[acs symposium series] inorganic fluorine chemistry volume 555 (toward the 21st century) || organic...

Chapter 19

Organic and M a i n - G r o u p Chemis t ry of the 2,4,6-Tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl

Substituent Kinetic Stabilization through Steric and Electronic Effects

Frank T. Edelmann

Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D—37077 Göttingen, Germany

The organic and main group chemistry of the 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent (= RF ) is reviewed. This unique ligand combines steric bulk with the possibility of electronic stabilization. In organic RF chemistry steric hindrance is an important factor guiding the reactivity of various substrates. Low coordination numbers around main group elements are effectively stabilized through the formation of short metal-fluorine interactions. Among other RF-derived substituents the thiolate anion RFS- promises to be a useful ligand for transition metals.

During the past ten years the "Classical Double-Bond Rule" has been widely overcome through the successful preparation of stable species containing multiple bonds between heavier main group elements. The key principle leading to major achievements in this area of modern main group chemistry is kinetic stabilization ( i ) . It involves the use of sterically demanding substituents which protect the low-coordinate main group elements and thus inhibit dimerization or polymerization as well as attack of other reagents. A typical example is the diphosphene system. Simple substituted diphosphene derivatives, RP=PR (R = alkyl , aryl) are usually highly unstable. Early attempts to isolate these materials were frustrated by the formation of oligomerization products ( i .e . cyclopolyphosphines, (RP)n) (2). Kinetic stabilization and hence formation of a stable monomer was achieved by introducing the very bulky 2,4,6-tri(fc-butyl)phenyl (= "supermesityl" or Mes*) substituent ( 3) , Yoshifuji's successful preparation of Mes* P=PMes* marks the beginning of vigorous research activities in the field of low-coordinate main group compounds. Dicoordination around heavy main group elements has become a familiar sight in

0097-6156/94/0555-0309$08.00/0 © 1994 American Chemical Society

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In Inorganic Fluorine Chemistry; Thrasher, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1994.

310 INORGANIC F L U O R I N E CHEMISTRY: T O W A R D T H E 21ST C E N T U R Y

i n o r g a n i c chemistry. Besides the diphosphene homologues R-P=As-R (4), R-As=As-R (5) and R-P=Sb-R ( 6) the i s o l a t i o n of s t a b l e compounds c o n t a i n i n g P=C (7), Si=Si (#), Si=N (9) and Si=P (10) m u l t i p l e bonds has been r e p o r t e d . K i n e t i c s t a b i l i z a t i o n allowed the s y n t h e s i s of numerous monomeric germylenes (11) and stannylenes (12). Even phosphaalkynes, R-C^p (13-15), (and to a l e s s e r extent a r s a a l k y n e s , R-C=As (16)) have become a w e l l i n v e s t i g a t e d c l a s s of compounds. A s u b s t a n t i a l number of s t e r i c a l l y demanding l i g a n d s has been s u c c e s s f u l l y employed. The wide range of bulky s u b s t i t u e n t s i n c l u d e s έ-butyl, neopentyl, -CH2SiMe3, -CH(SiMe3) 2 , -C(SiMe3 ) 3 , m e s i t y l , 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i ( i - p r o p y l ( p h e n y l , 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i ( t - b u t y l ) -phenyl and p e n t a m e t h y l c y c l o p e n t a d i e n y l . The b i s ( t r i -m e t h y l s i l y l ) m e t h y l s u b s t i t u e n t , -CH(SiMe3) 2 , has a l s o been found to be extremely u s e f u l f o r the r e a l i z a t i o n of very low c o o r d i n a t i o n numbers around f-elements. T r i c o o r -d i n a t e homoleptic a l k y l s of the type M[CH(SiMe3 )2]3 have been r e p o r t e d f o r uranium(III) (17) and s e v e r a l l a n t h a n i d e elements (18). Bulky amido l i g a n d s such as -N(SiMe3)2 , -N ( S i M e 2 P h ) 2 and -NMes(BMes2 ) have been used i n the p r e p a r a t i o n of d i c o o r d i n a t e d - t r a n s i t i o n metal d e r i v a t i v e s (19).

During the past three years the game has become even more e x c i t i n g through the appearance of a new p l a y e r : 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ( p h e n y l (= RF ) . T h i s s u b s t i t u ent i s not j u s t another s t e r i c a l l y demanding l i g a n d . I t adds a new dimension to s t e r i c bulk: E l e c t r o n i c s t a b i l i z a t i o n . Due to the p o s s i b i l i t y of forming short metal-f l u o r i n e c o n t a c t s to the ortho-CFz groups of R F , an a d d i t i o n a l s t a b i l i z i n g e f f e c t i s imposed on low-coordinate main group elements. I t i s the combination of s t e r i c and e l e c t r o n i c s t a b i l i z a t i o n which makes 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l )phenyl t r u l y unique among a l l other bulky s u b s t i t u e n t s r e p o r t e d so f a r . The chemistry of the 2,4,6-t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o - m e t h y l ) p h e n y l s u b s t i t u e n t has r e c e n t l y been compiled i n a review a r t i c l e (20). In a d d i t i o n to some important e a r l i e r r e s u l t s t h i s a r t i c l e t h e r e f o r e focusses on some new developments i n t h i s area.

