acta mongolica сэтгүүл боть 15

8/9/2019 Acta Mongolica 15

1/238

HESH GAKLAFBEH 84 (388)

.-


2/238


3/238

5

20 .


4/238

3


5/238

4

BKUSBSTSD JA] GAKLAFBHK USTCBDUKhtbakhf Tkbvdrsbty aj Gaklafbh

-------------------------------------------------------------------------Zaf.84 (388) =083 4->

, ,

.-

=083 , , 20 . , ,

, . - BB 20 .

8228-8224 , H - , , , . - .

. aklafbhk-Dklfbsn Cbetbakhry 8 . . . = =002 .

82:>, 82>2, =00= -, 822<

- - . . 5

, , , , .

82=3 3 == (\hygautn)- . 20 , , .

4-83 . 8238 . ,

. 8235 , . .

, . 8235 : . . , . .

823: 823< , .

8 B awd lrdht cdmt aj lrhtbtucd ta Gr. F.Enufuukmhhthr aj UAHU hkc tnd Uthtd Tkbvdrsbty aj Gaklafbh jar nbs ldkdraus ndfp avdr hpdrbac aj kdhrfy twa ydhrs bk hkswdrbkl gy qudstbaks hkc trybkl ta rdgavd gy cbjeuftbds. Bk tnd fhst sthlds aj tnd wari B rdedbvdcndfp jrag nbs sueedssar Gr.O.Mht-Brddcub. Kddcfdss ta shy, B hfakd hg rdspaksbmfd jar hff rdghbkbkl bkjdfbebtbds bk tnd prdsdkt wari.Enhrfds ].Mhwcdk, Gaklafbhk-Dklfbsn Cbetbakhry, Idlhk Phuf, 822), =002, 854-852 5 .-, ? , , ., =085, ==3-=2


6/238

:

, . 823> . 8240-8248 824= .

. . . . , , , . , , , . , , . .

, . . . 8244 .

. ., .

. - , . - . - .

. 8244 , , 82:> 83 , 82>=-82>3 . 82>3 , 82>4 .

824: ,

.. 824>

, . , .

, , . .

5 , , , , . , , . .,., .-, . .

. , , , .- . . , .

. 8242 . .., .., - , , , ., , , , ., , .,


7/238

. . 82:= 82 . -

. . . ... , , . ., . 82:> . , 5- , 8: , . . , , . 4 .

, . , , , . .

,

. , .82:0- - -

, , . 82 > .

, =4 : . 50000 , , , . .

, , , , . 82 (8>8>-8>38) . , UNHGHKU, FHGHU HKC DZHKLDFBEHFU? SND DKLFBUNGBUUBAKH]BDU BK UBMD]BH . : , , .

=005 < - 82>: .

, , , , , .

, , . , 3 B , ., ., =002, 5 4., , ., =088, 8:0-:3 .:E.].Mhwcdk, ]dghris ak sagd eaktdgparhry pdrjarghkeds aj dpbes bk tnd GP], ( .) -- Heth Gaklafbeh , 85 (5>4) =085, 8:8-8


8/238

>

, .

, , , ,

.

.-, ? , , , ., =085En.].Mhwcdk, Gaklafbhk-Dklfbsn Cbetbakhry, Idlhk Phuf, 8224) =085, 8:8-8), =002, 854-852


9/238

2


-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Zaf.84 (388) =083 2-8=

. -

.*

? , , 53 - . .

- - , , , , . ? , - , ., ,

, , , .

82=3 3 ==- , (\dygautn) . , , . . , , , , . . BB

8235-823: 5 . , 8244 . 8240- 8244 . ., .,., ., .-, ., ., . , . . 8243 . . 8= . 82:< > 82:> =- ., . . . =0 , 8 .

, , ?

( Snd Gaklaf Enrakbefd Hfthk Sameb. \bdsmhcdk? Atta Nhrrhssawbtz, 8244), ( Snd Odmtsukchgmh Inutuintus aj Trlh9 tdxt, trhksfhtbak, hkc katds.\bdsmhcdk? A. Nhrrhssawbtz, 82:8), (82:>), ( Snd Gacdrk Nbstary aj Gaklafbh. Kdw Rari? Prhdldr, 82:>, 82>2), (Ehthfalud aj Gaklaf maais, ghkuserbpts hkc xyfalrhpns, Snd ]ayhffbmrhry, Eapdknhldk, 824),- Gaklafbhk-Dklfbsn cbetbakhry. Fakcak? I. Phuf Bktdrkhtbakhf, 822


10/238

80

(Nbstary aj Maroblak efhk bk Gaklafbh), (Gaklafbhk phst hkc prdsdkt, 8242), (Ehffbkl tnd Uauf? H Gaklafbhk Fbthky. Muffdtbk aj tnd Uenaaf aj Arbdkthf hkc HjrbehkUtucbds, Tkbvdrsbty aj Fakcak =4 (8/5)? >8805.82:=), (Eakjraktbkl tnd Uupdrkhturhf? Gaklafbhk Srhcbtbakhf \hys hkc Gdhks.

\bdsmhcdk? Nhrrhssawbtz Zdrfhl, 888-3=. 8223), (H JbrstCdserbptbak aj h Eaffdetbak aj Gaklaf Ghkuserbpts bk tnd Tkbvdrsbty Fbmrhry, Ehgmrbcld. Oaurkhf aj tnd]ayhf Hsbhtbe Uaebdty 31? 8488:0, 824), (Deakagbe Hcvhked bk Gaklafbh. Snd \arfc Sachy 8: (:)? =44:5, 82:


11/238

88

. = , . .- 5 . . .

, , , . .

.8. .

. ? - ta pbfd up, ta erawc, swhrg3, ta jarg h pbfd, ta erawc,swhrg4 . ta lhtndr taldtndr, ta muken taldtndr, ta erawc taldtndr, ta swhrg, ta pbfdup: .

=. . ? - eurcs, eatthld enddsd . h gbfi pracuetghcd my mabfbkl gast aj tnd wndy jrag tnd eurcfdc gbfi aj snddp, lahts ar eaws hkc sdttbkl tnd rdsbcud ta cry aktnd serddk2 .

5. , . ? - jhtndr, lrhkcjhtndr, dsp. hppfbdc ta hk afcjhtndr(dkcdhrbkl), mdnhvbkl fbid hk hcuft (aj h enbfc)80, jhtndr, phph88

. chc, jhtndr, lrhkcjhtndr, stdpjhtndr, ta tdhen akdslrhkcgatndr ta suei dlls, ta md bk lhaf, , ( , ) fdhrk ta ghid yaur why dhrfy bk fbjd, ( )enhp, yaukl jdffaw, snaw-ajj, prdeaebaus enbfc, ( ) ta tdhen akdslrhkcgatndr ta suei dlls8= , . ta skard fbidh lrhgpuss85

.3. , , ,

. ? 80 tnd vd (ghoar) sebdkeds, tndvd(ghoar) mrhkends aj fdhrkbkl (Muccn.), tnd tdk sebdkeds, tnd tdk mrhkends aj fdhrkbkl, ( )tnd vd gbkar sebdkeds (hstrafaly, ()padtbes, ( )dfaqudked, ( )eagpasbtbak, ()hetbkl, chkebkl), ( ) tnd vd ghoar sebdkeds( fbklubstbes, falbe, gdcbebkd, gdenhkbehfhrts, tndafaly)83 . , gaukthbk vhffdy, vhffdy, vhffdys84 .

4. . h jhmufaus mbrc, jdghfd pnadkbx 8:

5Enhrfds Mhwcdk, Gaklafbhk-Dklfbsn cbetbakhry, Fakcak hkc Kdw Rari, 822:: Enhrfds Mhwcdk, Gaklafbhk-Dklfbsn cbetbakhry, Fakcak hkc Kdw Rari, 822:0s nd hfgast kbsndc nbs nhrc wari. Nawdvdr, hs Gaklafbh whs bk tnd pdrbac ajlfhskast ht tnht tbgd, ghky afc pbdeds aj vaehmufhry eaufc md rdstardc bk tnd Gaklafbhk fhkluhld. Mhwcdk cbc kat

whkt ta fdhvd tnasd warcs hkc waridc nhrc hlhbk jar hkatndr 80 ydhrs. Snus, kugdraus dssdktbhf warcs rdfhtdcta Gaklafbhk eustags, trhcbtbak, nbstary, kaghcbe fbjd styfd, Gaklafbhk Muccnbsg hkc snhghkbsg wdrd hccdc.Efdhvds J.\., wndk eaggdktbkl ak h jhgaus senafhr Fdssbkl J.C wna eagpbfdc Gaklafbhk-Dklfbsn Cbetbakhry bk82:0, shbc tnht Jdrcbkhkc C.Fdssbkl nhs put Gaklafbhk stucy ht tnd nbln fdvdf hff avdr tnd warfc my nbs dxedffdkthkc eagprdndksbvd cbetbakhry.

\d, tnd Gaklafbhks nblnfy prbzdc Mhwcdks cbetbakhry, eaksbcdrbkl bt ta md hk bkvhfuhmfd pbded aj wari jartnd Gaklafbhk stucbds. Snd rdhsak jar tnht bs tnht bt bkefucdc fats aj warcs hkc dxprdssbaks tnht nhvd kdvdr mddkbkefucdc bk prdvbaus cbetbakhrbds. B waufc fbid ta gdktbak h sbgpfd dxhgpfd. Hs wd faai up h eagpaukc warc , tnd trhksfhtbak wnben jaffaws bs? gaukthbk vhffdy, vhffdy.

8. Enhrfds Mhwcdk, Gaklafbhk-Dklfbsn cbetbakhry, Fakcak hkc Kdw Rari, 822 . . ?...

.2.

- ?66 , , , . .;;.8066 /../ , ..;;88. , . . . , , /, ../, ,

.8=

, ( ) . , . . 1 .

// 85 , ., , .

. (, .) , . , , , . , . , , . ,

>.. , / /, 822: (8), / ./, ( .),

.,822:, .84.2. , .,8228, .=>.80 , ( , .), , (:0 ), .,=00:, .=>.88 ( , , .), , .,=00:, .3:.8=.. , / /, 822: (8), / ./, ( .),.,822:, .83.85 , , 1 () . (, , , , , .)

. , // . , , .


15/238

84

.

, ,

() .

.

?

.

, ,

.83

. ,

, . ,

, .

, ,

// .

,

.

,

. .

. ,

, / /

.

.

, , ,

,

// .

. . , .

, ,

.

,

,

.

,

. .

.

.

84

.

. . ...

.8:.

. ,

83 ( ), ? , .,=008,.:8.84

, / ., ./,, .,=003, .5:.8:. , .,8228, .=2.


16/238

8:

.

.8.

.... {

. (?)

} , .82.

... . , . ,

(), (), YW, .

, ,

() .=0

.

... , . ?

. -

...=8

.

.

. ?

- ... , ,

, , .==. -? ... //,

, , //, // . =5 .

...

, , ,

.=3, . - ?

, (..), ,

// .=4

. -? , ,

8.=0 ( , , (Pn.C), .), , .,=00:, .82.=8 ( , , , .), , .,=00:, .:4.== ( , , .), , .,=00:, .4>.=5 ( , , , .), , .,=00:, .4:.=3 ( ,

, , .), , .,=00:, .:=.=4 ( , , , .), , .,=00:, .3:.


17/238


18/238

8>

.

// . 55. ? ... . , , .

W ... 53 . ... , , . , , , , . 54 . . , ?- , , . 5:. () . , // , . / /

, . // . . - 1 . , - . , , , ()

() // . - ? /../ , ./. /5


19/238

82

.

, .

, , .

. , . () . 5> . . .

, . 1

. , . . , . - ? ... , , . ... 52 . . ... , , , .30. - , , . .

, . , . . ? . 38 . ? .3=. - ? ... .35 . ( )

5> ( , ? ), .,=008,.:3.52 , ( , , .), .,=00:, .42.30

, ( ), ( , ., .), , .,=00:, .8=>.38 , ( , .), , (20 ), .,=00:, .33, 34. ( . , ? - (7). . ( (, , (Pn.C).), , .,=00:, .=0.)3= ( ), .,=00=, .3:. /. ? ... , , .... / , 66 , ;;( ) , . /( , ( , .), , (


20/238


21/238

=8

.

1

.

.

. ,

( ) . . - ? ...

, , , ,

. .40

. -

.

.

( ) -

. ,

. , .

,

.

, ,

.

.

.48

.

. ,

. 4=

40. , /?./, .,8220, .885.48. . , , /, ./,.,=000, .


22/238

==

.

.45

, -,

? , 1-, , , . . ,

1 .W (.5


23/238


24/238

=3

.

, . , . , . , .

. , . , , . (

, .,8220, Y54. mW.) , ... ( . ) , , .

. ( , ( (Ue.C),

), (^ZBB ), .,=088, .35.). - ... , / . / , . . (

, ( (Ue.C), ), (^ZBB ), .,=088, .45). - . ,

. ( )

, , . -

. (?) . ? , , ,

. (, .) , , , , , , , , , ,

. . (Uhlhkl Udedk Drcdkb-ybk tameb, (Prdebaus Uugghry), Snd Trlh tdxt trhkserbmdc hkcdcbtdc my, G.La, B. cd.]hendwbftz, O.].Irudldr hkc M.Tfhhk, Jheufty aj Hsbhk stucbds, Snd Hkstrhfbhk Khtbakhf Tkbvdrsbty, 8220,:=-:5.) ( - ( , )

, ( , , .), ( ), .,=00:, .=4.). - , ( . .) .

( () ( ).

, . , , . ( , (

, , , .), .,=00:, .::.) - ? , .

, () , , . . ( , , ( ., .,.), ( ), .,=00:, .5=.). - ?

(ma fd ld thb) (. .) . (mu fbk)

( . .) . (.

.) . ( , ( . (), (

, ? ., ., ., .), .,=00=, .=2).

. , , ,

. ,

. , ,

. ,

, . .

. , , .


25/238

=4

.

,

.

. ,

. .

? , , -

44. , , ( )-

, ,

. Y .

.

. , . .W

, , . 4:

() . ...

.4, 42

,

1 .

() . ,

. - ., - , . ,

. - - . -

- , .

,, - .44. , /?./, .,8220, .88=.4: ( .), ?., ( ), (85= ).,8220. .>5.4

. , ( ), , .,=00=, .=>>.42 , ( , , .),( ), .,=00:, .=4.


26/238

=:

.

:0, :8, :=, :5, .

:3 .

,

- . ,

85 , ,

,

.

.

.

.

.

, , , , .

,

.

,

.

. ( ) YW .

YW , , .:4

, ?

. YW

::

( ). - ?

(ga lu obk sha fb tu) (obk)

endkl xbhkl) (

whk yhk xbhkl)-

Y82W ,

.

. (~khb ghk)

,

? - ,

:0 , .,8220, Y54.mW-Y5:.mW.:8Uhlhkl Udedk Drcdkb-ybk tameb, (Prdebaus Uugghry), Snd Trlh tdxt trhkserbmdc hkc dcbtdc my, G.La, B. cd.]hendwbftz,O.].Irudldr hkc M.Tfhhk, Jheufty aj Hsbhk stucbds, Snd Hkstrhfbhk Khtbakhf Tkbvdrsbty, 8220, :=-:5.:= , , 822:, .32.:5 ,, 8222, 853.:3. , , ( ., .), .,=004,.453-45:,452-43=.:4. . , , /, ./,

.,=000, .


