmwifo xarjebiT gansakuTrebiT teqnopoli-

sebisaTvis saWiro sawarmoo infrastruqturis Seqmna.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs mewarmeobis ganviTarebis sabazro

koordinacias, romelSic vgulisxmobT: mewarmeTa gaerTianebuli

jgufebis mier sxvadasxva regionul da, Tu saWiroa, centralur

mTavrobasTan sxvadasxva urTierTSeTanxmebuli gadawyvetile-

bebis miRebas, romelic orive mxares moutans sargebels im gare-

moebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom regionuli da centraluri xeli-

suflebebi mosaxleobis interesebs icaven; mewarmeTa mier

kanonmdeblobiT daSvebul farglebSi saSualo an fiqsirebuli

fasebis dadgena gansazRvrul saqonelsa da gansazRvrul

bazrebze (erTi kviris, ori kviris da a.S. ganmavlobaSi), rac

miRebulia mravali qveynis praqtikaSi; urTierTSeTanxmebebi

calkeul mewarmeebs (korporaciebs) da centralur an regionul

xelisuflebas Soris, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo SeRavaTebze

saeqsporto produqciis SemuSavebis da ucxour qveynebSi reali-

zaciis mizniT, meore mxriv, mewarmeebis (korporaciebis) mier

Sesabamisi valdebulebebis aRebaze; mewarmeTa asociaciebis Seqmna

calkeuli dargebis mixedviT, romlebic Tavis dargebSi wyveten

sakiTxebs keTilsindisieri konkurenciis Sesaxeb, produqciis

konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze, samecniero da sxva daniS-

211

nulebis erToblivi (wilebis mixedviT) holdingebis Seqmnaze,

romlebic imuSaveben dargobrivi produqciis Tvisebebis gaumjo-

besebaze an, gansakuTrebiT, produqciis eqsportis SesaZleb-

lobebis zrdaze, rac aseT samuSaoebze saerTo danaxarjebs

amcirebs.

Ggiga maisuraZeGgiga maisuraZeGgiga maisuraZeGgiga maisuraZe Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli

biznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSi

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona warmoadgens erovnuli ekono-

mikuri sivrcis nawils, sadac miRebulia SeRavaTebisa da stimu-

lebis iseTi gansakuTrebuli sistema, romelic qveynis danarCen

nawilebSi ar gamoiyeneba.

Tez-is Seqmnis mizezebi ganzogadebuli saxiT SeiZleba ase

Camoyalibdes:

- jansaRi sainvesticio garemos Seqmna;

- mowinave teqnologiebis gavrceleba-danergva;

- biznesis aqtivizacia-ganviTareba ucxouri kapitalis mo-

zidviT;

- savaluto Semosavlebis miReba da savaluto rezervebis

zrda;

- sagadamxdelo balansis gaumjobeseba;

- samuSao Zalis racionaluri gamoyeneba da dasaqmebis donis

amaRleba;

- biznesis marTvisa da administrirebis msoflio gamoc-

dilebis miReba;

- depresiuli regionebis (raionebis) daCqarebuli ganviTareba;

- Tanamedrove infrastruqturis Seqmna;

- eqsportis stimulireba da saeqsporto potencialis gazrda;

msoflioSi arsebobs sami aTasze meti sxvadasxva tipis

ekonomikuri zona. maT Soris specialuri:

1. safinanso (ofSoruli)

2. savaWro

212

3. e.w. teqnoparkebi.

Tez-is Seqmnis aRniSnuli mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT q.

foTSi gaixsna meore tipis specialuri Tavisufali savaWro zona.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom oficialurad daasaxela

im oTxi kompaniis vinaoba, romlebic foTis sazRvao navsadguris

teritoriaze Tavisufali industriuli zonis Sesaqmnelad inte-

resTa gamoxatvis konkursSi gamarjvebulad gamocxadda.

es kompaniebia: dubais porti ,,da jafba”, ,,haCison vest-

porti”, ,,hamburger hafer da lojistiki” da ,,rak investmenti”.

saboloo arCevani arabul kompania ,,rak investmentze” SeCerda.

investorma unda moaxdinos (samuSaoebi ukve dawyebulia) sruli

modernizacia, moumzados samuSao garemo msoflios cnobil

brendebs. foTis Tavisufali industriuli zonis SeqmniT

saqarTvelom pretenzia ganacxada msoflio bazarTan integri-

rebaze, risTvisac saeqsporto potencialis zrda, sainvesticio

da safinanso jgufebis xelSewyoba erT-erTi aucilebeli

pirobaa. Tu investori ar aRmoCnda maRali donis operatori

firma, ver SeZlo msxvili kapitalis mozidva, firmebis dainte-

reseba an saxelmwifos zedmetad Carevs biznesSi, foTSi

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona ar ganviTardeba.

dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi moRvawe mecnierTa Soris ar

arsebobs erTnairi azri imis Sesaxeb, mizanSewonilia Tu ara

qveyanaSi iyos Tez-i. Cveni azriT, msoflio gamocdilebidan

gamomdinare, q. foTSi Tez-is arseboba mizanSewonilia da mxars

vuWerT Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo:

1. saqarTvelos gaaCnia Tez-is funqcionirebis (1878_1886)

istoriuli gamocdileba ,,porto frankos” (Tavisufali

navsadguri) saxiT q. baTumSi. aRniSnul periodSi q. ba-

TumSi aSenda sazRvao navsadguri, gayvanil iqna baTumi-

baqos sarkinigzo xazi, q. baTumi navTobproduqtebis

birJis erT-erTi ZiriTadi rgoli gaxda. am periodSi

Seiqmna qalaqis infrastruqtura.

2. geopolitikuri mdebareoba da istoriulad did savaWro

gzebTan siaxlove aris erT-erTi piroba Tez-is Seqmnisa

da misi efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis. saqarTvelo am

orive pirobas akmayofilebs.

213

3. q. foTi istoriulad strategiuli obieqtia, erT-erTi

mTavari portia ,,trasekas” koridorSi, kavkasiis satrans-

porto tranzituli qselis nawilia da emsaxureba yvela

saxis tvirTbrunvas, rac mas q. baTumis portisagan

radikalurad gansxvavebuls xdis. rumineTis navsadguri

konstanca xdeba samxreT evropis mZlavri porti,

romelsac partniori sWirdeba, es ki mniSvnelovani

faqtoria da saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT did rols

TamaSobs. dRes foTis ports saSualod 8 mln tvirT-

brunva aqvs da SeuZlia es maCvenebeli gazardos, xolo

axali portis aSenebis Semdeg gaasammagos.