P r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e S t a r t i n g M a t e r i a l s : R F H and R F L Î

The e a r l i e s t r e p o r t s on the parent f l u o r o c a r b o n , 1,3,5-t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ( b e n z e n e (= R F H ) , date back to 1947, when McBee and Leech d e s c r i b e d i t s s y n t h e s i s v i a f l u o r i -n a t i o n of 1, 3,5-(CC13 (3CeH3 (21). 1, 3 , 5 - T r i s ( t r i f l u o r o methyl (benzene was " r e d i s c o v e r e d " by Chambers et a l . , who r e p o r t e d the f i r s t simple s y n t h e s i s of R F H (22). I t was obtained i n 33% y i e l d by f l u o r i n a t i o n of commercially a v a i l a b l e b e n z e n e - 1 , 3 , 5 - t r i c a r b o x y l i c a c i d with SF4 at e l e v a t e d temperatures. Reinforcement of the o r i g i n a l r e a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s subsequently l e d to a s i g n i f i c a n t improvement of the product y i e l d . A 90-95% i s o l a t e d y i e l d of 1 , 3 , 5 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ( b e n z e n e i s r e p r o d u c i b l y

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19. EDELMANN 2,4,6-Tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl Substituent 311

obtained when benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid is heated with excess SF4 at 170°C for 48 h (23) (Equation 1):

6 SF4 CeH3(COOH)3 - — > (CFabCeHs (1)

170°C, 48h

The physical and spectroscopic properties of 1,3,5-(CF3 )3CeH3 have been determined (21-24), Since various fluoro-carbons are known to be rather toxic (25), R F H should be handled with great care until the physiological properties have been studied more thoroughly.

Derivatization of 1,3,5-tris(trifluoromethyl)benzene generally starts with ring metalation using n-butyllithium as described by Chambers et a l . in 1987 ( 22) (Equation 2):

n-BuLi (CF3 )3CeH3 —> (CF3)3CeH2Li (= R F L I ) (2)

The formation of 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl-lithium (= R F L I ) occurs readily in diethylether at reflux temperature. Quenching of the reaction mixture with CH3OD after 1 h resulted in the formation of the mono-deuterated derivative in 90% yield. However, isolated yields of main group compounds derived from the RF Li intermediate are often considerably lower. The metalation reaction works equally well on a mmol-scale or with 0.1 -0.2 mol of 1,3,5-tris(trifluoromethyl)benzene. I t has been found very convenient to prepare R F L I in situ and use the resulting solutions in diethylether/hexane without any further purification for subsequent reactions. I t i s , however, possible to isolate a pure crystalline diethylether adduct, [RF L i · E t 2 Ο ] 2 (26). Evaporation of the 1,3,5- (CF3 )3 Ce H3 //2-BuLi solutions to dryness and recrystallization of the oi ly residue from hexane yields colorless crystals of [RFLi-Et20]2 in moderate yield. Curiously, very pure [RFLi-Et20]2 has been obtained during attempts to prepare (RF)2Ca and (RF)2Ba (27). Treatment of in situ prepared R F L I with either anhydrous C a C l 2 or B a l 2 resulted in the formation of yellow solutions, from which [RFLi-Et20]2 was isolated as the only product by crystallization from hexane. Caution: Solid [RFLi-Et20]2 decomposes violently upon contact with protic solvents like ethanol or acetone and even occasional explosions have been reported. The crystalline compound should only be prepared in small quantities and always be handled with great care! The dimeric nature of [RFLi-Et20]2 was revealed by a low-temperature X-ray structure determination (26) (Figure 1).

T h i s s t r u c t u r e i s a l r e a d y a s t r i k i n g example of e l e c t r o n i c s t a b i l i z a t i o n i n RF chemistry: The dimers are

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312 INORGANIC FLUORINE CHEMISTRY: TOWARD T H E 21ST CENTURY

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19. EDELMANN 2,4,6-Tris(tnfluoromethyl)phenyl Substituent 313

h e l d t ogether by l i t h i u m - f l u o r i n e i n t e r a c t i o n s . The coord i n a t i o n environment around l i t h i u m i s t h a t of a d i s t o r ted t r i g o n a l bipyramid. Each l i t h i u m atom i s c o o r d i n a t e d by the ipso-carbon atoms of the phenyl r i n g s , two f l u o r i n e atoms from ortho-CFs groups and an oxygen atom of a d i e t h y l e t h e r l i g a n d . O b v i o u s l y the four L i - F i n t e r a c t i o n s have to be c o n sidered the main s t a b i l i z i n g f a c t o r i n the d i m e r i c [RFLi'Et20]2 molecule. Attempts to e l i m i n a t e l i t h i u m f l u o r i d e from R F L Î and to t r a p the r e s u l t i n g d i r a d i c a l i n t e r m e d i a t e u s i n g furan have f a i l e d (22). S o l i d R F L Î showed a remarkable thermal s t a b i l i t y when heated i n a s e a l e d tube at 90°C. A d d i t i o n of furan i n a s i m i l a r experiment d i d not y i e l d an i s o l a b l e t r a p p i n g product.