27/238

=

.

.

.

.


29/238


30/238

50

.

Hmstrhet?Snbs stucy hbgdc ta eakcuet hkhfysbs ak sagd dvdkts aj tnd Gaklafbhk Uderdt Nbstary hkcpravbcd wbtn sagd dxpfhkhtbaks. Bk arcdr ta ca tnbs, nbstarbe chth bkefucdc bk tnd Gaklafbhk Uderdt

Nbstary wdrd eagphrdc wbtn atndr bkjarghtbak saureds, hkc stucbdc jrag nbstarbe pabkt aj vbdw. Hs sddk

jrag tnbs stucy, bt bs efdhr tnht eakjfbet mdtwddk Mdflutdb hkc Murb wrdstfdr whs ehusdc my sdrbaus rdhsak.

Snbs dxpfhkhtbaks hkc bktdrprdthtbaks wdrd rdsuftdc jrag ehrdjuf stucy aj nbstarbe dvdkts, bkefucbkleaktrhcbetbak mdtwddk Enbkllbs inhk hkc tnd Ourinbk jhgbfy, Ourinbk Uhenh Mdinb, Shbenu hkc Murb

wrdstdrs oabkt httdgpt ta ibff Enbkllbs Inhk.

. ,

.

, . , .

, ,

.

8. ( (Pn.C)

), (^ZBB ), .,=088.=. ,

, BUMK 2-222=2--4.

:. .. , /

/, 822: (8), /

./, ( .), .,822:.. ( , ,

(Pn.C), .), ,.,=00:.2.

( ),

? , .,=008.

80.

( , , , .),

, .,=00:.88. ( , ,

, ., .), , .,=00:.

8=. , , 8222.

85. ( , , , ., .,

.), , .,=00:.

83. ,

, ( , ,


31/238

58

.

, , .), ,.,=00:.

84.

. , , ( .,.), .,=004.

8:.

, ( ), ( , ., .), , .,=00:.

8.

( , , .), , .,=00:.

82. , ( (Ue.C), ), (^ZBB ), .,=088.

=0.

, ( ,

.), , .,=00:.=8.

( .), ?., ( ),.,8220.

==. ( , , , .), ,.,=00:.

=5.

. , .,8228.=3. , , ( ., .,

.), ( ), .,=00:=4. - ( .),

.-, .,=00=.=:.. , , .,82>5.=. ( , , .), , .,=00:.

=2.. , ?.,., .,8220.

50. , ( (Ue.C), ), (^ZBB ),

.,=088.58.

, , 822:.5=. , ( , ,

.), ( ), .,=00:.55. . , ( ), ,

.,=00=.53.

. . , ,/, ./, .,=000.

54.

( , , , .), , .,=00:.

5:.

, / ., ./,, .,=003.


32/238

5=

.

5


33/238

55

Snd Gdthpnarbehf Eakedptuhfbzhtbak aj Dgatbaksbk tnd Uderdt Nbstary aj tnd Gaklafs

_afzhyh Enabobk*

BktracuetbakSnbs stucy bkvdstblhtds tnd eakedptuhf gdthpnars jar tnd eakedpts aj dgatbaks bkefucbkl hkldr, nhppbkdss hkc

shckdss bk tnd Uderdt Nbstary aj tnd Gaklafs (8==0? 5) efhbg tnht aurarcbkhry eakedptuhf systdg, bk tdrgs aj wnben wd matn tnbki hkc het, bs jukchgdkthffy gdthpnarbehf bk khturd.Sndy rst efhbg tnht gdthpnars hrd eakedptuhf bk khturd, wnben bs tnht tndy rdsbcd bk tnd eakedptuhf systdg hkckat oust bk fhkluhld. Gardavdr, hktnrapafalbsts nhvd hfwhys tnaulnt aj gdthpnar hs h pawdrjuf eakedptuhf cdvbedrhtndr oust h fbklubstbes arkhgdkt. Bk ealkbtbvd fbklubstbes, gdthpnar bs h sdt aj eakedptuhf earrdspakcdkeds, ar gardtdenkbehffy, ghppbkls, mdtwddk twa eakedptuhf caghbks, h saured hkc h thrldt (Fhiajj hkc Oanksak 82>0). Sndrdfhtbaksnbp mdtwddk gdthpnarbehf tnbkibkl hkc spdhibkl bs ajtdk cdserbmdc my fbklubstbe gdthpnars. Heearcbkl taIvdesds (=004), gdthpnar bs h ghky sbcdc pndkagdkak tnht bkvafvds kat akfy fhkluhld mut hfsa tnd eakedptuhfsystdg, hs wdff hs h saebhf-eufturhf strueturd hkc kdurhf hkc macbfy hetbvbty. Sndsd stucbds pabkt ta tnd jhet tnhtdgatbak eakedpts nhvd h eagpfdx eakedptuhf strueturd hkc hrd hfsa eagprdndkcdc tnrauln h fhrld kugmdr ajeakedptuhf gdthpnars. Snd eakedpt aj dgatbak nhs mddk cdserbmdc vhrbausfy cdpdkcbkl ak tnd psyenafalbehf,hktnrapafalbehf, hkc favd, nhppbkdss hkc shckdss, prbcd hkc sa ak hrd enhrhetdrbzdc hs pratatypbehffy arlhkbzdcealkbtbvd gacdfs mhsdc ak tnd pratatypbehf hkhfysbs. Uagd senafhrs eagmbkd tnd pratatypd hpprahen wbtn sagdatndr vbdw aj dgatbaks. \bdrzmbeih (8220) pabkts aut tnht pratatypbehf serbpts eagpasdc aj tnd sdghktbe prbgbtbvdsca kat suppart tnd bcdh tnht maukchrbds mdtwddk dgatbak eakedpts hrd juzzy. Uaebhf eakstruetbakbsts hrlud tnht

tnd eakedptuhfbzhtbak aj dgatbaks bs saebhf-eufturhf serbpts/sedkhrbas wnasd prapdrtbds cdpdkc ak phrtbeufhr hspdets


-------------------------------------------------------------------------Zaf.84 (388) =083 55-30

*Caetarhf stucdkt bk tnd Cdphrtgdkt aj Dklfbsn Fhkluhld hkc Fbtdrhturd, Lydakshkl Khtbakhf Tkbvdrsbty bk Iardh


34/238

53

.

aj h lbvdk eufturd.Snd eakedptuhf gdthpnars jar dgatbaks bk Dklfbsn wdrd bkvdstblhtdc bk gard cdthbfs bk tnd waris my Fhiajj

hkc Oanksak (82>0), Fhiajj hkc Ivdesds (82>:), hkc Dsdkavh (=088). Jar bksthked, tndeakedptuhf gdthpnar NHPPBKDUU BU FBLNS jaukc my Ivdesds (8228) snaws pasbtbvd dvhfuhtbaks aj tnd eakedptaj nhppbkdss hs fblnt (d.l. Und nhs h sukky sgbfd). Bk rdfhtbak ta tnd eakedpt aj hkldr, Fhiajj hkc Ivdesds (82>:) rst jaukc tnd gdthpnarUHCKDUU BU HK BFFKDUU bk Dklfbsn (d.l. Ghry bs ndhrtsbei). Bk tnbs gdthpnar, shckdss bs ukcdrstaac bk tdrgs ajndhrtsbei. Snbs eakedpt bs gard eakvdktbakhfbzdc bk Dklfbsn.

Sndrd hrd ghky erass-eufturhf stucbds cakd ak tnd eakedptuhf gdthpnars jar tnd dgatbak eakedpts bkefucbklhkldr, favd, nhppbkdss hkc shckdss. Jar bksthked, Ru (8224, 822>) jaukc tnd eakedptuhf gdthpnar NHPPBKDUUBU FBLNS bk Enbkdsd (d.l. Enbkdsd? Shgdk ldld xbkl-lha ehb-fbd fbt., tndy dvdryakd spbrbt-nbln eafar-strakl, Sndyhrd hff bk nbln spbrbts hkc wbtn h strakl lfaw/Sndyrd hff bk lrdht cdfblnt). Bt bs trud tnht dgatbaks suen hs hkldr,favd, nhppbkdss hkc shckdss hrd eaggakfy dxprdssdc tnrauln pdrsaks macy, ndhrt, hkc dyds herass eufturds (d.l.Dklfbsn?Und bs rdhffy ndhrtsbei,Gaklafbhk?_urn gbk nayar nuvhhlcshk yug snbl mhbkh fbt., Gy ndhrt sddgs ta

md cbvbcdc bkta twa pbdeds, l., B sddg ta md vdry shc, Ohphkdsd?gukd-lh guihtsuiu endst-kag. rdten fbt., Endstrdtends wbtn hkldr, Suribsn?jidst murkukch, hkldr bk tnd kasd fbt., Nbs hkldr bs bk tnd kasd).Hff aj tnd dxhgpfdsebtdc jrag cbjjdrdkt fhkluhlds cbspfhy vhrbhtbaks bk tnd gdthpnarbehf fbklubstbe dxprdssbaks tnht hrd tnd mhsbs aj tndeakedptuhf gdthpnars bk cbjjdrdkt fhkluhlds.

Sndrd hrd ghky stucbds ak tnd Uderdt Nbstary aj tnd Gaklafs (UNG? 8==), Pdffbat bk Phrbs (8232). Bt snaufc md katdc tnd bgparthked aj tnd waris bkefucbkl tnd cbetbakhry aj tndfhkluhld aj tnd Uderdt Nbstary aj tnd Gaklafs (Nhdkbsen 82:=) hkc tnd bkcdx ta tnd ghkuserbpt eagpbfdc my Blar cd]hendwbftz (82


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tnd dktbrd tdxt jrag tnd Uderdt Nbstary aj Gaklafs ta dsthmfbsn h ldkdrhf ukcdrsthkcbkl aj tnd gdhkbkl. Udeakc, tndhutnar endeidc tnd fdxbehf ukbts bk tnd tdxt wndtndr hky aj tnd warcs bk tnd cbseussbak nhc mddk usdc gdthpnarbehffy.Snbrc, jar dhen fdxbehf ukbt, tnd hutnar cdtdrgbkdc bts mhsbe gdhkbkl. Snd kdxt stdp whs ta cdebcd wndtndr tnd mhsbegdhkbkl aj tnd warc whs sujebdktfy cbstbket jrag tnd eaktdxtuhf gdhkbkl. Sndk tnd hutnar hkhfyzdc wndtndr tndeaktdxtuhf gdhkbkl aj tnd warc whs rdfhtdc ta bts mhsbe gdhkbkl my sagd jarg aj sbgbfhrbty. Snd khf stdp whs ta

ghri tnd fdxbehf ukbt hs gdthpnarbehf.Snd fhst twa sthlds aj Utddks praedcurd wdrd hppfbdc bk bkjdrrbkl eakedptuhf gdthpnars jrag fbklubstbe gdth-pnars. Updebehffy, tnd stdp jar bcdktbjybkl gdthpnarbehf hkhfaly bkvafvds ghibkl gard spdebe eakkdetbaks md-twddk dfdgdkts bk tnd saured hkc thrldt caghbks. Snd bcdktbehtbak aj suen gdthpnarbehf hkhfalbds tndk mdehgdtnd mhsbs jar ukcdrsthkcbkl aj gdthpnarbehf ghppbkl. Fbklubstbe dxprdssbaks tnht eakthbkdc dbtndr hetuhf warcs jarthrldt caghbks suen hs HKLD], NHPPBKDUU hkc UHCKDUU ar rdjdrdkeds ta tndg wdrd sdfdetdc jrag tnd chth.Hjtdr cdkbkl tnd saured caghbks, dfdgdkts bk tndg wdrd tndk bcdktbdc hkc tnd gdthpnarbehf ghppbkl jar tndeakedptuhf gdthpnars whs dsthmfbsndc bk tnd stucy. Gaklafbhk bs rben wbtn ehsd systdgs hkc jar tnbs rdhsak, tndhutnarusds sdvdrhf lrhgghtbehf hmmrdvbhtbaks8bk tnbs phpdr. Bk hccbtbak, wd pravbcd tnrdd fdvdfs aj trhksfhtbak jarGaklafbhk gdthpnarbehf dxprdssbaks, khgdfy, hk bktdrfbkdhr lfassbkl, h fbtdrhf trhksfhtbak, hkc hk Dklfbsn trhksfhtbakdqubvhfdkt. Snd ]aghkbzhtbak Uystdg whs usdc ta trhkserbmd tnd gdthpnarbehf dxprdssbaks bk tnbs stucy. Ubked tndghbk jaeus bs ak tnd Gaklafbhk dxhgpfds kat Dklfbsn. Snus, hff tnd trhksfhtbaks aj tnd fbtdrhf gdhkbkls rdprdsdktdxpfhkhtbaks aj tnd sdksd aj Gaklafbhk gdthpnarbehf dxprdssbaks aj tnd dgatbak eakedpts.

]dsufts hkc CbseussbakHs h rdsuft aj tnd stucy, wd nhvd jaukc == fbklubstbe gdthpnarbehf dxprdssbaks ghkbjdstbkl tnd dgatbak eakedpts

suen hs hkldr, nhppbkdss hkcshckdssbk tnd Uderdt Nbstary aj tnd Gaklafs(UNG? 8==


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jar tnd jhet tnht tnd kaghcs eakedptuhfbzdc tndbr dgatbaks wbtn rdjdrdked ta shckdss tnrauln tnd fbvdr. \d nhvdjaukc sagd eufturd-spdebe dfhmarhtbaks wbtn rdjdrdked ta shckdss tnrauln tnd fbvdr bk tnd nbstarbehf saured tndUderdt Nbstary aj tnd Gaklafs (UNG? 885). Eaksbcdr tnd dxhgpfds mdfaw?

(=8) Dflbbl kb dgtfdvmbc (UNG? 885)

fbvdr(CHS) CDS ta mrdhi cawk bkta pbdeds(PHUS) wd(UTM)fbt., \d mraid cawk tnd fbvdr bkta pbdeds.l., \d ibffdc tnd rdfhtbvds hkc tnd rdghbkdc akds jdft lrdht pbty jar tnd fasds aj tnd jhgbfy gdgmdrs.

(==) Dflbbl dgdlkuufdn, zurnbbl zucuufdn (UNG? 8>8) fbvdr(CHS) ta lrbdvd(BKJ) ndhrt(CHS) ta mbttdr(BKJ) fbt., ta lrbdvd tnd fbvdr, ta mbttdr tnd ndhrt l., ta ehusd sagdakd ta md shc.

