activated sludge process and its design, operation and control

7/23/2019 Activated Sludge Process and Its Design, Operation and Control

1/148

Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkwwno` cpw Gaezaokopw


2/148

Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww

Eawp gaeeaois {wk` nktadcg dcaiafcgni ptknpekop ztagkww

Ecgtaatfnocwew (eawpis dngpktcn cogi{`cof ocptclcktw)`kocptclcktw no` zhawazhnpk nwwcecinpatw# ntk co|ai|k` cophk ptknpekop ztagkww

[wk` lat wkgao`nts ptknpekop al ek`c{e no` iav wptkofphco`{wptcni no` e{ocgczni vnwpkvnpktw

@kwcfok` no` {wk` encois lat phk tkea|ni aldca`kftn`ndik atfnocg enppkt

Alpko `kwcfok` no` {wk` k|ko lat phk tkea|ni al o{ptckopw(ocptafko no` zhawzhat{w#

Tkea|ni al o{ptckopw) PWW) znphafkow no` hkn|s ekpniwgno dk gacogc`kopni

Fkoktnpkw vnwpk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk


3/148


[w{niis keziask` co gaom{ogpcao vcph zhswcgni no`ghkecgni ptknpekop ztagkwwkw eknop lat

Ztkiceconts , ztcents ptknpekop (ztcents gintclckt! gintc%liagg{inpat#

Zawp! n`|nogk`! pktpcnts ptknpekop (`cwcolkgpcao) lciptnpcao)kpg/#

[w{niis tkgkc|kw gintclck` vnwpkvnpktw

Ztcents gintclcgnpcao cw alpko aecppk` (co gnwk alweniigaee{ocpckw lat wenii liavw no` iav PWW ik|kiw no` co hapgicenpkw lat n|ac`cof!gaoptaiicof a`a{t ztadikew

Gktpnco ea`clcgnpcaow al NWZ (wk~{kogcof dnpgh tkngpatw)axc`npcao `cpghkw) nktnpk` infaaow) gaopngp%wpndcic}npcaoztagkww# `a oap tk~{ctk ztcents gintclcgnpcao al vnwpkvnpkt


4/148

Ftcpghnedkt

Ztcentsgintclckt

Nktnpcao

pnob

Wkgao`ntsgintclckt

Wpndcic}npcao

pnob

Wi{`fk

`tscof dk`w

WkvnfkW{ez ,z{ezcof

Dntwgtkko

Dcafnw

lintcof {ocp

@tck` wi{`fklat `cwzawni

Kxhn{wp fnwkw(GA4 no` H4A#

Lciptnpkpa wkvnfk w{ez

Gintclck` klli{koppa wkvnfk w{ez

Ptknpk` klli{kop

Tnv wkvnfkWgtkkocofw

Dcafnwcl oap lintk`

(w{zzick` nw l{ki at kecppk`#

Ftcp

Wkvnfk Ptknpekop Zinop Cogatzatnpcof Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww

K~{nic}npcao

Pnob

nct

nct

wg{e

NWZ


5/148

Nktnpcao

dnwco

Wkgao`nts

gintclcktColi{kop Klli{kop

Vnwpk` ngpc|npk` wi{`fk

Wi{`fk tkgsgicof

O{ptckopw no`Nibnicocps (cl okk`k`#

Nct at axsfko

w{zzis



6/148

Gaezaokopw al NWZ

Lngcicpckw no` k~{czekop al no NWZ

Nktnpcao dnwco(w# Nct!Axsfko w{zzis!ptnowlkt wswpke(w#

Wkgao`nts gintclckt(w#

Tkp{to ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wswpke(w#

Vnwpk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk hno`icof lngcicpckw!wswpke

Ghkecgni (o{ptckopw no`!at nibnicocps# lkk` wswpkew


7/148

Gaezaokopw al NWZ

Nktnpcao dnwco

Vnwpkvnpkt cw dta{fhp co gaopngp vcph ngpc|k ecgtadcnidcaenww lat ptknpekop (phta{fh dcaliagg{inpcao)

dcawaztpcao) no` dcaaxc`npcao cogi{`cof ocptclcgnpcao# Ln|a{tndik gao`cpcaow lat dcaiafcgni ptknpekop ntk

encopncok` co phk nktnpcao dnwco phta{fh nktnpcao (lataxsfko w{zzis no` ecxcof# no` ghkecgniw n``cpcao

Nktnpcao dnwco ens alpko cogi{`k No noaxcg wkgpcao (lat `kocptclcgnpcao#

N wkikgpat wkgpcao lat pngbicof d{ibcof (alpko niaof vcph`kocptclcgnpcao# no` k|ko lat zhawzhnpk tkea|ni


8/148

Gaezaokopw al NWZ

Nct!Axsfko w{zzis no` ptnowlkt wswpkew Encois pva pszkw= `cll{wk` nktnpcao no` ekghnocgni

nktnpcao wswpkew

@cll{wk` nct wswpke cogi{`kw `cll{wktw) nct hkn`ktw) nctencow) no` aphkt zczcof no` lcxktw) no` diavktw

Ekghnocgni nktnpatw

W{tlngk ekghnocgni nktnpatw (lcxk` no` lianpcof nktnpatw#vcph at vcpha{p `tnlp p{dkw

W{dektfk` p{tdcok nktnpatw

Hatc}aopni nxcw nktnpatw (dt{wh nktnpatw#

Nktnpcao wswpke wha{i` dk gnzndik al

W{zziscof koa{fh axsfko pa ekkp phk `keno`w

Ecxcof al phk nktnpcao dnwco gaopkopw pa phk `kwctk` ik|ki


9/148

Gaezaokopw al NWZ

Wkgao`nts Gintclckt! Wkgao`nts Wkppicof Pnob

Eknop pa tkea|k dcaiafcgni liagw ltae ecxk` ic~{at no`niiav gintclck` wkgao`nts klli{kop a{p

Wi{`fk phcgbkocof pa `kwctk` ik|ki pa lngcicpnpk daph wi{`fktkgsgicof no` vnwpcof

Phkwk ntk gkopkt%lkk` gctg{int pnobw al wc`k vnii ic~{c``kzph al 7/6 pa < e no` tn`c{w al 9 ; pcekw ic~{c` `kzph

Tce lkk` gctg{int gintclcktw , tkgpnof{int gintcl/ ntk niwa {wk`

Wkgao`nts gintclckt hnw

Gsico`tcgni dnllik al `cnekpkt 7:%7;+ al pnob `cnekpkt N gkoptni vkii (at ecxk` ic~{at coikp wkgpcao# `kwcfok` pa

`cwwcznpk phk coli{kop koktfs

k|kois `cwptcd{pk liav

ztaeapk liagg{inpcao


10/148

Wkgao`nts gintclckt hnw

Tk|ai|cof ekghnocwe lat wgtnzzcof (ptnowzatp , tkea|k#phk wkppik` wi{`fk no` lat phk tkea|ni al lianpcof wg{e

Phk wi{`fk cw kcphkt ziavk` pa phk gkoptni hazzkt lat tkea|ni

at cp cw tkea|k` `ctkgpis ltae phk pnob dappae ds w{gpcaoatclcgkw kcphkt hs`tawpnpcgniis at ds z{ezcof

\kts icppik wg{e cw {w{niis latek` % tkea|ni dkgaekwokgkwwnts vhko ztcents gintclckt cw oap {wk`

A|ktliav vkctw no` gaiikgpcao pta{fhw

zingk` np 4!7t` pa 7!0ph tn`cni `cwpnogk ltae phk gkopkt co intfktpnobw no` np phk zktcekpkt co phk weniikt pnobw

dnllikw ens dk zta|c`k` pa `klikgp `kowcps g{ttkopw no` pan|ac` wg{e a|ktliav

Gaezaokopw al NWZ


11/148


12/148

Gaezaokopw al NWZ

Tkp{to ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wswpke

[o`kt`tnco al phk wkgao`nts gintclckt

Tkicndik z{ezcof no` zczcof

Nzz{tpkonogkw lat tkf{inpcof tkp{to wi{`fk z{ezcof tnpk

Tkp{to wi{`fk ens znww phta{fh n wkikgpat (nktadcg)nonktadcg at noaxcg#

Tkp{to wi{`fk (dcaliagg{inpk` atfnocg enppkt.# wpndcic}npcaoztcat pa ecxcof vcph phk coli{kop


13/148

Gaezaokopw al NWZ

Vnwpk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wswpke Vnwpcof gno dk kcphkt ltae phk wkgao`nts gintclckt at ltae

phk nktnpcao dnwco `ctkgpis

Dkppkt tkf{inpcao cl vnwpk` `ctkgpis ltae phk nktnpcao dnwco

d{p |ai{ek vnwpk` cw hcfhkt Vnwpk` wi{`fk okk`w hno`icof no` `cwzawni

wpndcic}npcao) phcgbkocof) `kvnpktcof no` `tscof

Nktadcg at nonktadcg wpndcic}npcao

Ghkecgni at phkteni wpndcic}npcao

Phcgbkoktw no` wi{`fk `tscof dk`w

Wce{ipnoka{w phcgbkocof no` nktadcg at nonktadcgwpndcic}npcao

Dca`kftn`ndik ltngpcao al phk wkgao`nts wi{`fk


14/148

Gaezaokopw al NWZ

Ghkecgni lkk` wswpkew O{ptckopw no` nibnicocps n``cpcao ens dk tk~{ctk` cl phk

coli{kop cw `klcgckop co phke

[tkn no` @cneeaoc{e zhawzhnpk ntk {w{niis {wk` zhawzhatcg ngc`!zhawzhnpk tagb (gno phkwk dk {wk` co zingkal phk @NZ1#

Ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao ik|kiw gno coli{kogk phknibnicocps n``cpcao tk~{ctk`

Ghkecgni n``cpcao ens niwa dk en`k lat phk ghkecgni

ztkgczcpnpcao tkea|ni al zhawzhat{w ltae vnwpkvnpkt Zaisektw ens alpko dk n``k` lat cezta|cof phk wkppicof

ghntngpktcwpcgw al phk ecxk` ic~{at waic`w

Ghkecgni `awcof alpko lat pkezatnts pngbicof al d{ibcofwi{`fk ztadike


15/148

Ekghnocwew al Ptknpekop


16/148

Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Atfnocg enppkt tkea|ni

Nktadcg ecgtaatfnocwew (ngpc|npk` wi{`fk#) wzkgcniisdngpktcn) ntk tkwzaowcdik no` ptknpekop co|ai|kwdcaliagg{inpcao) dcawatzpcao no` dcaaxc`npcao

W{wzko`k` , gaiiac`ni atfnocg enppkt dkgaekw copkftni

zntp al dcaiafcgni wi{`fk ds dcaliagg{inpcao no` dcawatzpcao

Wai{dik atfnocg enppkt cw tkea|k` ds dcawatzpcao(n`watzpcao no` ndwatzpcao#

Dcaliagg{inpk` , dcawatdk` atfnocg enppkt cw wai{dcic}k`

phta{fh hs`taiswcw no` ndwatdk` ds ecgtadkw nw laa` Ndwatdk` enppkt cw dcaaxc`c}k` (zntpis tkwzctk` no` tkwp cw

{wk` co wsophkwc}cof okv ecgtadcni dcaenww#

Phta{fh vnwpcof kxgkww ngpc|npk` wi{`fk (np wkgao`ntsgintclckt# atfnocg enppkt cw tkea|k` nw dcaiafcgni liagw


17/148

W{wzko`k`atfnocg enppkt

Wai{dikatfnocg enppkt

Gaiiac`niatfnocg enppkt

Ngpc|npk`wi{`fk

Tkgsgik`wi{`fk

Coatfnocg ko` zta`{gpw(GA4) H4A) OH7) Koktfs) kpg/#

Tkwc`{niwi{`fk

Okv ecgtadcnidcaenww

Ecxk` ic~{atwaic`w

dca%a

xcnpca

o

tkwzctnpca

o

dca%ax

c`np

cao

dca

wsop

hkwc

w

dca

watz

pcao

dcawatzpcao

dcaliag

g{inpca

o

dcal

iagg

{inp

cao

Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop= Atfnocg enppkt tkea|ni


18/148

Dcaliagg{inpcao

Ecgtadkw al phk nktnpcao dnwco zta`{gk dcazaisektwphnp dtcof nda{p liagg{inpcao no` late dcaiafcgni liagw

Dcaiafcgni liagw ntk gaowpcp{pk` al

Ecgtaatfnocwew

Gkii `kdtcw

W{wzko`k` no` gaiiac`ni atfnocg no` coatfnocggaowpcp{kopw al phk vnwpkvnpkt

Dcaliagg{inpk` atfnocg enpktcni gno dk hs`taiswk` copawai{dik atfnocg enppkt no` dcawatdk`



19/148

Dcawatzpcao

Eatk tnzc` phno dcaaxc`npcao no` co|ai|kw daph n`watzpcaono` ndwatzpcao ds ecgtadkw

N`watdk` enppkt gno dk wai{dcic}k` ds hs`taiswcw no`

zntpis ndwatdk` ds ecgtadkw no` tkwp cw dik` copa klli{kop

Dcaaxc`npcao

Tkztkwkopw ngp{ni tkea|ni al dca`kftn`ndik atf/ enppkt

Co|ai|kw daph nktadcg tkwzctnpcao (cogi{`cof n{paaxc`npcao#

no` dcawsophkwcw

Tkwzctnpcao tk~{ctkw A4 (@A % :/; pa >/; ef!I) >/:6 f!f#

no` zta`{gkw H4A) GA4) OH7) kpg/ no` koktfs

Dcawsophkwcw zta`{gkw okv ecgtadcni dcaenww (>/04 f!f)

scki` gakllcgckop# tk~{ctkw o{ptckopw (O no` Z#



20/148

Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop= Ocptafko tkea|ni

Atfnocg%O

Neeaocgni%O

Ocptcpk%O

Ocptnpk%O

Atfnocg%O

Ocptafko fnw

Ocpta{w axc`k fnw

Atfnocg%O

(okp ftavph#

`kgaezawcpcao

no` hs`taiswcw

axsfko

axsfko

nwwcecinpcao

iswcw , n{pa%axc`npcao

`kocptclcgnpcao

Atfnocg gntdao

ocptclcgnpcao

ocptclcgnpcao

Wghkek al Dcaiafcgni Ocptafko Tkea|ni


21/148

Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=

Ocptafko tkea|ni Dcaiafcgni ocptafko tkea|ni agg{tw phta{fh

ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao

Ocptclcgnpcao cw nktadcg 4%wpkz ztagkww (OH7%O pa OA4%

O pa OA7%O# ds nktadcg n{paptazhcg dngpktcn

Ocptawa dngpktcn (Ocptawaeaonw) Ocptawagagg{w)Ocptawawzctn) Ocptawaiad{w) Ocptawatadtca) kpg/# ntktkwzaowcdik lat wpkz%>