4. qveyanaSi Seqmnilia sakanonmdeblo baza da miRebulia

Tez-is maregulirebeli kanonebi (kanoni ,,Tavisufali

industriuli zonebis Sesaxeb” _ 2007 w. ivlisi,

mTavrobis 2008 w. ivnisis # 131 da # 157 dadgenilebebi

da sxv.). Tez-is fundamenturi principebidan TiTqmis

yvelas, samoqmedod legitimuri normatiuli baza gaaCnia.

5. Tavisufali savaWro ekonomikuri zonis funqcionireba

q. foTSi saerTaSoriso biznesTan daaxloebis da

urTierTobis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

dRes Sedegebze saubari naadrevad migvaCnia, Tumca garkve-

uli miRwevebi saxezea, kerZod, wlis bolomde q. foTis

navsadguris tvirTbrunva miaRwevs 10 mln t. dawyebulia Tez-is

integrirebis procesi rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs

gareT, aseve ritmulad mimdinareobs infrastruqturis mowyoba. q.

foTis portis sruli reabilitaciisaTvis 200 mln. dolaris

investiciaa gaTvaliswinebuli. Seqmnilia kargi pirobebi saeqs-

porto, importisa da satranzito tvirTebis dasawyobeba-

SenaxvisaTvis. m/w agvistos cnobilma movlenebma garkveulwilad

imoqmeda Tez-is infrastruqturis, portis ganaxlebis samu-

Saoebze, Tumca mniSvnelovani negatiuri zegavlena ar mouxdenia.

Tea munjiSviliTea munjiSviliTea munjiSviliTea munjiSvili

rusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZe Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi

214

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona erovnuli ekonomikuri

sivrcis gancalkevebul nawils (teritoriasa Tu segments)

warmoadgens, sadac SeRavaTebisa da stimulirebis iseTi gansa-

kuTrebuli sistemaa SemoRebuli, romelic qveynis danarCen

teritoriaze (an ekonomikis sxva segmentebSi) ar gamoiyeneba.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi, maTi Seqmnis mizezisa da

qveynis ekonomikisaTvis mniSvnelobis donis TvalsazrisiTac,

erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, ganviTa-

rebuli da, amasTan, didi teritoriis mqone qveynebi Tavisufal

zonebs regionaluri politikis realizebis mizniT qmnian. Amisi

naTeli gamovlinebaa Tundac didi britaneTis mier Seqmnili

zonebi, romlebic am qveynis ZiriTadi teritoriidan moSorebiTaa

(magaliTad, virjiniis kunZulebi) ganlagebuli da ruseTis

federaciis periferiebze Seqmnili zonebi, sadac centralur

mTavrobas zogadad maregulirebeli da makoordinirebeli

funqciebis ganxorcieleba uWirs.

rac Seexeba ganviTarebad da postkomunistur qveynebs,

maTTvis Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi Ria ekonomikis prin-

cipebis danergvis poligonebs warmoadgens. aseT qveynebs

ucxouri kapitalis nakadebisaTvis Tavisi ekonomikis sruli

gaxsna, gansakuTrebuli savaWro Tu sainvesticio politikis

gatareba, mTeli teritoriisa da erovnuli ekonomikis masStabiT

xSirad ar surT an ar SeuZliaT; amitom isini ekonomikis

lokalur “gaxsnas” zonebis Camoyalibebis meSveobiT axor-

cieleben. Amas Tundac CineTis magaliTi adasturebs, sadac

zonebis Seqmnis procesi jer kidev gasuli saukunis 70-ian wleb-

Si daiwyo da, praqtikulad, sabazro urTierTobebis gamoyenebis

eqsperiments warmoadgens.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis

mniSvnelobis ganxilvis dros ar SeiZleba yuradReba iseT

sakiTxze ar gamaxvildes, rogoricaa zonebis gavlena qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. amasTan, sayuradReboa, rom ganvi-

Tarebad qveynebSi zonebis zegavlenis done erovnul ekonomikaze

sakmaod SezRudulia, xolo ganviTarebul qveynebSi aseTi gavle-

nis sakiTxi arcki ganixileba.

215

TiTqmis yvela tipis zonisaTvis Semdegi SeRavaTebisa da

gamartivebuli meqanizmebis moqmedebaa damaxasiaTebeli: sagareo

savaWro SeRavaTebi, romlebic sabaJo-satarifo liberalizacias

(sabaJo gadasaxadebis Semcireba an moxsna, eqsport-importze dRg-

sa da aqcizis SeRavaTiani sistemis daweseba da sxv.) da

arasatarifo SezRudvebis (eqsport-importis akrZalva, kvotireba,

licenzireba, registrireba) ararsebobas efuZneba; fiskaluri

SeRavaTebi, romlebic pirdapiri gadasaxadebis liberaluri

sistemis arsebobasTanaa dakavSirebuli; safinanso SeRavaTebi,

romlebic sxvadasxva formis subsidiebs, SeRavaTian sakredito

sistemas, miwisa da SenobebiT sargeblobis saijaro gadasaxadis

Semcirebul ganakveTebsa da sxv. Seicavs; savaluto operaciebze

SezRudvebis ararseboba; administraciuli SeRavaTebi, romelTa

mizania ekonomikuri agentebis registraciis, angariSgebis siste-

mis, savizo reJimis gamartiveba da sxv.

sayuradReboa, rom xsenebuli SeRavaTebi mxolod zonis

SigniT vrceldeba. Sedegad zonidan qveynis danarCen terito-

riaze saqonlis Setana zustad im procedurebs eqvemdebareba,

rac zogadad importzea dadgenili. swored amitom qveynis

mosaxleobis zonaSi Sesvla SezRudulia da mxolod specialuri

nebarTviTaa SesaZlebeli.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmnam da warmatebulma

funqcionirebam SesaZloa mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos saqarTve-

los mZime safinanso da ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamosayvanad.

zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom aseTi zonebis SeqmniT miiRweva

Semdegi dadebiTi Sedegebi: mTlianad qveyanaSi da mis calkeul

regionebSi gaizrdeba ekonomikuri aqtivoba; SeRavaTiani reJimi

moizidavs ucxour da adgilobriv investiciebs; Seiqmneba

damatebiTi samuSao adgilebi; SesaZlebeli gaxdeba warmoebaSi

Tanamedrove, maRalefeqturi saSualebebis danergva, mecnierebis

uaxles miRwevaTa praqtikaSi gamoyeneba; adgilobrivi resursebis,

nedleulis masalebis efeqturi gamoyeneba; gaizrdeba qveynis

simZlavreebi maRalxarisxovani, konkurentunariani produqciis

warmoebiT; ganviTardeba qveyis infrastruqtura; gaizrdeba

qveynis savaluto da sxva saxis Semosavlebi, gaumjobesdeba

sagadasamxdelo balansi da a.S.