Hs bk (=8), tnd dxprdssbak dflbbl kb dgtfdv mbc (fbt., wd mraid cawk tnd fbvdr bkta pbdeds)gdhks lurhtbvdfy \dbffdc tnd rdfhtbvds hkc tnd rdghbkdc akds jdft lrdht pbty jar tnd fasds aj tnd jhgbfy gdgmdrs. Snbs gdthpnarbehfdxprdssbak bs gard eakvdktbakhfbzdc bk tnd Gacdrk Gaklafbhk. Snd dxprdssbaks bk (==) dflbbl dgdlkuufdn, zurnbblzucuufdn (fbt., ta lrbdvd tnd fbvdr, ta mbttdr tnd ndhrt) gdhk lurhtbvdfy ta ehusd sagdakd ta md shc. Sndsd gdth-

pnarbehf dxprdssbaks hrd usdc ta cdserbmd tnht bktdksd sujjdrbkl ar dgatbakhf phbk tnht sagdakd gblnt jddf hjtdr tndynhvd fast h favdc akd ar dbtndr cbvared, cdhtn, pnysbehf sdphrhtbak ar mrdhi up. Gaklafbhk bs rben wbtn gdthpnarbehfphbr-warcs wnben hrd ehffdc narsnaa ulbk Gaklafbhk. Sndsd hrd warcs aj tnd shgd ar efasd gdhkbkl erdhtbkl hphbr pdrnhps hk hkebdkt why aj cdserbmbkl hetbak hs prdebsdfy hs passbmfd. Gaklafbhk fbklubst Purdv-Aenbr (82>:. Ak tnd Eakedpt aj Cdprdssbak bk Hgdrbehk Dklfbsn? H Ealkbtbvd Hpprahen,]dvbth Ehkhrbh cd Dstucbas Bklfdsds,8=? 3. Snd Uderdt Nbstary aj tnd Gaklafs,nttp//www.laalfd.eagIvdesds _. 82>:.Gdthpnars ajHkldr, Prbcd, hkc Favd? H Fdxbehf Hpprahen ta tnd Utrueturd aj Eakedpts,

Hgstdrchg? Oank Mdkohgbks.Ivdesds _. 8220.Dgatbak Eakedpts,Mdrfbk hkc Kdw Rari? Uprbkldr-vdrfhl.Ivdesds _. =000h.Gdthpnar hkc Dgatbak,Ehgmrbcld? Ehgmrbcld Tkbvdrsbty Prdss.Ivdesds _. =00=.Gdthpnar? H Prhetbehf Bktracuetbak,Axjarc? Axjarc Tkbvdrsbty Prdss.Ivdesds _. =004. Gdthpnar bk Eufturd,Ehgmrbcld? Ehgmrbcld Tkbvdrsbty Prdss.Fhiajj L. hkc G. Oanksak. 82>0.Gdthpnars \d Fbvd My,Enbehla? Enbehla Tkbvdrsbty Prdss.Fhiajj L. & Ivdesds _. 82>


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Ghtusib I. 8224. Gdthpnars aj hkldr bk Ohphkdsd. Bk O. Shyfar hkc ]. D. Ghefhury (Dcs),Fhkluhld hkc ealkbtbvdeakstruhf aj tnd warfc(pp. 853. Snd Eaktdgparhry Sndary aj Gdthpnar? H pdrspdetbvd jrag Enbkdsd, nttp?//www.laalfd.eag

GaklafbhkGAKLAFBBK KTTSU SAZNEAA,. =088, Tfhhkmhhthr, Gukinbbk usdl.Mht-Brddcub O. =002. Gaklaf ndfkbb narsnaa mafak chvtghf ul ndffdlbbk shk, Tfhhkmhhthr? _TZ _HGmaais.Purdv-Aenbr M. =00


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-------------------------------------------------------------------------Zaf.84 (388) =083 38-3:

Gaklafbhk Safdrhked hkc Bktafdrhked Sawhrc Cbjjdrdkt Eufturds?Hk Dxpfarhtbak Mhsdc ak Hkhfysds aj Erass-Khtbakhf Uurvdy Chth

Iukba Gbkhta*

8. Bktracuetbak Gaklafbh nhs wbtkdssdc tnd rbsd aj uftrhkhtbakhfbsts wna hcvaehtd dxefusbvbsg hlhbkst jardblk

pdapfd hkc dktdrprbsds sbked tnd gbc-=000s. Tftrhkhtbakhfbst ehgphblks, wnben nhvd mddk rdpartdc ghbkfymy jardblk gdcbh, nhvd bkefucdc cdgakstrhtbaks hkc httheis ak jardblk pdapfd, phrtbeufhrfy Enbkdsd,hs wdff hs ak Gaklafbhk ebtbzdks.8 Hftnauln tnasd lraups bksbstdc bk =085 tnht tndy nhc enhkldc tndbr

thetbes,= strakl caumts rdghbk hmaut wndtndr tndbr vbafdkt sthked hkc hetbaks nhvd mddk cbsehrcdc. 5 Snd rdhf pramfdg bs wndtndr Gaklafbhk saebdty, hs h wnafd, bs nhrsn ar fdkbdkt rdlhrcbkl tnd autrhld aj dxefusbvbsg.Sndrd hrd hrlugdkts tnht suppart jar suen lraups bs rhtndr faw bk Gaklafbh,3tnht tndy ca kat rdprdsdkt Gaklafbhks hsh wnafd,4hkc tnht tndy hrd oust rdghrihmfd hkc sa rdedbvd gdcbh httdktbak, cdspbtd tndbr faw papufhrbty.:Ak tnd atndrnhkc, tndrd hrd eakedrks tnht suppart jrag tnd pumfbe bs lrawbkl,hkc tnht tndrd sddgs ta md h eaksdksus rdlhrcbkl Enbkhs bgpdrbhfbsg, dvbfkdss hkc bktdktbak ak thibkl Gaklafbh.2

Nawdvdr, tnd dgpbrbehf mheilraukc aj tndsd cbseussbaks bs kat efdhr. Bt rdghbks ukcdtdrgbkdc ta wnht dxtdktdxefusbvbsg bs heedptdc ar rdodetdc hgakl arcbkhry Gaklafbhks. Gardavdr, tnd rbsd aj jhr-rblnt lraups bs katukbqud ta Gaklafbh hkc ehk md amsdrvdc bk atndr saebdtbds hff avdr tnd warfc. Sndrdjard, bt snaufc md qudstbakdcwndtndr dxefusbvbsg bk Gaklafbh bs h sdrbaus bssud ar h gbkar pndkagdkak mhsdc ak h lfamhf pdrspdetbvd.

Bk tnbs phpdr, B dxhgbkd naw tafdrhkt ar bktafdrhkt tnd Gaklafbhks hrd ta cbjjdrdkt eufturds my usbkl erass-khtbakhf survdy chth. Snd jaffawbkl tnrdd rdsdhren qudstbaks wdrd hccrdssdc? rst, ca arcbkhry Gaklafbhks snawtafdrhkt ar bktafdrhkt httbtucds tawhrc pdapfd aj cbjjdrdkt eufturds ta h lrdhtdr dxtdkt tnhk ca atndr lraups aj pdapfd1

Udeakc, ca arcbkhry Gaklafbhks snaw tafdrhkt ar bktafdrhkt httbtucds tawhrc pdapfd aj cbjjdrdkt eufturds eagphrdcwbtn pdapfd bk atndr past-saebhfbst eauktrbds (PUEs)1 Snbrc, wnht jhetars rdfhtd ta tafdrhkt ar bktafdrhkt httbtucdtawhrc pdapfd aj cbjjdrdkt eufturds1 Bk arcdr ta theifd tndsd qudstbaks, sbklfd-khtbak hkc erass-khtbakhf hkhfysdswdrd eakcuetdc wbtn h jaeus ak arcbkhry Gaklafbhks httbtucds tawhrc pdapfd aj cbjjdrdkt eufturhf mheilraukcs.

=. Chth hkc Zhrbhmfds bk Jaeus Bk tnbs stucy, chth jrag tnd Fbjd bk Srhksbtbak Uurvdy BB (FbSU BB) wdrd hkhfyzdc. Snd survdy whs

eakcuetdc bk =080 my tnd Durapdhk Mhki jar ]deakstruetbak hkc Cdvdfapgdkt (DM]C). Snd survdy jaeusdcak enhklds bk fbjd eaursds bk eauktrbds bk trhksbtbak, khgdfy Gaklafbh, tnd Jargdr Uavbdt ]dpumfbes dxedpt

*]btsugdbihk Tkbvdrsbty (Iyata, Ohphk)8 Shkbh Mrhkblhk, Gaklafbhk Kda-Khzbs? Hktb-Enbkdsd Udktbgdkt Judfs ]bsd aj Tftrh-Khtbakhfbsg, Snd Luhrcbhk,Hulust =, =080,nttp?//www.luhrcbhk.ea.ui/warfc/=080/hul/0=/gaklafbh-jhr-rblnt9 hkc Enrbs Nall, Cbseaktdkt Judfs Gaklafbhs Jhr-]blnt Lraups,MME Kdws,Udptdgmdr :, =080, nttp?//www.mme.ea.ui/kdws/warfc-hsbh-phebe-8883838>=>


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Iukba Gbkhta

Surigdkbsthk,80 hkc Dhst hkc Edktrhf Durapdhk Past-saebhfbst eauktrbds. Bk dhen eauktry, bkefucbkl Gaklafbh,hraukc 8,000 rdspakcdkts hldc 8> ar avdr wdrd sdfdetdc tnrauln guftb-sthld rhkcag shgpfbkl gdtnac.

FbSU BB hsidc rdspakcdkts qudstbaks rdlhrcbkl tndbr httbtucd tawhrc pdapfd aj cbjjdrdkt eufturhf ar dtnkbemheilraukcs. Updebehffy, q5.8< hsidc rdspakcdkts bj tndy hlrddc ar cbshlrddc wbtn tnd jaffawbkl sthtdgdkts? (h)Pdapfd jrag atndr dtnkbe lraups hrd dkrbenbkl tnd eufturhf fbjd aj aur eauktry9 (m) Snd prdsdked aj pdapfd jrag

atndr dtnkbe lraups bs h ehusd aj bksdeurbty9 hkc (e) Snd prdsdked aj pdapfd jrag atndr dtnkbe lraups bkerdhsdsukdgpfaygdkt. Snd rdspaksd ehtdlarbds wdrd straklfy cbshlrdd, cbshlrdd, kdbtndr, hlrdd, straklfy hlrdd,kat hppfbehmfd, hkc cakt ikaw. Jar tnd shid aj sbgpfbebty, B dxefucdc tnd fhst twa ehtdlarbds jrag tnd hkhfysbs.

FbSU BB hfsa bkearparhtdc h qudstbak, q5.55, wnben snawdc rdspakcdkts h fbst aj vhrbaus lraups ajpdapfd9 rdspakcdkts wdrd hsidc ta khgd hff tnd lraups tndy waufc kat fbid ta nhvd hs kdblnmars. Sndfbst bs snawk bk Shmfd 8. Snd fbst bkefucds jaur lraups aj pdapfd aj cbjjdrdkt eufturds, wnben hrd bthfbebzdcbk tnd thmfd. Bk tnbs phpdr, tndsd jaur btdgs hrd rdjdrrdc ta hs tnd jaur btdgs ak cbjjdrdkt eufturds, hkc wdrdjaeusdc ak curbkl hkhfysbs. Atndr whs kat bkefucdc bk tnd hkhfysds cud ta bts ukhvhbfhmbfbty bk tnd chthsdt.

Shmfd 8. Fbst aj tnd lraups aj pdapfd bk q5.55

5. ]dsufts5.8. Tkbvhrbhtd Hkhfysds aj Gaklafbhk ChthJblurd 8 snaws tnd jrdqudkey cbstrbmutbak aj rdspaksds ta tnd tnrdd sthtdgdkts bk q5.8


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Iukba Gbkhta

Jblurd =. Jrdqudkey Cbstrbmutbak aj tnd Btdgs bk q5.55Hftnauln rdspakcdkts wna bkcbehtdc tnht tndy waufc kat fbid gdgmdrs aj tndsd lraups hs kdblnmars wdrd kat bk

tnd ghoarbty, tnd rdsufts cbc kat bkcbehtd tnht dxefusbvd httbtucd tawhrc pdapfd aj cbjjdrdkt eufturds whs ghrlbkhf.Snd sbgpfd gdhk seard aj tnasd wna sdfdetdc tndsd btdgs whs =4.4%9 tnd akfy btdg wnasd pdredkthld dxeddcdc tnbsseard whs bggblrhkts/jardblk waridrs. Nawdvdr, tnbs seard whs bkudkedc my tnd dxedptbakhffy nbln pdredkthldtnht enasd ndhvy crbkidrs. \ndk tnbs btdg whs dxefucdc, tnd seard jdff ta 8:.=%, wnben hff jaur btdgs pdrthbkbklta cbjjdrdkt eufturds dxeddcdc.

5.=. Erass-Khtbakhf Eagphrbsak Kdxt, B eagphrdc tnd cbstrbmutbak bk Gaklafbh wbtn tnht bk atndr PUEs. Jar tnd shid aj sbgpfbebty, tnd

rdspaksd ehtdlarbds straklfy hlrdd hkc hlrdd wdrd gdrldc bkta yds. Ubgbfhrfy, tnd ehtdlarbds straklfycbshlrdd hkc cbshlrdd wdrd gdrldc bkta ka.

Shmfd =.Erass-khtbakhf eagphrbsak aj jrdqudkey cbstrbmutbak (q5.8


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Iukba Gbkhta

Shmfd 5. Erass-khtbakhf eagphrbsak aj jrdqudkey cbstrbmutbak aj tnd jaur btdgs ak cbjjdrdkt eufturds bk q5.55

5.5. Guftbpfd Earrdspakcdked HkhfysbsFhstfy, B eakcuetdc guftbpfd earrdspakcdked hkhfysbs (GEH) bk arcdr ta dxhgbkd tnd jdhturds aj tnd vhrbhmfds.

GEH bs h gdtnac aj guftbvhrbhtd hkhfysbs tnht cbspfhys strueturds hgakl h sdt aj ehtdlarbehf vhrbhmfds.88Snd rdsuft bsprdsdktdc hs h twa-cbgdksbakhf sehttdr enhrt, hkc cbsthked mdtwddk pabkts bkcbehtds rdfhtbaksnbps mdtwddk ehtdlarbds.

Bk tnbs stucy, B eakcuetdc twa ibkcs aj hkhfysbs. Snd rst whs h sbklfd-khtbak hkhfysbs ta dxhgbkd tnd rdfhtbaksnbpsmdtwddk httbtucds tawhrc cbjjdrdkt dtnkbe lraups,8= tnd lraups aj pdapfd fbstdc bk q.55, hkc rdspakcdkts saeba-cdgalrhpnbe mheilraukcs. Snd vhrbhmfds bkefucdc ldkcdr, hld lraups bk bkerdgdkts aj 80 ydhrs, dcuehtbakhfhtthbkgdkt,85rdsbcdked,83bkeagd fdvdf,84hkc aeeuphtbakhf sthtus.8:Snd sdeakc whs h erass-khtbakhf eagphrbsak ajhttbtucds tawhrc pdapfd aj cbjjdrdkt dtnkbe lraups hkc tnasd aj cbjjdrdkt eufturds.Jblurd 5. GEH ]dsufts? Gaklafbhk Chth (K7:5>). BJ\s sthkcs jar bggblrhkts/jardblk waridrs. AIQ bkcbehtds

88Jar ghtndghtbehf mheilraukc hkc h cdserbptbak aj tnd prhetbed aj GEH, sdd Gbenhdf Lrddkherd hkc Orl Mfhsbus, dcs., GuftbpfdEarrdspakcdked Hkhfysbs hkc ]dfhtdc Gdtnac (Maeh ]htak, JF? Enhpghk hkc Nhff/E]E, =00:)9 hkc Gbenhdf Lrddkherd, Earrdspak-cdked Hkhfysbs bk Prhetbed (Maeh ]htak, JF? Enhpghk hkc Nhff/E]E, =00


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Iukba Gbkhta

tnht rdspakcdkts cbc kat sdfdet tnd btdg, wnben gdhks tnht tndy waufc heedpt gdgmdrs aj tnd lraup hs kdblnmars.Jblurd 5 snaws tnd rdsufts aj tnd rst hkhfysbs. ]dspaksds aj AI jar hff jaur btdgs hrd faehtdc efasd taldtndr,

bkcbehtbkl tnht rdspakcdkts wna heedptdc h edrthbk lraup aj pdapfd aj h cbjjdrdkt eufturd wdrd fbidfy ta heedpt tndatndr tnrdd lraups aj pdapfd. Kdlhtbvd hkc pasbtbvd rdspaksds ta pdapfd jrag atndr dtnkbe lraups wdrd kat hs cbsthkths rdspaksds ta tnd jaur btdgs ak cbjjdrdkt eufturds, hkc hff wdrd efasdr ta tafdrhkt rdspaksds tnhk ta bktafdrhkt akds.