Apparently no attempts have been made to i s o l a t e RF d e r i v a t i v e s of the h e a v i e r a l k a l i n e metals, R F M ( M = Na,K,Rb,Cs), although these o r g a n o m e t a l l i c s are a n t i c i p a ted to e x h i b i t i n t e r e s t i n g s t r u c t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s . Other attempts to d e r i v a t i z e 1 , 3 , 5 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) b e n z e n e have f a i l e d so f a r , because the three CF3 groups s t r o n g l y d e a c t i v a t e the phenyl r i n g toward e l e c t r o p h i l i c s u b s t i t u t i o n . A c c o r d i n g l y , no r e a c t i o n was observed with a c e t y l c h l o r i d e and anhydrous AICI3 (28).

O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y w i t h Rr

A number of carbon-carbon bond formation r e a c t i o n s have been s t u d i e d i n d e t a i l by Chambers ( 22) and Filler ( 28) . Some of these t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s show tha t s i g n i f i c a n t s t e r i c hindrance i s imposed by the 2 , 4 , 6 -

t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ( p h e n y l s u b s t i t u e n t . S t e r i c e f f e c t s became e s p e c i a l l y apparent i n the f a i l u r e of s e v e r a l attempts to prepare the acetophenone d e r i v a t i v e R F C ( 0 ) C H 3 and the r e l a t e d v i n y l ketone R F C ( 0 ) C H = C H 2 (28). The e l u s i v e 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) a c e t o p h e n o n e i s a p p a r e n t l y formed when R F L Î i s t r e a t e d with a c e t y l c h l o r i d e . I n i t i a l l y formed R F C ( 0 ) C H 3 undergoes r a p i d hydrogen-metal exchange with unreacted R F L Î and the r e s u l t i n g l i t h i u m e n o l a t e r e a c t s with another e q u i v a l e n t of a c e t y l c h l o r i d e to g ive the 1 , 3 - d i k e t o n e R F C ( O ) -CH2C(0)CH3 as the o n l y i s o l a b l e product. T h i s 1 , 3 -diketone appears to be an i n t e r e s t i n g compound i n i t s e l f as a c h e l a t i n g l i g a n d f o r t r a n s i t i o n metals, but so f a r no experiments i n that d i r e c t i o n have been r e p o r t e d .

Other attempts to prepare 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o methyl (acetophenone have a l s o been met o n ly with very l i m i t e d success (28): 1 ) No r e a c t i o n was observed when 1 , 3 , 5 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) - b e n z e n e was t r e a t e d with a c e t y l c h l o r i d e i n the presence of anhydrous AICI3 ( vide supra). 2) The secondary a l c o h o l R F C H ( 0 H ) C H 3 can be prepared from R F L Î and acetaldehyde. However, i t was found i m p o s s i b l e to o x i d i z e t h i s a l c o h o l with Jones reagent ( C r V I ) . Although IR s p e c t r a showed some evidence

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314 INORGANIC FLUORINE CHEMISTRY: TOWARD THE 21ST CENTURY

f o r the formation of c a r b o n y l - c o n t a i n i n g s p e c i e s , the ketone c o u l d not be i s o l a t e d . 3) A general route to ketones i n v o l v e s treatment of l i t h i u m c a r b o x y l a t e s with a l k y l or a r y l l i t h i u m reagents. The c a r b o x y l i c a c i d R F C O O H (vide infra) c l e a n l y r e a c t s with m e t h y l l i t h i u m to give the corresponding l i t h i u m s a l t , but the subsequent r e a c t i o n with excess CH3 L i d i d not l e a d to the formation of 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) a c e t o p h e n o n e . The non-react i v i t y of R F C O O L Î towards m e t h y l l i t h i u m was a t t r i b u t e d to severe s t e r i c hindrance i n the r e q u i s i t e t e t r a h e d r a l i n t e r m e d i a t e R F C ( O L i ) zC H 3 .

The case of 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l l a c e t o p h e n o n e has been d i s c u s s e d i n some d e t a i l i n order to demonstrate t h a t sometimes RF chemistry can be q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from t h a t of l e s s s t e r i c a l l y hindered aromatic compounds. S i m i l a r problems as i n the case of R F C ( 0 ) C H 3 were encount e r e d i n an attempted p r e p a r a t i o n of a r e l a t e d a r y l v i n y l ketone, R F C ( 0 ) C H = C H 2 (28). When R F L I was rea c t e d with a c r y l o y l c h l o r i d e , CH2=CH-C0C1, a mixture of two ketones was obtained. One of them seemed to be R F C ( 0 ) C H = C H 2 . The other ketone, RF C(Ο)CH2 CH2 RF , r e s u l t e d from a Michael a d d i t i o n between R F C ( 0 ) C H = C H 2 and the str o n g n u c l e o p h i l e R F L I (Equation 3).

