active, switchable and nonlinear photonic metamaterials · photonics us$ 500b by 2021 nano us$...
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Centre for Photonic Metamaterials
www.metamaterials.org.uk
Centre for Photonic Metamaterials
www.metamaterials.org.uk
Active, Switchable and Nonlinear
Photonic Metamaterials
Kevin F. MacDonald, and Nikolay, I. Zheludev
Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials
University of Southampton, UK
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
The 1st Photonic Revolution
Global Telecommunications
Laser Manufacturing Optical Data Storage
Laser Medicine
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Photonics
US$ 500B
by 2021
Nano
US$ 1,000B
by 2015
Nano-
Photonics
US$ 3.6B
by 2014
Disruptive Technologies of the 21st Century - The next photonic revolution
Global market report by
MarketsandMarkets
“…… there is much promise in tailoring existing materials in novel ways to produce
innovative results. These new materials, known as metamaterials or nanophotonic
materials, are materials that can be developed to exhibit new optical properties that the
original materials themselves would not naturally possess. ……”
National Research Council of the National Academies, USA (August 2012)
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Metamaterials: mimicking nature, step 1
Natural Solid
Atoms
Electromagnetic
Metamaterial
Plasmonic
Resonators
Metamaterial is a manmade media with all sorts of unusual functionalities that can be achieved by
artificial structuring smaller than the length scale of the external stimulus.
[N. I. Zheludev, Nature Materials 7, 420 (2008)]
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Electromagnetic
Metamaterial
Plasmonic
Resonators
Active/nonlinear
medium
Reconfigurable
metamaterial
Metamaterials: mimicking nature, step 2
‘Quantum’
Metamaterial
Superconducting
quantum interference
devices
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Dr. Kevin MacDonald
(ORC)
Optoelectronics Research Centre
Prof. Nikolay Zheudev (Director)
Nanophotonics & Metamaterials
Prof. Rob Eason
Microstructured Materials
Prof. Dan Hewak
Physics & Chemistry of Novel Glasses
Dr. Vassili Fedotov
(EPSRC Career Acceleration Fellow)
Metamaterials
Mathematics
Prof. Janne Ruostekoski
Quantum Optics Theory
Physics
and Astronomy
Prof. Peter de Groot
Superconductivity
& Nano-magnetism
Electronics and
Computer Science
Prof. Peter Ashburn
Nanofabrication
& nano-devices
Prof. Peter de Groot
(Physics)
Prof. Dan Hewak
(ORC)
Prof. Rob Eason
(ORC)
Prof. Peter Ashburn
(ECS)
Prof. Janne Ruostekoski
(Maths)
Prof. Nikolay Zheludev
(ORC)
Centre for Photonic Metamaterials,
University of Southampton
Dr. Vassili Fedotov
(ORC)
Dr. Eric Plum
(ORC)
Dr. Stewart Jenkins
(Maths) Dr. NikitasPapasimakis
(ORC)
+ ~25 research staff,
PhD students &
visitors
£6.2M over 6 years
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
[Zheludev “The Road Ahead for Metamaterials”,
Science, 328, 582 (2010)]
Chiral
MM
Negative
Index MM Artificial
Magnetism
Transformation
Optics & light localization Designer
Dispersion MM
Quantum
MM
Sensor
MM Nonlinear
MM
Switchable
MM
Metamaterial Tree of Knowledge
Microwave Frequency Selective Surfaces
Gain MM
2010
Metamaterials:
artificial media with unique
properties achieved by structuring
on a scale smaller than the
operational wavelength.
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Light localization
in MM
N/MEMS
metamaterials
Superconducting /
quantum MM
Sensor
MM
Nonlinear
MM
MM light
sources
Metamaterial Tree of Knowledge
Microwave Frequency Selective Surfaces
Phase-
change MM
Chiral
Negative
Index Artificial
Magnetism
Transf.
Optics
Designer
Dispersion
Organic
MM 2012
Metadevices©:
devices with unique functions
achieved by structuring on a scale
smaller than the operational
wavelength.
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Metamaterial light sources
Can we ‘pump’ metamaterials
light sources with free-electrons?