Dxpdethtbaks hkc hkxbdty rdlhrcbkl cbjjdrdkt dtnkbe lraups hrd ukfbidfy ta enhkld pdapfds httbtucds tawhrc pdapfdaj cbjjdrdkt eufturds. Gardavdr, gast aj tnd saeba-cdgalrhpnbe httrbmutds hrd sa eakedktrhtdc tnht bt rdghbks ukefdhrwnben httrbmutds hrd rdfhtdc ta tafdrhkt ar bktafdrhkt httbtucds tawhrc cbjjdrdkt eufturds. Hftnauln hlrbeufturd bsfaehtdc phrtbeufhrfy kdhr tnd dxefusbvd httbtucds, tndrd whs ka sblkbehkt rdfhtbak mdtwddk rdspakcdkts oams hkctndbr httbtucds bk erass-thmufhtbak hkhfysds ht tnd 4% fdvdf.8.82 Bsnbch Iabenbra, Gaklafbh Faais ta Ohphk ta Ldt aut aj Enbkhs Deakagbe Unhcaw, tnd Hshnb Unbgmuk, Hprbf 8, =085, nttp?//how.hshnb.eag/hrtbefd/hsbh/enbkh/HO=08503080020=0 Fhmar,G.H.C. Bkvdstgdkt Uafutbaks,Fhst gacbdc Hulust, =085, nttp?//ghc-rdsdhren.eag/gaklafbhk-rdhf-dsthtd-ghridt/eakstruetbak-sdetar/fhmaur/


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4=

Y85W

Y8W

=005

Y=W

8222

Y5W

8225

Y4W

82>3

3

Y:W

8224

5

Y:

82

>3

Y2W"XbklBgpdrbhfGhrrbhldhkcPramfdgsaj]ufdrsnbp"BkGhrrbhldhkcBkdquhfbtybk

Enbkdsd

Uaebdty,dcbtdcmy]umbdU.\htsakhkcP

htrbebhM.Dmrdy,84

Y85W

Y83W

=088

Y84W

:

=002

Y8:W

=000

Y8W

=003

Y82W

=008

Y=0W

82>4

4

Y=8W

822:

Y==W

=088


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-------------------------------------------------------------------------Zaf.84 (388) =083 45-4:

Shg, tnd crbki aj Gklid Inhk

Ghrbh Ghlcafkh Shtr

Durapdhk trhvdffdrs wna vbsbtdc tnd Gaklafbhk eaurt bk tnd 85tn edktury, ajtdk rdpartdc bktdrdsshkt dtnkalrhpnbecdthbfs hmaut tnd fbjd aj tnd Gaklafs. Cdspbtd aj sdvdrhf httdgpts ta dxpfhbk tndg, tndrd hrd stbff sagd qudstbakseakkdetdc ta tndsd cdserbptbaks. Bk tnbs phpdr B bktdkc ta dxhgbkd tnd rdghri aj tnd Jfdgbsn \bffbhg ]umruei,Jrhkebsehk gaki, dkvay aj tnd Jrdken ibkl ta tnd Gaklafbhk eaurt bk 8=4=-44, wrbttdk bk nbs jhgaus Btbkdrhrbug,enhptdr =2/38 hmaut tnd hfeanafbe Gklid Inhk, wna trbdc ta trdht nbs nukl-avdr my h crbki. Snd khgd hkc tndsumsthked aj tnd crbki rdghbkdc ukefdhr hjtdr sdvdrhf httdgpts aj trhksfhtbaks.

Snd khgd aj tnd crbkiBk tnd C ghkuserbpt aj ]umrueis tdxt bt bs wrbttdk? ... eug phuebs jhgufbs sarmdktdg fbqubchg tdrrhg, nae dst

ebmus cd phsth, pra eakjarthtbakd ehpbtbs.... \nben whs trhksfhtdc hs jaffaws my ]aeinbff (8200, 823)? ... wbtn h jdwaj nbs httdkchkts, (hkc nd whs) crbkibkl wnht faaidc fbid fbqubc guc, h cbsn ghcd aj phstd jar tnd eagjartbkl ajtnd ndhc ...8. Snd trhksfhtbak bs kat earrdet, mdehusd tnd arblbkhf tdxt efdhrfy shys tnht tnd fbqubc whsh jaac, ghcdajphsth, hkc cbc kat faaidcfbid tdrrh b.d. Fhtbk dhrtn. My tnd why, naw eaufc hkyakd ghid guc aj phsth, b.d.h pracuet aj edrdhfs1 Sa hvabc tnbs eaktrhcbetbak tnd trhksfhtar put tnd vdrm faaidc bkta tnd tdxt. Utbff, ]aeinbffukcdrstaac tnd sdktdked hfgast earrdet wndk nd wratd bk tnd katd tnht tnbs gust nhvd mddk tnd papufhr mdvdrhld bkGaklafbh hkc Enbkh, h ibkc aj mrawk lrudf, whtdr hkc tdh gbxdc wbtn aur, rbstdc sdgafbkh ar dvdk gdht (zhgmh)=.Jardblk trhvdffdrs hs d.l. Mhrtnasb Mhfaln 822:, 3 ar Ghosibo 82:0, 42) jaukc tnbs vdry kutrbtbaus crbki vdrybktdrdstbkl fhtdr hs wdff.

Snbs gbsukcdrsthkcbkl whs efhrbdc wndk \yklhdrt (82=2) bk nbs tdxt dcbtbak prbktdc tnd earrdet jarg thgbkstdhc aj tnd earruptdc tdrrhg bk tnd Fhtbk dcbtbak. Hs jar tnd trhksfhtbak, nd idpt ]aeinbffs safutbak, tnd tdh gbxdc

wbtn sdgafbkh. Nawdvdr, kat dvdry senafhr heedptdc tnbs.Jrbdcrben ]bsen (8253) heedptdc tnd earrdetbak aj thg, mut trbdc ta dxpfhbk bt jrag tnd wdff-ikawk Suribe warcthgcrap (ZD\S 342hm) hkc idpt tnd fbqubc guc bk nbs trhksfhtbak, ehffbkl bt ldapnhlb. Nawdvdr, tnbs eustag bsukikawk hgakl tnd Gaklafs hkc bk hky ehsd, tnd tdxt eaktrhcbets tnbs sulldstbak.

Lyrjjy (82:4, =3:, 580, 34:) heedptdc thg jar tnd Gaklafbhk warc mut mdehusd aj phsth,wnben nd ukcdrstaac hs Jrdkenpt, trhksfhtdc bt hspsttag. Pt bk Jrdken gdhks h cbsn, mhidc aj mrdhc ar aurhkc eut pbdeds aj gdht hkc vdldthmfds. Nawdvdr, psttag/pt bs kat fbqubc hkc bgpassbmfd ta crbki.

Pdffbat (82) eakkdetdc thg ta thk(l) mratn, h fbqubc gdcbebkd jar jdvdr. Snbs warc whs marrawdcjrag Sbmdthk (ZD\S 3:8h) ar Enbkdsd (Ihrh 822>, 3=5m) bkta Gaklafbhk hkc jrag tndrd jurtndr bkta Uayat.Snbs bs pramfdghtbe mdehusd aj tnd khf eaksakhkt hkc hfsa mdehusd Sbmdthk tdrgbkafaly aj Fhghbst gdcbebkd bsukdxpdetdc sa dhrfy, mdjard tnd Fhghbst gakhstdrbds hkc cdgbfhghs cbspdrsdc tndbr gdcbebkd tnraulnaut Gaklafbh.Jurtndrgard, ]umruei waufc kat wrbtd tnht h ndrmhf eakeaetbak whs ghcd my phsth, b.d. h ibkc aj edrdhf pracuet,

dvdk tnauln bt bs sagdtbgds usdc hlhbkst ndhchend hs wdff (Khshkmuyhk 8228, 3) ajjdrdc h earrdet trhksfhtbak, nawdvdr, wbtnaut cdtdrgbkbkl wnht thg dxhetfy whs? ... (ndwhs) wbtn h jdw aj nbs httdkchkts, sbppbkl fbqubc thg, wnben bs h jaac ghcd jrag cauln jar tnd eagjartbkl aj tndndhc....

Utbff, guc, tnd jargdr jhbfurd aeeurs hlhbk d.l. my Fdbent (=005, 833, :=m.


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Ghrbh Ghlcafkh Shtrtnd eufbkhry eustagks hkc trhcbtbakhf jaacs bk tnd hrdh.

Snd dtygafaly aj thgShg hs khgd aj h cbsn cads kat aeeur bk Gaklafbhk. \dff ikawbkl naw bgparthkt Suribe pdapfds wdrd bk tnd

Enbklbsbcd Dgpbrd, bt bs kat surprbsbkl tnht tnd warc bs qubtd eaggak bk Suribe fhkluhlds, efdhrfy hk Hrhmbe warcwnben whs trhksgbttdc my tnd Brhkbhk fhkluhlds ta tnd Suris. Snbs marrawbkl bs dvdk snawdc my tnd artalrhpny?

tnd Suribe warcs hrd wrbttdk wbtn twa vawdfs, hs bk Brhkbhk hkc Hrhmbe. D.l.? Enhlhthb hkc Asghkfb thhgUpdbsd,Khnrukl (ZD\S 348h), Ibrlbz chhg, thhgpbh, dch (Ouchnbk 82:4, 88m). Uautn Aluz thgUuppd 6 Hjlhk thgUuppd, Chrb thg Updbsd (Cadrjdr Ndsend 82>2, 32:) 6 Hrhm t.hhgjaac. H fakldr jarg, cdvdfapdc wbtn tndsujxZqaeeurs bk Ihzhi (Arhfthy - Red Pbkhr 82>3, =:=h, Mhzyfnhk 82>3, 425m), Shthr cbhfdet my Ardkmurl(DUSOh =>:), Mhsnibr (Trhisbk 822:, 4>=h), Enhlhthb (thghqZD\S 3:0h) hkc Surigdk (chghi,Mhsihiav Ihrrydv Nhgzhtav 82:> :88m) fhkluhlds, gdhkbkl dvdrywndrd jaac, dvdk h fuken, b.d. h whrg cbsn. Snd arblbkaj tnd warc bs caumtfdss, mdehusd hfrdhcy jrag tnd 88tn edkt. saureds, tnbs warc whs usdc hs hk trhksfhtbak jar Suribehjaac, saup, whrg cbsn (Efhusak 823, 4?24, ) bt gdhks wndht, lrhbks, mdehusd bk Gdeeh hkc Gdcbkh bts rst gdhkbkl whs wndht(Shvbs Hcbmucddk). Snd sdghktbe cdvdfapgdkt jrag jaac ; nat gdhf ; saup bs kat ukusuhf. Snd shgd nhppdkdc taSuribe hhkc Gaklafbhk naafjaac matn gdhkbkl kat akfy jaac, mut rst aj hff tnd chbfy saup, usuhffy ghcd ajgdht hkc h ibkc aj sphlndttb.

\ndk ]umruei ndhrc tnbs warc, nd whs oust hc naeehffdc bkta tnd Inhk, heagphlkdc my hk Hrgdkbhk guki,mut wbtnaut h trhksfhtar. Ua nd gust nhvd ndhrc tnbs kak-Gaklafbhk warc jrag nbs Hrgdkbhk eagphkbak ar jragtnd Inhks trhksfhtar, h ghk caumtfdss aj Edktrhf Hsbhk arblbk.

Snd dtygafaly aj phsth\ndk cdtdrgbkbkl tnd dxhet gdhkbkl aj thg, wd gust sthrt wbtn tnd warc phsth. Snbs whs h Lrddi fahkwarc bk

Efhssbehf Fhtbk, gdhkbkl arblbkhffy parrbcld, lrudf ar tnbk parrbcld, cauln, fhtdr hfsa h cbsn ghcd aj aur ar mrdhchkc sghff pbdeds aj gdht hkc vdldthmfds fbid bk tnd Jrdken pt (Mraeinhus 822>, ^ZB, :=4m, Jbkffy 8>>3/8228,83=5, KDMr 8225, B^, 8>>e). ]umruei usdc tnbs warc bk nbs Btbkdrhrbug sdvdrhf tbgds?

8.phsth eaeth bk hquh eag mutbra udf fhetd heraphsth, eaaidc bk whtdr, wbtn muttdr hkc saur gbfi (^^B^/48),wnben tndy eaksuggdc curbkl tnd Fdkt.

=.phsthg eaethg bk hquh ut sarmdrdgus mracbug, qubh kak nhmdgus hquhgphsth, eaaidc bk whtdr, wnbenmratn wd crhki mdehusd wd nhc ka whtdr (^^B /48).

5. ebmug cd phsth eaeth eug hedta hc sarmdkcug h cbsn, ghcd aj phsth eaaidc wbtn vbkdlhr hs jar ta crbki

(^^B^/:0).Hff aj tndsd cbsnds wdrd caumtfdss whtdry fbqubcs, ghcd ak sagd ibkc aj edrdhf aur sa tnbk tnht bt eaufc mdcrukidk. ]aeinbff (8200, =0:, k. =), \yklhdrt (=>e). Kakd aj tndg bs qubtd earrdet, hs wd wbffsdd fhtdr.

Uhued, tdh, parrbcld ar saup1Nawdvdr, ]umruei nhrcfy gdkt hshued3mdehusd bt whs prdebsdfy shueds (shfsh) nd gbssdc wndk dhtbkl gautak,

eut bk sghff pbdeds hkc eaaidc bk shfty whtdr (BBB/=, \yklhdrt 8


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Ghrbh Ghlcafkh Shtr

hkebdkt gdtnac, usdc d.l. my tnd Ibrlbz (Fdvbk 822:, 503), hkc bt whs prdsdktdc hfsa ta ]umruei aked (gbfbug eakmutbragbffdt wbtn muttdr ^^B^/48). Utbff, bt whs kat tnd cbsn nd gdktbakdc hs thg bk nbs Btbkdrhrbug.

Prapdr saups hrd ajtdk eaaidc my h ibkc aj sphlndttb (lurbftho naaf) wnben bs tnd ghbk cbsn aj tnd dvdrychycbdt hgakl tnd Gaklafs.:Uagdtbgds bt bs prdphrdc wbtn h ibkc aj gdhtmhffs (mhktho f). Shg whs amvbausfy katsuen h saup dbtndr. Nawdvdr, bt eaufc md sbgbfhr wbtn zuthk(l),wnben bs h saup ar h tnbk parrbcld (GKS B, =002,

:8h). Hjtdr jrybkl tnd aur bk muttdr, gbfi, cbfutdc my whtdr bs paurdc avdr bt. Snbs mdvdrhld gust nhvd mddkhk bgparthkt hkc papufhr crbki, mdehusd dvdk tnd ]ussbhks bk Ubmdrbh fdhrkdc bt jrag tnd Gaklafs (Hkbibk =000,=80). Fhtdr bt whs ghcd my tdh hs wdff, mut bts khgd,zuthktho ehosnaws tnht bt bs cdvdfapdc hjtdr tnd saup. Hkatndrsaup, eaaidc my aur bs tnd mhkthk(l),wnben khgd bs aj Enbkdsd arblbk hs wdff.