R F L I + CH2=CHC(0)Cl > RF-C(Ο)-CH=CH2

+ R F - C ( 0 ) - C H 2 C H 2 - R F (3)

In view of these r e s u l t s i t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t even more s t e r i c a l l y hindered c a r b o n y l d e r i v a t i v e s of RF are a l s o not a c c e s s i b l e (22). An attempted s y n t h e s i s of ( R F ) 2 C 0 from R F L I and dimethyl carbonate gave the methyl e s t e r of 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) b e n z o i c a c i d i n s t e a d (25% y i e l d ) . S i m i l a r l y , treatment of R F L I with o x a l y l d i c h l o r i d e d i d not y i e l d the d e s i r e d b e n z i l d e r i v a t i v e . In t h i s r e a c t i o n a 45% y i e l d of 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o methyl ) -2-oxoethanoic a c i d , R F C ( 0 ) C O O H , was obtained (22). A l l these experiments c l e a r l y demonstrate t h a t i n org a n i c RF chemistry s t e r i c hindrance i s an important f a c t o r g u i d i n g the r e a c t i v i t y of v a r i o u s s u b s t r a t e s .

In c o n t r a s t to the u n s u c c e s s f u l syntheses of v a r i o u s R F - d e r i v e d ketones, the p r e p a r a t i o n of 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l )benzoic a c i d i s simple and s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d (22,28,29). I t can be obtained i n 80% y i e l d by r e a c t i o n of R F L I w i t h carbon d i o x i d e and subsequent a c i d i f i c a t i o n . Pure c r y s t a l l i n e R F C O O H melts at 190-191°C and has a p K a

of 3.0, re n d e r i n g i t more a c i d i c than m e s i t o i c a c i d (p K a 3.8). The CF3 groups i n R F C O O H are very s t a b l e a g a i n s t h y d r o l y s i s . Prolonged h e a t i n g (24h) with e i t h e r c o n c e n t r a t e d NaOH or 96% H2SO4 l e d to a near q u a n t i t a t i v e r e c o v e r y of unreacted R F C O O H (28). 2 , 4 , 6 - T r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l )benzoic a c i d deserves some i n t e r e s t because the c a r b o x y l group i s expected to be i n a p e r p e n d i c u l a r arrangement with r e s p e c t to the aromatic r i n g . Thus

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19. E D E L M A N N 2,4,6-Tns(tnfluoromethyl)phenyl Substituent 315

c o n j u g a t i o n between the two ιτ-systems i s expected to be n e g l i g i b l e . V e r i f i c a t i o n of t h i s h ypothesis through X-ray analyses seems h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e .

Again, due to s t e r i c hindrance, R F C O O H was r e p o r t e d to be very résistent to a t t a c k by t h i o n y l c h l o r i d e . Only a smal l y i e l d ( 1 0 - 1 5 % ) of R F C ( 0 ) C 1 was obtained a f t e r h e a t i n g the mixture at 70 ° C f o r 4 8 h (28). In our hands the y i e l d of a c i d c h l o r i d e was 32% (29). Pure R F C ( 0 ) C 1 i s a b e a u t i f u l l y c r y s t a l l i n e , low me l t i n g ( 3 9 ° C ) s o l i d which i s q u i t e résistent to h y d r o l y s i s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t the corresponding a c i d f l u o r i d e , R F C ( 0 ) F , was obtained e a r l i e r by a d i f f e r e n t route (25,30). 2 , 4 , 6 -T r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ( b e n z o y l f l u o r i d e was prepared i n 78% y i e l d by f l u o r i n a t i o n of b e n z e n e - 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 - t e t r a c a r b o x y l i c a c i d with SF4 . R F C ( 0 ) F served as a u s e f u l s t a r t i n g mater i a l i n the s y n t h e s i s of 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) -a n i l i n e , R F N H 2 , which i s not a c c e s s i b l e by more c o n v e n t i o n a l r o u t e s . The p r e p a r a t i o n of R F N H 2 i n v o l v e s c o n v e r s i o n of the a c i d f l u o r i d e to the amide and subsequent Hoffmann c o n v e r s i o n to the amine ( o v e r a l l y i e l d 56%) (25,30). The chemistry of R F N H 2 i s l a r g e l y undeveloped and c e r t a i n l y m erits f u r t h e r a t t e n t i o n .

The methyl e s t e r R F C O O C H 3 was obtained s e r e n d i p i -t o u s l y i n 25% y i e l d from R F L Î and dimethyl carbonate (vide supra) (22). Normal a c i d - c a t a l y z e d e s t e r i f i c a t i o n of R F C O O H was found to be u n s u c c e s s f u l (28). A s i m i l a r behavior was rep o r t e d e a r l i e r f o r m e s i t o i c a c i d . Once again s t e r i c crowding by the ortho s u b s t i t u e n t s was made r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the n o n - a b i l i t y to form a t e t r a h e d r a l t r a n s i t i o n s t a t e r e q u i r e d f o r the e s t e r formation. The problem can be circumvented by " s t e r i c a c c e l e r a t i o n " , i . e . formation of a s t e r i c a l l y l e s s crowded l i n e a r a cylium i o n . In the case of R F C O O H the corresponding acylium i o n R F C O + i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e s t a b i l i z e d by s t r u c t u r e C of the resonance h y b r i d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , g e n e r a t i o n of R F C 0 + from R F C O O H and 96% H 2 S 0 4 and subsequent r e a c t i o n with ethanol allowed the p r e p a r a t i o n of e t h y l e s t e r R F C O O C 2 H 5 i n low y i e l d (28). A l t e r n a t i v e l y , the acylium i o n can be generated v i a a mixed anhydride of R F C O O H and t r i f l u o r o a c e t i c a c i d , R F C ( 0 ) 0 C ( 0 ) C F 3 . Thus, the h i g h l y crowded p h e n o l i c e s t e r RF C (Ο)O C 6 H 2 ( C H 3 ) 3 - 2 , 4 , 6 was prepared i n 44% y i e l d by he a t i n g a mixture of R F C O O H , 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i m e t h y l p h e n o l and t r i f l u o r o a c e t i c anhydride (28).