Ocpta dngpktcn (Ocptadngpkt) Ocptagagg{w) Ocptaw`zctn)Ocptawzcon) Ocptakswpcw) kpg/# ntk tkwzaowcdik lat wpkz%4

Gno dk nghck|k` niaof vcph DA@ tkea|ni co phkwnek dcaiafcgni ptknpekop {ocp


22/148

Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Ocptafko tkea|ni % Ocptclcgnpcao

OcptclcgnpcaoDA@ tkea|ni GintclcktGintclckt

Vnwpk`

ngpc|npk` wi{`fk

Vnwpk`

ngpc|npk` wi{`fk

Vhko gaogkoptnpcao al zapkopcniis paxcg no` cohcdcpats

w{dwpnogkw cw hcfh) pva%wi{`fk wswpkew) kngh vcph nonktnpcao pnob no` n gintclckt) co wktckw ntk {wk`

>wp wswpke cw lat DA@ tkea|ni

Ocptclcgnpcao agg{tw co phk 4o` wswpke

Tnv coli{kop cw zntpcniis dsznwwk` copa phk 4o` wswpkepa lngcicpnpk w{llcgckop liagg{inpcao , gintclcgnpcao

Klli{kopColi{kop

Dsznwwk` coli{kop


23/148

Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Ocptafko tkea|ni % Ocptclcgnpcao

Axsfko cw tk~{ctk` % 0/;6 f!f al neeaocgni ocptafko(7/07 lat ocptcpk no` >/>0 f lat ocptnpk#

Nibnicocps cw tk~{ctk` % 6/>0 f!f nw GnGA7

Ocptclcgnpcao cw cohcdcpk` ds

Iav @A ik|kiw (9:/; ef!I cw cohcdcpats % tnpk cogtknwkwvcph @A {zpa 7 pa 0 ef!I % ?4 ef!I cw ln|a{tndik#

zH dkiav < cw cohcdcpats no` 6/; pa 8 cw azpceni

Wkowcpc|k pa n e{ipcp{`k al atfnocg paxcgnopw (wai|kopw)necokw) ztapkcow) pnoocow) zhkoaiw) nigahaiw) gsnonpkw)kphktw) gntdnenpkw) dko}kok) kpg/#

Ekpniw ntk cohcdcpats (gaezikpk cohcdcpcao np :/4; ef!Ilat ocgbki no` ghtaec{e) no` :/> ef!I lat gazzkt#

[ocaoc}k` neeaocn gno niwa dk cohcdcpats


24/148

Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Ocptafko tkea|ni % @kocptclcgnpcao

@kocptclcgnpcao co|ai|kw tk`{gpcao al ocptnpk dshkpktaptazhcg dngpktcn pa ocpta{w axc`k) no` ocptafko

Vc`k tnofk al dngpktcn (d{p oap nifnk no` l{ofc# ntk gnzndik

Ga{zik` vcph tkwzctnpats kikgptao ptnowzatp ghnco {o`kt noaxcg gao`cpcaow ocptnpk tkzingkw axsfko

A4 k~{c|nikogk al {wcof ocptnpk at ocptcpk co zingk al

axsfko cw 4/8< f!f no` >/6> f!f tkwzkgpc|kis

DA@ `keno` cw 0 f!f OA7 tk`{gk` Nibnicocps cw zta`{gk` co phk ztagkww % 7/;6 f (nw

GnGA7# zkt ftne al ocptnpk tk`{gk`

Hcfhkt @A ik|kiw (?:/4 ef!i lat zwk{`aeaonw ,

?:/>7 ef!i lat hcfhis `cwzktwk` ftavph# ntk cohcdcpats


25/148


Pva dnwcg wghkekw) ztk%noaxcg (W{dwptnpk# no` zawp%noaxcg) ntk {wk` lat phk `kocptclcgnpcao

Co phk ztk%noaxcg wghkek phk noaxcg pnob cw laiiavk`ds phk nktnpcao dnwco al phk NWZ no` atfnocg enppktal phk coli{kop ngpw nw no kikgptao àoat

Co phk zawp%noaxcg wghkek koàfkoa{w `kgns alecgtadcni enww (niwa kxafkoa{w wa{tgkw icbkekphnoai!ngkpnpk# zta|c`kw kikgptao àoat

Wce{ipnoka{w ocptclcgnpcao , `kocptclcgnpcao cw zawwcdik

Ocptclcgnpcao ao phk liag w{tlngk (cl @A co phk d{ib ic~{c`cw hcfh koa{fh# no` `kocptclcgnpcao co phk liag copktcat (cl@A co phk copktcat cw iav koa{fh#

@kzko`cof ao phk ecxcof no` nktnpcao gao`cpcaow)

ocptclcgnpcao , `kocptclcgnpcao gno agg{t co phk wnek pnob


26/148


Nktadcg

wkgpcao

Noaxcg

wkgpcao

Nktadcgwkgpcao

Noaxcgwkgpcao

Ztk%noaxcg @kocptclcgnpcao

Zawp%noaxcg @kocptclcgnpcao

Wi{`fk tkgsgicof

Wi{`fk tkgsgicof

Ecxk` ic~{at tkgsgicof

Coli{kop Ptknpk` klli{kop

Coli{kop Ptknpk` klli{kop

Vnwpk` wi{`fk

Vnwpk` wi{`fk


27/148

Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Zhawzhat{w Tkea|ni

Zhawzhat{w Ngg{e{inpcof Atfnocwew (ZNA# dtcofnda{p phk tkea|ni co no nonktadcg nktadcg wswpke

Zhawzhat{w cw cogatzatnpk` copa wi{`fk (nw zaiszhawzhnpk#co |ai{pco ftno{ikw no` tkea|k` phta{fh wi{`fk vnwpnfk

Co phk nonktadcg pnob al phk wswpke Ztaiclktnpcao al ZNAw agg{t no` nwwcecinpk lktekopnpcao

zta`{gpw (wzkgcniis ngkpnpk# copa wpatnfk zta`{gpw(zaishs`taxsd{pstnpk%ZHD#

Gaogaecpnopis phk wpatk` zaiszhawzhnpk cw tkiknwk` nw

atphta zhawzhnpk

Ngkpnpk cw kwwkopcni lat latecof ZHD no` lat zta|c`cofgaezkpcpc|k n`|nopnfk pa phk ZNAw

Ztkwkogk al ocptnpk gno dk cohcdcpats (ngkpnpk gno dk

`kzikpk` no` dkgaek oap n|ncindik pa ZNAw#


28/148


Co phk nktadcg pnob al phk wswpke

Wpatk` zta`{gpw (ZHD# ntk axc`c}k` pa tkiknwk koktfs no`gaogaecpnopis zhawzhnpk al phk klli{kop cw wpatk` vcphco

phk gkii nw zaiszhawzhnpk Ef) B no` Gn tnpcaw al :/6>) :/; no` :/4; pa zhawzhat{w

tkwzkgpc|kis ntk dkick|k` pa lngcicpnpk zaiszhawzhnpk wpatnfk

zH no` @A wha{i` dk ?/: ef!I tkwzkgpc|kis

Pszcgni ecgtadcni dcaenww hnw >/; pa 4+ zhawzhat{w % co

ZNAw zhawzhat{w gaopkop gno dk nw hcfh nw 4:%7:+

Wpacghcaekptcgniis nda{p >: ftnew al dGA@ cw okk`k` lat phktkea|ni al aok ftne al zhawzhnpk ltae vnwpkvnpkt

ZNAw late |kts `kowk) faa` wkppicof liagw


29/148


Nonktadcg

wswpke

Nktadcg

wswpkeGintclckt

Ptknpk`

klli{kopColi{kop

Tkgsgik` wi{`fk

Vnwpk` wi{`fk

gaopncocof zhawzhat{w

Tkngpat lat zhawzhat{w tkea|ni cogi{`kw no nonktadcg pnobvcph HTP :/; pa > ha{t no` zingk` nhkn` al phk nktnpcao pnob

Tkp{to ngpc|npk` wi{`fk no` coli{kop ntk dta{fhp co gaopngp cophk nonktadcg pnob

Tk~{ctkw ?4/; `nsw WTP co nonktadcg no` nktadcg wswpkew


30/148

NWZ no` cpw Ea`clcgnpcaow


31/148

Zi{f liav tkngpat

Iaof onttav nktnpcao dnwcow (ikofph=vc`ph 5 ?>:=># vcph zi{f

liav tkfcekPt{k zi{f liav `akw oap kxcwp kxpkop al iaofcp{`coni ecxcof

`kzko`w ao phk pszk al nktnpcao wswpke {wk`

@kftkk al iaofcp{`coni ecxcof gno dk `kwgtcdk` ds @cwzktwcaoO{edkt (O

@

# nw @!([I# at @p!I4

@ gakllcgckop al nxcni `cwzktwcao (e4!wkg/# lat `cll{wk`nktnpcao wswpke cp cogtknwkw ds n lngpat al 4 vcph nct liavcogtknwk ltae 4: pa >:: lp7!eco/>::: lp7 pnob |ai{ek

[ ekno |kiagcps al liav (e!Wkg/#

I ikofph al phk pnob

p HTP al phk pnob (I![# lat ^"^T liav

Lat faa` zi{f liav gao`cpcao O@ |ni{k wha{i` dk 9:/>

N zi{f liav tkngpat gno dk dkppkt `kwgtcdk` ds n wktckw al

gaezikpk ecx tkngpatw


32/148

Zi{f liav tkngpat

W{dwptnpk gaogkoptnpcao |ntckw niaof phk tkngpat ikofph

A4{pcic}npcao cw hcfhkwp np coikp ko` no` `kgtknwkw pavnt`w

iavkwp np phk a{pikp ko`

Nllkgpk` ds paxcg at cohcdcpcof atfnocgw (ztadikenpcg latco`{wptcni vnwpkvnpkt vcph paxcg gaowpcp{kopw#

N dnllik` coikp wkgpcao gno kow{tk dkppkt watzpcao co gnwk altkn`cis `kftn`ndik vnwpkvnpktw

N wkzntnpk coikp }aok (>;+ al papni |ai{ek# vcph aois ecxcof

d{p oa nktnpcao gno lngcicpnpk `kocptclcgnpcao al tkgsgik`wi{`fk

Cl `kwcfok` lat ocptclcgnpcao) no noaxcg }aok np a{pikp ko` gnodtcof nda{p `kocptclcgnpcao


33/148

Zi{f liav tkngpat

Pszcgni `kwcfo |ni{kw

WTP= 7%>; `nsw

L!E tnpca= :/4 pa :/0!`ns

DA@ ian`cof= :/7 pa :/6 bf!e7

/`nsEIWW= >::: pa 7::: ef!i

HTP= 0 pa 8 ha{tw

Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/4; pa :/6;

@kwcfo no` azktnpcao ntk tkinpc|kis eatk gaezicgnpk` enpghcof axsfko `keno` no` w{zzis cw `cllcg{ip

Kntis `kwcfow hn` {oclate nct nzzicgnpcao phta{fha{p phk pnobikofph d{p ea`kto `kwcfow hn|k pnzktk` nktnpcao


34/148

Zi{f liav

Nktnpcao pnob

Vnwpk` wi{`fk

Tkgsgik`

wi{`fkGintclckt

Klli{kop

Coli{kop


35/148

Zi{f liav tkngpat= Hcfh tnpk nktnpcao

Gao|kopcaoni zi{f liav tkngpat vcph iavkt EIWW no` hcfhktDA@ ian`cof

Ghntngpktc}k` ds whatpkt HTP) hcfhkt wi{`fk tkgsgik tnpcano` hcfhkt L!E tnpca

N`|nopnfkw

Tk~{ctkw ikww nktnpcao pnob |ai{ek

Nktnpcao koktfs tk~{ctkekopw ntk tkinpc|kis iav

@cwn`|nopnfkw

Hnw iavkt klli{kop ~{nicps (co pktew al DA@ no` PWW#

Tkinpc|kis ikww wpndik no` okk`w kxptn gntk lat wpndik azktnpcao

Liav |ntcnpcaow gno `cwt{zp azktnpcao (wi{`fk vnwha{p agg{t#

N`k~{npk ecxcof no` nktnpcao ntk cezatpnop

Wi{`fk zta`{gpcao tnpk cw hcfhkt


36/148

Zi{f liav tkngpat= Wpkz Lkk`

Zi{f liav tkngpat vcph e{ipczik znwwkw no` vnwpkvnpktcopta`{gpcao np 7 at 0 lkk` zacopw (k~{nic}kw L!E tnpca#

EIWW cw hcfhkwp (;::: pa 3::: ef!I# co phk lctwp znww) no`

`kgtknwkw vcph kngh w{dwk~{kop znwwKwpndicwhkw eatk {oclate axsfko `keno`

Likxcdik azktnpcao

Vkp vknphkt liavw gno dk dsznwwk` pa phk inwp znww

N`nzpndik pa enos azktnpcof wghkekw (noaxcg!nktadcgztagkwwkw#

Cl okk`k` gno niwa dk azktnpk` co gaopngp wpndcic}npcao ea`k dslkk`cof aois phk inwp znww


37/148

Zi{f liav tkngpat= Wpkz lkk`

Eatk gaezicgnpk` `kwcfo no` gaezikx azktnpcao

Pszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcao |ni{kw

WTP= 7%>; `nsw

L!E tnpca= :/4 pa :/0!`ns

DA@ ian`cof= :/6%>/: bf!e7/`ns

EIWW= >;::%0::: ef!i

HTP= 7%; ha{tw

Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/4; pa :/6;