Sndsd saups mhsdc ak eaaidc aur gust nhvd mddk hk bkkavhtbak bk Gaklafbhk jafi eubsbkd, kdwdr, tndk tndhrenhbe saups, eaaidc ak wnafd edrdhfs hkc tndrdjard guen fbid ta tnd parrbclds. Sndy dxhetfy earrdspakc wbtn tndfbqubc, eaaidc ak aur, hs cdserbmdc my ]umruei. Bt bs katdwartny tnht tndbr khgds, zuthk hkc mhkthk hrd aj Enbkdsdarblbk bk Gaklafbhk. Uuen parrbcld aj lrahts hkc whtdr whs sdrvdc jar Ghrea Pafa hs wdff (enhpt. :8), sa bt pravdstnht bt whs ikawk hgakl tnd Enbkdsd hs wdff. Snd jhet tnht tnbs cbsn whs ehffdc my h jardblk warc aj Brhkbhk-Hrhmbearblbk bk tnd Inhks eaurt bk tnd 85tn edkt. hkc fhtdr my warcs aj Enbkdsd arblbk, bkcbehtds tnht tnbs whs rdfhtbvdfykdw, kat qubtd eaggak ydt hgakl tnd Gaklafs wndk ]umruei vbsbtdc tnd eaurt, bk spbtd aj tnd rdghri aj Ehrpbkbtnht dvdrymacy nhc eaaidc gbffdt hs mrdhijdhst dvdry garkbkl. Hftnauln hlrbeufturd whs ikawk bk sagd phrts ajGaklafbh mdjard tnd Enbklbsbcd pdrbac (ej. Shtr =08=Kaw, Jrdken pht, wnben hrenhbe jarg whs phsth, stbff gdkt h shued, ghcd aj aur (shued gf cd jhrbk,Fhraussd 82


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424-:. Bk tnd 80tn edktury, tnd savdrdblk aj tnd Nuklhrbhk (stbff Arbdkthf-typd

phlhk) sthtd, _afthamthbkdc h pdhedwbtn Pdendkdl trbmds bk Dtdfiz hkc whs hfsa lbvdk hk Arbdkthf wbjd jar nbssak Shisaky. Snd prbkedss whs ehffdc Eughkbhk my Ghstdr P. (Hkakygus), tnd hutnar aj tnd Ldsth Nuklhrarug,(wrbttdk HC 8=00 hppraxbghtdfy). Heearcbkl ta Ly. Lyrjjy, sbked tnd Eughkbhks (hkatndr Suribe pdapfd) cbc katrdhen tnd jraktbdrs aj Durapd uktbf tnd gbccfd aj tnd 88tn edktury, tnbs Eughkbhk wbjd gust nhvd mddk Pdendkdl(Lyrjjy 8220, 80>).=Hgakl tnd rst Pdendkdls bggblrhtbkl bkta Nuklhry curbkl tnd rdblk aj _afth hkc Shisaky(244-2).3. Khly (82:2), hjtdr hkhfyzbkl tnd hrenhdafalbehf ghtdrbhf aj tnd Pdendkdls bk tnd Sbszh rdlbak (kat h jraktbdr hrdh), prapasdc tnhttnd dhrfbdst Pdendkdls wdrd sdttfdc tndrd taldtndr wbtn Nuklhrbhk trbmhf whrrbars bk efustdrs hs gbfbthry rdtbkud.4...bk dacdg eakkba uftrh futug Gusuk eaffaehvbt dtbhg Mbssdkas kak phueas nhmbthrd pra cdjdksbakd rdlkb sub, ut kd hfbquhkca bkpastdrug jurbmukcb Sndatakbeb praptdr bkburbhg sbmb bffhthg kds Nuklhrarug cdvhsthrd passdkt.(U]N. B, enhpt. 4-300).


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4>

Uhrafth Shtr

matn bk Uaprak eaukty8 wndk ibkl Mfh BBB rdqubrdc my fhw tnht dvdry ehsdgust md prdsdkt bk wrbttdk jarg mdjard nbg. Snd afcdst caeugdkt bk tndsd eauktbds eakedrkbkl tnd Pdendkdls bs hfbst jrag 80>: avdr tnd dsthtds aj tnd gakhstdry bk Phkkaknhfgh, wnben gdktbaks hrhmfd fhkcs awkdc my Pdendkdls

bk Ihor.>

Ua, tndsd saureds tdstbjy tnht Pdendkdls fbvdc wdff sdttfdc bk tnbs rdlbak bk tnd 8=tn edktury hfrdhcy. Bkfhei aj wrbttdk saureds jrag tnd 80-88 edktury, tapakygs ehk md usdc ta dfhmarhtd tnd enrakafaly aj tnd sdttfdgdkt.Akd ibkc aj tnd afcdst Nuklhrbhk tapakygs wdrd bcdktbehf wbtn tnd prapdr khgd aj tnd rst sdttfdr, tnd awkdr, ar tndibkcrdc, ar tndbr dtnkbe khgd, wnbfd hff Bkca-Duraphdk fhkluhld spdhidrs (Ldrghk, Ufhv, fhtdr ]ughkbhk) hraukcNuklhrbhks cdvdfap tndbr tapakygs my sujxds ar atndr hccbtbaks ta tnd prapdr khgd. Snbs ukbqud fbklubstbe gdtnacwhs suppasdcfy mhsdc ak h kaghcbe fbjdstyfd, wndk tnd cwdffbkl pfhed aj h pdrsak whs enhkldhmfd mut tnd prapdrkhgd whs eaksthkt. Hftnauln sagd tapakygs wdrd enhkldc curbkl tnd edkturbds hkc tnbs gdtnac whs aeehsbakhffystbff bk usd sdvdrhf nukcrdc ydhrs hjtdr tnd papufhtbak mdehgd rgfy sdttfdc, bt mdehgd fdss hkc fdss usuhf hjtdr eh8=40 (F. Ibss 822


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Uhrafth Shtr

atndr bs tnd sak aj Snakuzamh80, tnd hkedstar aj tnd Sagho ibkcrdc. Snd rst edktrd aj matn ibkcrdcs wdrd my tnd rbvdrSbszh, mut Sagho awkdc fhkc hfsa bk atndr rdlbaks.88Hftnauln tndbr prdsdked bs kat httdstdc my hky wrbttdk sauredbk Uaprak e., bt ehk kat md dxefucdc tnht tndy wdrd prdsdkt ndrd mut gavdc hwhy mdjard bt mdehgd usuhf ta sdeurd

passdssary rblnts bk wrbtbkl. Bk hky ehsd, pdrsaks ehffdc Triukc/Triaky aeeur fhtdr bk tnd Sagho ibkcrdc hs wdff,khgdfy bk 8=82, 8=30 hkc bk 8=>0 (Z] 8, NA ZBBB, 5:-, Lyrjjy BB, 82> hkc 85:< (TM B, 8>3-4, =50, =23, BB, 83).- Fueh, lrhkcsak aj Treukcwhs h bamhlba aj Gasak Ehstfd bk 8=:>/8=:2 (TM B, 53:, Lyrjjy BZ, 822>, 8 (Lyrjjy BB, 82>3 (Ibss-Stn 82>). Hjtdr tnbs,tnd lydpdfvd strdtendc uktbf tnd Dkks rbvdr bk tnd 80tn edktury. Snbs fbkd whs hmhkcakdc my tnd Nuklhrbhks bktnd 88tn edktury (Shlkyb 8285, 2


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:0

Uhrafth Shtr

(Irbst Ghii Uzdlj 825, 502-585). Nastbfbtbds nhc hrbsdk hjtdr tndcdhtn aj Ut Utdpndk bk 805>, wndk tnd Ldrghk dgpdrar Ndkry BBB nhc trbdc ta eakqudr Nuklhry, sa bt whs hfwhysbgparthkt ta cdjdkc tnbs jraktbdr. Snd lydp whs luhrcdc my spdebhf jareds, bk Fhtbk ehffdcspdeufhtards(Nukl. rluhrc), dxpfarhtards (spbds) hkcshlbtthrbb (Nukl. fvr, hrendr) (Irbst Ghii - Uzdlj 82Snbs dtnygafaly ghids bt fbidfy tnhtbt whs h Pdendkdl jraktbdr luhrc sdttfdgdkt. Bk 8552, tnd ibkl hjrgdc tnd hkebdkt prbvbfbdlds aj tnd Ith luhrcs,8: Bk suen ehsds, tnd rst tapakyg bs Nuklhrbhk, tnd sdeakc akd bs tnd jardblk (Ldrghk ar Fhtbk) vhrbhkt.8, TM B, 30, ]dl.Hrp. k. =0: 7 8=05/8=0>? \. B, 24 hkc \dbs B, -2, ]dl. Hrp. k. 34> hkc \dbs B, 803, \. B, 802, TM B, 8:8, ]dl. Hrp. k. :84 hkc \dbs B, 25,TM B, 8:2, ]dl. Hrp. k. :84 hkc \dbs B, 85=, \. BB, =>=hkc \dbs B. 88:, TM BB, 882).8>Zrs (=00=, :=) nhs qudstbakdc tnbs dtnygafaly wbtnaut ajjdrbkl hk hftdrkhtbvd.


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Uhrafth Shtr

cdkybkl tnd eaukt aj Gasak hky rblnt bk bknbmbtbkl tndbr prbvbfdlds, hkc cdghkcbkl akfy tnht tndy gust ca sdrvbed akswbjt narsds wbtn laac wdhpaks. Snd rahc fdhcbkl ta Ith bs gdktbakdc bk 8=02 hs h marcdr rahc (Lyrjjy 822>, BZ,84=). Sndsd luhrcs cdjdkcdc tnd ghbk rahc jrag Lyr ta Zbdkkh tnrauln tnd mrbcld aj tnd Fhoth rbvdr, ehffdcIbrfyncohtnd ibkls mrbcld bk tnd Gbccfd Hlds (kaw Mruei h.c.Fdbtnh, Hustrbh). Sapakygs fbid Stky, khgdc hjtdrakd aj tnd fhkcthibkl enbdjs bk >24/:, tnd rayhf eaurt hkc tnd ibkls mrbcld wbtkdss ta tnd eaktbkubty aj tnd cdjdked

systdg jrag tnd mdlbkkbkl aj tnd Nuklhrbhk rufd tnrauln tnd Hrphcbhk ibkls uktbf dvdk ta tnd =0tn edktury, tnbsmdbkl akd aj tnd gast bgparthkt parts tnrauln tnd brak eaurthbk.=. \dst aj tnd Jdrt/Kdusbdcf Fhid, tndrd wdrd v. rparcky (8524? DwrparchkParcky aj tnd luhrcs82)

hkc v. Pdesdkyc/Ptsenbkl, matn Uaprak e., efasd ta tnd rbvdr Fhoth, wnben ghcd tnd jraktbdr (Lyrjjy 8220, 8=:).Mdtwddk tnd v.]otirtnd luhrcs bk hgmusn hkc Pdesdkyc bs tnd pfhedkhgdJdfcvrdhrtndk jartbehtbak.Sndrd bs h jurtndr dhrtndk jartbehtbak systdg ehffdcGhlyhrraiNuklhrbhk cbten bk bts vbebkbty (Ibss-Stn 82>-32).

BB. ]ayhf dktaurhld1

Dhrfbdr tnd qudstbak whs rhbsdc wndtndr Snakuzamh rdhffy whs tnd jhtndr-bk-fhw aj Shisaky, hkc bk suen ehphebtymdfakldc ta tnd rdtbkud aj tnd rpcbhk Cykhsty. ]dedktfy B trbdc ta hkswdr tnbs qudstbak my dfhmarhtbkl h survdy ajPdendkdl tapakygs bk tnd vbebkbty aj tnasd ehffdc hjtdr dhrfy Nuklhrbhk prbkeds (Shtr, =085, 34:-3:3), tndrdjardakfy sagd tapakygs hkc tndbr eakkdetbaks wbff md gdktbakdc ndrd. Amvbausfy tndrd hrd tnrdd enrakafalbehf narbzaksta md cdhft wbtn?

8.Mdtwddk tnd fhkcthibkl bk >24-: hkc tnd rdblk aj Ut. Utdpndk?H ghrsnfhkc my Ihpuvr, Uaprak e. bs ehffdchjtdr enbdj Stky, akd aj tnd sdvdk fdhcdrs aj tnd fhkcthibkl.=0Heearcbkl ta tnd enrakbefds,If(bk sagd sauredshfsa ehffdc Malt), wna ndfc tnd tbtfd ihrenh/narih/nhrihsuprdgd oucld, whs nbs cdsedkchkt hkc prdsughmfy tndenbdj aj tnd Suribe hkc Brhkbhk, sa-ehffdc Ihmhr/Ihvhr lraups wna oabkdc tnd Nuklhrbhks wndk tndy fdjt wdstwhrcsjrag tnd Paktbe stdppds. Snbs tbtfd aeeurs bk tnd khgd aj tnd v. Nhrih my Uaprak. Snd tbtfd whs ndfc my Mufes(+244), cdsedkchkt aj If, curbkl tnd rdblk ajJhosz/Jhfbesb. Jhosz whs tnd eausbk hkc prdcdedssar aj Shisaky.=8Sndawkdrsnbp aj If hkc nbs jhgbfy bs httdstdc my tapakygs bk tnd kartndrkgast phrt aj Zhs e. my vbffhlds fbid Uhotasif,Mufeshkc Sagphfcaky(hjtdr Fc, Mufess ibkcrdc). Nhrih hkc tnd vbffhlds bk Zhs e. bs eakkdetdc my tnd hkebdkt]aghk rahc==, sa tndbr juketbak hs rdspaksbmfd fdhcdrs hfakl tnd wdstdrk jraktbdr bs amvbaus. Dvdk gard sa mdehusdlraups wnben oabkdc hk Arbdkthf sthtd, wdrd usuhffy put ta suen gbfbthry juketbaks.=5Mufes, tnd sak aj tnd narih If82Bt aeeurdc hfrdhcy bk 8522>, 32 hkc tnd enrakbefds.==Snd ]aghk Dgpbrd eakqudstdc Srhkschkumbh (b.d. Nuklhry wdst aj tnd Chkumd) hjtdr 54 ME hkc ndfc bt uktbf 355 wndk tnd Nukslat tnbs tdrrbtary. My tnd dkc aj tnd 4tn edktury, tnd ]aghk hkc raghkbzdc papufhtbak gastfy cbshppdhrdc jrag Phkkakbh, hs bt whsehffdc bk ]aghk tbgds. Snd ]aghks mubft ndrd ghky ebtbds (d.l . Uehrmhktbhb.d. Uaprak,Hc Jfdxug, b.d. Gasak,Hrrhmakhb.d. Lyr),jartbehtbaks (d.l.Gursdffhefasd ta rps) hkc dxedffdkt rahcs.=5 Ej. Leidkohk82


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Uhrafth Shtr

whs h eaktdgparhry aj Shisaky, tnd ndhc aj tnd phlhk Nuklhrbhk sthtd bk tnd 80 edktury=3. Pdendkdl pfhed khgdsca kat aeeur taldtndr wbtn If hfakl tnd ]aghk rahc.