No f u r t h e r r e a c t i o n s of R F C O O H have been r e p o r t e d and no metal s a l t s or complexes have been f u l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d . Thus f a r the d e r i v a t i v e chemistry of R F C ( 0 ) C 1 a l s o remains l a r g e l y unexplored. O r i g i n a l l y i t was a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t R F C ( 0 ) C 1 would be the i d e a l s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l f o r the s y n t h e s i s of the h i t h e r t o unknown phosphaalkyne R F C = P . I n i t i a l experiments have shown however, that the p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s m a t e r i a l i s not s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d and f u r t h e r s t u d i e s are r e q u i r e d . The onl y d e f i n i t e r e s u l t so f a r i s the formation of a l i t h i u m d i a c y l p h o s p h i d e , L I + R F C ( 0 ) P C ( 0 ) R F - , from R F C ( 0 ) C 1 and LiP(SiMe3 ) 2 (31).

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Yellow c r y s t a l l i n e L i + RF C ( Ο ) P C ( Ο ) RF " was obtained i n 2 4 % y i e l d and f u l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s p e c t r o s c o p i c methods. Although t h i s d i a c y l p h o s p h i d e anion seems to be an a t t r a c t i v e c h e l a t i n g l i g a n d f o r t r a n s i t i o n s metals, the r e a c t i v i t y of L i + R F C ( 0 ) P C ( 0 ) R F " towards metal h a l i d e s has not yet been i n v e s t i g a t e d . The only i n i t i a l e x p e r i ment showed th a t L i + RF C ( 0 ) PC ( Ο ) RF ~ d i d not r e a c t with (CsMes)TiCl3, but f u r t h e r work i s r e q u i r e d to i n v e s t i g a t e the l i g a n d p r o p e r t i e s of the R F C ( 0 ) P C ( 0 ) R F ~ anion.

Another p o t e n t i a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g l i g a n d f o r t r a n s i t i o n metals i s the r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d d i t h i o c a r b o x y l a t e anion R F C S S " (32). Treatment of in situ prepared R F L I with excess carbon d i s u l f i d e r e s u l t s i n the formation of a red-brown s o l u t i o n , from which R F C S S H can be i s o l a t e d a f t e r a c i d i f i c a t i o n ( 5 5 % y i e l d ) . Pure 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s -( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) d i t h i o b e n z o i c a c i d forms a dark red o i l y l i q u i d . Orange c r y s t a l l i n e [Cs Hi ο NH2]* RF C S S " has been prepared by n e u t r a l i z i n g the f r e e a c i d with p i p e r i d i n e i n pentane s o l u t i o n (32). The c o o r d i n a t i o n chemistry of the R F C S S " anion s t i l l awaits f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

Yet another anion f o r m a l l y d e r i v e d from 2 , 4 , 6 -

t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) b e n z o i c a c i d has a l r e a d y been proven to be a u s e f u l c h e l a t i n g l i g a n d . The very h i g h l y s u b s t i t u t e d benzamidinate anion [RFC(NSiMe3)2]" has been s y n t h e s i z e d i n one step by adding R F L I to b i s ( t r i -m e t h y l s i l y l ) c a r b o d i i m i d e (33).

L i [RF C(NSiMe3 )z ] i s obtained i n 8 0 % y i e l d i n the form of l a r g e , c o l o r l e s s , t r a n s p a r e n t c r y s t a l s a f t e r r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n from hexane. The presence of two bulky t r i m e t h y l s i l y l s u b s t i t u e n t s i n a d d i t i o n to the CF3 groups i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the high s o l u b i l i t y of the l i t h i u m benzamidinate d e r i v a t i v e i n unpolar s o l v e n t s such as pentane or hexane. Li[R FC(NSiMe3)2] i s a l s o q u i t e v o l a t i l e and s l o w l y sublimes at room temperature under moderate vacuum. The [RFC(NSiMe3)2]" anion r e p r e s e n t s the l i m i t of s t e r i c s a t u r a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g l y Li[RFC(NSiMe3)2] does not r e a c t with Me3SiCl to g i v e the f u l l y s i l y l a t e d benzamidine d e r i v a t i v e RF C(=NSiMe3 )[N(SiMe3 )z ]. The 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) - N , N ' - b i s ( t r i m e t h y l s i l y l ) b e n z amidinate anion e x h i b i t s i n t e r e s t i n g l i g a n d p r o p e r t i e s i n c o o r d i n a t i o n compounds with l a n t h a n i d e and a c t i n i d e elements (33). As p a r t of a general study on f-element complexes c o n t a i n i n g bulky c h e l a t i n g l i g a n d s , we have demonstrated t h a t s i l y l a t e d benzamidinate anions of the type [ R C 6 H 4C(NSiMe3)2J" can be regarded as " s t e r i c c y c l o p e n t a d i e n y l e q u i v a l e n t s " (33). The cone angle of the s i l y l a t e d benzamidinate i s comparable with t h a t of c y c l o p e n t a d i e n y l and v i r t u a l l y a l l d i f f e r e n t types of f -element c y c l o p e n t a d i e n y l complexes have analogues i n the benzamidinate chemistry of these elements. T y p i c a l examples are compounds l i k e [RCeH4C(NSiMe3 )2]3Ln (34), [ R C e H 4 C(NSiMe3 )2 J3UC1 (33), [ RCe H4 C (NSiMes )z ] 3 UMe (35) or [ R C e H 4 C(NSiMe3)2]2Ln(THF)2 (36), which correspond to the well-known f-element c y c l o p e n t a d i e n y l complexes Cp3Ln,