Electron beam
100 nm Si3N4
50 nm Au
ASR array
Light emission
New tuneable and coherent nanoscale sources
• Low-divergence, threshold-free, collective
mode emission driven by electron beam
• Amplification of electron evanescent fields
Adamo, et al.,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 217401 (2012)
electrons
light collection
Electrons
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Superconducting metadevices
New platforms for THz and mm-wave modulation
• Quantum-level functionality:
‘flux-exclusion’ metamaterials
• EO sub-THz modulator
Savinov, et al.,
Scientific Reports 2, 450 (2012)
Control
current
200 μm
Nb on
sapphire
YBCO film
Sapphire
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
NEMS (Reconfigurable) metamaterials
Dr. Eric Plum – Session III (13:30 today)
www.metamaterials.org.uk
• Low-dimensional carbon
• Optical forces
• Light localization
• Stereo & Toroidal
• Microscopic theory
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Phase-Change and Nonlinear
Metamaterials
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Challenge: Nanoscale optical modulation
Signal
L ~tens of nm
Active medium
N = n +iκ
Control
(Induces change Δn and/or Δκ)
X Extended interaction lengths
X Interferometers
X Cavities
IBM concept: 3D processor
with on-chip nanophotonics
ICT progression:
Smaller, Faster, More efficient …
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Solution: Photonic metamaterials
Signal
L ~tens of nm
Active medium
N = n +iκ Abso
rpti
on
Energy
Small Δn or Δκ
Large change in resonant properties
Control
(Induces change Δn and/or Δκ)
Photonic metamaterial
<λ
X Extended interaction lengths
X Interferometers
X Cavities
Metamaterial hybridization
ICT progression:
Smaller, Faster, More efficient …
IBM concept: 3D processor
with on-chip nanophotonics
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Centre for Photonic Metamaterials
www.metamaterials.org.uk
Chalcogenide Phase-change Metamaterials: Non-volatile, reversible, all-optical switching
B. Gholipour, J. Zhang, K. F. MacDonald,
D. W. Hewak, and N. I. Zheludev
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Optical
discs
P-RAM
Phase-change functionality
• Optically/electrically-induced
amorphous <-> crystalline transitions.
• Fast, low-power, non-volatile switching.
Chalcogenides: A material platform
for future photonics
• Compounds of heavier Group 16 elements (S, Se, Te)
• Compositionally tuneable of properties
“amazingly flexible materials …... perpetually
underestimated in terms of their practical potential” Yablonovitch (2004)
Optical nonlinearity: ultrafast, low-power, all-optical signal processing, λ conversion
IR transparency: out to 20 µm generation, guiding, modulation, detection of light
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Chalcogenide metamaterial modulator
structure
Metamaterial
Buffer
layer
GST
Capping
layer
Inert buffer layer:
10-30 nm ZnS/SiO2
Thickness < λ/150
Inert capping layer:
100 nm ZnS/SiO2
Thickness < λ/15
Chalcogenide phase-
change layer:
15-40 nm Ge:Sb:Te (GST)
Thickness < λ/100
Plasmonic metamaterial:
50 nm Au on CaF/SiO2
patterned by FIB / photolith.
Thickness = λ/100 - λ/30
500 nm
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Probe
Large area, single-pulse, reversible
optical phase switching
Crystallise
Amorphize
• Single 660 nm diode pulses uniform switching over 2000 μm2
High
transmission
Low
transmission
Metamaterial
Amorphous
GST
Crystalline
GST
50 ns
0.25 mW/µm2
Metamaterial:
50 µm x 50 µm
>15,000 ASR unit cells
Amorphous GST
domain
300 n
m
100 ns
0.1 mW/µm2
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Non-volatile, near/mid-IR, all-optical
metamaterial modulators
A/C r
ati
o
Ref.
Trans.
nm
Contrast - NIR
• 400 nm metamaterial unit cell
• Device thickness 175 nm (~λ/9)
0
2
4
3 5 7 9
µm
Ref. Trans.
Mid-IR
• 600 nm
• 220 nm (~λ/27)
0
2
4
1000 1300 1600 1900
A/C r
ati
o
Ref.
Trans.
nm
Contrast
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Centre for Photonic Metamaterials
www.metamaterials.org.uk
Chalcogenide non-volatile,
metamaterial switches
• Functional material platform with proven technological pedigree
• Robust switching performance beyond that of other phase-change media
• Metamaterial hybridization opens new exploitation horizons
• Nanoscale all-optical switching [4:1 contrast at λ/27 thickness]
• Memory ‘meta-devices’; IR spatial light modulation
• Operational band adjustable across broad chalcogenide VIS-IR transparency range
All-optical:
Gholipour, et al., Adv. Mater. (in press)
EO switching:
Sámson, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143105 (2010)
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Centre for Photonic Metamaterials
www.metamaterials.org.uk
Engineering Gold’s Nonlinearity: Metamaterial framework as a functional medium
M. Ren*, B. Jia†, J. Y. Ou, E. Plum, J. Zhang, K. F. MacDonald,
A. E. Nikolaenko, J. Xu*, M. Gu†, and N. I. Zheludev
* Nankai University, China † Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Gold nonlinearity
Two Photon Absorption (2PA)
• Absorption between d- and sp-states via virtual intermediate state
(lifetime < 1 fs)
• Ultrafast pump-probe response (photons must coincide in time)
• β ~10-8 m/W
sp-conduction
band
EF
ΔE = 2.4
eV
d-band
ħωp
ħωs
Virtual state
xhlaseroptics.com
Nonlinear?