38/148

Zi{f liav

Nktnpcao pnob

Klli{kop

Coli{kop

Tkgsgik` wi{`fk

Gintclckt


39/148

Gaopngp Wpndcic}npcao ztagkww

Hnw pva wkzntnpk pnobw at gaezntpekopw aok lat vnwpkvnpkt

ptknpekop no` phk aphkt lat wi{`fk wpndcic}npcaoGaopngp pcek= tkinpc|kis whatpkt (7: pa : `nsw

L!E tnpca= :/4 pa :/< zkt `ns\ai{ekptcg ian`cof al DA@= > pa >/7 bf!e7`ns

EIWW= >:::%7::: ef!I (gaopngp# , :::: (wpndcic}npcao#

Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/; pa >/;

Tk~{ctkw weniikt nktnpcao |ai{ek no` faa` lat iav wai{dcicpsco`kx vnwpkvnpktw

Vkp vknphkt liavw gno dk hno`ik` vcpha{p iaww al EIWW

Hnw icppik at oa ocptclcgnpcao gnzngcps no` azktnpcao cw

waekvhnp gaezicgnpk`


40/148

Gaopngp pnobWpndcic}npcao pnob Klli{kopGintclckt

Vnwpk` wi{`fk

Coli{kop

Tkgsgik` wi{`fk


41/148

Gaezikpk ecx tkngpat (GLWPT#

Eawp {wk` co Co`cn wcezik `kwcfo % w{cpndik lat nii pszkw al

nktnpcao k~{czekop[oclate no` iav ik|kiw al w{dwptnpk) no` {oclate EIWW no`

gaowpnop axsfko `keno` phta{fha{p phk dnwco

Tkwcwpnop pa whagb ian`w no` paxcg ian`w

Hs`tn{icg no` atfnocg ian` |ntcnpcaow ntk `nezkok` dkppktPaxcg `cwghntfkw ntk ecpcfnpk` phta{fh ftknpkt `ci{pcao

Lcinekopa{w d{ibcof ltae kxzaw{tk al tkgsgik` wi{`fk patkinpc|kis iav ik|kiw al w{dwptnpk

N ztk%gaopngpcof }aok (al >; eco/ HTP# gno n|ac` phcw.Pszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcaoni gao`cpcaow

WTP= 7%>; nsw EIWW= >;:: pa 0::: ef!I

L!E tnpca= :/4 pa ://< bf!e7/`ns

HTP= 7 pa ; ha{tw Wi{`fk tkgsgik tnpca= :/4; pa >/:


42/148

Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao Ztagkww

Vkii wpndcic}k` no` iav dca%waic`w wi{`fk cw fkoktnpk` phkwi{`fk cw encois al gkii `kdtcw no` wi{`fk gaoptcd{pk` dsphk coli{kop

Ztcents gintclcgnpcao cw {w{niis oap {wk`

Gaowc`ktk` w{cpndik lat weniikt liavw

Nktnpcao pnobw ntk intfkt) no` axsfko `keno` no` nktnpcaokoktfs tk~{ctkekop ntk hcfhkt

Nktnpcao k~{czekop `kwcfo cw gaoptaiik` ds ecxcof okk`w(eawpis oap ds axsfko `keno`#

Wkowcpc|k pa hs`tn{icg a|ktian`w (gintclckt gno dk a|ktian`k`

ds waic`w# no` cowkowcpc|k pa gaogkoptnpcao whagb ian`wPszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcaoni zntnekpktw

L!E tnpca cw :/:0%:/>:!`ns DA@ ian`cof= :/>%:/7 bf!e7/`ns

WTP= 4:%0: nsw EIWW= 4:::%;::: f!e7

HTP= 4:%7: ha{tw Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/; pa >/;


43/148

Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao= Axc`npcao @cpgh

Tcof at a|ni whnzk` iaaz tkngpat wswpke vcph {oc`ctkgpcaoniliav (|kiagcps= :/4;%:/7 e!wkg/ no` gsgicof pcek= ;%>; eco/#

Dt{wh pszk!w{tlngk pszk ekghnocgni nktnpatw zavkt hatc}aopniliav no` dtcof nda{p nktnpcao!ecxcof

Wgtkkok` vnwpkvnpkt cw ecxk` vcph tkgsgik` wi{`fk no`niiavk` copa phk pnob al 4:%7: ha{t HTP

Coptn%ghnooki gintclcktw gno dk {wk` (lat wkgao`nts gintclcktw#N`|nopnfkw

Hcfhis tkicndik ztagkww no` wcezik azktnpcao

Nekondik lat daph DA@ no` ocptafko tkea|ni

[wkw ikww koktfs no` n`nzpndik lat o{ptckop tkea|ni@cwn`|nopnfkw

Wzngk tk~{ctkekop cw hcfhkt

Zinop gnzngcps kxznowcao cw eatk `cllcg{ip

Iav L!E d{ibcof cw zawwcdik


44/148

Klli{kopGintclckt

Vnwpk` wi{`fk

Axc`npcao `cpgh

Ecxk` ic~{at

Tkgsgik` wi{`fk

Coli{kop


45/148

Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao Ztagkww= Ga{opkt%g{ttkop nktnpcao wswpke

N gctg{int pnob vcph tk|ai|cof dtc`fk cw {wk`Nct `cll{wktw ea{opk` np phk dappae al phk tk|ai|cof dtc`fk

w{zzis axsfko

P{tocof all nct d{p tk|ai|cof phk dtc`fk bkkzw phk pnob

gaopkopw co w{wzkowcao no` lngcicpnpk `kocptclcgnpcaoPszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcaoni zntnekpktw

WTP= >:%7: `nsw L!E tnpca= :/:0 pa :/>!`ns

HTP= >;%0: ha{tw DA@ ian`cof= :/>%:/7 bf!e7/`ns

EIWW= 4:::%0::: ef!I Wi{`fk tkgsgik tnpca= :/4;%:/6;Axsfko ptnowlkt kllcgckogs cw hcfhkt d{p `cll{wkt la{icof gno dk

ztadike (lcok wgtkkocof al vnwpkvnpkt gno ztk|kop#

Gaezicgnpk` azktnpcao tk~{ctcof faa` azktnpat wbciiw

@avo pcek lat encopkonogk cw tkinpc|kis hcfhkt

Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao= Aphkt


46/148

Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao= Aphktea`clcgnpcaow

Atdni ztagkww

N ea`clck` axc`npcao `cpgh {wcof n wktckw al gaogkoptcgghnookiw al `kzph {zpa 0/7 e

Vnwpkvnpkt kopktw phk a{pkt ghnooki no` liavw pavnt`wphk gkopkt dklatk kopktcof no copktoni!kxpktoni gintclckt

Ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao ntk lngcicpnpk` ds tkf{inpcofnktnpcao tnpkw

Dcaing ztagkww

Kntphko pnobw al 4/0%0/< e `kzph vcph w{dektfk`

nktnpcao no` vcph kcphkt copktoni at kxpktoni gintclcktw

Lcok d{ddik `cll{wktw nppnghk` pa lianpcof nktnpcao ghncowea|k ngtaww phk dnwco ds nct tkiknwk` ltae `cll{wktw

[wk al pcektw pa gsgik nct liav phta{fh kngh nktnpcao

ghnco lngcicpnpkw ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao

W W


47/148

Wpnfk` Tkngpat Wswpkew

Gaowcwp al 4 at eatk gaezikpk ecx tkngpatw co wktckw

Nktnpcao ens dk n|ac`k` co waek al phk wpnfkw

Copktoni tkgsgicof al liavw ens dk {wk`

Gintclcktw ens dk {wk` dkpvkko phk wpnfkw

Keziask` lat ocptafko tkea|ni (at m{wp ocptclcgnpcao# no` latzhawzhat{w tkea|ni

Wswpke keziask` lat ocptclcgnpcao nzzicgnpcaow

Pva wpnfkw= Wpnfk%> lat DA@ tkea|ni no` wpnfk%4 latocptclcgnpcao

Kngh wpnfk hnw n gintclckt al cpw avo

Zatpcao al vnwpkvnpkt cw dsznwwk` wpnfk%> no` pnbko copawpnfk%4 pa lngcicpnpk ocptclcgnpcao

Wpnfk%4 cw azktnpk` np n iaofkt WTP

Wkowcpc|k ocptclscof dngpktcn ntk ztapkgpk` ltae phk

paxcg w{dwpnogkw al phk cogaecof vnwpkvnpkt


48/148

Nktnpcao

tkngpat

Ocptclcgnpcao

tkngpat

Coli{kop Klli{kop

Vnwpk` wi{`fk

gintclckt

Tkp{to wi{`fk

gintclckt

Coli{kop dsznww

Tkp{to wi{`fk

Vnwpk` wi{`fk


49/148

Wpnfk` Tkngpat Wswpkew

Wswpke lat phk zhawzhat{w tkea|niPva wpnfk wswpke vcph n wcofik gintclckt nlpkt wpnfk%4

Wpnfk%> cw nonktadcg vhktk nw wpnfk%4 nktadcg

Vnwpk` wi{`fk (zhawzhnpk ngg{e{inpcof atfnocwew#

gaopncow phk tkea|k` zhawzhat{w co phk late alzaiszhawzhnpkw

Btn{w ztagkww (|ntcnpcao al wpkz lkk` ztagkww#

W{cpndik lat ocptafko `klcgckop co`{wptcni vnwpkvnpkt

Wi{`fk `cfkwpkt w{zktonpnop cw n``k` vcph {o`ktliavwi{`fk no` ocptclck` co n wkzntnpk nktnpcao pnob

A{pz{p al phk wi{`fk nktnpat cw n``k` pa phk enco tkngpatpa zta|c`k ocptafko


50/148

Nonktadcg

tkngpat

Nktnpcao

tkngpatColi{kop Klli{kop

Vnwpk` wi{`fk

gintclckt

Tkp{to wi{`fk

Nktnpcao

tkngpat

Nktnpcao

tkngpat

@cfkwpktWpndcic}k`

wi{`fk

W{zktonpnop

Tkp{to wi{`fk

Coli{kop Klli{kop

Tkp{to wi{`fk

gintclckt


51/148

Wk~{kogcof Dnpgh Tkngpat (WDT#

Eatk zaz{int wzkgcniis lat weniikt gaee{ocpckw no`

co`{wptcni cowpniinpcaow vcph copktecppkop liavw Dkppkt azpcao lat n|ac`cof lcinekopa{w d{ibcof nwwagcnpk`

vcph tkn`cis `kftn`ndik vnwpkvnpktw

Wcofik |kwwki nggaeea`npkw nii phk {ocp ztagkwwkw no`azktnpcaow oateniis nwwagcnpk` vcph NWZ

Phk ztagkwwkw no` azktnpcaow ntk nggaezicwhk` nw pcek`wk~{kogkw= Lcii (7 ht# Tkngp (4%4: ht# Wkppik (:/;%>ht# @kgnop (:/;%> ht# C`ik

Ecxk` ic~{at tkencow co phk tkngpat phta{fha{p no` phcwkiceconpkw okk` lat n wkzntnpk gintclckt

K|ko ocptclcgnpcao) `kocptclcgnpcao no` k|ko wi{`fk wpndcic}npcaogno niwa dk nggaeea`npk` vcphco

Wi{`fk vnwpcof agg{tw `{tcof phk nktnpcao wpnfk

M{wp ecxcof vcpha{p nktnpcao `{tcof phk lcii wpnfk kow{tkw

noaxcg gao`cpcaow okk`k` lat `kocptclcgnpcao


52/148

Pszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcaoni zntnekpktw

WTP= >:%7: `nsw

L!E tnpca= :/:0%:/>!`ns

DA@ ian`cof= :/>%:/7 bf!e7/`ns

EIWW= 4:::%;::: ef!I

N gaezngp lngcicps vcph azktnpcaoni likxcdcicps

Gaezicgnpk` ztagkww gaoptai no` tk~{ctk hcfhkt encopkonogk

wbciiw lat phk k~{czekop {wk`

Dnpgh `cwghntfk ens okgkwwcpnpk k~{nic}npcao lat `avowptkne ztagkwwcof al phk klli{kop

Wk~{kogcof Dnpgh Tkngpat (WDT#


53/148

WDT Ea`clcgnpcaow

Dnpgh `kgnop tkngpat) copktecppkop kxpko`k` nktnpcaowswpke=

Vnwpkvnpkt lkk`cof cw gaopco{a{w) d{p klli{kop tkea|ni cw aon dnpgh dnwcw

N ztk%tkngp (dnllik`# ghnedkt lngcicpnpkw gaopco{a{w lkk`cof

vcpha{p `cwp{tdcof phk wkppicof!`kgnopcof gaopkopw al phk pnob Ptknpekop wpkzw al phk tkngpat cogi{`k tkngpcao) wkppicof no`

`kgnopcof

Gsgicg ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wswpke=

Vnwpkvnpkt lkk`cof cw gaopco{a{w) d{p klli{kop tkea|ni cw codnpghkw

Tkngpat hnw phtkk dnllik` }aokw al >=4=4: |ai{ekw no` cwlk` gaopco{a{wis d{p phk klli{kop cw tkea|k` ao n dnpgh dnwcw

Ecxk` ic~{at cw tkgsgik` ltae 7t` }aok pa >wp }aok al tkngpat

Z A N pc p ` Wi ` Z


54/148

Z{tk Axsfko Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk ZtagkwwN wktckw al vkii%ecxk` ga|ktk` nktnpcao pnob vcph ga%g{ttkop

fnw%ic~{c` gaopngp

Coli{kop) tkgsgik` wi{`fk , A4 ntk copta`{gk` np wpnfk%> (A4gno niwa dk ecxk` vcph phk coli{kop {o`kt ztkww{tk#

Tkwptcgpk` kxhn{wp cw niiavk` ltae phk inwp wpnfk (A4 co phk

kxhn{wp cw ;:+ no` A4 {pcic}npcao tnpk 3:+#

@kwcfok` lat

@A ?< ef!I L!E tnpca :/!`ns WTP= >%0 nsw EIWW4:::%3::: ef!I DA@ ian`cof= >/7%7/4 bf!e7/`ns HTP= >%7ha{tw Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/4;%:/;