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Cp3UCl, Cp3UMe and C p 2 L n(THF ) 2 (37). The i n t r o d u c t i o n of ortho s u b s t i t u e n t s i n the phenyl r i n g should s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e the s t e r i c bulk of the benzamidinate anions. I t was t h e r e f o r e a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t the r e a c t i v i t y of the s t e r i c a l l y demanding [RFG(NSiMe3 )2 ]~ anion would resemble t h a t of the p e n t a m e t h y l c y c l o p e n t a d i e n y l l i g a n d . The experimental r e s u l t s have r e v e a l e d that t h i s i s e x a c t l y the case. Towards l a n t h a n i d e and a c t i n i d e ions the s t e r i c a l l y demanding [ R F C ( N S i M e 3 ) 2 ] " l i g a n d behaves j u s t l i k e Cp* . Given uranium and thorium as an example, Marks et a l . have shown that U C I 4 and ThCl4 r e a c t with two or more e q u i v a l e n t s of a Cp* t r a n s f e r reagent to g i v e e x c l u s i v e l y Cp*2UCl2 and Cp*ThCl2 resp. as the o n l y i s o l a b l e products (38). T r i s u b s t i t u t i o n , i . e . formation of Cp*3UCl or Cp*3ThCl, was not observed. A s t r i k i n g s i m i l a r i t y was found f o r the analogous r e a c t i o n s of L i [ RF C ( NSiMe3 )2 ] with UC14 and ThCl4 . In both cases the d i s u b s t i t u t e d products [R F C ( N S i M e 3 ) 2 ] 2 A c C l 2 (Ac = U,Th) were i s o l a t e d . There was no evidence f o r the formation of t r i s u b s t i t u t e d d e r i v a t i v e s [RFC(NSiMe3)z ] 3AcCl. The a c t i n i d e benzamidinate complexes [ R F C ( N S i M e 3 ) 2 ] 2 U C I 2 and [ R F C ( N S i M e 3 ) 2 ] 2 T h C l 2 have been f u l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by X-rax c r y s t a l l o g r a p h y (33). The l i g a n d environment i n these f o r m a l l y s i x - c o o r d i n a t e a c t i n i d e complexes i s very s i m i l a r as i n the bent metallocenes Cp * 2 A c C l 2 (Ac = U,C1) ( F i g u r e 2).

F u r t h e r evidence f o r the s t e r i c s i m i l a r i t y between Cp* and the bulky benzamidinate l i g a n d [ R F C ( N S i M e 3 ) 2 ] ~ came from l a n t h a n i d e chemistry. U n t i l v ery r e c e n t l y , Cp* was the o n l y l i g a n d known to form complexes of the general type L 2 L n ( μ - C l ) 2 L i ( T H F ) 2 , i n which l a n t h a n i d e and l i t h i u m ions are bridged by two h a l i d e l i g a n d s to g i v e a four-membered r i n g system (39). S u b s t i t u t i o n r e a c t i o n s of anhydrous l a n t h a n i d e t r i c h l o r i d e s with LiCp* i n THF s o l u t i o n u s u a l l y y i e l d complexes of the composition C p * 2 L n ( u - C l ) 2 L i ( T H F ) 2 . The c o o r d i n a t i o n of l i t h i u m h a l i d e i l l u s t r a t e s the tendency of the l a n t h a n i d e ions to adopt high formal c o o r d i n a t i o n numbers. A very s i m i l a r complex was s y n t h e s i z e d by u s i n g the " s t e r i c Cp* e q u i v a l e n t " [ R F C(NSiMe3 )z ]~ . Treatment of anhydrous neodymium t r i c h l o r i d e with two e q u i v a l e n t s of L i [R F C ( N S i M e 3 ) 2 ] gave e x c l u s i v e l y the d i s u b s t i t u t e d product [ R F C(NSiMe3 )i ] 2 -N d ( y - C l ) 2 L i ( T H F ) 2 (40) (Equation 4 ) .