216

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sawinaaRmdego

mosazrebac. maTi azriT, sakiTxSi garkveuli admianisaTvis zonis

Seqmnis ideis aqtualizacia mxolod sagareo ekonomikur

urTierTobaTa reJimebis gauaresebas SeiZleboda mohyoloda,

sinamdvileSi araferi msgavsi ar momxdara. ufro metic, kidev

ufro liberaluri gaxda. bolo periodSi mTels qveyanaSi

arsebiTad gamartivda biznesis dawyebis biurokratiuli

procedurebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom Sesaqmnel zonas verc am

tipis SeRavaTebs mivaniWebT. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi ucxoelTa

uvizo Semosvlas, Tu am reJimiT adre mxolod dsT-is zogierTi

wevri qveynis moqalaqe sargeblobda, bolo periodSi miiRes

gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac es reJimi aSS-is, evro-

kavSiris qveynebis, Sveicariis, iaponiis, israelis da sxv.

saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebzec gavrcelebuliyo. maSasadame, Sesaq-

mneli zonisaTvis verc am SeRavaTis miniWebas SevZlebT. bolo

xanebSi miRebulma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebma kidev ufro

uazro gaxada saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis

Seqmnis idea da Tu mainc moxerxdeba raime damatebiTi SeRavaTis

gamogoneba, umjobesia, es ukanaskneli mTels qveyanaze da ara mis

calkeul zonebze gavrceldes. Tu Tavisufali ekonomikuri zo-

nis SeqmnisaTvis zomebi mainc gatardeba, maSin mas mohyveba yvela

reformistul miRwevaze uaris Tqma, ekonomikis Caketva, rasac

aseve avtomaturad mohyveba yvela saerTaSoriso safinanso

institutTan urTierTobis gafuWeba, saqarTvelosaTvis parizis

klubis karebis daxurva, rom araferi vTqvaT msoflio savaWro

organizaciidan gasvlaze. imedia, mTavroba dafiqrdeba da

mixvdeba, rom Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis Seqmnis ideis

realizacia SeiZleba yovelive amad ar Rirdes.

saqarTvelos dargobrivi ekonomikisa da ekonomikuri

politikis komiteti 2007 wlis 15 _ 19 oqtombers gaecno

specialuri (Tavisufali) ekonomikuri zonebis funqcionirebis

poloneTis gamocdilebas. vizitis farglebSi komitetis ori

specialisti imyofeboda q. varSavaSi. poloneTSi kanoni

“specialuri ekonomikuri zonebis regulirebis Sesaxeb” miiRes

1994 wlis 20 oqtombers. pirveli specialuri (Tavisufali)

ekonomikuri zona Seiqmna 1995 wels. amJamad poloneTSi funqcio-

217

nirebs 14 specialuri zona. aRniSnul kanonSi mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi ganxorcielda 2000 da 2003 wlebSi. cvlilebebis

mizezs ZiriTadad evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis procedurebi

warmoadgenda, radgan EU wesebi garkveul SezRudvebs

iTvaliswinebs specialur zonebTan dakavSrebiT. aRniSnulma

cvlilebebma zonaSi operirebuli kompaniebisaTvis SeRavaTebis

Semcireba gamoiwvia.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Zalian mniSvne-

lovania didi sifrTxiliT movekidoT Tavisufali ekonomikuri

zonebis Seqmnas saqarTveloSi, saWiroa, gaviziaroT sxvadasxva

qveynis gamocdileba da gaviTvaliswinoT Cveni qveynis specifi-

kuroba imisTvis, rom saqarTveloSi Tavisufali ekonomikuri

zonebis funqcionirebam qveynisaTvis sasurveli dadebiTi Sedegi

gamoiRos.

zurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvili saqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo Sinameurneobebis

zomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris (2004) monacemebis

safuZvelze sasoflo Sinameurneobebis zomebis, sawarmoo

potencialis, maT sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwis farTobebisa Tu

kuTvnili pirutyvis raodenobebis SedarebiTma analizma gviCvena

rogorc maTi mniSvnelovani diferenciacia, ise metad mcire

zomis meurneobebis maRali xvedriTi wona. gamokvleuli

sasoflo-sameurneo miwiT mosargeble 691577 aTasi Sinameurne-

obidan 43,2%-s hqonda 0,5 ha-ze naklebi; 75,2%-s ki 1 ha-ze naklebi.

1-1,99 ha-mde hqonda mxolod 18,3%-s, 2-2,99 ha-mde - 3%, xolo 3-4 ha-

mde 1,4 %-s. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sinameurneobebis mcire zomis

farTobebic ki danawevrebuli da gabneulia 2-3 da, rig

SemTxvevebSi, ufro met nakveTad.

saqarTveloSi saSualod erT sasoflo Sinameurneobaze

modioda 3,59 wevri. maT hqondaT: 0,68 ha saxnavi, 0,14 ha

mravalwliani nargavebiT 0,35 ha saTib-saZovari da 0,05 ha sxva

kategoriis miwa. saSualod erT meurneobaze modioda: msxvilfexa

saqoneli (kameCis CaTvliT) - 1,71, maT Soris furi da furkameCi -

1,01, Rori - 0,7, cxvari da Txa - 1,04 suli. futkari - 0,22 ska,

218

frinveli - 13,8 frTa; cxeni, viri da jori - 0,08 da bocveri -

0,022 suli.

meurneobis zoma warmodgenas gviqmnis mis ekonomikur

potencialze, gviCvenebs meurneobaTa ganviTarebis dones, amasTan,

meurneobaTa specializacia, fermerul meurneobebadD gardaqmna,

rodesac mTavar orientirad iqceva sasaqonlo warmoeba, gana-

pirobebs maT mier 1-2 kulturis warmoebaze an erTi saxeobis

pirutyvis moSenebaze resursebis mimarTvas, Sedegad rig

meurneobebSi moimatebs saxnavi miwebi an mravalwliani nargavebi,

msxvilfexa an wvrilfexa saqonlis, frinvelisa Tu skebis raode-

noba.AaRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso Sedarebebisas da Sina-

meurneobebis ganviTarebis tendenciebis gansazRvrisas, qveynis

Sinameurneobis saSualo zoma warmoadgens mniSvnelovan ganma-

zogadebel maCvenebels. saqarTveloSi, Cveni azriT, aucilebelia

miwebis gadanawilebis iseTi politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic

xels Seuwyobs meurneobaTa saSualo zomebis gadidebas 2-3 ha-mde.

aseve aucilebelia, sasoflo-sameurneo miwis resursebis, Sina-

meurneobebis funqcionirebis arsebuli viTarebis gaTvaliwinebiT

ganisazRvros perspeqtuli Sinameurneobis optimaluri zomebi

rogorc qveynis, ise regionebisTvis.

agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebis zogadi tendenciaa warmo-

ebis optimaluri koncentracia, romelic efuZneba Tanamedrove

maRalmeqanizebuli soflis meurneobis moTxovnebs. msoflio

gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom meurneobaTa saSualo zomebis

gadidebis tendencia da mamulebis konsolidacia mimdinareobs

rogorc sabazro Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, ise saxelmwifo poli-

tikis gavleniT. vfiqrobT, kanonmdebloba unda aregulirebdes

optimaluri ojaxuri meurneobebis SenarCunebas. igi ar unda

uwyobdes xels arc Zalian msxvili meurneobebis Seqmnas da arc

maT araracionalur danawevrebas.