Ua tnd Pdendkdls gust nhvd mddk sdttfdc bk tndsd surraukcbkls fhtdr. Snakuzamh bs kat gdktbakdc ndrd hsrayhf dktaurhld ar jraktbdr luhrc. Nawdvdr, heearcbkl ta enhptdr 424, ehusbkl tnd Nuklhrbhks ta bggblrhtd jrag tndbr prdvbaus nagdfhkc bk Dtdfiz (tachy Tirhbkd), hkc bktaprdsdkt-chy Nuklhry, tnus tnd hkbgasbty aj tnd twa pdapfds waufc md lrdht bk tnd rst nhfj aj tnd 80tn edktury, hkcsbked _afth whs tnd sak aj tnd Fhkcthibkl Enbdj rpc, nbs pdrbac waufc md taa dhrfy ta hssugd jrbdkcsnbp mdtwddktnd twa pdapfds. Iarc mdfbdvds tnht Hkakygus taai tnd khgd _afth jrag h ikawk enbdj aj tnd Pdendkdls, wnafbvdc bk Gasak e. bk tnd 88tn e. (Lyrjjy 8220, 880, hkc Iarc 8220, 5-=0). Nawdvdr, Iarc heedpts Hkakygusbkjarghtbak tnht Snakuzamh ehgd bk tnd rdblk aj Shisaky, sak aj _afth. Snht Snakuzamh snaufc md wdfeagdc my tndNuklhrbhk enbdj, ghids sdksd bj tnbs enbdj whs rdfhtdc ar eakkdetdc ta tnd Pdendkdl (my Hkakygus Eughkbhk)

prbkedss, tnd wbjd aj nbs sak. Sndsd twa chth suppart dhen atndr, hkc tndy bkcbehtd tnht tnd Nuklhrbhks ghkhldc takdlatbhtd h pdhed trdhty aj sagd sarts wbtn tnd Pdendkdls wna nhc dhrfbdr cdjdhtdc tndg, hkc tnd Pdendkdl mrbcdsdhfdc tnbs trdhty. Heearcbkl ta Iaksthktbkas Parpnyraldkkdtas (wrbtbkl hmaut 240, curbkl tnd rdblk aj Shisaky,wnag nd gdktbaks), tnd Nuklhrbhks eaufc kat md pdrsuhcdc ta lnt hlhbkst tnd Pdendkdls, shybkl tnht tndy eaufckat cdjdht tndg (enhpt. 5). Snbs sthtdgdkt bs rdpdhtdc bk enhpt. >, wdrd tnd dgpdrar cdserbmds naw akd aj nbs dkvays

cbc try ta pdrsuhcd tnd Nuklhrbhks ta htthei tnd Pdendkdls. Snbs bkjarghtbak bkcbehtds h Nuklhrbhk-Pdendkdl pdhedtrdhty hs wdff. Bt bs kat bffalbehf ta hssugd tnht Pdendkdl dkvays hkc trbmhf gdgmdrs ehgd hs dktaurhld wbtn tndwbjd aj Shisaky, curbkl tnd rdblk aj _afth. Ua bt bs passbmfd tnht _afth sdttfdc Pdendkdl jraktbdr luhrcs mdyakc tndfhid bk Gasak Eaukty. Iarcs prapashf tnht Hkakygus eakhtdc twa nbstarbehf pdrsaks bs kat heedpthmfd mdehusdHkakygus wrbtds hmaut enbdj _afth bk sdvdrhf phsshlds, bcdktbds nbg hs tnd sak aj rpc, hkc erdhtds h cbstbket

partrhy aj nbg bk ghky phsshlds, sagd wnben nhvd katnbkl ta ca wbtn tnd Pdendkdls. Bt bs bgpassbmfd ta pravdmdyakc caumt tnht tnd sdttfdgdkts ikawk hs Pdendkdl bk Gasak e. bk fhtdr Fhtbk caeugdkts hrd tnd dxhet shgdsdttfdgdkts erdhtdc my _afth, mut tndbr faehtbak ts tnd cdserbptbak. Hff bk hff, Hkakygus sthtdgdkt ak tnd bssud ajPdendkdls bk Gasak bs wbtnbk tnd rhkld aj passbmbfbty.

Bk hky ehsd, tnd Pdendkdl prdsdked bk tnbs pdrbac bs ukcaumtdc.=.Snd rdblk aj tnd rst Enrbstbhk ibkl, Ut. Utdpndk (mdtwddk 8000 hkc 805>) rdprdsdktdc matn eaktbkubty aj tnd

Nuklhrbhk rufd hkc h Enrbstbhk - Durapdhk rdkdwhf. Jrag tnbs pdrbac ht fdhst twa tapakygs mhsdc ak tnd khgds ajtnd ibkls rdfhtbvds hrd ta md jaukc bk Uaprak e. Sndrd hrd twa vbffhlds ehffdc Malyaszf=4, tnd lrhkc-lrhkcsak aj

Shisaky hkc tnd eausbk aj tnd ibkl (Irbst Ghii - Uzdlj 82-522). Ibkl Ut Utdpndk cbdc bk 805>. Lyrjjy suppasds tnht tndrd gust nhvd mddk gardPdendkdl ehgphblks bkta Nuklhry, mdehusd tnd Enrakbeak Pbetak wrbtds tnht Nuklhrbhk prbkedsDkcrdhkcFdvdktd=3Ej. Iaksthktbkas Prapnyraldkkdtas, Garhvesbi 82>>, 32.=4 Malyaszf eagds jrag tnd Uautn Ufhvbe khgd Mucbsfhv/Muczbsfhv (Ibss 82>>, B? ==2). Sndrd wdrd atndr pdrsaks my tnbs khgd bkNuklhry hs wdff (fbstdc bk Jdnrtb =003, 84:).=: Hmaut tnd cdmht hraukc tnd gdtnacs usdc curbkl tnbs praedss ej. Irbst 82>>, =8-22.=


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:5

Uhrafth Shtr

saulnt rdjuld hgakl tnd Eughkbhks=>hjtdr 8058, hkc ht tnht tbgd, tndy jaukc Nuklhrbhk prbsakdrs aj whr hgakltndg (U]N B, 55: hkc Lyrjjy 8220, 88=).

Bk hky ehsd, bk tnd sdeakc nhfj aj tnd 88tn edktury, tnd Pdendkdls hs gbfbthry pdrsakdff bk tndsd tnrdd eauktbdsphrtbebphtdc bk tnd bktdrkhf whrs mdtwddk tnd rpcbhk tnrakd prdtdkcdrs.

5. Snd Pdendkdl bggblrhtbak eaktbkudc curbkl tnd 88-8=tn edkturbds. Bk 803>, tnd Pdendkdls avdraacdc

Myzhktbug bk lrdhtdr kugmdrs, phrtfy cud ta h ebvbf whr mdtwddk SbrihkcIdldk, twa Pdendkdl enbdjs (Lyrjjy8220, 803). Ak tnd dhstdrk marcdr, hjtdr sagd pdhedjuf ydhrs, tnd ibkls hkc prbkeds, dspdebhffy Ut. Fszf B nhc tajhed tndbr httheis, wnben rdsuftdc bk gard sdttfdgdkts. Heearcbkl ta tnd enrakbefds, Ohk, eagds (bspk) aj Uaprakhfsa ehpturdc h mhkc aj ghrhucbkl Pdendkdls bk Myzhktbkd sdrvbed wndk tndsd ehgd ta tnd rdseud aj Kkcarjdnrvr(tachys Mdalrhc), wnbfd tnd ehstfd whs ukcdr sbdld my tnd Nuklhrbhk ibkl bk 80


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:3

Uhrafth Shtr

Hmmrdvhtbakse 7 eaukty v 7 vbffhld

]djdrdkeds

HA 7 Hkoauiarb Aigkytr B-ZBBB. Caeugdkth rds Nuklhrbehs tdgpard rdlug Hkcdlhvdksbug bffustrhktbhYCaeugdkts aj tnd Hkldvbk HldW Dcs Khly, Bgrd - Shskcb Khly, Lyufh. Muchpdst 8>-82=0. 7 \DK_DF Lusztv, rpc-iarb o Aigkytr. Pdst, 8>:0-Muchpdst 8>.Hkakygus, 82


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:4

Uhrafth Shtr

pp. 30=-382.Ibss, Lmar Stn, Dkcrd 82>


66/238

::

Uhrafth Shtr

82:4 Ndrghkk Manfhus Khenj.TM BBB 7 Triukcdkmuen cds Murldkfhkcds ukc cdr hklrdkzdkcdk Ldmbdtd cdr Iagbthtd \bdsdfmurl, Acdkmurl

ukc Dbsdkmurl, BBB. Mhkc, Cbd Triukcdk vak 8508 mbs 85=


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.

. . . . . .

. - 1 1 . . . . . , . . . . , . , , . . . . . , . . , . , .

. . , , . , . . , . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . 8> . =2 . .

. . . . . . , . . . , .

2= . , , . . , , , () . . . , . . . (. ) . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , . (


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=.4Nbs gatndr mdfakldc ta Bin snhwhrdh, wnben whs sumarcbkhtdc ta tnd Malc

Ohwzhkchgmh inuthlt. M. Ohgmhf hrrbvdc ht Malcbbk inrdd (Trlh) wndk nd whs 85 taldtndr wbtn nbs jhtndr. Ndfbvdc bkInindk kayakbb hbghl, akd aj tnd tnbrty cbstrbets wndrd gakis fbvdc. Snd hbghls surraukcdc tnd edktrdaj tnd (_k) Inrdd hkc hfsa Lhkchk. Snd Malcs Rdffaw Phfhed (Unhr Arcak) whs sbtuhtdc bk tnd edktrd aj tndInrdd hs wdff hs tnd Ghbk hssdgmfy nhff (Ssalenbk culhk, S. tsnals endk cu-inhkl), gakhstbe eaffdlds (chtshk,S.lrwh-tshkl), hkc atndr tdgpfds hkc ajebhf mubfcbkls.

Hjtdr tdk ydhrs aj stucy M. Ohgmhf oabkdc Mhcghyala chtshk(S.phc-gh ya-lh lrwh-tsnhkl), tnd eaffdld ajShktrbe rbtds ht Lhkchk. Nd spdkt tnrdd ydhrs tndrd, hkc nd mdehgd akd aj tnd jaur vdrldrs. Nd rdedbvdc tnbs tbtfd bk82== curbkl tndChksnbl khhchgjdstbvhf (S. mrthk-mznuls) ndfc hkkuhffy jar tnd fakldvbty aj tnd Malc.Mhchgyalachtshknhc jty gakis tnht tbgd.:Ohgmhfs ghstdr whs SsaroFuwshkcakcal ajMbzbyhhlbbk hbghl, wna whs h vdryjhgaus gaki tnht tbgd bk Trlh.2=, Pazckdydv 822? 5:53:4).4Mhwcdk 822


80/238

>0

Irbsztbkh Sdfdib

Ohgmhfs rdgbkbsedkeds hrd bgparthkt saureds ta stucy Trlhs musy fbjd curbkl tnd rdblk aj tnd Dblnt MalcOhwzhkchgmh inuthlt (8>Sndsd wdrd hff erdhtdc my kcr ldlddk _hkhmhzhr. Ohgmhf fbvdc bk Inindkkayakbb hbghl, hkc nd sthtds tnht bt nhc kdvdr mddk prdebaus amodets, mut nd rdgdgmdrdc tnd Ghkfh, wnben whs tndInindk kayaks prdebaus amodet aj warsnbp,2wna whs tnd spausd aj kcr ldlddk _hkhmhzhr. SnbsGhkfhnhc

mddk erhjtdc my kcr ldlddk _hkhmhzhr fbid tnd_uuaj tndBin shk, hkc bts gdhsurdgdkts wdrd sbgbfhr ta tnasd aj

tnd Aenbrchr. SndKhgsrhbaj tndBin shkbs shbc ta nhvd mddk aj sghffdr gdhsurdgdkts. SndHyuusnaj tnd IhkourSdgpfd whs shbc ta md pfhedc fhtdr Yhjtdr 825Mhwcdk 822


81/238

>8

Irbsztbkh Sdfdib

bs shbc tnht bt whs safc ta tnd Muryhcs ar lbvdk ta tnd zaenHlwhhk, wna whs h laaczaen(prhetbtbakdr ajzac, S.leac).8Snd Malcs fbak tnrakd whs

bk tnd Lhkchk enhpdf.82

Snd Snbrtddktn Chfhb Fhgh usdc ta sbt ak tnd tnrakd (bk 8203-8204), wnben nhc mddk sdt autbk jrakt aj tnbs, ta rdebtd tnd serbpturds.

5. Hrtbjhets bk tnd Phfheds sbtuhtdc ak tnd Mhki aj tnd ]bvdr SuufSnd \nbtd Sdgpfd ar Lklhhcdobcfbk sg(S. iuk-clh mcd-siybc lfbkl) bkefucdc h vdry dxqubsbtd Rhghkchl

(S. obls-mydc,U. Rhgthih) bghld ghcd aj stddf (lhk).=0Bt whs shbc ta nhvd mddk ghcd bk tnd mhkkdr (inasnuu)aj Chfhb Enabkinar whk bk tnd tbgd aj tnd Dblntn Malc. Bk ndblnt bt whs hmaut h juff eumbt, hkc bts bgpfdgdktswdrd hff aj sbfvdr, sibffjuffy ghcd hkc sphrifbkl. Sndrd whs h sbgbfhr bghld aj Chgohk Carfblrbcbkl h laht, hkchfsa h sbgbfhrOhgsrhk(S. fehg-srbkl, mdl-tsd), tnd ndhc aj wnben whs lbfcdc (phbktdc wbtn lafc) hkc tnd rdst whsaj brak. Snd Chfhb Enabkinar whk prdsdktdc ghky lbjts ta tnd Malc, suen hs tdkts, phvbfbaks hkc mrhzbdrs jar tndKhhchgjdstbvhf. Sndy wdrd sibffjuffy ghcd, hkc hff tnd brak btdgs sphrifdc. Sndrd whs h prdebausInhobcbghld (S.ginh-spyac, U. cibkb)=8ht tnd \nbtd Sdgpfd, wnben whs vdkdrhtdc my tnd Jbjtn Malc (8>84-8>38) wndk nd whs

pdrjargbkl tnd gdcbthtbak aj Inhobc.==Bt whs h lbfcdc mrhss bghld, eagpfdtdfy eavdrdc avdr, wbtn akfy akd nhkc

vbsbmfd. Snd nht hkc tnd efatns aj kcr ldlddk _hkhmhzhr wdrd idpt tndrd, taa? h nht bk tnd jarg aj h siuff-ehp wbtnjaur fdhj-snhpdc pdhis, mbl rdc Gaklafbhk maats, h suggdr lawk fbid h Muryhc lawk, ghcd aj stujj fbid ydffaw sbfipfdhtdc ht tnd whbst hkc wbtn h fbkbkl aj lhuzd, wbtn sghff eujjs hkc h rauln jur (thbwbkcuu) eaffhr fbid mfhei attdr jur.Sndrd whs h sthtudttd ghcd aj phpdr Yphpdr-ghenW bk tnd fbidkdss aj kcr ldlddk _hkhmhzhr bk tnd \nbtd Phfhed.Sndsd efatnds wdrd wrhppdc up bk h mukcfd kdhr bt. H partrhbt aj Srkhtnh (84)?Khbenk(S.lkhs-enukl),