NdCl3(THF ) 2 + 2 L i [ RFC(NSiMe3 )z ]

THF > [RF C(NS iMe3 )2 ] 2 N d ( μ - C l h Li(THF)z (4)

- L i C l

Once again the X-ray s t r u c t u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n r e v e a l e d a s t r i k i n g analogy between the neodymium benzamidinate and the bent metallocene d e r i v a t i v e Cp* 2Nd ( u-Cl ) 2 L i(THF ) 2 ( F i g u r e 3).

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Figure 3. M o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e of [RFC (NSiMe3 )2]z-N d ( u-Cl) 2Li(THF ) 2 .

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The most recent a d d i t i o n to the f a m i l y of organic RF d e r i v a t i v e s i s 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) b e n z y l a l c o h o l , R F C H 2 0H (41). T h i s seemingly u n s p e c t a c u l a r compound was prepared by a standard procedure from R F L I and (CH20 )n . RF CH2 OH was i s o l a t e d i n low y i e l d (15%) as a low-melting c r y s t a l l i n e s o l i d . What makes R F C H 2 OH i n t e r e s t i n g i s i t s unusual c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e . Six RFC H 2OH molecules are connected v i a hydrogen b r i d g e s . The r e s u l t i n g hexameric a r r a y resembles the c h a i r c o n f o r m a t i o n of a " s u p e r c y c l o -hexane" ( F i g u r e 4 ) .

The unexpected s t r u c t u r e of RF CH2 OH c l e a r l y demonstrates that more work i s needed to e l u c i d a t e the molecular s t r u c t u r e s of "simple" organic RF d e r i v a t i v e s .

M e t a l D e r i v a t i v e s c o n t a i n i n g RF and RrS L i g a n d s

Main group metal d e r i v a t i v e s c o n t a i n i n g RF , R F O and RF S l i g a n d s have been the main t o p i c of the f i r s t review a r t i c l e on RF chemistry (20). Therefore only a few of these r e s u l t s w i l l be mentioned here i n a d d i t i o n to some new developments i n t h a t area. Perhaps the most s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t i n RF chemistry was the s y n t h e s i s of the f i r s t d i a r y l plumbylene, ( R F ) 2 P b (42). B r i g h t yellow, c r y s t a l l i n e ( R F ) 2 P b can be prepared by r e a c t i n g P b C l 2 w i t h two e q u i v a l e n t s of R F L I i n d i e t h y l ether/hexane s o l u t i o n . In c o n t r a s t to p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d r e a c t i o n s of P b C l 2 with a r y l l i t h i u m or a r y l G rignard reagents, the formation of ( R F > 2 P b i s very c l e a n and no d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t i o n i s observed. An X-ray c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d t h a t ( R F ) 2 P b i s monomeric i n the s o l i d s t a t e . T h i s compound i s another good example f o r the e l e c t r o n i c s t a b i l i z a t i o n of low-coordinate main group elements induced by the RF s u b s t i t u e n t . Four i n t r a m o l e c u l a r Pb-F c o n t a c t s c o n t r i b u t e to the unusual s t a b i l i t y of the dia r y l p l u m b y l e n e ( F i g u r e 5).

D i s a p p o i n t i n g l y , but not s u r p r i s i n g l y ( i n e r t p a i r e f f e c t ! ) , ( R F ) 2 P b i s very r e l u c t a n t to undergo o x i d a t i v e a d d i t i o n r e a c t i o n s ( 32) . So f a r i t was not p o s s i b l e to prepare any lead(IV) d e r i v a t i v e s c o n t a i n i n g RF l i g a n d s (e.g. ( R F ) 2 . P b C l 2 or ( RF )2 Pb ( SPh )2 ). However, i t was found t h a t ( R F ) 2 P b can serve as a u s e f u l s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l i n the p r e p a r a t i o n of unsolvated l e a d ( I I ) t h i o l a t e s . The r e a c t i o n of ( R F > 2 P b with two e q u i v a l e n t s of 2 , 4 , 6 -

t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) b e n z e n e t h i o l , RFSH, i n hexane s o l u t i o n p r o v i d e d b r i g h t yellow c r y s t a l l i n e ( R F S ) 2 P b i n high y i e l d (42). The on l y by-product i n t h i s r e a c t i o n i s the v o l a t i l e f l u o r o c a r b o n 1, 3 , 5 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) -benzene. Thus the method appears to be an elegant way of making l e a d ( I I ) a l k o x i d e s or t h i o l a t e s and deserves f u r t h e r e l u c i d a t i o n . Unsolvated ( R r S ) 2 P b has so f a r r e s i s t e d a l l attempts to o b t a i n s u i t a b l e s i n g l e c r y s t a l s f o r an X-ray a n a l y s i s . In one o c c a s i o n repeated c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n from toluene produced l a r g e , yellow b l o c k - l i k e c r y s t a l s . An X-ray s t r u c t u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n

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Figure 4. Mo l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e of hexameric [ R F C H 2 0 H ] 6 .

Figure 5. Mo l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e of ( R F ) 2 P D .

r e v e a l e d t h a t t h i s m a t e r i a l was a new compound r e s u l t i n g from contamination of the o r i g i n a l l e a d ( I I ) t h i o l a t e with small amounts of oxygen. T h i s r e s u l t e d i n the formation of the unusual oxygen-centered l e a d t h i o l a t e c l u s t e r P D 5 0 ( S R F ) 8 (43) ( F i g u r e s 6 and 7 ) .