@cwn`|nopnfkw

Eatk gaezicgnpk` k~{czekop no` gaezikx cowpniinpcao)azktnpcao no` encopkonogk

Zknb liavw gno `cwt{zp azktnpcao ds wi{`fk vnwha{p

Hnw icecpk` gnzngcps lat ocptclcgnpcao

Oagnt`cn lanecof cw zawwcdik


55/148

Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww= AphktEa`clcgnpcaow

@kkz whnlp nktnpcao

Whnlp `kzphw gno dk nw hcfh nw 0:: lkkp

L!E tnpca al > pa 4!`ns) ecxk` ic~{at @A ik|ki al >:%4:

ef!I no` EIWW al 8::: pa >4::: ef!I ntk zawwcdik

Waic` ic~{c` wkzntnpcao ens dk ds `cwwai|k` nct liapnpcao atds |ng{{e `kfnwclcgnpcao no` gao|kopcaoni ftn|cpsgintclcgnpcao

Copkftnpk` lcxk` lcie ngpc|npk` wi{`fk ztagkww Gno kohnogk ocptclcgnpcao wzkgcniis np iav pkezktnp{tkw

W\C no` waic`w ian`cof pa gintclckt ntk `kgtknwk`

Iaof wi{`fk nfk nwwcwpw tkea|ni al tkltngpats atfnocgw


56/148

Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww= AphktEa`clcgnpcaow

Phkteazhcicg nktadcg ngpc|npk` wi{`fk Azpce{e pkezktnp{tkw ntk ;;%:%4:+ A

4ptnowlkt kllcgckogs

N`|nopnfkw= Tnzc` `kftn`npcao tnpkw (7%>: pcekw ftknpkt no`>: pcekw ftknpkt n{paaxc`npcao# no` iav wi{`fk scki`

Phkteazhcicg dngpktcn lnci pa liagg{inpk % hkogk `cllcg{ip pa wkppik

Ekedtnok lciptnpcao

Haiiav lcdkt ekedtnokw al :/> ecgtao zatk wc}k no` >7bZn (>/7e vnpkt gai{eo# w{gpcao cw zawwcdik

Zktecpw azktnpcao np hcfh EIWW ik|kiw (>:):::%0:)::: ef!I#no` enbk wi{`fk ~{nicps {ocezatpnop

Hcfh ~{nicps klli{kop (`ctkgpis `cwcolkgpndik# cw zawwcdik

Ekedtnok giaffcof cw havk|kt cok|cpndik


57/148

NWZ Bcokpcgw

W ` `

Vhnp hnzzkow pa atfnocg enppkt co Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww1


58/148

Wai{dik atfnocgenppkt

Od wai{dik

atfnocg enppkt

Od/ w{wzko`k`atfnocg enppkt

Axsfko (>%>/04S#

GA4) H4A) OH7)

Koktfs) kpg/

Okv hkpktaptazhcgEcgtadcni dcaenww

N{pa%axc`npcaob`

GA4) H4A) OH7)Koktfs) kpg/

neeaocn

Axsfko(7)07 f!f#

ocptcpk ocptnpk

Axsfko(>/>0 f#

Gntdaongka{w DA@ cw phk w{e al axsfko {pcic}k` `{tcof dcaaxc`npcao al phkatfnocg enppkt no` `{tcof n{paaxc`npcao al phk ecgtadcni dcaenww

Axsfko (>/04B`#

Tkwc`{ni dcaenww

Dca

%axc`

npca

o

Dca%wsophkw

cw

S

W{wzko`k`atfnocg enppkt

Hs`taiswcw

Tkwc`{nidca`kftn`ndik

atfnocg enppkt

Ocptafkoa{w DA@ cw phk w{e axsfko {pcic}k` `{tcof ocptclcgnpcao al

Neeaocgni%O pa ocptcpk%O no` ocptcpk%O pa Ocptnpk%O

NWZ bcokpcgw


59/148

NWZ bcokpcgw

Tnpk al {pcic}npcao al wai{dik w{dwptnpk

tw{ cw atfnocg enppkt {pcic}npcao tnpk (f!e7/`ns#

~enx cw enxce{e wzkgclcg atfnocg enppkt {pcic}npcao tnpk (f!f ecgtadcni enww#

Xn cw ecgtadcni dcaenww gaogkoptnpcao (f!e7#

Wk cw atfnocg enppkt gaogkoptnpcao (f!e7# co phk NWZ

Bw cw hnil%|kiagcps gaowpnop (atfnocg enppkt gaogkoptnpcao co f!e7 np vhcgh

atfnocg enppkt {pcic}npcao tnpk cw ~enx/!4 #

Nktnpcao

pnob

kw

knkc

w{ WB

W~x

\

WW^

t "5

5/enx#(

\ , Xn

^ , Wc ^Wk

W at Wk

~enx/

~enx/ !4

Bw


60/148

Dcaenww ftavph tnpk

Ecgtadcni dcaenww ftavph tnpk cw ztazatpcaoni pa phk atfnocgenppkt {pcic}npcao tnpk no` dcaenww `kgns tnpk

tf cw okp dcaenww zta`{gpcao tnpk (f \WW!e7/`ns#

B cw ko`afkoa{w `kgns gakllcgckop (f \WW!f \WW/ @ns#

S cw scki` gakllcgckop

Gno niwa dk whavo nw

NWZ bcokpcgw

n`w{f xbStt 5

`bxWB

W~xS

t nkw

knf /#(

/// /enx

"5

`nkc

f bx\

WW^St /

#(/

5


61/148

Axsfko {pcic}npcao tnpk Axsfko {pcic}npcao tnpk cw w{e al axsfko {pcic}npcao lat dca%

axc`npcao al atfnocg enppkt no` lat n{paaxc`npcao al dcaenww

(>%>/04S# cw phk ltngpcao al {pcic}k` atfnocg enppkt dca%axc`c}k`

>/04b cw n{pa%axc`npcao tnpk co pktew al axsfko at dGA@

Axsfko {pcic}npcao tnpk gno niwa dk kxztkwwk` nw

NWZ bcokpcgw

n`w{A xbtSt /04/>#04/>>(4

"5

`bx

WBW~xSt n

kw

knA /04/>

#(//#04/>>( /enx

4""5

`nkc

A bx\

WW^St /04/>

#(#04/>>(4

"

5

fw{A ttt 04/>4

5

NWZ bc pc


62/148

NWZ bcokpcg zntnekpktw

~enx/ (4%>: f al dGA@ zkt f \WW `ns) ; cw pszcgni#

Bw (>:%; f \WW zkt f \WW/`ns) :/> cw pszcgni#

\ni{kw co zntkophkwkw ntk lat `aekwpcg wkvnfk

Bcokpcg gakllcgckop |ni{kw |nts vcph phk vnwpkvnpkt) vcph phkEcgtadcni zaz{inpcao no` vcph Pkezktnp{tk

Bcokpcg gakllcgckop |ni{kw gno dk `kpktecok` ltae dkogh wgnik

pkwpcof at l{ii%wgnik zinop pkwp tkw{ipwPkezktnp{tk gattkgpcao pa phk bcokpcg gakllcgckopw cw `aok ds

cw pkezktnp{tk ngpc|cps gakllcgckop (pszcgni |ni{k >/:4 pa >/4;#

bP no` b4: ntk b |ni{kw np PG no` 4:G tkwzkgpc|kis

NWZ bcokpcgw

#4:(

4:

5 PP bb


63/148

NWZ @kwcfo


64/148

NWZ `kwcfo= Coz{pw

^{nopcpckw no` ghntngpktcwpcgw (no` phkct `c{toni) wknwaoni no`vkp%vknphkt |ntcnpcaow# al phk vnwpkvnpkt pa dk ptknpk`

Gntdaongka{w w{dwptnpkw (dGA@) wdGA@) od w{wzko`k`GA@#

O{ptckopw= Ocptafko (PBO no` ocptnpk%O (zi{w ocptcpk%O##

no` Zhawzhata{w (papni no` atphta zhawzhat{w# W{wzko`k` waic`w (Papni) |ainpcik) dca`kftn`ndik |ainpcik

no` oao%dca`kftn`ndik |ainpcik#

Nibnicocps

Liav tnpkw no` |ntcnpcaow (n|ktnfk liav no` zknbcof lngpat#

Pkezktnp{tk (vcopkt no` w{eekt gtcpcgni pkezktnp{tkw aldaph vnwpkvnpkt no` nedckop nct#


65/148

NWZ `kwcfo= Coz{pw

Z{tzawkw pa dk wkt|k` ds phk NWZ

tkea|ni al dGA@

dGA@ tkea|ni no` ocptclcgnpcao

Tkea|ni al dGA@ no` ocptafko (ocptclcgnpcao%`kocptclcgnpcao#

dGA@ no` zhawzhat{w tkea|ni

Ptknpk` klli{kop ghntngpktcwpcgw tk~{ctk` (aois dGA@ at daphdGA@ no` o{ptckop ik|kiw `kwctk`#

NWZ bcokpcgw zntnekpktw (~enx/ ) Bw) S no` b#

Wkppicof ghntngpktcwpcgw al dca%waic`w (W\C no` }aok wkppicof|kiagcpckw al phk ecxk` ic~{at waic`w#

Waic`w tkpkopcao pcek (WTP# no` ian`cof gtcpktcn (L!E tnpca no`|ai{ekptcg atfnocg ian`cof# pa dk {wk` lat faa` wi{`fk wkppicofztazktpckw

Wkikgpcao al tkngpat pszk (cogi{`cof {wk al wkikgpatw#


66/148

WTP lat DA@ tkea|ni cw pszcgniis 7 pa ; `nsw whatpkt WTP`cwga{tnfkw ocptclcgnpcao/

Pszcgni L!E tnpca ens tnofk ltae :/:0!`ns lat kxpko`k` nktnpcao{ocpw pa >/:!`ns lat hcfh tnpk ztagkww/

\ai{ekptcg atfnocg ian`cof tnpk pszcgniis |ntckw ltae :/7 pa 7/:bf!e7/`ns/

Kxznowcao pa ekkp phk l{p{tk ptknpekop okk`w cw no cezatpnopgaowc`ktnpcao co phk `kwcfo/

Pszk no` wc}k al tkngpatw no` waic` wkzntnpcao lngcicpckw coli{kogkdaph gaowpt{gpcao no` azktnpcao gawpw/

Wkikgpatw ens dk okk`k` lat o{ptckop tkea|ni no` lat icecpcof phk

lcinekopa{w ftavph/

Wpnfk` tkngpat at zi{f liav tkngpat ens dk nzztaztcnpk latocptclcgnpcao paxcg at cohcdcpats w{dwpnogkw gno `kztkww phkocptclcgnpcao tnpkw/


67/148

@kwcfo al NWZ tk~{ctkw `kpkteconpcao al

Nktnpcao dnwco |ai{ek

Nktnpcao tk~{ctkekopw Ghkecgni (o{ptckopw no` nibnicocps# `awcof tk~{ctkekopw

Wc}cof no` `kpncicof al phk wkgao`nts gintclckt

Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tk~{ctkekopw

Ngpc|npk` wi{`fk vnwpnfk tnpkw tk~{ctk`

Ptknpk` klli{kop ghntngpktc}npcao

Vhnp cw cogi{`k` co phk NWZ `kwcfo

N pc p b Wkppicof ^ at (^ ^ #


68/148

Nktnpcao pnob

Wk)Xn)\

Wkppicof

pnob^)Wc)Xc

^t)Xt)Wk

^v)Xt)Wk

^k at (^%^v#

Xk)Wk

Nktnpcao pnob

Wk

)Xn

)\

Wkppicof

pnob^)Wc)Xc

^t)Xt)Wk

^v)Xn)Wk

^k at (^%^v#

Xk)Wk

Xc cw gaowc`ktk` okficfcdik

Nii dca`kftn`ndik w{wzko`k` atfnocg waic`w al coli{kopntk hs`tais}k` copa wai{dik atfnocg enppkt

Coatfnocg no` oao%dca`kftn`ndik atfnocg WW tkenco{onllkgpk` no` oa okv WW al phkwk gnpkfatckw latek`

Oaphcof kxgkzp wkppicof , phcgbkocof agg{tw co gintclckt


69/148

Ptknpk` Klli{kop Wai{dik dGA@

[wk al phcw k~{npcao tk~{ctkw

Ztcents |ntcndik WTP (nww{ek`#

NWZ bcokpcg zntnekpktw Bw) b) ~enx no` S

Adpncok` ltae phk laiiavcof phta{fh wai|cof lat Wk

Co`kzko`kop al phk coli{kop dGA@

R U( # >/

#(>

/enx "5

`

`wk

bS~WTP

WTPbBW

`

kw

k bWBW~S

WTP "5 //>enx


70/148

Wzkgclcg w{dwptnpk {wk lat NWZ

Wzkgclcg w{dwptnpk {pcic}npcao tnpk nggat`cof pa Ecghnkicw%Ekopko

k~{npcao

kw

k

WB

W~~

"5 enx

n

kc

n

kc

x

WW

\x

WW^~

5

5

#(

kw

k

n

kc

WB

W~

x

WW

"5/enx

`

n

kc bx

SWW

WTP

5

/

#/(>

Ptknpk` Klli{kop Wai{dik dGA@

^

\5

`

kw

k bWB

W~S

WTP

"5

//> /enx


71/148

Ecxk` Ic~{at Ngpc|k Dcaenww Gaogkoptnpcao


Ztcents |ntcndikw WTP no`

NWZ bcokpcgw zntnekpktw S no` b

Adpncok` ltae phk laiiavcof dnwcg k~{npcao phta{fh wai|cof lat xn

Hktk xn `kzko`w ao b) S) WTP) no` dGA@ tkea|ni

( ##(> WTPb

SWWWTPx

`

kcn "

5

( #`

n

kc bx

WWS

WTP5

/

>


72/148

Okp ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wsophkwcw tnpk cw k~{ni pa ngpc|npk` wi{`fkvnwpnfk tnpk