_dgdr(S. tsbu cghr-pa) hkc Unl(S.snuls-fchk).=Hyuusn pramhmfy ghcd tnd dfdlhktKhbchks (S.lkhs mrthk) aj tnd Sdgpfd. Nd waridc jar ghkyydhrs bk tnd Enabobk fhgbbk sg. Nd whs h ghk aj tnd mhkkdr aj _arblt whk ar A. (Acsarmhzhr) whk bk Ssnddt inhkhbghl. H fat aj Enbkdsd hkc Gaklafs waridc taldtndr bk mubfcbkl tnd Enabobk fhgbbk sg hkc ghibkl tnd Muccnhbghlds. Bt whs Enbkdsd jar tnd gast phrt wna mubft tnd tdgpfds, wnbfd Gaklafs jar tnd gast phrt ghcd tnd Muccnh8


82/238

>=

Irbsztbkh Sdfdib

bghlds hkc amodets wbtnbk bt. Unabw Hyuusn ghcd tnd vdry thffOblobc(S. obls-mydc, U. Rhgkthih) wnben nhs kawlakd. Snd tdgpfd chked whs pdrjargdc bk Enabobk fhgbbk sgbk tnd pdrbac aj Hutakagy (8288-82=8). Sndy nhctndGhg(S. gh-ga),_hk(S. mrtshk), hkc tnd Jbvd Ibkls (Shwhk inhhk, S. rlyhf-pa siu fklh) chked. Snbs whsvdry cbjjdrdkt jrag tndInrdd Sshgchked. Bk tnd Jbvd Ibkls tndChbenbkinhgmhnbgsdfj hppdhrdc.=2Snbs chkedwhs put ak jar hmaut tnrdd ydhrs mut stappdc ukcdr tnd Pdapfds Lavdrkgdkt (82=3-). Hjtdr tnd cdhtn aj tnd Enabobk

Fhgh,Chbenbkinhgmhtaai h wbjd hkc cbdc curbkl tnd pdrbac aj tnd Pdapfds Lavdrkgdkt. H spdebhf tdgpfd wnbennd ehusdc ta md mubft whs avdr my tnd Fdkbk Efum.50Enabobk fhgnhc ghky fbvdstaei. Nd usdc ta eaukt nbs ndrcs hkcnafc h lhgds gddtbkl ht tnd pfhed ehffdcMinlYrtrdfhy-sthtbakW ta tnd wdst aj Malc uuf.

Ht tnd tbgd aj tnd bktdrvbdw wbtn M. Ohgmhf tnd jaffawbkl tnbkls wdrd idpt bk Enabobk fhgbbk sg? hk bghld ajCwenbk Khlmaoacmhghnhsbccnh wnben usdc ta md bk tnd \nbtd Phfhed. Bts siuff nhkc-crug nhs mddk fast, hkc ndnafc h crug aj mfhei waac bkstdhc. Sndrd whs hk bghld ajFawak Mhchgoukhb (S.sfam-cpakPhc-gh myukl-lkhs,U. Phcghshgmnhvh) jrag tnd \nbtd Phfhed. Swa aj tnd tnrddChksarrblsug(S. 1) jrag tnd \nbtd Phfhed wdrd bk tndfdjt-nhkc yurt. Sndrd whs h seufpturd aj tnd Prdedptar Mhfchkenabgmaf inhgmh(nhvbkl tnd hmmat tbtfd jrag 8>:4-8>22) wnben usdc ta md bk tnd \nbtd Phfhed nd mdehgd praetar bk tnd_hkinhkSdgpfd. Sndrd whs h phpdr strueturdaj kcr ldlddk jrag tnd \nbtd Phfhed eavdrdc my h mraehcd ghktfd. H ghk ehffdc Fajty Ssdkc, tnd bghld-ghidr ajKagenbbk hbghlghcd bt bk tnd twdkty-sbxtn ydhr (8:>>) aj tnd rdblk aj tnd Ghkenu dgpdrar, Ihkl-xb (8::5-8:2-8252) usdc ta phbkt Muccnh bghlds hkc

partrhbts aj tnd Malc hkc nbs wbjd, tnd Din Chlbkh, hkc sa ak jar tnd Malc.5=Nbs phbktbkls aj tnd Ssaro(S. enas-rod) ajMbzbyhhlbbk hbghlhkc tndInhenbk(S. ginhk endk) Mhfchk wdrd idpt bk tnd Uthtd Edktrhf Gusdug wndkOhgmhf whs bktdrvbdwdc. Snd pbeturds aj tnd Malc inhhk hkc tnd Din Chlbkh Ghrzhk Unhr phbktdc wdrd idpt bk tndUthtd Gusdug. Nd phbktdc h pbeturd aj tnd Malc hkc fhtdr bt whs eapbdc hs h pnatalrhpn. Nbs phbktbkls wdrd? tndDblntn Malc bk rdfblbaus crdss, tnd Dblntn Malc hs Unhkhl(S.znwh-khl), wdhrbkl h mfhei nht, phbktdc bk tnd ydhraj tnd Enbkdsd rdvafutbakhrbds (8282-82=0), tnd Din Chlbkh wbtn pfugds, tnd Din chlbkh wdhrbkl h vd-sbcdc tbhrh,crdssdc hs h Muccnh, wbtn mdff hkc tnukcdrmaft, tnd Malc hkc tnd Din Chlbkh bk jaur-sbcdc cbhcdgs, wbtn tnd Malc

bk nbs edrdgakbhf crdss hjtdr nbs dktnrakdgdkt hs ibkl9 partrhbt aj tnd Ssarofhg ajKayakbb hbghl(Fuwshktsdrdk)9pbeturd aj tnd Sbmdthk fhgh, tnd afc Rakzak(S.yakls-czbk) Mhfchkenabgmaf9 pbeturd aj Fdkbk.

Hlwhhkcaro nhc tdk gdthf endsts prdphrdc.55Ghky hrtbst gusn nhvd phbktdc tnd phkarhghs aj tnd Inrdd.Snd Malc hcaptdc Uasarmhrhg, hkc nd mdehgd h gaki aj Chsnenabgmdf chtshk(S. mirh-snbs enas pndf lrwh-tsnhkl) hkcMhcghyala chtshk. Nd mdehgd h ghk wna nhc tnd oam aj ehstbkl Muccnh bghlds bk whx (fhwenbk). Nd

pdrjargdc hs tnd \nbtd Afc Ghk bk tndInrdd Sshg. \ndkMhcghyala chtshkkddcdc ta md rdphbrdc, Uasarmhrhghkc Ohgmhf nbgsdfj wdrd rdspaksbmfd ta gavd tnd enhpdf hkc tnd Muccnh bghlds. Culhrohw hkc Uasarmhrhg hfsaehst hkc ghcd tnd Malcs lafcdk sdhf.53


83/238

>5

Irbsztbkh Sdfdib

dhstdrk wbkcaw aj nbs (\bktdr) Phfhed jar arcbkhry pdapfd, hkc jrag tnd wdstdrk wbkcaw ta nbln hkc faw ajebhfs.Snd Malc whs nafcbkl h Ldkdrhf warsnbp ht tnd Fawdr Sdgpfd.5> Ak tnd =2tnchy aj tnd fhst wbktdr gaktn, ht

tnd Malcs eagghkc, tnd 50 hbghls hkc tnd tdk eaffdlds (chtshk) hff oabkdc bk h eaggak sdrvbed hkc ht tnd naur ajtnd narsd tndy ehrrbdc h ]dpufsbak Jblurbkd (S.ltar zfal) ajIdtrhpfhaut tawhrcs tnd sautn.52Nd sdkt warc ta tndRakzakfhgh ta nhvd ghky prhydrs rdebtdc hkc hmfutbaks hkc ghkchfhs ajjdrdc ta tndBinbbk _uu, tnd Aenbrchr, tnd

Hyuusnaj tnd Ihkour Sdgpfd, hkc tnd =8 Sr (Chr din, S.slraf-gh).30

Snd Malc cbc kat ikaw tndFbobk(S. fus-smybk) tdxt, mut tnd Sshlhhk Chr(tnd Malcs spausd) ikdw tndFbobktdxt wdff.38Hjtdr Fdltsdls cdhtn tnd Malc dkefasdc sagd tnbkls bk h squhrd max hkc put nbs sdhf ak bt, hkc nhcbt thidk ta tnd Chgmhchrohh Gakhstdry (S. msthk-ph chr rlyhs lfbkl) hkc cdpasbtdc bk h stuph wndrd tnd afc ramds(khws) hkc sa ak aj tnd vhrbaus Malcs nhc mddk pfhedc.3=Hjtdr tnd phssbkl hwhy aj tnd Malc Inhhk, dvdrytnbkl ndfdjt whs eaksehtdc my tnd eaggbssbak aj tnd Pdapfds Lavdrkgdkt.35Snd mrakzd phbf wnben whs akd aj tnd Malcseurbaus whs huetbakdc twa ydhrs fhtdr hkc jdtendc =4 ]ussbhk mhkikatds. Ghky tnbkls wdkt bk tnd huetbak, akd ydhrhjtdr tnd Malc put h snddps snbk-makd up jar huetbak.33

EakefusbakOhgmhfs heeaukt bkefucds tnd gast prdebaus hrtbjhets aj Trlh erdhtdc my kcr ldlddk _hkhmhzhr hs wdff hs

ghky atndrs nd shw ar ndhrc hmaut. Snd ghoarbty aj tnd hrtbjhets aj Trlhs tdgpfds wdrd cdstraydc ar cdfbvdrdc ta]ussbh bk hkc hjtdr 825. Cud ta tnd wari aj tnd Bkstbtutd aj Uutrhs hkc Uerbpts jaukcdc bk 82=8, wnben hfsa

nhc h gusdug (sbtuhtdc bk tnd \bktdr Phfhed aj tnd Malc hjtdr 82=3) sagd aj tnd gast prdebaus hrtbjhets eaufc mdprdsdrvdc. Ghky aj tndg hrd kaw ak dxnbmbts bk tnd Enabobk Fhgh Sdgpfd Gusdug, tnd Phfhed Gusdug aj tndMalc Inhhk, hkc tnd Jbkd Hrts _hkhmhzhr Gusdug, wnbfst atndrs hrd stbff usdc hs amodets aj warsnbp suen hs tndakds prdsdrvdc ht Lhkchk Gakhstdry. Snd hrtbjhets hkc atndr amodets gdktbakdc my Ohgmhf hrd fbstdc mdfaw. Snd fbstbkefucds tnd prdsdkt (prdsughmfd ar surd) faehtbaks aj tndsd amodets hs wdff, tnaulnt jurtndr rdsdhren aj tndbr starbdshkc prdsdkt hvhbfhmbfbtbds hrd rdqubrdc. K. h. (kat hvhbfhmfd) bs usdc jar ukikawk chth.

Mbmfbalrhpny Mhwcdk, E. ]. (trhksf.), Shfds aj hk Afc Fhgh, trhksfhtdc wbtn katds my Mhwcdk, E. ].. Srbkl, T.I.? Snd

Bkstbtutd aj Muccnbst Utucbds YMuccnbeh Mrbthkkbeh Udrbds Eaktbkuh ZBBBW. 822< Mhwcdk, E. ]., Snd Gacdrk Nbstary aj Gaklafbh. Fakcak? \dbcdkjdfc hkc Kbeafsak. (rdvbsdc dcbtbak? IPB,

Fakcak 82>2) Chgcbksrdk, C.,Bin Inrddkbb kdrt urenuuc. Tfhhkmhhthr 8224 YJhgaus Hrtbsts aj TrlhW

Uakbkmhyhr, Un. (dc.), Lhkchktdlenbkfdk inbbc,Unhsnkbb cddc surluufbbk inurhklub tin Sshlhhk fhwhbkcuuk dlsnbl indgddin arsnbwab.Tfhhkmhhthr 8224 YLhkchktdlenbkfdk Gakhstdry, Unart Nbstary aj tnd ]dfblbausTkbvdrsbty? Snd gdfacy aj tnd \nbtd Eaken Undff.W

Pazckddv, H. G.,Gaklafboh b Gaklafy.S. 8-=. Uhkit-Pdtdrmurl 8>2:, 8>2> (rdpr.) Pazckdydv, H. G.,Gaklafbh hkc tnd Gaklafs, dcbtdc my Irudldr, O. ]., trhksfhtdc my Unhw, O. ]. hkc Pfhki,

C., Mfaagbkltak, Bkcbhkh Tkbvdrsbty 82Mhwcdk 822


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>4


-------------------------------------------------------------------------Zaf.84 (388) =083 >4->>

]dspaksd aj Gaklafbhk Kaghcs ta Efbghtd Enhkld curbkl tnd phst >00 ydhrs?Utaenhstbe Praxbds jar ]deakstruetbak

H.Arinaksdfdkld*

Mheilraukc

Gaklafbhks hrd akd aj tnd jdw hkebdkt trhcbtbakhf kaghcs bk Hsbh. Snd dxtrdgd efbghtd aj Gaklafbh ghy nhvd

fdc kaghcs ta gblrhtd jar faaibkl jar h kdw hchpthmfd khturd hkc jar gatbvhtbkl tndg ta rdsnhpd tnd hpprahendstawhrcs hetbvd fbjdstyfd. Deafalbehf enhklds curbkl tnd fhtd Nafaedkd ghy nhvd eaktrbmutdc ta tnrdd ghoar nughkdvdkts aj lfamhf sblkbehked (Hkh hkc Jdkl, =003)? (8) tnd Nsbukl-ku Dgpbrd mdtwddk 5 rc edktury ME hkc 8stedktury HC, (=) tnd bkvhsbak aj Enbkh hkc Durapd my kaghcbe trbmds jrag Gaklafbh mdtwddk 588 hkc 4>2 HC, hkc(5) tnd dxphksbak aj Gaklafbhk Dgpbrd herass tnd Durapd mdtwddk 8=0: hkc 8304 HC. Bk hccbtbak, heearcbkl tatnd ghky sebdktbsts, bkefucbkl aj Oadrl Uenhdjdr, dxpfardc tnd hcvhkedgdkt aj lfhebdrs sthrtbkl bk tnd 83 tnedkturyhjjdetdc vhrbaus eufturds bk tnd warfc. Ghky qudstbaks rdghbk hmaut tnd lfamhf phttdrks aj ebvbfbzhtbaks bkcuedc

my tnd khturd hkc ehusds aj efbghtd enhklds avdr tnd fhst gbffdkkbug. Ndrd, tnbs stucy jaeusds ak naw Gaklafbhkkaghcs dxpdrbdkedc tnd guftbpfd uetuhtbaks aj efbghtd enhkld curbkl tnd nbstarbehf pdrbacs, hkc naw ta hchpt jartnd jurtndr enhffdklds aj rbsbkl tdgpdrhturd ar lfamhf whrgbkl. Hftnauln fats aj bkcdpdkcdkt stucbds hrd rdfhtdc taldalrhpny, ldafaly, nbstary, hrendafaly, gdtdarafaly hkc dte., bt bs bgparthkt jar ukcdrsthkcbkl tnd rdfhtbaksnbp

mdtwddk nughk hkc khturd wbtn eagmbkdc stucbds hgakl tnd sebdktbe dfcs gdktbakdc hmavd. Mdehusd nughksfbjd, saebdty hkc deakagy hrd kat akfy cdpdkcdkt ak efbghtbe hkc dkvbrakgdkthf eakcbtbaks, hs fbid hs tnht Chvbc

Putkhg katdc tnht nughk saebdtbds hrd qubtd sdksbtbvd ta efbghtd enhkld, mut nughk saebdty bs ehphmfd aj snhpbklbts ldalrhpnbehf dkvbrakgdkt.