Sinameurneobebis teqnikuri aRWurviloba metad dabalia,

sasoflo-sameurneo operaciebi umetesad xelis iaraRebiT da

cocxali gamwevi Zalis gamoyenebiT tardeba. aRweris monacemebiT,

meurneobebis mxolod 2,1%-s gaaCnda sakuTrebaSi romelime

saxeobis traqtori (borbliani, muxluxa, mini); 2,8%-s gaaCnda

xelis traqtori (motobloki), 0,16% flobda kombains, xolo 2,6%

219

_ satvirTo avtombils, 8,4% _ sxva saxis avtomobils. unda

aRiniSnos, rom SemorCenili sasoflo-sameurneo parkis mniSvne-

lovani nawili, amortizebulia da metad araefeqtianad funqci-

onirebs.

mcire da saSualo zomis Sinameurneobebis udides nawils

ar aqvs kreditis aRebis SesaZlebloba, regionebis umetesobaSi

ganuviTarebelia infrastruqtura, romelic moamaragebda maT

TeslebiT, Sxam-qimikatebiT, sasuqebiT da warmoebis sxva saSua-

lebebiT. ganuviTarebelia samsaxurebi, romlebic maT konsul-

taciebs gauweven axali agroteqnologiebis danergvaSi, ZiriTadi

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianobis gadidebasa da

mecxoveleobis produqtiulobis gazrdaSi, sasaqonlo produq-

ciis warmoebasa da realizaciaSi.Bbunebrivia, Sinameurneobis

aRniSnuli problemebi gavlenas axdens maT mosavlianobasa da

produqtiulobaze.

mravali wvrili Sinameurenobis arseboba metad arTulebs

erTgvarovani sasaqonlo nedleulis Seqmnisa Tu Sekrebis

SesaZleblobebs, rac, bunebrivia, seriozuli barieria soflis

meurneobis gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisa da mniSvnelovani

investirebisaTvis am sferoSi. amrigad, qveynis ekonomikisaTvis

umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens imgvari politikis gan-

xorcieleba, romelic xels Seuwyobs erTgvarovani, sanedleulo

resursebis Seqmnas.

xeli unda Seewyos SinameurneobaTa kooperativebis, gaer-

Tianebebis, asociaciebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic orientire-

bulni iqnebian ama Tu im kulturisa Tu nedleulis mniSvne-

lovani sasaqonlo partiebis Sekrebasa da sakontraqto moTxov-

naTa Sesrulebaze.

SinameurneobaTa perspeqtivebis gansazRvrisas mxedvlobaSia

misaRebi koordinirebis miRweva mosavlis aRebasa da gada-

muSavebaSi. gadamamuSavebeli warmoebis rigi sasoflo-sameurneo

nedleuliT momarageba unda warimarTos winaswari sakontraqto

urTierTobebiT, teqnikuri kreditebis micemis safuZvelze. maga-

liTad, msxvil wisqvils SeuZlia, dadebuli xelSekrulebebis

safuZvelze, Sinameurneobebs miawodos garkveuli jiSis xorb-

220

lis Tesli, sasuqebi, sawvavi da sxv. da mosavali Caibaros

garantirebuli SeTanxmebuli fasebiT.

sainformacio-sakonsultacio da teqnikuri momsaxurebis

centrebis (raionuli, regionuli) sistemis formirebam xeli unda

Seuwyos axali, gaumjobesebuli teqnologiebis gavrcelebas,

daexmaros glexebsa da fermerebs da maT gaerTianebebs teqnikis

da sxva warmoebis saSualebebis SeZenaSi, axali jiSebis da

kulturebis danergvaSi, warmoebis Sida da gare bazrebze swor

orientaciaSi, marketingul kvlevebSi. samTavrobo xelSewyobiT,

saWiroa iseTi dabalprocentiani sakredito xazebis organizeba,

romelic daexmareba Sinameurneobebs da maT gaerTianebebs, aseve

soflo-sameurneo teqnikiT momsaxureobis gamwev centrebs

(samsaxurebs) traqtorebis, kombainebisa Tu sxva sasoflo-

sameurneo manqanebis SeZenaSi. aseve unda ganviTardes sasoflo

Sinameurneobebis mikro-kreditebiT uzrunvelyofis sistemac.

Tengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi da problemebi da problemebi da problemebi da

maTi gadaWris maTi gadaWris maTi gadaWris maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTulebazogierTi mimarTulebazogierTi mimarTulebazogierTi mimarTuleba

1. qveynis mTlian dasaqmebaSi, bolo sam weliwadSi soflis

meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili Zalze

maRalia (45 _ 54%). igi CamorCeba mxolod albaneTs (57%).

aRniSnul periodSi soflis meurneobis wili mTlian Sida

produqtSi Semcirda 20,2%-dan 14,8%-mde (es maCvenebeli

albaneTSi Seadgens 46%-s). specialistebis azriT, amgvari

kleba, soflis meurneobis produqtebis fasebis aSkara mate-

basTan erTad, soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis Semci-

rebis tendenciazec metyvelebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa

sabazro situaciis CvenTvis axali saanalizo obieqtebis

kvlevis gafarToeba da gulmodgine Seswavla, rogoricaa: sa-

warmos ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba, konkurentunarianoba, Crdi-

lovani ekonomikis done, miznobrivi kompleqsuri programebi,

gadarCenis balansi da sxv.

221

2. mcire da saSualo zomis fermerul meurneobebSi finansuri

analizis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, maTi sawarmoo

saqmianobis Sefaseba rekomendebulia Catardes Semdegi mimar-

Tulebebis mixedviT: sawarmoo saqmianobis programis analizi;

SromiTi resursebis analizi; xarisxis analizi; produqciis

marketingis analizi. maT unda uzrunvelyon sawarmoos momge-

bianoba, gadaxdisunarianobis prognozireba.