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19. EDELMANN 2,4,6-Tris (trifluoromethyl)phenyl Substituent 321

0-(

Figure 6. M o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e of P D 5 0 ( S R F ) S .

Figure 7. C o o r d i n a t i o n polyhedron i n P D 5 0 ( S R F ) S showing-two l o o s e l y c o o r d i n a t e d toluene molecules ( R F s u b s t i t u e n t s omitted f o r c l a r i t y ; d i s o r d e r a t s u l f u r atom S8) .

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G e n e r a l l y the chemistry of metal complexes c o n t a i n i n g R F S l i g a n d s i s a l r e a d y f a i r l y e x t e n s i v e . S t a r t i n g p o i n t i s 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i s ( t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l ) b e n z e n e -t h i o l , R F S H , which was f i r s t d e s c r i b e d by Chambers et a l . i n 1 9 8 7 (22). R F S H i s i s o l a t e d as an o i l y l i q u i d w ith a pungent odor. The a c i d i t y of R F S H i s so high t h a t i t forms a s t a b l e ammonium t h i o l a t e . NH4 + R FS" i s obtained i n high y i e l d as a white p r e c i p i t a t e when R F S H i s t r e a t e d with HN<SiMe3)2 i n hexane s o l u t i o n (32). The c o l o r l e s s c r y s t a l s of NH4 + R F S~ are h i g h l y v o l a t i l e and sublime r e a d i l y at room temperature. V a r i o u s main group and t r a n s i t i o n metal d e r i v a t i v e s of R F S H have been prepared e i t h e r from the f r e e t h i o l or v i a the r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e a l k a l i n e metal t h i o l a t e s . Unsolvated NaSRF and K S R F are e a s i l y prepared by d e p r o t o n a t i o n of R F S H with NaN(SiMe3)2 or K N ( S i M e 3 ) i i n toluene s o l u t i o n (ca. 9 0 % y i e l d ) . The remarkable polymeric c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e s of t h e i r T H F adducts have a l r e a d y been d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l (20). A ladder-shaped polymeric s t r u c t u r e was a l s o r e p o r t e d f o r the r e l a t e d t h a l l i u m t h i o l a t e [ T I S R F - 0 . 5 dioxanejn (44).

T I S R F can be prepared i n 8 0 % y i e l d by a m e t a t h e t i c a l r e a c t i o n of NaSRF with T I 2 C O 3 i n a c e t o n i t r i l e s o l u t i o n . A more convenient s y n t h e s i s which produces a n a l y t i c a l l y pure T I S R F i n 8 7 % y i e l d i n v o l v e s treatment of TlOEt with f r e e R F S H . T I S R F forms a c o l o r l e s s c r y s t a l l i n e p r e c i p i t a t e when the r e a c t i o n i s c a r r i e d out i n hexane. S i m i l a r l y , the p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d l e a d ( I I ) t h i o l a t e P M S R F )2 can be prepared by r e a c t i n g P b C l 2 with NaSRF i n a molar r a t i o of 1 : 2 (45). The s o l v a t e d s p e c i e s P b ( S R F ) 2 - T H F was obtained by r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n from T H F and s t r u c t u r a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by X-ray c r y s t a l l o g r a p h y .

In c o n t r a s t to the m o n o - T H F adduct P b ( S R F ) Z • T H F , the corresponding t h i o l a t e s of z i n c ( I I ) and manganese(II) c r y s t a l l i z e with two a d d i t i o n a l T H F l i g a n d s . M n ( S R F ) 2 · 2 T H F i s best prepared by r e a c t i n g M n [ N ( S i M e 3 ) 2 ] 2 · T H F with two e q u i v a l e n t s of R F S H . While the l e a d and z i n c d e r i v a t i v e s are a i r - s t a b l e , the c o l o r l e s s manganese complex i s e a s i l y o x i d i z e d by t r a c e s of oxygen. The isomorphous molecular s t r u c t u r e s of Z n ( S R F ) Z · 2 T H F and Mn(S R F ) Z · 2 T H F have been determined by X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n .

Acknowledgments

S p e c i a l thanks are due to P r o f e s s o r Herbert W. Roesky f o r h i s generous support of t h i s work and f o r s t i m u l a t i n g my i n t e r e s t i n f l u o r i n e chemistry. Various c o n t r i b u t i o n s have been made by a number of t a l e n t e d co-workers, whose names appear i n the l i s t of r e f e r e n c e s . The work c a r r i e d

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out at Gôttingen was financially supported by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft and the Dr. Otto Rohm-Gedâchtnisstiftung. I am also grateful to Dr. Sally Brooker, Professor John W. Gilje, Professor Kenton H. Whitmire, Dr. Dietmar Stalke and Dr. Hansjorg Griitzmacher for helpful discussions and valuable contributions. Special thanks are also due to Mr. Klaus Keller who prepared a l l the SF4 and 1,3,5-tris(trifluoromethyl(benzene used for these studies.

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[acs symposium series] inorganic fluorine chemistry volume 555 (toward the 21st century) || organic...

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