Lfamhf Srdkc aj tnd Uafhr Hetbvbtbds

Jhetars tnht ehk snhpd efbghtd bkefucd vhrbhtbaks bk safhr rhcbhtbak, mbatbe praedssds, vhrbhtbaks bk tnd Dhrtnsarmbt, pfhtd tdetakbes, vafehkbe druptbaks hkc enhklds bk lrddknausd lhs eakedktrhtbaks. Uafhr eyefd hpphrdktfy hjjdetstdrrdstrbhf efbghtd, hkc rbsds hkc jhffs wbtn hk 88-ydhr eyefd aj sukspats (Jblurd 8) tnht hjjdets us wbtn bkerdhsdcdxtrdgd uftrhvbafdt hkc x-rhy dgbssbaks jrag tnd Uuk. Hftnauln tnd enhkld bk tnd tathf safhr brrhcbhked sddgs taasghff ta pracued sblkbehkt efbghtbe djjdets, tndrd bs laac dvbcdked tnht, ta sagd dxtdkt, tnd Dhrtns efbghtd ndhtshkc eaafs hs safhr hetbvbty rbsds hkc jhffs (Nhbln, =00


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>00 ta 200 ydhrs hla, hraukc tnd Inarla Zafehka nhvd mddk rdvbdwdc my tnd fhvh dfcs strdssdctrdds heutdfy sdksbtbvd ta enhklds bk gabsturd fdvdfs. Snd prdfbgbkhry efbghtd rdearc tnht tnd pdrbac jrag 8=88 ta8=50 H.C., wndk Enbkllbs Inhhk whs bk ndychy, Gaklafbh taai hmukchkt rhbkjhff, hpphrdktfy gard tnhk bk hkyatndr =0-ydhr strdten avdr tnd phst >00 ydhrs. Snd lrhssds hkc atndr vdldthtbak bk tnd stdppd waufc nhvd aurbsndc,hffawbkl tnd Gaklafbhks ta rhbsd gard fbvdstaei hkc lbvbkl tndg gard narsdpawdr jar eakqudsts. Bk hccbtbak,tnd trdd-rbkl chth snaw tnht bk tnd fhtd 8=tnedktury, Gaklafbh whs wrheidc my bktdrtrbmhf whrjhrd, tnd hrdh cbcdxpdrbdked h eafc, cry pdrbac. Mut h jdw cdehcds fhtdr, hs Enbkllbs Inhhk mdlhk eaksafbchtbkl pawdr, wdhtndreakcbtbaks hppdhr ta nhvd sumsthktbhffy bgpravdc hkc ta kaghcs wna rdfy ak heedss ta fhids jar whtdrbkl hkbghfs.

Bk tbgds aj hmukchkt rhbk, phstarhfbsts tnrbvd, Bj gard rhbkjhff maastdc lrhssfhkc pracuetbvbty hkc avdrhff dkdrlyautput, tnht eaufc ndfp dxpfhbk wny tnd Gaklafbhks wdrd hmfd ta trhksbtbak jrag h enbdjthbk saebdty, wndrd pasbtbakshrd ndrdcbthry ta ghkhlbkl h eagpfdx sthtd eavdrbkl h vhst dgpbrd. Snd narsds hkc jaac heeugufhtdc ak tnd stdppdwaufc nhvd dkhmfdc tnd Gaklafbhks ta sdt aut bk pursubt aj lafc hkc sbfi ta gard cbsthkt fhkcs. Efbghtbe snbjts ghy

md rdspaksbmfd jar bts sehfd hkc lrhkcdur, tnd dxphkcdc Gaklafbhk Dgpbrd whs rdghrihmfy snart-fbvdc. Hs Ghrhsulldstdc, hraukc 8=4>, hjtdr hk ukbcdktbdc vafehka ukfdhsndc h ghssbvd druptbak tnht spdwdc sufjur hkc hsn bktatnd strhtaspndrd, h eaaf, cry efbghtd rdturkdc. Sndrdhjtdr, Inumbfhb Inhhk gavdc tnd Gaklafbhk ehpbthf ta Mdbobklhkc tnd Gaklafbhks pawdr nhc mdluk ta whkd.

\nht ehk Gaklafbhk kaghcs ca jar tnd jurtndr efbghtd enhklds1

Efbghtd enhklds bk tnd juturd wbff ehff kdw enhffdklds jar Gaklafbhk kaghcs. Mdehusd up ta akd-tnbrc aj tathf

papufhtbak bk Gaklafbh fbvds hs kaghcbe ndrcdrs wna rdfy upak lrhzbkl fbvdstaei, dvdk sghff enhklds bk deafalyeaufc nhvd h prajaukc djjdet ak tnd khtbak. Snd trhcbtbakhf kaghcbe why aj fbjd hkc hssaebhtdc saebadeakagbehetbvbtbds mhsdc ak tnd ukbqud ldalrhpnbehf hkc efbghtbe eakcbtbaks bk Gaklafbh bgpfy tndbr sdksbtbvdkdss ta tndbgphets aj efbghtd enhklds. Jar prdcbetbkl tnd jurtndr trdkcs ak efbghtd enhklds, rdeakstruetbkl tnd phfdaefbghtbeenhklds bk Gaklafbh, mhsdc ak uvbhf hkc fheustrbkd tdrrheds (83E, AUF, dte.), drasbakhf hkc cdpasbtbakhf surjhedsak garhbkds (=:Hf, 80 Md, dte.), fadss-phfdasafs (GU, SF, dte.), hkc tnd jassbfs (enhreahfs, ehvds, sndffs, pdhts, dte.)jrag tnd nbstarbehf jhets tnraulnaut eauktry, waufc md akd aj tnd gast mdkdebhf whys. Bk hccbtbak, bt bs kdedsshry taukcdrsthkc naw efbghtd sdts ukcdr tnd Gbfhkiavbten eyefds aj prdedssbak, amfbqubty hkc deedktrbebty cud ta ghlkdtbedfcs hkc tdetakbe gavdgdkts. Bj tachys whrgbkl bk tnd Nafaedkd (GBU 8) bs rdsnhpdc hs sbgbfhr ta tnht bk hkukusuhf prafakldc bktdrlfhebhf pdrbac (GBU 88), wnben bs hk bktdrvhf earrdspakcbkl ta h sghff bksafhtbak gbkbgug(Ihsnbwhyh dt hf., =080), wnht ta md cakd bs ta kc nafbstbe hpprahends jar avdreagbkl tnd lfamhf whrgbkl. Bkatndr warcs, bt eaktrbmutds ta thid bkta heeaukt tnd gard cdthbf bkvdstblhtbaks hkc prdebsd prdcbetbaks mhsdc ak tndhcvhkedc sebdktbe gdtnacs gdktbakdc hmavd.

Uugghry

Bt rdvbdws naw phfdaefbghtbe enhklds pfhydc hk bgparthkt rafd bk tnd ebvbfbzhtbaks aj Gaklafbhk kaghcs hkcdxphksbak aj dgpbrd. Snd efbghtbe vhrbhtbaks gblnt hcc bgpdtus hkc dgpnhsbs ta dbtndr cbspdrshf ar eakedktrhtbak ajkaghcs, mut bt ehk md guen fdss tnd safd hldkt, bk hky pdrbac aj wnben wd nhvd hky nbstarbehf ikawfdcld. Mdehusd bthpphrdktfy snaws Gaklafbhk kaghcs hrd tnd purd kaghcs, mdst hmfd ta survbvd ukcdrtnd strbetdst eakcbtbaks aj tndefbghtd,hkc ht tnd shgd tbgd, mdst hmfd ta dvafvd bkta kdw hchpthmfd whys aj fbjd. Sachy, ar bk tnd =8stedktury, wdehk sdd tnd rdhf trhcbtbakhf kaghcbe fbjd autsbcd aj ehpbthf aj Gaklafbh hs fbid hs tnht bk tnd 85 tnedktury! Bt gdhkstnht kaghcs nhvd kat hftdrdc tnd spdebe fbjd tnrauln tnd sdrbaus efbghtbe uetuhtbaks bkefucbkl aj lfhebhtbaks hkcwhrgbkl curbkl tnd avdr phst >00 ydhrs. Jar Gaklafbhks, bt waufc nhvd nbstarbehffy, eufturhffy hkc deakagbehffy

mddk akd aj tnd jdw pdeufbhr sblnts jar kat akfy senafhrs aj vhrbaus dfcs ak ldalrhpny, nbstary, hrendafaly, dte., muth tnaushkc aj taurbsts jrag hff avdr tnd warfc, bk tnd juturd, hs h khturhf gusdug bk Edktrhf Hsbh.


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H.

HmstrhetSnbs rdvbdws naw efbghtd enhkld hjjdets tnd Gaklafbhk kaghcbe eufturds curbkl tnd phst avdr >00 ydhrs hkc

naw Gaklafbhk Dgpbrd sprdhcs herass tnd Durhsbh bk h pdrbac aj fdss tnhk 800 ydhrs. Phfdaefbghtbe praxy rdearcsbgpfy tnd sukspat eyefds aj 88 ydhrs hkc lfhebhf-bktdrlfhebhf trhksbtbaks hrd prdcbetdc ta nhvd mddk rdfhtbvdfy djjdetbvdak rbsd hkc jhff aj nughk saebdtbds bkefucbkl aj tnd Gaklafbhk Dgpbrd hkc ebvbf rdvafutbaks bk Durapd. Hpphrdktfy,

h jhgbkd tnht sprdhc cdhtn hkc erbsbs herass Durapd bs wbcdfy rdearcdc bk nbstarbehf rdearcs aj tnd dhrfy 8500s hkcfbkidc ta tnd sthrt aj tnd Fbttfd Bed Hld. Sndrdjard, bt nhs mddk bkjdrrdc ta md eagphrdc efbghtd enhkld kcbklswbtn nbstarbehf heeaukts aj jhgbkd hkc saebdthf strullfd bk arcdr ta cdtdet naw tnd efbghtd enhkld bgphetdc ak tndnughk saebdtbds. Sndrd waufc md h mbl enhffdkld jar Gaklafbhk kaghcs jar rdsafvbkl naw ta hchpt tnd jurtndr rbsbkltdgpdrhturds hkc kdw ehthstrapnbe dvdkts ak tnd Dhrtn, b.d., bt rdqubrds h kdedsshry aj gard dgpbrbehf stucbds jarrdeakstruetbak phfdaefbghtd enhklds hkc aj prdebsd hpprahends jar jurtndr prdcbetbaks.

Idywarcs? Gaklafbhk Kaghcs, Uukspats, Efbghtd Enhkld, Fbttfd Bed Hld, Gdcbdvhf \hrg Pdrbac.

]djdrdkeds

Hkh.E.M hkc _.C.Jdkl, =003. ]dfhtbaksnbps mdtwddk nughk hetbvbtbds hkc deafalbehf snbjts bk tnd sautndrkGaklafbh Pfhtdhu hkc bts hcohedkt hrdhs curbkl tnd phst 500 ydhrs? Hmstrhets aj Bktdrkhtbakhf Eakjdrdked akCbhfal mdtwddk Eufturds hkc Ebvbfbzhtbaks? Prdsdkt Uthtd hkc Pdrspdetbvds aj Kaghcbsg bk h Lfamhfbzbkl \arfc.

Tfhhkmhhthr, Gaklafbh. Hul 2-83, =003.Enrbstbkh Fhrsak. \ndrd Hsbh Gaksaak La ta Cbd. Kdwsjaeus. UEBDKED. Zaf 55.43


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>2


-------------------------------------------------------------------------Zaf.84 (388) =083 >2-2=

.*, **

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90/238

20

.,

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91/238


92/238

2=

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8. .. .,=008, -==. .. ,

., 8222, , , , -83, -=:-545. .. , . ., =002. -80-8


93/238


94/238

23

IBG Ib-Uuk hkc FDD Oakl-An

Snbs sdetbak wbff bkvdstblhtd tnd jafifard aj tnd nausbkl sphed dgmdccdc bk chbfy fbjd my hkhfyzbkl nausbkl-rdfhtdc thmaas bk Iardh hkc Gaklafbh tnht sddg ta nhvd h fakl nbstary.

8) Shmaas ]dfhtdc ta Atndr Pdapfds Nausds

Iardhk hkc Gaklafbhk pdapfd nhvd trhcbtbakhffy amsdrvdc prapdr cdearug wndk tndy vbsbt atndr pdapfds nausdsar lrddt vbsbtars. Iardhk pdapfd tdkc ta sdttfd cawk bk akd pfhed hkc dsthmfbsn strakl makcs wbtn tndbr eaggukbtbdshs wdff hs wbtn jhgbfy gdgmdrs hkc rdfhtbvds tnrauln eaggukbty fbjd.

Ak tnd atndr nhkc, Gaklafbhk pdapfd fdhc kaghcbe fbvds bk wnben tndy snhrd fhkcs wnbfd jargbkl tbgdfy makcswbtn jhgbfy gdgmdrs, rdfhtbvds, hkc kdblnmars.

Ehtdlary Iardhk?obm(nausd) Gaklafbhk? hbf (nausd)]dfhtbaksnbps ta atndr

pdapfds nagds Bj yau phss urbkd bk atndr pdapfdsnausds, yau hrd suppasdc ta vbsbttndrd hlhbk.

Bj yau efbp yaur khbfs bk atndrpdapfds nausds, yau wbff md tndbr

dkdgy bk ndhvdk. Bj yau mfaei tnd caar aj atndrpdapfds nagds wbtn yaur hrgs, btwbff mrbkl mhc fuei ta tnd nausd.

Bj h waghk vbsbts atndr pdapfdsnausds dhrfy bk tnd garkbkl, bt bsnhrgjuf ta tnd nausd.

Bj yau marraw rd jrag atndrpdapfds nausds, bt wbff mrbkl mhcfuei ta tnd nausd.

Bj yau crhw whtdr jrag atndrpdapfds nausds hjtdr suksdt, bt wbffmrbkl mhc fuei ta tnd nausd.

Bj yau crhw whtdr jrag atndrpdapfds nausds dhrfy bk tndgarkbkl, yau wbff mdeagd h mdllhr.

Bj h edbfbkl eavdr bs efasdc bk tndgbccfd aj tnd chy, yau snaufc katvbsbt tnd nausd.8

Rau snaufc kat mrbkl h luk, ikbjd, arwnbp wndk yau vbsbt atndr pdapfds

nagds.=

Rau snaufc kat jafc yaur hrgs arjafc yaur nhkcs mdnbkc yaur mhei bkatndr pdapfds nausds.

Rau snaufc kat vbsbt atndr pdapfdsnausd wbtn dgpty-nhkcdc.

Bj yau sfddp bk atndr pdapfds nagdsak Kdw Rdhrs Dvd, yaur sauf wbff

md fast. Rau snaufc kat vbsbt atndr pdapfds

nagds ak Kdw Rdhrs Dvd. Rau snaufc kat thid ajj yaur nht

wndk yau vbsbt atndr pdapfds

nausds.

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