Wi{`fk nfk at ekno gkii tkwc`kogk pcek cw

x\xbSWW^ n`kc 5 //#(

#(#(

#(

tnpkvnwpnfkwi{`fkattnpkfkoktnpcaowi{`fkokp

wswpkephkalwi{`fkpapniWTP5

n`kc

n

x\bSWW^

\xWTP

//#( 5

`

n

kc bx

SWW

WTP

5

#(>

Ecxk` Ic~{at Ngpc|k Dcaenww Gaogkoptnpcao

Okp Dcaenww Wsophkwcw Tnpk


73/148


Okp dcaenww wsophkwcw tnpk (ODWT# cw kwpcenpk` ds


Ztcents |ntcndik WTP NWZ bcokpcgw zntnekpktw S no` b

Adpncok` phta{fh wceziclcgnpcao al phk laiiavcof enpktcni dninogkk~{npcao

Hktk \ cw tkzingk` ds ^/ no` phk kxztkwwcao lat xn cw {wk`

#(>

#(/

WTPb

WW^SODWT

`

kc

"5

5

tnpkcaon{paaxc`np

Dcaenwwtnpkwsophkwcw

dcaenwwFtawwtnpkwsophkwcw

dcaenwwOkp

`nkc b\xWW^SODWT //#(/ 5


74/148

Co phk nda|k ds tkzingcof

No` ao wceziclcgnpcao

Hktk okp wsophkwcw al ocptclscof ecgtadkw cw oap gaowc`ktk`

@kzko`w ao phk PBO ocptclck` (Coli{kop no` klli{kop PBO`cllktkogk eco{w ocptafko nwwcecinpk` copa dcaenww#

`nkc \bxWWS^ODWT 5 #(

( #n

`

kc xlatWTPb

SWWWTPno`\lat^

#(>"

#(>

#(

WTPb

WWS^ODWT

`

kc

"

5



75/148

Gkii @kdtcw Fkoktnpcao Tnpk

Gkii `kdtcw fkoktnpcao tnpk (G@FT# cw kwpcenpk` ds


Ztcents |ntcndik WTP

NWZ bcokpcgw zntnekpktw S no` b

aphkt gaowpnop l

Adpncok` ltae e{ipczicgnpcao al phk kxztkwwcao lat xn vcph \) b

no` l (\ cw tkzingk` ds ^/ #

Hktk xn/\/b co`cgnpkw phk dcaenww n{paaxc`npcao tnpk

WTPb

WTPbWW^SlG@FT

`

`kc`

/>

/#/(/

"

5


76/148

Wkgao`nts Wi{`fk Fkoktnpcao Tnpk

Wkgao`nts wi{`fk fkoktnpcao tnpk cw gaeztcwk` al

Okp dcaenww wsophkwcw tnpk

Gkii `kdtcw fkoktnpcao tnpk ltae dcaenww n{paaxc`npcao

Tnpk al gaoptcd{pcao al Oaodca`kftn`ndik \WW ds phk coli{kop(Od/\WW#

Tnpk al gaoptcd{pcao al Coatfnocg w{wzko`k` waic`w ds phkcoli{kop (Co/WW#

Wkgao`nts wi{`fk fkoktnpcao tnpk (WWFT# cw

HktkFTWWCoFT\WWOdG@FTODWTWWFT //// """5

#//(// \WWOd^FT\WWOd 5#//(// WWCo^FTWWCo 5


77/148

Ngpc|k dcaenww) EIWW no` EI\WW

Ngpc|k dcaenww pa EIWW tnpca

EI\WW pa EIWW tnpca

EIWW |ni{k

EI\WW |ni{k

FTWWCoFT\WWOdG@FTODWT

ODWT

//// """

FTWWCoFT\WWOdG@FTODWTFT\WWOdG@FTODWT

//////

""" ""

ODWT

FTWWCoFT\WWOdG@FTODWTxn

/////

"""

FTWWCoFT\WWOdG@WTODWT

FT\WWOdG@FTODWTEIWW

////

///

"""""


78/148

Wi{`fk Vnwpnfk Tnpk

Wi{`fk vnwpnfk gno dk ltae phk

Wkgao`nts gintclckt {o`kt liav icok

Nktnpcao pnob at cpw a{pikp ztcat pa wkg/ gintclckt nw ecxk` ic~{at

Tnpk al vnwpnfk `kzko`w ao wkgao`nts wi{`fk fkoktnpcao tnpk(WWFT# eco{w wkgao`nts wi{`fk vnwha{p tnpk (WVAT#

Vhktk WVAT cw ^/PWWk

WVATWWFTWWVT 5


79/148

Wi{`fk Vnwpnfk Tnpk

\ai{ekptcg wi{`fk vnwpnfk tnpk cw

WWVT!EIWW{ (vhko vnwpk` ltae phk wkgao`nts gintclckt {o`ktliav#

WWVT!EIWWn (vhko vnwpk` ltae phk nktnpcao pnob at cpw a{pikp ztcat

pa phk wkgao`nts gintclckt#Adwkt|k` WTP cw (\/EIWWn#!WWVT

WTP ghawko nw phk ztcents |ntcndik cw (\/EIWWn#!WWFT

Adwkt|k` WTP cw ftknpkt phno phk WTP ghawko nw phk ztcents

|ntcndik @cllktkogk dkpvkko phk pva vcii `kzko` ao phk PWW al phk gintclck`

wkgao`nts klli{kop

Axsfko @keno` Tnpk


80/148

Axsfko @keno` Tnpk

Hktk o cw axsfko k~{c|nikogk al ecgtadcni dcaenww(>/04.#

Phk axsfko `keno`k` cw w{zzick` ds

W{tlngk (lianpcof at lcxk`# nktnpatw

@cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpkew (copta`{gk axsfko!nct copa ic~{c`#

P{tdcok ecxktw gno `cwzktwk copta`{gk` nct d{ddikw

Hs`tn{icg whknt `k|cgkw gno tk`{gk d{ddik wc}k

W{zzicktw al nktnpcao wswpkew co`cgnpk axsfko ptnowlkt tnpkw alphkct k~{czekop np wpno`nt` gao`cpcaow

Tnpkw tk~{ctk gattkgpcao pa ngp{ni azktnpcof gao`cpcaow

5

G@FTzi{wODWT

alk~{c|nikopAxsfko

w{dwptnpkian`k`al

k~{c|nikopAxsfko

`keno`

Axsfko

( # R UG@FTODWToWW^`keno`A kc "54

Ngp{ni Axsfko Ptnowlkt Tnpk


81/148


NAPT cw ngp{ni axsfko ptnowlkt tnpk {o`kt lcki` gao`cpcaow

Wnicocps%w{tlngk pkowcao al phk vnwpkvnpkt ( #

Azktnpcof pkezktnp{tk al phk vnwpkvnpkt

Npeawzhktcg ztkww{tk (tkinpk` pa nipcp{`k#

N|ktnfk `kzph al nktnpcao (`cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpke#

Azktnpcof @A al phk nktnpcao pnob

Axsfko ptnowlkt gakllcgckop al vnwpkvnpkt gaezntk` pa phnp al gikno pnz

vnpkt ( # @kftkk al la{icof al phk `cll{wktw (`cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpke#

WAPT cw wpno`nt` axsfko ptnowlkt tnpk co pnz vnpkt np 4:G no` }kta`cwwai|k` axsfko ik|ki

Nzzicgndik k|ko lat axsfko ptnowlkt kllcgckogckw

( # LG

GGWAPTNAPT P

w

IPHw //:40/>/ 4:

4:)

5

N A l


82/148


cw wnicocps w{tlngk pkowcao lngpat Pnbko nw tnpca al wnp{tnpcao @A vnwpkvnpkt pa gikno vnpkt

Pszcgni |ni{k cw :/34 pa :/38 (:/3; cw gaeeaois {wk`#

cw axsfko ptnowlkt gattkgpcao lngpat lat phk vnwpkvnpkt

Pszcgni tnofk lat `cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpkew cw :/0%:/8

Pszcgni tnofk lat ekghnocgni nktnpatw cw ://4

L cw la{icof lngpat ngga{opcof lat daph copktoni no` kxpktonila{icof al `cll{wktw

Cez{tcpckw al gaeztkwwk` nct gn{wk copktoni la{icof

Dcaiafcgni wicekw no` coatfnocg ztkgczcpnopw gn{wk kxpktonila{icof

Pszcgni |ni{k cw :/


83/148


Gw)P)H cw n|ktnfk wnp{tnpcao al gikno vnpkt np phk azktnpcof pkezktnp{tk)

nipcp{`k no` nktnpat `kzph Lat w{tlngk nktnpatw

Gno dk adpncok` ltae icpktnp{tk (lat phk npeawzhktcg ztkww{tk npphk nipcp{`k co ~{kwpcao#

Lat `cll{wk` nktnpatw cp gno dk adpncok` ds

Nzzicgndik cl dcaiafcgni axsfko {zpnbk cw oap gaowc`ktk`

Ap cw + A4 co nct ikn|cof nktnpcao dnwco (pszcgniis >8%4:+#

HPwHPw GG )))) 5

"5

Hnpe

`kzphec`vHnpe

HPwHPwZ

ZZGG

)

))

))))

"54>4

>

/

))))p

Hnpe

`HPwHPw

A

Z

ZGG

( #( #

"

5P

H

Z

Z

npe

Hnpe

>;/46787>0

:36/488>/3kxz

:)

)

Nct Tk~{ctkekopw al @cll{wk` Nktnpcao


84/148

Nct Tk~{ctkekopw al @cll{wk` Nktnpcao

Kxztkwwk` co bf!ht/ no` Oe7!ht

Ngp{ni pkezktnp{tk `kzko`w ao phk ik|ki al gaeztkwwcao

(Nedckop pkezktnp{tk " ztkww{tk (co bf!ge4 fn{fk# X >:G#.

Lcipktk` nct gno ecocec}k copktoni la{icof

Gaowc`kt nct liav |kiagcps no` pkezktnp{tk vhcik wc}cof `{gpcof

Tkinpk nct `kic|kts ztkww{tk pa phk vnpkt gai{eo a|kt phk `cll{wktGaowc`kt hkn` iawwkw co phk `cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpke co kwpcenpcof phk

nct ztkww{tk tk~{ctk`

Lco` phk o{edkt al `cll{wktw ao phk dnwcw al pszcgni nct `kic|kts zkt`cll{wkt (gaowc`kt copktoni no` kxpktoni la{icof#

r u

5

nctphkcoltngpcaoaxsfko

kllcgckogsptnowlktaxsfkoNgp{ni

`keno`Axsfko

tk~{ctk`

Nct

O{ptckop Tk~{ctkekopw


85/148


Coliav al ocptafko

Coli{kop ens hn|k PBO (atfnocg%O"neeaocgni%O# no` ocptnpk%O(ocptnpk"ocptcpk#

O{ptckop n``cpcao (co phk late al [tkn no` @NZ#

Lnpk al ocptafko co phk NWZ

Atfnocg%O cw gao|ktpk` copa neeaocgni%ONeeaocgni%O gno ocptclck` copa ocptnpk%O

Ocptnpk%O gno dk `kocptclck` no` iawp co phk fnwka{w ltae (nw O4A no` O4#

Neeaocgni%O no` Ocptnpk%O gno dk nwwcecinpcao ds ngpc|k dcaenww no`wpatk` vcphco nw atfnocg%O

A{pliav al ocptafko

Iaww co phk ptknpk` klli{kop kcphkt nw PBO at nw ocptnpk%O at nw daph

Iaww nw atfnocg%O co vnwpk` ngpc|npk` wi{`fk

c c


86/148


Ocptnpk%O co phk coli{kop cw {w{niis okficfcdik coli{kop encois hnw PBO

Ocptafko co phk ptknpk` klli{kop gno dk neeaocgni%O at ocptnpk%O atatfnocg%O (co phk PWWk#

Ocptafko co phk vnwpk` ngpc|npk` wi{`fk cw >4/47+ % adpncok` ltaekezctcgni late{in al phk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk (G4Z#

@kocptclcgnpcao iaww al ocptafko gno dk wcfoclcgnop cl phk NWZ cw `kwcfok`lat ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao pa agg{t

Vhko gaogkoptnpcao cw 9:/7 ef!I ocptafko cw dkick|k` pa dk icecpcof latphk dcaaxc`npcao tkea|ni al w{dwptnpk

"

"

5 i{kopphkcoO

npcao`kocptclcg

phta{fhiawpO

wi{`fkvnwpk`

phkcoO

klli{kop

phkcoO

ptk~{ctkekoO col

( #OOcptnpkPBO^x^EIWW

xPWW^ptk~{ctkekoO {v

nk ""

"5 >447/:>447/:7/:



87/148

Zhawzhat{w tk~{ctkekop gno dk nwwkwwk` co n enookt wcecint pa

phk ocptafko tk~{ctkekop ds

O no` Z tk~{ctk` gno niwa dk gaowkt|npc|kis kwpcenpk` nw

Hktk dGA@ cw co f!e7

S cw scki` gakllcgckop (:/0.#

O{ptckop tk~{ctkekop gno niwa dk kxztkwwk` nw phk tk~{ctk`dGA@=O=Z tnpca al phk coli{kop


#7/:/>447/:( ccc OOcptnpkPBOSdGA@^ptk~{ctkekoO "5#7/:/:44


88/148

Nibnicocps Tk~{ctkekopw

6:%8: ef!I nw GnGA7 lat encopncocof phk zH np no` ?:/7 ef!I tkwzkgpc|kis

Lat ztazktis l{ogpcaocof wkgao`nts gintclckt co gnwk al ecxk` ic~{atwaic`w vcph faa` wkppicof ghntngpktcwpcgw PWW cw ;%>; ef!I