3. mcire sawarmos momgebianobis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovani

roli unda Seasrulos sabazro situaciis analizma, romelic

mimarTulia: moTxovnis moculobis, zrdis tempis, momxma-

reblis struqturis kategoriis, mTavari konkurentis, maTi

strategiis analizisaken. biznesis amocanebi mxolod situ-

aciis analizis, Sedegebis da bazris mimdinare analizis

safuZvelze unda Camoyalibdes.

4. mcire sawarmos momgebianobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa

upiratesoba gagvaCndes konkurentebTan SedarebiT mocemuli

periodisaTvis, aseve mniSvnelovania, efeqtianad ganvaxor-

cieloT mimdinare saqmianoba. mcire sawarmoebis sameurneo

saqmianobis analizSi gansakuTrebuli adgili unda daikavos

gadarCenis balansis Sedgenam, romlis mizania sakuTari

produqciis warmoebis perspeqtivebis SeTanawyoba sawarmos

resursTuzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebTan.

5. mcire sawarmos gadarCenis balansis analizi unda davu-

kavSiroT konkurentebis sameurneo saqmianobis analizs. amas-

Tan, mniSvnelovania gamovavlinoT, Tu vin iTvlebian ZiriTad

konkurentebad, rogoria maTi strategia, gasaRebis, gafar-

Toebis miznebi, konkurentebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.

mcire sawarmoebis analizisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

unda davuTmoT konkurenciul brZolaSi upiratesobis miRwe-

vis meTodebis SemuSavebas, produqciis xarisxis, saqonlis

imijisa da siiafis miRwevas.

6. qveynis sameurneo sferoSi sworad unda gaanalizdes da gani-

sazRvros mosaxleobis sakiTxebi. Cvengan gansxvavebiT,

Tanamedrove pirobebSi ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTliani Sida

produqtis naxevarze metis warmoeba axali codnis SeZenasTan

da gavrcelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. am sferoSi dasaqmebulia

222

ufro meti adamiani, vidre materialur warmoebaSi. ganvi-

Tarebis aseT modelze gadasvla saqarTvelos ekonomikis

ganviTarebis strategiis erT-erT mTavar amocanad unda

miviCnioT. mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donem unda gansazRvros

samewarmeo sferos sabazro situaciis analizSi ekonomikis

ganviTarebis mimarTuleba da tempi.

konferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebi

1. abeabeabeabesaZe ramazsaZe ramazsaZe ramazsaZe ramaz _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis direqtori, e.m.d., profesori

2. ananiaSvili iuri _ ananiaSvili iuri _ ananiaSvili iuri _ ananiaSvili iuri _ Tsu sruli profesori, e.m.d.

3. arevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuli _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

4. aCelaSvili kliaCelaSvili kliaCelaSvili kliaCelaSvili klimentimentimentimenti _ e.m.d., Tsu asocirebuli profesori

5. barbaqaZe xabarbaqaZe xabarbaqaZe xabarbaqaZe xaTTTTuna _ una _ una _ una _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori

6. benaSvili ciala _ benaSvili ciala _ benaSvili ciala _ benaSvili ciala _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

7. beriSvili xaTuna _beriSvili xaTuna _beriSvili xaTuna _beriSvili xaTuna _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

8. berulava giorgiberulava giorgiberulava giorgiberulava giorgi _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.d., profesori

9. bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.k.

223

10. burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.d.

11. gabriWiZe abesalom _ gabriWiZe abesalom _ gabriWiZe abesalom _ gabriWiZe abesalom _ Tsu asistent-profesori

12. gamsaxurdia Tamar _ gamsaxurdia Tamar _ gamsaxurdia Tamar _ gamsaxurdia Tamar _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori, e.m.d.

13. gvelesiani merab gvelesiani merab gvelesiani merab gvelesiani merab ____ e.m.k.

14. gvenetaZe lili _ gvenetaZe lili _ gvenetaZe lili _ gvenetaZe lili _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori, e.m.k.

15. gelaSvili madonagelaSvili madonagelaSvili madonagelaSvili madona _ soxumis universitetis asocirebuli

profesori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

16. gumberiZe marina _gumberiZe marina _gumberiZe marina _gumberiZe marina _ Tsu doqtoranti, e.m.k.

17. gulua ekaterine _ gulua ekaterine _ gulua ekaterine _ gulua ekaterine _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

18. davlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe natadavlaSeriZe nata _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

19. daTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili linadaTunaSvili lina _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k., docenti

20. ToTlaZe liaToTlaZe liaToTlaZe liaToTlaZe lia _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

21. kakulia eTerkakulia eTerkakulia eTerkakulia eTer _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

22. kakulia nazirakakulia nazirakakulia nazirakakulia nazira _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

23. kurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfred _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.d., profesori

24. kurataSvili anzor kurataSvili anzor kurataSvili anzor kurataSvili anzor _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

25. kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.d., profesori

26. lazaraSvili TealazaraSvili TealazaraSvili TealazaraSvili Tea _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.k.

27. maisuraZe giga _ maisuraZe giga _ maisuraZe giga _ maisuraZe giga _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

28. masuraSvili soso _ masuraSvili soso _ masuraSvili soso _ masuraSvili soso _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori

29. mesxiamesxiamesxiamesxia iakobiakobiakobiakob _ _ _ _ e.m.d., profesori

30. meqvabiSvili elguja _ meqvabiSvili elguja _ meqvabiSvili elguja _ meqvabiSvili elguja _ Tsu sruli profesori, e.m.d.

31. meyanwiSvili ekaterinemeyanwiSvili ekaterinemeyanwiSvili ekaterinemeyanwiSvili ekaterine _ Tsu asistent-profesori

32. miqiaSvili nino _ miqiaSvili nino _ miqiaSvili nino _ miqiaSvili nino _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori, e.m.k.

33. munjiSvili Tea _munjiSvili Tea _munjiSvili Tea _munjiSvili Tea _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis

akademiuri doqtori

224

34. naTelauri iza _ naTelauri iza _ naTelauri iza _ naTelauri iza _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.k.