Metamaterial structuring enables enhancement
and control over dispersion and sign of nonlinearity!
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Gold nonlinearity enhancement
Flat gold
β (x50)
Nonlinear
bleaching
Nonlinear
absorption
Suppression
7.7 x 10-6 m/W
[300x βAu]
Ren, et al.,
Adv. Mater. 23, 5540 (2011)
y
x
425 n
m
• Structuring
300x RESONANT ENHANCEMENT
of gold’s nonlinear absorption
• Nonlinearity clear at ~3 mW avg.
(peak I ~ few GW/cm2)
• Ultrafast <100 fs response
Wavelength, nm
800 850 900 950 1000
Metamaterial β
~
0
2
4
6
8
β (
10-6
m/W
)
50 nm Au on SiO2 patterned by FIB
Ti:Sapphire z-scan; 115 fs pulses; 6 µm focus
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Tuneability & application
Cell s
ize
Experiment
~ β
890
930 nm
900
880
Absorption saturation
fs modelocking
- Ultrafast optical limiting
- fs all-optical switching
System % T
modulation
Fluence,
µJ/cm2
Response
time, fs
Gold metamaterial 40 270 <100
Metamaterial + α-silicon 30 300 >750
Metamaterial + CNTs 15 13 <400
Plasmonic nanorods 80 7000 ~1000
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Centre for Photonic Metamaterials
www.metamaterials.org.uk
Perfect Absorption and Transparency: Controlling light-with-light without nonlinearity
J. Zhang, K. F. MacDonald, and N. I. Zheludev
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Action of ‘light-on-light’ requires a nonlinear medium……
Superposition principle
Nonlinear medium
“……light beams travelling in different and even opposite
directions pass though one another without mutual
disturbance.”
[Christian Huygens, “Abhandlung über das Licht” 1678 ]
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Sub-wavelength thin film
at NODE
Sub-wavelength thin film
at ANTI-NODE
Perfect transmission Strong Absorption
Metamaterial perfect absorption
and transparency
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Modulating light with light
absorber
‘zero’ thickness absorber
@ NODE
absorber
@ ANTI-NODE
Heat
[Single-beam Amax = 50%]
Changing phase/intensity of one beam
changes absorption (and so transmission) of the other
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www.metamaterials.org.uk
Modulating light-with-light without
nonlinearity
Metamaterial nano-absorber:
50 nm gold (~λ/13) on silica
• Single laser source provides coherent signal & control beams
• Control beam phase and/or intensity can be modulated
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‘Total transparency’
‘Perfect absorption’
Modulating light-with-light without
nonlinearity
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Time-domain intensity modulation
kHz demonstration; THz modulation possible
Control beam ON
--> ‘Total transparency’ for both
Control beam OFF
--> signal absorption
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Light-by-light control without nonlinearity
Perfect absorption AND transparency in a planar (<<λ) metamaterial
• 0 – 100% absorption controlled by phase/intensity
• Operational wavelength selected by design anywhere in VIS/NIR range
• THz modulation bandwidth
Potential applications:
• All-optical modulation
• Pulse restoration
• Coherence filtering
Zhang, et al.
Nature - Light: Science & Applications 1, e18 (2012)
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Centre for Photonic Metamaterials
www.metamaterials.org.uk
Photonic metamaterials:
Nanoscale switching & modulation technologies
1. Chalcogenide hybrid metamaterials
• Proven material platform for electro/all-optical, non-volatile
switching/memory devices
• Resonant contrast enhancement in sub-wavelength structures
2. Nonlinear nanostructured metal
• Resonant nonlinear absorption enhancement/suppression/inversion
• Femtosecond modelocking, optical limiting, switching
3. Perfect absorption and transparency
• Ultra-thin absorbers by design
• Light-by-light control at arbitrarily low intensity
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Centre for Photonic Metamaterials