89/148

L!E Tnpca) DA@ \ai{ekptcg Ian`cof

\x

^W

E

L

n

c5

\

^Wian`cofDA@ c

5

^HTP\ /5

\EI\WW

^W

E

L c

/5

Nktnpcao pnob |ai{ek

Laa` pa ecgtaatfnocwew tnpca

Co pktew al ngpc|k dcaenww

Co pktew al EI\WW

DA@ ian`cof

Papni dGA@ al phk klli{kopEIWW

xPWWW nkk " 04/>


90/148

@kwcfo al Wkgao`nts Gintclckt

@kwcfo al Wkgao`nts Gintclckt


91/148

f s

Wkgao`nts gintclckt cogi{`kw

Coikp wkgpcao at gkoptni vkii

Wi{`fk wkppicof }aok

Wi{`fk phcgbkocof no` wpatnfk }aok

Gintclck` klli{kop a|ktliav vkct no` gaiikgpcao pta{fh

Tk~{ctkw wi{`fk wkppicof }aok w{tlngk ntkn) (@4%`4#!0 Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat gintclcgnpcao no` ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof ntkla{o` a{p no` phk intfkt al phk pva cw {wk`

Kcphkt al phk laiiavcof pva `kwcfo nzztanghkw gno dk laiiavk`

Pnien`fk no` Lcpgh ekpha` % {wkw `npn `ktc|k` ltae n wcofik dnpghwkppicof pkwp

Waic`w li{x ekpha` % {wkw `npn adpncok` ltae n wktckw wkppicof pkwpwgao`{gpk` np `cllktkop waic`w gaogkoptnpcao

Nii aphkt `kpnciw al phk gintclckt ntk kcphkt nww{ek` at adpncok`

phta{fh hs`tn{icg no` ekghnocgni `kwcfo

Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Pnien`fk no` Lcpgh


92/148

Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Pnien`fk no` Lcpghekpha`

Lconi a|ktliav tnpk lat n wkgao`ntsgintclckt cw wkikgpk` dnwk` ao phkgaowc`ktnpcao al

Ntkn lat gintclcgnpcao

Ntkn lat phcgbkocof Tnpk al wi{`fk vcph`tnvni

@npn ltae n wcofik wkppicof pkwp cw{wk` lat lco`cof daph ntkntk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof no` lat

gintclcgnpcao no` ftknpkt al phkpva cw gaowc`ktk` lat `kwcfo

Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat gintclcgnpcao cw{w{niis ftknpkt phno phk ntkntk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof

Wkgao`nt Gintclckt


93/148

Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof

P{ gattkwzao`w pa H{ no` adpncok` phta{fh

Ga cw cocpcni PWW no` Ha gai{eo hkcfhp

G{ cw {o`ktliav wi{`fk gaogkoptnpcaoGtcpcgni gaogkoptnpcao gaoptaiicof wi{`fk hno`icof gnzndcicps

@tnv pnofkopw pa cocpcni no` lconi ikfw al wkppicof g{t|k

Dcwkgp phk nofik al copktwkgpcao no` kxpko` pa wkppicof g{t|k

pa fkp Gg

Lco` p{ (pcek np vhcgh wi{`fk gaogkoptnpcao cw G{#

@tnv pnofkop phta{fh Gg

Iagnpk H{ ao s%nxcw) kxpko` hatc}aopni icok pa phk pnofkop

phta{fh Gg % `tnv |ktpcgni ltae phk copktwkgpcao pa adpnco P{

a

{pH^pN 5

{

aa{

G

GHH 5

Wkgao`nts Gintclckt=Pnien`fk no` Lcpgh ekpha`

Wkgao`nts Gintclckt=


94/148

Wkgao`nts Gintclckt=Pnien`fk no` Lcpgh ekpha`

Ntkn lat gintclcgnpcao

Hktk ^g cw gintclcgnpcao tnpk

\ cw copktlngk w{dwc`kogk |kiagcps

Copktlngk w{dwc`kogk |kiagcps Wiazk al phk pnofkop ao phk cocpcni ikf al phk wkppicof g{t|k

cw pnbko nw w{dwc`kogk |kiagcps

Gintclcgnpcao tnpk

Pnbko nw ztazatpcaoni pa phk ic~{c` |ai{ek nda|k H{no` gaez{pk` nw

Hktk H{ cw wi{`fk `kzph g{ttkwzao`cof pa p{

^ cw liav tnpk al ecxk` ic~{at copa phk gintclckt

|

^N gg 5

a

{g

H

HH^^

5 :


95/148

Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Waic`w li{x ekpha`

Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof `kzko`wao phk icecpcof waic`w li{x phnp gno

dk ptnowzatpk` pa phk dappae alphk wkppicof pnob

@npn adpncok` ltae n wktckw algai{eo wkppicof pkwpw gao`{gpk` np`cllktkop waic`w gaogkoptnpcao cw{wk`

Waic`w li{x `kzko`w ao phk

ghntngpktcwpcgw al phk wi{`fk(tkinpcaowhcz dkpvkko wi{`fkgaogkoptnpcao no` wkppicof tnpk no`waic`w li{x#

W ` Gi clc W ic` li ph `


96/148

@avovnt` li{x al waic`w co n wkppicof pnob agg{tw `{k

ftn|cps wkppicof

d{ib ptnowzatp ltae wi{`fk vcph`tnvni

Hktk WLf cw waic`w li{x `{k pa ftn|cps

WL

{cw waic`w li{x ds d{ib ptnowzatp

Waic`w li{x `{k pa ftn|cps

Gc cw gaogkoptnpcao al waic`w np phk zacop co ~{kwpcao

\c cw wkppicof |kiagcps al phk waic`w np Gc gaogkoptnpcao

\c al wi{`fk np `cllktkop gaogkoptnpcaow cw adpncok` ltae e{ipczikwkppicof pkwpw % Wiazk al phk cocpcni zatpcao al phk g{t|k cw \c


{fp WLWLWL "5

ccf \GWL 5


97/148

Waic`w li{x ds d{ib ptnowzatp

[d cw d{ib {o`ktliav |kiagcps

^{ cw {o`ktliav tnpk al wi{`fk

N gtaww wkgpcaoni ntkn al phk wi{`fk

Li{x ds d{ib ptnowzatp icokntis cogtknwkw vcph cogtknwcof vcph`tnvnitnpk

Papni li{x cogtknwkw cocpcniis) phko `tazw pa icecpcof waic`w li{x (WLI#no`

phko cogtknwkw vcph cogtknwcof vcph`tnvni tnpk


N

^G[GWL {cdc{ 55



98/148

Nipktonpc|k ftnzhcgni ekpha` lat icecpcof waic`w li{x (WLI#

[wkw aois phk ftn|cps li{x g{t|k

@kgc`k phk {o`ktliav wi{`fk gaogkoptnpcao no` `tnv pnofkop paftn|cps li{x g{t|k phta{fh G{ ao X%nxcw no` kxpko` pa S%nxcw

Zacop al copktwkgpcao ao S%nxcw fc|kw WLI

s


99/148


Ntkn lat phcgbkocof

Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof vcii phnp ntkn np vhcgh ngp{ni waic`wcw iavkt phno k~{ni pa icecpcof waic`w li{x (WLI#

Cl waic`w ian`cof cw ftknpkt phno icecpcof waic`w li{x phko waic`w vcii

d{ci` {z co phk wkppicof dnwco no` {ipcenpkis a|ktliav

Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof

Lat n `kwctk` {o`ktliav gaogkoptnpcao aok gno cogtknwk at`kgtknwk phk wiazk al phk {o`ktliav li{x icok

( #

I

{{

WL

G^^N

"5

^ cw a|ktliav

^{ cw {o`ktliav

WLI cw icecpcof waic`w li{x

@kwcfo al Wkgao`nts gintclckt ao phk dnwcwl W\C ` ]W\


100/148

Wkppicof no` phcgbkocof ghntngpktcwpcgw al phk ecxk` ic~{at eknw{tk`

ds kcphkt W\C at ]W\ gno dk {wk` nw dnwcw

W\C dkiav >:: cw `kwctk` no` nda|k >;: pszcgniis co`cgnpkwlcinekopa{w ftavph

W{tlngk a|kt liav tnpk lat n wkgao`nts gintclckt cw tkinpk` pa }aokwkppicof |kiagcps nw whavo dkiav

]W\ (\c# gno dk kwpcenpk` ds

Hktk \c cw }aok wkppicof |kiagcps (W\C#

WL cw wnlkps lngpat no` pnbko nw >/6; pa 4/;

\enx cw enxce{e }aok wkppicof |kiagcps pnbko nw 6 e!h

B cw n gaowpnop vcph |ni{k ;:

X cl EIWW gaogkoptnpcao

al W\C no` ]W\

WL

\tnpka|ktliavW{tlngk c5

xB\\c #kxz(enx 5

@kwcfo al Wkgao`nts gintclckt ao phk dnwcw


101/148

EIWW) ]W\ no` W\C!@W\C ntk tkinpk`

Hktk x cw EIWW gaogkoptnpcao co f!i

@W\C no` W\C co ei!f

Li{gp{npcaow co vnwpkvnpkt no` tkp{to wi{`fk liav tnpkw no` EIWWgaogkoptnpcao wha{i` dk gaowc`ktk` co phk `kwcfo

Wnlkps lngpat {wk` cw eknop lat phcw z{tzawk

Waic`w ian`cof tnpk cw n icecpcof zntnekpkt no` nllkgpw klli{kopgaogkoptnpcao al PWW

Klli{kop ~{nicps tkencow {onllkgpk` a|kt n vc`k tnofk al w{tlngka|ktliav tnpkw ({zpa 7%0 e!h#

xW\C\c #::>;8#(io "5x@W\C\c #::4;;;/:>:7/:(:48/4#(io "5

f sal W\C no` ]W\

Aphkt colatenpcao lat phk `kwcfo al


102/148

Wc`k vnii ic~{c` `kzph gno dk nw iav nw 7/; e lat intfk gintclcktw no`nw hcfh nw < e lat weniikt gintclcktw

@kkzkt gintclcktw hn|k ftknpkt likxcdcicps al azktnpcao no` intfktentfco al wnlkps

Pnob coikp wkgpcao at gkoptni vkii Mkppcof al coli{kop (gn{wk lat `kowcps g{ttkopw# wha{i` dk n|ac`k`

phta{fh `cwwcznpk coli{kop koktfs

@cwptcd{pcao al liav wha{i` dk k|ko co hatc}aopni no` |ktpcgni`ctkgpcaow no` wha{i` oap `cwp{td phk wi{`fk dinobkp

@kwcfo al gkoptni vkii wha{i` ztaeapk liagg{inpcao

Gsico`tcgni dnllik al `cnekpkt 7:%7;+ al phk pnob `cnekpkt gno dk{wk` nw gkoptni vkii

Dappae al phk lkk` vkii wha{i` ko` vkii nda|k phk wi{`fk dinobkpcopktlngk

Aphkt colatenpcao lat phk `kwcfo alWkgao`nts Gintclcktw

Aphkt colatenpcao lat phk `kwcfo alWkgao`nts Gintclcktw


103/148

Vkct zingkekop no` ian`cof

Co intfkt gintclcktw gctg{int a|ktliav vkct vcph pta{fh gno dk zingk`np 4!7t pa 7!0ph tn`cni `cwpnogk ltae phk gkopkt

Lat weniikt gintclcktw cp gno np phk zktcekpkt

N dnllik gno dk zta|c`k` pa `klikgp `kowcps g{ttkopw nvns ltae phk

a|ktliav vkct no` n|ac` wg{e a|ktliav [z%liav |kiagcps co phk |cgcocps al vkct wha{i` dk 7/;%6 e!ht

Vkct ian`cof tnpkw wha{i` dk 9 76; e7!e/`ns

Wha{i` dk 94;: e7!e/`ns cl iagnpk` co `kowcps g{ttkop {zp{to }aok

Wha{i` dk 9>4; e7!e/`ns lat n|ktnfk liav no` 94;: e7!e/`ns latenxce{e liav co weniikt pnobw

Wg{e tkea|ni= oap n ztadike co wkgao`nts gintclcktw no` ens dkokk`k` vhko ztcents gintclcktw ntk oap {wk`

Tkea|k` wg{e wha{i` oap dk pnbko dngb lat ptknpekop

Wkgao`nts Gintclcktw


104/148

Azktnpcao no` Gaoptai al NWZ

NWZ Z G p i


105/148

NWZ Ztagkww Gaoptai

Ztcogczni nzztanghkw al gaoptai ntk Encopncocof @A ik|ki co phk nktnpcao pnob

Tkf{inpcof phk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpk (encopncocofEIWW co phk nktnpcao pnob no` gaoptai wi{`fk dinobkp ik|ki cophk wkgao`nts gintclckt#

Gaoptaiicof vnwpk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk lat encopncocof phk `kwctk`WTP

Aphkt cezatpnop nzztanghkw lat gaoptai ntk

Boavcof axsfko {zpnbk tnpkw

Ta{pcok ecgtawgazcg adwkt|npcao lat eaocpatcof ecgtadcnighntngpktcwpcgw coli{kogcof wi{`fk wkppicof ztazktpckw

WTP!EIWW cw no` cezatpnop ztagkww gaoptai zntnekpkt

Encopncocof @A co phk nktnpcao dnwco


106/148

Icecpcof @A ik|kiw gno tkw{ip co lcinekopa{w wi{`fk no` nllkgpwkppindcicps al phk wi{`fk

@kwctk` @A cw >/; pa 4 ef!I co nii phk ntknw al phk nktnpcao dnwco

Hcfhkt @A cezta|kw ocptclcgnpcao (?4 ef!I ln|a{tndik#

? 0 ef!I @A ens oap cezta|k azktnpcaow d{p zta|k gawpis

Eknw{tcof axsfko {zpnbk tnpk (A[T# no` wzkgclcg axsfko{zpnbk tnpk (WA[T# ens niwa dk cezatpnop lat gaoptai

Co|ai|kw pnbcof n wktckw al @A eknw{tkekopw a|kt waek zktca`no` tkzatpcof phk tkw{ipw nw ef!I/eco/ A4 pnbko {z

WA[T gattkinpkw vkii vcph phk lconi klli{kop DA@

Ghnofkw co WA[T gno co`cgnpk ztkwkogk al paxcg!cohcdcpatsw{dwpnogkw co phk coli{kop


E c p c c @A c ph pc d c


107/148

Enpghcof axsfko w{zzis vcph `keno` cw cezatpnop Giaffk` lcipktw no` la{ik` `cll{wktw gno nllkgp w{zzis