35. nozaZe zurabnozaZe zurabnozaZe zurabnozaZe zurab _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromli

36. nucubiZe xaTuna _ nucubiZe xaTuna _ nucubiZe xaTuna _ nucubiZe xaTuna _ sanqt-peterburgis saxelmwifo universite-

tis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedris aspiranti

37. papava vlpapava vlpapava vlpapava vlaaaadimer _ dimer _ dimer _ dimer _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti, e.m.d.,

profesori

38. papava giorgipapava giorgipapava giorgipapava giorgi _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri konsultanti, e.m.d., profesori

39. reviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabireviSvili zurabi _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

40. samadaSvili uSangi _ samadaSvili uSangi _ samadaSvili uSangi _ samadaSvili uSangi _ e.m.d., , , , Tsu asocirebuli profesori

41. sarCimelia roland _ sarCimelia roland _ sarCimelia roland _ sarCimelia roland _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.d., profesori

42. seTuri maia _ seTuri maia _ seTuri maia _ seTuri maia _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori

43. seTuriZe rusudan _ seTuriZe rusudan _ seTuriZe rusudan _ seTuriZe rusudan _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis

akademiuri doqtori

44. tikiSvili mzia _ tikiSvili mzia _ tikiSvili mzia _ tikiSvili mzia _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori

45. tyeSelaSvili goderZi _ tyeSelaSvili goderZi _ tyeSelaSvili goderZi _ tyeSelaSvili goderZi _ stu departamentis ufrosi, sruli

profesori

46. faresaSvili nino _ faresaSvili nino _ faresaSvili nino _ faresaSvili nino _ Tsu asistent-profesori

47. futkaraZe ramfutkaraZe ramfutkaraZe ramfutkaraZe ramaz _ az _ az _ az _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis

akademiuri doqtori

48. qadagiSvili leila _ qadagiSvili leila _ qadagiSvili leila _ qadagiSvili leila _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis

akademiuri doqtori

49. qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

50. qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ Tsu asistent-profesori

51. qistauri nunuqistauri nunuqistauri nunuqistauri nunu – s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

52. RvedaSvili naira _ RvedaSvili naira _ RvedaSvili naira _ RvedaSvili naira _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori

53. SaburiSvili SoTa _SaburiSvili SoTa _SaburiSvili SoTa _SaburiSvili SoTa _ Tsu asistent-profesori, ekonomikis

akademiuri doqtori

225

54. Sengelia Temur _ Sengelia Temur _ Sengelia Temur _ Sengelia Temur _ Tsu kaTedris gamge, saqarTvelos

erovnuli bankis sabWos wevri, e.m.d., profesori

55. Ciqava leo _ Ciqava leo _ Ciqava leo _ Ciqava leo _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis

wevr-korespondenti, e.m.d., profesori

56. Ciqobava malxaz _ Ciqobava malxaz _ Ciqobava malxaz _ Ciqobava malxaz _ Tsu asistent-profesori

57. Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ e.m.k., akademiuri doqtori

58. CxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTin _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare, s.m.m.d., profesori

59. cercvaZe vano _ cercvaZe vano _ cercvaZe vano _ cercvaZe vano _ Tbilisis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

institutis doqtoranti

60. cucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marine _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

61. xaduri nodar _ xaduri nodar _ xaduri nodar _ xaduri nodar _ Tsu sruli profesori

62. xaritonaSvili jemal _ xaritonaSvili jemal _ xaritonaSvili jemal _ xaritonaSvili jemal _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori

63. xurcia lali _ xurcia lali _ xurcia lali _ xurcia lali _ e.m.k.

64. xuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamuka _ s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis ganyofilebis gamge, e.m.k.

65. javaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revaz – s.s.i.p. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, e.m.k.

66. jalaRonia daviT _ jalaRonia daviT _ jalaRonia daviT _ jalaRonia daviT _ soxumis universitetis asocirebuli

profesori

s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i

plenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdomaplenaruli sxdoma

ramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZeramaz abesaZe

postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis etapebi ganviTarebis etapebi ganviTarebis etapebi ganviTarebis etapebi

3333

iuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSvili wonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxadowonasworuli optimaluri sagadasaxado

ganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis SesaxebganakveTis Sesaxeb

8888

merab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesianimerab gvelesiani qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi qarTuli ekonomikuri saswauli Sedgeba Tu valebi

13131313

226

dagvaxrCobdagvaxrCobdagvaxrCobdagvaxrCobs?s?s?s? iakob mesxiaiakob mesxiaiakob mesxiaiakob mesxia monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:monetaruli politikis axali strategia:

inflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTirebainflaciuri TargeTireba

16161616

elguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvili

globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos

ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtiekonomikaze zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtiekonomikaze zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqtiekonomikaze zemoqmedebis zogierTi aspeqti

23232323

giorgi papavagiorgi papavagiorgi papavagiorgi papava Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomika da demokratiuli

sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!sazogadoebis ideali!

25252525

vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi omis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi

ekonomikuri problemebi ekonomikuri problemebi ekonomikuri problemebi ekonomikuri problemebi

27272727

Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia Temur Sengelia ekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebisekonomikuri sinTezi da biznesis ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobani saqarTveloSiSesaZleblobani saqarTveloSiSesaZleblobani saqarTveloSiSesaZleblobani saqarTveloSi

32323232

leo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqava demologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistemademologiur kanonTa sistema

33333333

nodar xnodar xnodar xnodar xaduriaduriaduriaduri saqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTissaqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTis

“liberaluri” _ imperia“liberaluri” _ imperia“liberaluri” _ imperia“liberaluri” _ imperia

35353535

ekonomikuri Teoriis seqciaekonomikuri Teoriis seqciaekonomikuri Teoriis seqciaekonomikuri Teoriis seqcia

alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvili xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da xalxis interesebis realizaciis problema da

institucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmi

39393939

alfredalfredalfredalfred kurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvilikurataSvili ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofa WeSmaritad

adamianuriadamianuriadamianuriadamianuri sazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzazesazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzaze

42424242

anzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvilianzor kurataSvili sabazrosabazrosabazrosabazro ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis institucionalizacia institucionalizacia institucionalizacia institucionalizacia

da samarTlebrivi faqtorida samarTlebrivi faqtorida samarTlebrivi faqtorida samarTlebrivi faqtori

45454545

anzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSvilanzor kurataSviliiii

socialuradsocialuradsocialuradsocialurad orientirebuliorientirebuliorientirebuliorientirebuli sabazrosabazrosabazrosabazro ekonomikisekonomikisekonomikisekonomikis

arsi daarsi daarsi daarsi da misi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSimisi aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSi

48484848

nazira kakulianazira kakulianazira kakulianazira kakulia nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis nekroekonomikur problemaTa daZlevis

SesaZleblobani postkomunisturi SesaZleblobani postkomunisturi SesaZleblobani postkomunisturi SesaZleblobani postkomunisturi

transformaciis pirobebSitransformaciis pirobebSitransformaciis pirobebSitransformaciis pirobebSi

51515151

murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi da ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi da ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi da ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi da

TanamedroveobaTanamedroveobaTanamedroveobaTanamedroveoba

54545454

227

jemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvilijemal xaritonaSvili gardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturigardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturigardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturigardamavali ekonomika _ pluralisturi

sazogadosazogadosazogadosazogadoebaebaebaeba

56565656

revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili Crdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebiCrdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebiCrdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebiCrdilovani ekonomikis gamomwvevi mizezebi

60606060

Давлашеридзе Ната ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЗАНЯТОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЧЕРЕЗ СОЗДАНИЕ СВОБОДНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН (МИРОВОЙ ОПЫТ)

63636363

makroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqcia

nanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZe Sromis bazari da dSromis bazari da dSromis bazari da dSromis bazari da dasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiasaqmebis done saqarTveloSiasaqmebis done saqarTveloSi

67676767

xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis lizingis bazari saqarTveloSi: saqonelbrunvis

moculoba, struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebimoculoba, struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebimoculoba, struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebimoculoba, struqtura ganviTarebis tendenciebi

69696969

xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:lizingis sakanonmdeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi:

arsebuli mdgomareoba srulyofis gzebiarsebuli mdgomareoba srulyofis gzebiarsebuli mdgomareoba srulyofis gzebiarsebuli mdgomareoba srulyofis gzebi

71717171

nanananana bibilaSvilina bibilaSvilina bibilaSvilina bibilaSvili dasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTidasaqmebis procesTa regulirebis zogierTi

aspeqti postkomunistur qveynebSiaspeqti postkomunistur qveynebSiaspeqti postkomunistur qveynebSiaspeqti postkomunistur qveynebSi

74747474

madona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvilimadona gelaSvili

ekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebiekonomikuri politikis Teoriuli safuZvlebi

76767676

marine gumberiZemarine gumberiZemarine gumberiZemarine gumberiZe Tanamedrove msoflios demografiuli politikaTanamedrove msoflios demografiuli politikaTanamedrove msoflios demografiuli politikaTanamedrove msoflios demografiuli politika

78787878

ekaterine guluaekaterine guluaekaterine guluaekaterine gulua saqarTvelos indusaqarTvelos indusaqarTvelos indusaqarTvelos industriuli ganviTarebisstriuli ganviTarebisstriuli ganviTarebisstriuli ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebiperspeqtivebiperspeqtivebiperspeqtivebi

80808080

lina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvili xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynisxelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynisxelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynisxelsayreli sainvesticio garemo _ qveynis

ekonomikis aRorZinebis safuZveliekonomikis aRorZinebis safuZveliekonomikis aRorZinebis safuZveliekonomikis aRorZinebis safuZveli

83838383

ekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSviliekaterine meyanwiSvili saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciasaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciasaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciasaxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia

ekonomikuri zrdis procesSiekonomikuri zrdis procesSiekonomikuri zrdis procesSiekonomikuri zrdis procesSi

85858585

nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili nino miqiaSvili adapturi adapturi adapturi adapturi molodinis makroekonometrikulimolodinis makroekonometrikulimolodinis makroekonometrikulimolodinis makroekonometrikuli

modelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxebmodelis Sesaxeb

88888888

iza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauri gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi efeqtiani

dasaqmebis modificirebuli modelis Sesaxebdasaqmebis modificirebuli modelis Sesaxebdasaqmebis modificirebuli modelis Sesaxebdasaqmebis modificirebuli modelis Sesaxeb

90909090

228

xaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZexaTuna nucubiZe saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori: saqarTvelos ekonomikis sajaro seqtori:

ganviTaganviTaganviTaganviTarebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safrebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safrebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safrebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safuZvlebiuZvlebiuZvlebiuZvlebi

92929292

goderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSviligoderZi tyeSelaSvili saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobissaqarTvelos makroekonomikuri stabilurobis

problemebiproblemebiproblemebiproblemebi

94949494

nino faresaSvilinino faresaSvilinino faresaSvilinino faresaSvili umuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdisumuSevrobis Semcireba _ ekonomikuri zrdis

mniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervimniSvnelovani rezervi

99999999

malxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobavamalxaz Ciqobava moxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxebmoxmarebis funqciis Sesaxeb

102102102102

TinaTin CxeiZe, mamuka xuTinaTin CxeiZe, mamuka xuTinaTin CxeiZe, mamuka xuTinaTin CxeiZe, mamuka xuskivaZeskivaZeskivaZeskivaZe garemos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikurigaremos dacvis zogierTi ekonomikuri

aspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSiaspeqti saqarTveloSi

106106106106

marina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZemarina cucqiriZe dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis dasaqmebis donis zrdis procesTa marTvis

meTodologiuri smeTodologiuri smeTodologiuri smeTodologiuri saaaafuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis SesaxebfuZvlebis srulyofis Sesaxeb

107107107107

finansebis, saerTaSorisofinansebis, saerTaSorisofinansebis, saerTaSorisofinansebis, saerTaSoriso

ekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqcia

xaTuna barbaqaZexaTuna barbaqaZexaTuna barbaqaZexaTuna barbaqaZe finansuri refinansuri refinansuri refinansuri resursebis mozidvis strategiasursebis mozidvis strategiasursebis mozidvis strategiasursebis mozidvis strategia

109109109109

abesalom gabriWiZeabesalom gabriWiZeabesalom gabriWiZeabesalom gabriWiZe efeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebiefeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebiefeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebiefeqtiani biujetirebis ZiriTadi principebi

114114114114

Tamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdiaTamar gamsaxurdia gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebi ---- ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis

mniSvnelovani instrumentimniSvnelovani instrumentimniSvnelovani instrumentimniSvnelovani instrumenti

119119119119

lili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZelili gvenetaZe likvidurobis marTvis roli komerciulilikvidurobis marTvis roli komerciulilikvidurobis marTvis roli komerciulilikvidurobis marTvis roli komerciuli bankebisbankebisbankebisbankebis

finansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSifinansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi

121121121121

lia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZelia ToTlaZe savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis savaluto riskebis marTvis meqanizmis

SemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebiSemuSavebis sakiTxebi

123123123123

Tea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSvili inflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebiinflaciuri targetirebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

126126126126

ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe ramaz futkaraZe saqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelo----germaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWrogermaniis savaWro----ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis aqtualuri sakiTxebiTanamSromlobis aqtualuri sakiTxebiTanamSromlobis aqtualuri sakiTxebiTanamSromlobis aqtualuri sakiTxebi

1918191819181918----1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi1921 wlebSi

128128128128

229

biznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqcia

ciala benaSviliciala benaSviliciala benaSviliciala benaSvili danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino danaxarjebis klasifikacia da samedicino

momsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebulebamomsaxurebis TviTRirebuleba

135135135135

Giorgi Berulava MICROECONOMIC ISSUES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