Zta|c`cof lcipkt {zwptkne pa diavktw no` phkct ltk~{kop giknocof gnoencopnco hcfhkt tnpkw al axsfko w{zzis no` ecocec}k copktoni la{icof al`cll{wktw

Atfnocg a|ktian`cof no` hcfhkt WTP gno cogtknwk A4 `keno`

Ztazatpcaoniis `kgtknwcof WTP pa enpgh phk atfnocg a|ktian`cof gnon|ac` axsfko `keno` ltae phk atfnocg a|ktian`cof

Oao%{oclate ecxcof no` iagnic}k` @A `klcgckogckw

Iavkt EIWW) noaxcg!nonktadcg gao`cpcaow) lcinekopa{w ftavph)`kocptclcgnpcao no` kllcgckogs `taz gno agg{t

Gno dk gn{wk` ds phk d{twp `cll{wktw

@A eaocpatcof co phk nktnpcao dnwco gno c`kopcls phk ztadike


T i pc i ` ic


108/148

Wi{`fk vnwha{p co phk gintclck` klli{kop wha{i` dk ztk|kopk` Encopnco phk wi{`fk dinobkp dkiav phk klli{kop vkct

Tkp{to wi{`fk z{ez wha{i` dk al nezik gnzngcps (>:: pa >;:+ alphk n|ktnfk `kwcfo wi{`fk liav#

Hs`tn{icg a|ktian`cof al NWZ ikn`w pa waic`w a|ktian`cof al gintclcktcogtknwkw wi{`fk dinobkp `kzph no` okgkwwcpnpkw z{ezcof al tkp{to

wi{`fk np hcfhkt tnpk no` iavkt gaowcwpkogs

@kzko`cof ao wkppicof ghntngpktcwpcgw tkp{to wi{`fk gaogkoptnpcao ens|nts dkpvkko 0:::%>4::: ef!I

okgkwwcpnpkw dkppkt gaoptai a|kt tkp{to wi{`fk z{ezcof tnpkw

Liav enonfkekop phta{fh k~{nic}cof phk coli{kop gno n|ac` phk

hs`tn{icg a|ktian`w

Tkf{inpcof wi{`fk tkgsgicof



109/148

Tkp{to wi{`fk liav tnpk wha{i` dk `kpktecok` ds

Wkppindcicps al phk wi{`fk

Wi{`fk dinobkp ik|ki gaoptai

Wkgao`nts gintclckt enww dninogk

Nktnpcao pnob enww dninogk

@kpkteconpcao al wi{`fk liav tnpk ds phk wkppindcicps ghntngpktcwpcg

Eaocpat W\C lat ecxk` ic~{at waic`w

Kwpcenpk wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca (t# ds

>>::

>::

5

W\CZ

t

v

Zv cw EIWW nw + (7::: ef!I cw :/7+#

W\C cw co eI!f

t cw wi{`fk tkgsgik tnpcaT^

^t5


T i pc i ` ic


110/148

@kpkteconpcao al liav tnpk ds wi{`fk dinobkp ik|ki Encopnco phk wi{`fk dinobkp dkiav phk klli{kop vkct lat n|ac`cof

vnwha{p

Azpce{e `kzph cw :/7 pa :/3 e

\ntcnpcaow co liav no` wptkofph (dGA@ no` PWW#) wi{`fk wkppicofztazktpckw) no` wi{`fk vcph`tnvni tnpkw nllkgp phk ik|ki

Wi{`fk dinobkp ik|kiw gno dk `kpkgpk` ds

Vcph`tnvcof wnezikw {wcof nct iclp z{ezw) ftn|cps liav p{dkw) zatpndikwnezicof z{ezw no` gatk wnezikw

Wi{`fk%w{zktonpnop copktlngk `kpkgpatw

Tkf{inpcao al wi{`fk dinobkp ik|ki tk~{ctkw gaowc`ktndik azktnpatnppkopcao




111/148

@kpkteconpcao ds wkgao`nts gintclckt enww dninogk

Enww dninogk lat wkgao`nts gintclckt

Nww{ecof Xk nw okficfcdik no` pnbcof ^vXt nw \Xn!WTP no`

pnbcof \ nw ^ aok gno lco` ^t nw

@kpkteconpcao ds nktnpcao dnwco enww dninogk

Nww{ecof okv dcaenww ftavph no` coli{kop dcaenww (Xc#

gaogko/ nw okficfcdik enpktcni dninogk lat nktnpcao pnob cw

kktvtttn X^X^X^^^X ""5" #(

nt

n

tXX

WTP^X

^

5>

#( tntt ^^XX^ "5nt

nt

XX

^X^

5

f f f s f


112/148

Wi{`fk vnwpcof gno dk

Ltae phk tkp{to wi{`fk icok

Ikwwkt |ai{ek al wi{`fk cw vnwpk`

Gaoptai cw `cllcg{ip

Ltae phk nktnpcao pnob co phk late ecxk` ic~{at

\ai{ek vnwpk` cw intfk

Gno dk vnwpk` kcphkt copa n ztcents gintclckt at n phcgbkokt

Gaoptai cw e{gh knwckt (ens okk` aois PWWk

eknw{tkekop#

Wi{`fk vnwpcof cw `kpktecok` ao phk dnwcw al WTP

@{k gaowc`ktnpcao wha{i` dk fc|ko pa wi{`fk vnwha{p

Wi{`fk vnwpcof

Wi{`fk vnwpcof


113/148

@kpktecocof wi{`fk vnwpcof tnpk

Vhko vnwpcof ltae phk tkp{to wi{`fk icok

Cl Xk cw okficfcdik

Vhko vnwpcof ltae phk nktnpcao dnwco nw ecxk` ic~{at

Cl Xk cw oap okficfcdik

tvkk

n

X^X^

\XWTP

"5

WTPX\X^t

nv 5

n

kkv

X

X^

WTP

\^ 5

WTP

\

^v 5v^

\WTP5

Wi{`fk vnwpcof

Ecgtawgazcg adwkt|npcao al wi{`fk


114/148

Ecgtawgazcg adwkt|npcaow cogi{`k Ghnofk co liag wc}k no` `kowcps

Wpnp{w al lcinekopa{w atfnocwew ftavph co phk liagw

Ztkwkogk al Oagnt`cn dngpktcn

Nd{o`nogk al hcfhkt iclk latew w{gh nw ztapa}anow no` tapclktw

@kgtknwcof ztapa}ano zaz{inpcao co`cgnpkw

@A icecpnpcao at

Azktnpcao al NWZ np iavkt WTP at

Ztkwkogk al cohcdcpats w{dwpnogkw co phk coli{kop

Cl lcinekopa{w at Oagnt`cn ftavph cw `kpkgpk` gattkgpc|k ngpcao pagaoptai phk ftavph cw okk`k`

Ecgtawgazcg adwkt|npcao al wi{`fk

O{ptckop no` ghkecgni lkk` gaoptai


115/148

Iavkt zH no` o{ptckop `klcgckogs gno gn{wk lcinekopa{w d{ibcofno` nllkgp phk ptknpekop kllcgckogs

dGA@=O=Z wha{i` dk ln|a{tndis encopncok`

Eknw{tk PBO) ocptnpk no` papni zhawzhat{w ik|kiw co phk coli{kop % gaezntkvcph `kwctk` dGA@=O=Z tnpcano` `kgc`k o{ptckop `awk

[tkn no`!at @NZ gno dk `awk` pa n`m{wp o{ptckop `klcgckogckw

(pa g{p phk gawp zav`ktk` zhawzhnpk tagb at zhawzhatcg ngc` gno niwa dk{wk` co zingk al @NZ#

zH al phk coli{kop wha{i` n`m{wpk` no` zH al phk nktnpcao dnwcogaopkopw wha{i` encopncok` ln|a{tndik

Eknw{tk phk coli{kop nibnicocps no` zH

Cl zH cw iavkt n`m{wp cp (ok{ptnic}k lktekopnpcao zta`{gpw al wkzpcg coli{kop#vcph EAI

Cl w{llcgckop nibnicocps cw oap n|ncindik n`` EAI (6:%8: ef!I nw GnGA7ens dk tk~{ctk`#

W ` i clc p i


116/148

Wkgao`nts gintclckt gaoptai

Tncwcof wi{`fk) `kowcps g{ttkopw no` wi{`fk vnwha{p Ocptclck` ecxk` ic~{at ian`cof al phk gintclckt

Iaofkt tkpkopcao al wi{`fk co phk gintclckt

Hcfhkt pkezktnp{tk al ecxk` ic~{at co`{gcof `kowcps g{ttkopw

@kwcfo `klkgpw co phk wkgao`nts gintclckt

Wai{pcaow pa phk ztadikew ens cogi{`k

@kwcfo gattkgpcaow w{gh nw

Zta|c`cof `kowcps g{ttkop `klikgpatw no`!at wg{e dnllikw

Kow{tcof k|ko `cwptcd{pcao al phk EI no` {oclate a|ktliav

Ztazkt gaiikgpcao ltae nii a|kt phk gintclckt no` gaopco{a{w tkgsgicofal wi{`fk

Wkgao`nts gintclckt gaoptai


117/148

Cogtknwcof wi{`fk dinobkp hkcfhp no` wi{`fk vnwha{p

Waic`w a|ktian`cof ltae phk hs`tn{icg a|ktian`cof al NWZ Zaat wkppicof , phcgbkocof ztazktpckw al phk d{ibcof wi{`fk

Cow{llcgckop wi{`fk tkgsgicof

Wai{pcaow

Wenii `awk al zaisektw gno cezta|k wi{`fk wkppicof ztazktpckw

Ecgtawgazcg kxneconpcao al phk wi{`fk no` eknw{tkekop al W\C no`wi{`fk dinobkp `kzph gno dk {wkl{i

Tkf{inpk dinobkp `kzph phta{fh nipktcof wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpk

[wk W\C pa `kgc`k ao wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpk Ecocec}k ian`cof ds

Vnwpcof ngpc|npk` wi{`fk `ctkgpis ltae nktnpcao pnob

N|ac` copktoni hs`tn{icg ian`w `{tcof zknb hs`tn{icg ian`w


118/148

Wpntp {z al no NWZ

Wkk`cof al phk nktnpcao dnwco cocpcniis ao n tkf{int dnwcw ens dk pakow{tk nggicenpcao

Wpntp vcph n HTP k~{ni pa `kwcfok` WTP no` ftn`{niis `kgtknwkpavnt`w `kwcfok` HTP vhcik encopncocof phk wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpknp phk `kwcfok` ik|ki no` kow{tcof ftn`{ni d{ci`{z al EIWW

Wpntp wi{`fk vnwpcof aois nlpkt phk ngp{ni EIWW tknghk` phk`kwcfok` EIWW

Ftn`{niis cogtknwk phk wi{`fk vnwpnfk tnpk {opci `kwcfok` WTP cw

nghck|k` vhcik kow{tcof phnp phk EIWW cw np phk `kwcfok` ik|ki


119/148

Wnlkps gaowc`ktnpcaowZhswcgni hn}nt`w= ptczw) lniiw no` `tavocof

Ghkecgni hn}nt`w= nwwagcnpk` vcph phk hno`icof al nibnic) {tkn) @NZ)Ghiatcok) hs`tafko zktaxc`k) kpg/

Dcaiafcgni hn}nt`w= nct datok znphafkow ltae nktnpcao) gaopngp vcphvnwpkvnpkt gaopncocof znphafkow

Oacwk hn}nt`w= diavktw no` `tc|kw

Kikgptcgni no` ekghnocgni hn}nt`w

Gaolcok` wzngk hn}nt`w= wkgao`nts gintclckt {o`kt%`tnco wswpke


120/148

Azktnpcaoni ztadikew

nwwagcnpk` vcph NWZ

Azktnpcaoni Ztadikew al NWZ


121/148

Gaeeao ztadikew koga{opktk` co azktnpcof phk NWZ

D{ibcof wi{`fk

Tcwcof wi{`fk

Oagnt`cn lane

D{ibcof wi{`fk Gn{wkw hcfh w{wzko`k` waic`w co phk klli{kop

Liagw `a oap gaezngp no` wkppik vkii no` wi{`fk dinobkp `kzph cogtknwkw(dksao` pszcgni >: pa 7: ge#

Tkw{ipw co zaat ptknpekop zktlatenogk

Encopncocof `kwctk` ik|ki al EIWW!EI\WW dkgaekw `cllcg{ip) klli{kophnw w{wzko`k` DA@) hcfhkt tkgsgik tnpkw tk`{gk vnwpkvnpktw HTP

Pva pszkw al d{ibcof= Lcinekopa{w no` \cwga{w d{ibcof


122/148

Lcinekopa{w d{ibcof

Lcinekopw oateniis ztapt{`k a{p al phk wi{`fk liag

W{tlngk ntkn pa enww tnpca cogtknwkw no` wi{`fk nppncow zaat wkppicofztazktpckw

\cwga{w d{ibcof

Gn{wk` ds kxgkwwc|k nea{op al kxptngkii{int hs`tazhcicg dcazaisekt

Enbkw phk wi{`fk hcfhis vnpkt tkpkopc|k (hs`ta{w d{ibcof#

D{ibcof Wi{`fk

D{ibcof Wi{`fk


123/148

Lngpatw gn{wcof d{ibcof

Vnwpkvnpkt ghntngpktcwpcgw) icbk) tkn`cis dca`kftn`ndik atfnocg enppktno` lktekopnpcao zta`{gpw) H4W no` tk`{gk` w{il{t gaeza{o`w (wkzpcgvnpkt#) o{ptckop `klcgckogs no` iav zH

Liav |ntcnpcaow no` |ntcnpcaow co zH

@kwcfo icecpnpcaow) icbk gaezikpk ecx tkngpat gao`cpcaow) icecpk` nct

w{zzis) zaat ecxcof) whatp gctg{cpcof) `klkgpc|k wi{`fk gaiikgpcao no`tkea|ni no` icecpk` tkp{to wi{`fk z{ezcof gnzngcps

Azktnpcaoni cww{kw) icbk) iav @A) cow{llcgckop o{ptckopw) iaofkt WTPno` w{dwk~{kop iav L!E) cow{llcgckop wai{dik DA@ (lat phkwklcinekopa{w atfnocwew ntk |kts gaezkpcpc|k#) copktoni zinop

a|ktian`cof (tkgsgik ian`w al gkoptnpk no` lciptnpk#O{ptckop icecpcof wswpkew no` |kts hcfh ian`cof al vnwpkvnpkt vcph

hcfh ik|kiw al tkn`cis dca`kftn`ndik GA@ gno gn{wk |cwga{w d{ibcof


124/148

Gaoptai al d{ibcof ens tk~{ctk co|kwpcfnpcao ao

Vnwpkvnpkt ghntngpktcwpcgw

Ztagkww ian`cof Tkp{to no` vnwpk wi{`fk z{ezcof tnpkw

Copktoni zinop a|ktian`cof

Gintclckt azktnpcao

Co|kwpcfnpcao cw {w{niis wpntpk` vcph ecgtawgazcg kxneconpcao al ecxk`ic~{at

D{ibcof Wi{`fk

D ibc Wi `


125/148

Wai{pcaow lat d{ibcof

@kgtknwcof WTP at azktnpcof phk nktnpcao k~{czekop np l{iignzngcps gno pnbk gntk al d{ibcof ltae icecpcof @A

@A wha{i` dk ?4 ef!i {o`kt oateni ian`cof gao`cpcaow

Wkikgpat ztagkwwkw (nktadcg) noaxcg no` nonktadcg# co zingk algaezikpk ecx wswpkew gno dk n wai{pcao lat d{ibcof ltae iaofktWTP no` iav L!E tnpcaw

Copktoni zinop a|ktian`cof gno dk n|ac`k` phta{fh tkgsgicof

gkoptnpk no` lciptnpk `{tcof phk zktca`w al ecoceni hs`tn{icg no`atfnocg ian`cof

Oap tkpncocof phk wi{`fk lat eatk phno 7: eco{pkw gno n|ac`wkzpcg gao`cpcaow no` w{dwk~{kop d{ibcof

D{ibcof Wi{`fk


126/148

D{ibcof gno dk pkezatntcis gaoptaiik` ds Gi4 no` H4A4

:/::4%:/::8 bf zkt `ns al Gi4 zkt bf al EI\WW lat ;%>: ht HTP

wswpkew Ghiatconpcao gno zta`{gk p{tdc` klli{kop no` bcii ocptclcktw

Ptchniaekphnokw no` aphkt gaeza{o`w vcph zapkopcni hkniph no`ko|ctaoekopni kllkgpw gno dk latek`

@awk al H4A4 `kzko`w ao kxpkop al lcinekopa{w `k|kiazekop

D{ibcof Wi{`fk

Tcwcof Wi{`fk


127/148

@cllktkopcnpk` ltae d{ibcof wi{`fk ds ztkwkogk al wenii fnw d{ddikw co phk

wi{`fkGaeeao co wswpkew vcph gao`cpcaow ln|a{tndik lat ocptclcgnpcao

Ocptclcgnpcao cw phk gaeeao gn{wk

Ocptclcgnpcao co phk nktnpcao dnwcow zta`{gkw ocptcpk no` ocptnpk

@kocptclcgnpcao co phk gintclcktw gao|ktpw zta`{gkw ocptafko fnw Ptnzzcof al ocptafko fnw enbkw phk wi{`fk d{asnop

Wai{pcaow ens cogi{`k

Tk`{gk` wi{`fk `kpkopcao co phk gintclckt (cogtknwcof phk wzkk` al wi{`fkgaiikgpcao no` vcph`tnvni#

Tk`{gk` ecxk` ic~{at liav pa phk gintclckt (`kgtknwkw wi{`fk `kzph#

@kgtknwk WTP no`!at nktnpcao lat gaoptaiicof ocptclcgnpcao

Zawp%nktnpcao noaxcg ztagkww ztk|kopw `kocptclcgnpcao co gintclcktw

Lanecof


128/148

[w{niis nwwagcnpk` vcphOagnt`cn no` Ecgtaphtcx znt|cgkiin

Hs`tazhadcg gkii w{tlngkw niiav nppnghekop al dngpktcn pa no`wpndcic}npcao al nct d{ddikw pa gn{wk lanecof (:/; pa >/: e phcgb#

Phk lanecof gno fa dksao` phk NWZ no` fkp copa nktadcg no` nonktadcgwi{`fk `cfkwpktw

Gaoptai eknw{tkw N|ac` lane ptnzzcof nktnpcao dnwcow (dnllikw vcph liav {o`kt gno ptnz

lane co phk dnwco#

Tk`{gk aci no` ftknwk (Oagnt`cn no` Ecgtaphtcx ntk {w{niis nwwagcnpk`vcph phkwk# liav copa phk nktnpcao dnwco

N|ac` tkgsgicof al wbceecofw al gintclcktw pa nktnpcao dnwcow

[wk al wkikgpatw gno `cwga{tnfk lanecof

N``cpcao al wenii gaogkoptnpcaow al gnpcaocg zaisektw no` ghiatcokwztns a|kt phk w{tlngk al lane gno niwa tk`{gk lanecof

f

Wkikgpat Ztagkwwkw

N ii b c l ii b ` l c c h


129/148

N wenii pnob at n wktckw al wenii pnobw ntk {wk` lat ecxcof phkcogaecof vnwpkvnpkt vcph phk tkp{to wi{`fk {o`kt nktadcg at

noaxcg!nonktadcg gao`cpcaow Gaoptaiw lcinekopa{w d{ibcof no` cezta|kw wi{`fk wkppicof

ghntngpktcwpcgw

Hcfh tdGA@ L!E tnpca `cwga{tnfkw lcinekopa{w ftavph d{p

koga{tnfkw liag latecof oao%lcinekopa{w dngpktcni ftavphWkikgpat ztagkww `kwcfow ntk pva pszkw

bcokpcg at hcfh L!E wkikgpatw

Hcfhkt w{dwptnpk gaogkoptnpcaow tkw{ip co lnwpkt w{dwptnpk {zpnbk ds liag

latecof dngpktcn Hcfh @A (< %8 ef!I# cw okk`k` lat encopncocof nktadcg liag

Tkgaeeko`k` L!E tnpcaw ntk >4) < no` 7 zkt `ns GA@ L!E tnpcaw latn 7 pnob wkikgpat

paa hcfh L!E tnpcaw) ?8 DA@!`ns # gno gn{wk |cwga{w d{ibcof

Wkikgpat Ztagkwwkw


130/148

Ekpndaicg at noaxcg at nonktadcg ztagkwwkw wkikgpatw

Cezta|k` wi{`fk wkppicof ghntngpktcwpcgw no` ecoceni lcinekopa{wdngpktcn ntk adwkt|k` vcph phk dcaiafcgni o{ptckop tkea|ni ztagkwwkw

Lcinekopa{w dngpktcn gno oap {wk ocptnpk at ocptcpk nw kikgptao nggkzpat{o`kt noaxcg gao`cpcaow

Lcinekopa{w dngpktcn `a oap wpatk zaiszhawzhnpkw no` hkogk gno oapgaow{ek ngkpnpk {o`kt nonktadcg gao`cpcaow

Noaxcg at nonktadcg ekpndaicg gao`cpcaow ntk {wk`

Nonktadcg wkikgpat gno dk {wk` dklatk phk nktnpcao pnob (zhawzhat{wtkea|ni gno agg{t#

Cl ocptclcgnpcao cw {wk`) phko noaxcg wkikgpatw gno dk {wk`

Lat hcfh L!E noaxcg!noktadcg wkikgpatw W\C al ecxk` ic~{at gno dknw iav nw ::%>4: eI!f#


131/148

NWZ eaocpatcof

Eaocpatcof


132/148

Eaocpatcof cogi{`cof wnezicof ltk~{kogs no` zntnekpktw pa dknonis}k` wha{i` dk okk` dnwk`

Eaocpatcof ens dk tk~{ctk` lat

Gnttscof a{p ptknpndcicps wp{`ckw no` `kwcfo al phk NWZ

Lngcicpnpcof azktnpcao no` gaoptai al phk NWZ

Nwwkwwcof gaezicnogk vcph phk tk~{ctkekopw (nghck|kekop al wkpno` `kwcfo kllcgckogckw#

Zktlatenogk k|ni{npcao al phk NWZ

Eaocpatcof co|ai|kw wnezicof no` noniswcw al wnezikw al

Coli{kop vnwpkvnpkt al phk NWZ

Nktnpcao pnob gaopkopw

Ecxk` ic~{at dkcof lk` pa phk wkgao`nts gintclckt

Gintclck` wkgao`nts klli{kop (wkgao`nts gintclckt a|ktliavw#

Tkp{to wi{`fk


133/148

Eaocpatcof

Eaocpatcof gno dk aoicok (nzztaztcnpk lat ztagkww gaoptai .#

Eaocpatcof co|ai|kw gaiikgpcao al wnezikw no` noniswcw co

Co`{wptcni {ocpw avo KPZ at gkoptni indatnpats (lat ta{pcok

zntnekpktw# A{pwc`k indatnpats (waekpcekw 7t` zntps indatnpats# lat n`|nogk`

noniswcw (lat oao%ta{pcok zntnekpktw tk~{ctcof wazhcwpcgnpk`cowpt{ekopw#

7t` zntps indatnpats cw `kzko`k` ao wzkgcniis lat gaezicnogk

nwwkwwekop! eaocpatcof

Wnezicof iagnpcao wha{i` m{`cgca{wis ghawko

Eaocpatcof


134/148

Ekpha` al wnezicof ghawko wha{i` kow{tk gaiikgpcao al tkztkwkopnpc|kwnezikw

[w{niis ftnd wnezicof gno wkt|k phk z{tzawk

Aggnpcaoniis gaezawcpk (liav ztazatpcaonpk`1# wnezicof ens dktk~{ctk`

Ltk~{kogs al wnezicof no` zntnekpktw pa dk noniswk` lat wha{i` dk

`kgc`k` ao phk dnwcw al phk eaocpatcof admkgpc|k!z{tzawk

Pszcgni wnezicof iagnpcaow no` gaeztkhkowc|k icwp al zntnekpktw latnoniswcw lat no NWZ ntk c`kopclck` hktk

Wnezicof np nii phk iagnpcaow) wnezicof ds nos wzkgclcg ekpha` al

noniswcw) no` noniswcw lat nii phk c`kopclck` zntnekpktw ens oapnivnsw dk tk~{ctk`

Wnezicof ltk~{kogs gno dk np lcxk` copkt|niw no` vhkok|kt n okk`ntcwkw

Wptknew pa dk eaocpatk` no` zntnekpkt


135/148

Coli{kop (cogi{`cof copktoni tkgsgik liavw#= Nwwkww daph ~{nopcpsno` ghntngpktcwpcgw

Liav tnpk no` |ntcnpcaow (cl okk`k` phk liav wha{i` dk enonfk`#

Copktoni tkgsgik liavw

Atfnocg enppkt gaogkoptnpcao DA@) dGA@ (DA@ bcokpcgw# no`GA@

O{ptckopw PBO (neeaocgni no` atfnocg ocptafko#) ocptnpk zi{wocptcpk ocptafko) no` papni zhawzhat{w

W{wzko`k` waic`w= PWW) \WW) od\WW (co`ctkgp ekpha`#

Papni nibnicocps) Pkezktnp{tk no` zH

Nktnpcao dnwco gaopkopw= Pkezktnp{tk) zH no` @cwwai|k` axsfko Axsfko {zpnbk tnpk no` wzkgclcg axsfko {zpnbk tnpk (Paxcgcps

nwwkwwekop#

Eaocpatcof al NWZ


136/148

Eaocpatcof al NWZ

zH co phk nktnpcao pnob pa ghkgb vhkphkt koa{fh nibnicocpscw ztkwkop

O{ptckopw co phk ptknpk` klli{kop PBO) Ocptnpk%O no`Papni%Z

@A co phk nktnpcao pnob (wnezik wha{i` oap gaek cogaopngp vcph nct no` dcaiafcgni liagw wha{i` dk `kngpc|npk`#

EIWW no` EI\WW) PWW co phk gintclck` wkgao`ntsklli{kop no` W\C al ecxk` ic~{at

\cw{ni no` ecgtawgazcg kxneconpcao al ecgtadcni liagw

Wptknew pa dk eaocpatk` no` zntnekpkt


137/148

Ecxk` ic~{at

EIWW no` EI\WW

Ocptnpk no` ocptcpk ocptafko

W\C no` ]W\

Ecgtawgazcg kxneconpcao al dcaiafcgni liagw

Tkp{to wi{`fk

EIWW at gaowcwpkogs

Gintclck` wkgao`nts klli{kop

Wai{dik DA@) papni DA@) GA@Ocptnpk zi{w ocptcpk ocptafko no` PBO (neeaocgni no` atfnocg

ocptafko wkzntnpkis#

Papni zhawzhat{w no` PWW

z

@kwcfo al phk NWZ


138/148

Ghntngpktc}npcao no` ~{nopclcgnpcao al phk coli{kop pa dk ptknpk`

Liav tnpk no` |ntcnpcaow (n|ktnfk liav no` zknbcof lngpat# liav k~{nic}npcao ens dk okk`k` pa `nezko |ntcnpcaow

Atfnocg enppkt gaogkoptnpcao DA@) dGA@ (DA@ bcokpcgw# no`GA@

O{ptckopw PBO (neeaocgni no` atfnocg ocptafko#) ocptnpk zi{wocptcpk ocptafko) no` papni zhawzhat{w

W{wzko`k` waic`w= PWW) od\WW (co`ctkgp ekpha`#

Papni nibnicocps

Pkezktnp{tk (w{eekt gtcpcgni no` vcopkt gtcpcgni pkezktnp{tk alphk coli{kop#

Nedckop gao`cpcaow) icbk) w{eekt no` vcopkt gtcpcgni pkez/)nipcp{`k no` npeawzhktcg ztkww{tk) ens dk

activated sludge process and its design, operation and control

Documents