139139139139

gulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSvili ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis ucxouri investiciebis roli biznesis

ganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSiganviTarebaSi

141141141141

nato kakaSvilinato kakaSvilinato kakaSvilinato kakaSvili aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da aqtuaruli gamoTvlebis amocanebi da

dazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebidazRvevis obieqtebi

144144144144

eTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakulia biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis biznesSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis

regulirebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTregulirebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTregulirebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTregulirebis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTveloSiveloSiveloSiveloSi

148148148148

soso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvilisoso masuraSvili inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebani inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebani inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebani inovaciuri biznesis marTvis Taviseburebani

152152152152

uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili uSangi samadaSvili momxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgilimomxmareblisa da sawarmoo personalis adgili

Tanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSiTanamedrove biznesSi

156156156156

roland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimelia warmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebiswarmoebis marTva riskis pirobebSi dasaqmebis

cvlilebebTan kacvlilebebTan kacvlilebebTan kacvlilebebTan kavSirSivSirSivSirSivSirSi

159159159159

maia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTuri marketingis marTvis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxebmarketingis marTvis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxebmarketingis marTvis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxebmarketingis marTvis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb

161161161161

mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili mzia tikiSvili sabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis usafrTxoebasabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis usafrTxoebasabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis usafrTxoebasabanko eleqtronuli sistemebis usafrTxoeba

163163163163

leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi

saqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiKsaqarTveloSiK

165165165165

giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili giuli qeSelaSvili proeqtebis marproeqtebis marproeqtebis marproeqtebis marTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliTva: dRevandeloba da momavaliTva: dRevandeloba da momavali

169169169169

nunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistauri saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis saxelmwifos roli auditoruli saqmianobis

ganxorcielebaSiganxorcielebaSiganxorcielebaSiganxorcielebaSi

171171171171

naira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvili inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi inovaciebis danergvis Taviseburebebi

momsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSimomsaxurebis sferoSi

174174174174

SoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSviliSoTa SaburiSvili ofSoruli biznesis meqanizmiofSoruli biznesis meqanizmiofSoruli biznesis meqanizmiofSoruli biznesis meqanizmi

176176176176

eka Coxeeka Coxeeka Coxeeka Coxelililili

230

produqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi daproduqciis xarisxi da I SO serTifikatiserTifikatiserTifikatiserTifikati 183183183183

vano cercvaZevano cercvaZevano cercvaZevano cercvaZe

sainformacio teqnologiebis roli ekonomikaSi sainformacio teqnologiebis roli ekonomikaSi sainformacio teqnologiebis roli ekonomikaSi sainformacio teqnologiebis roli ekonomikaSi

185185185185

lali xurcialali xurcialali xurcialali xurcia kompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategiakompaniis marTvis strategia

188188188188

mamuka xuskivaZe, zurab nozaZemamuka xuskivaZe, zurab nozaZemamuka xuskivaZe, zurab nozaZemamuka xuskivaZe, zurab nozaZe ekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebiekologiuri mewarmeobis konceptualuri aspeqtebi

190190190190

daviT jalaRdaviT jalaRdaviT jalaRdaviT jalaRoniaoniaoniaonia finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis meTodologiuri

safuZvlebi safuZvlebi safuZvlebi safuZvlebi saerTaSoriso standartebiT saerTaSoriso standartebiT saerTaSoriso standartebiT saerTaSoriso standartebiT

193193193193

PPPPregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqciaregionuli ekonomikis seqcia

klimenti aCelaSviliklimenti aCelaSviliklimenti aCelaSviliklimenti aCelaSvili saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos regionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuriregionuli ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis SesaxebganviTarebis problemebis Sesaxeb

197197197197

vaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burdulivaxtang burduli teritoriul doteritoriul doteritoriul doteritoriul doneze saerTo daniSnulebis neze saerTo daniSnulebis neze saerTo daniSnulebis neze saerTo daniSnulebis

mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo damewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo damewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo damewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelisuflebo da

sabazro koordinaciis srulyofis gzebi sabazro koordinaciis srulyofis gzebi sabazro koordinaciis srulyofis gzebi sabazro koordinaciis srulyofis gzebi

199199199199

giga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZegiga maisuraZe

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da maTi roli

biznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSibiznesganviTarebaSi

204204204204

Tea munjiSviliTea munjiSviliTea munjiSviliTea munjiSvili , , , , rusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZerusudan seTuriZe Tavisufali ekonomikTavisufali ekonomikTavisufali ekonomikTavisufali ekonomikuri zonebiuri zonebiuri zonebiuri zonebi

206206206206

zurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvili saqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo SinameurneobebissaqarTveloSi sasoflo Sinameurneobebis

zomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxebzomebis Sesaxeb

210210210210

Tengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe

saqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi agrowarmoebis ganviTarebis problemebi

da maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTulebada maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTulebada maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTulebada maTi gadaWris zogierTi mimarTuleba

213213213213

konferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebi

222215151515

231

daibeWdadaibeWdadaibeWdadaibeWda saqarTvelos ssip paata guguSvilis ekonosaqarTvelos ssip paata guguSvilis ekonosaqarTvelos ssip paata guguSvilis ekonosaqarTvelos ssip paata guguSvilis ekonomimimimi----

kis institutis samecnierokis institutis samecnierokis institutis samecnierokis institutis samecniero----sagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gasagamomcemlo sabWos gadadadada----

wywywywyvevevevetitititilebiT.lebiT.lebiT.lebiT.

gamomcemlobis redaqtori sesili xanjalaZegamomcemlobis redaqtori sesili xanjalaZegamomcemlobis redaqtori sesili xanjalaZegamomcemlobis redaqtori sesili xanjalaZe

gadaeca warmoebas _ 2.11.2008.gadaeca warmoebas _ 2.11.2008.gadaeca warmoebas _ 2.11.2008.gadaeca warmoebas _ 2.11.2008.

qaRaldis zoma qaRaldis zoma qaRaldis zoma qaRaldis zoma ____

pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi ____

saaRricxvosaaRricxvosaaRricxvosaaRricxvo----sagamomcemlo Tabaxi sagamomcemlo Tabaxi sagamomcemlo Tabaxi sagamomcemlo Tabaxi ____

tiraJi 150tiraJi 150tiraJi 150tiraJi 150

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14Tbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14Tbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14Tbilisi, g. qiqoZis # 14

36 94 77, 93 22 60, 99 68 5336 94 77, 93 22 60, 99 68 5336 94 77, 93 22 60, 99 68 5336 94 77, 93 22 60, 99 68 53

EelEelEelEel----fosta: fosta: fosta: fosta: economisti 1@ rambler.ru