acoustic holography by two-dimensional ......oleg sapozhnikov, sergey tsysar, vera khokhlova, and...
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Oleg Sapozhnikov, Sergey Tsysar, Vera Khokhlova, and Wayne Kreider
March 1 (Tuesday), 2016Room: 4F, Conference RoomLaboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics13:35~14:20
Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Department of Acoustics, Physics Faculty,Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND ARRAY SYNTHESIS
The Joint Symposium of 10th International Symposium on Medical, Bio- and Nano-Electronics, and 7th International Workshop on Nanostructures & NanoelectronicsResearch Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, March 1-3, 2016
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CIMU-APL
INSERM
MSU
YDME
Examples of therapeutic ultrasound sources
PHILIPS
• Simplified assumptions (e.g. uniformity)
• Laser vibrometry
• Acoustic holography
How to know the source vibration?
Know your source
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Optical holography -invented by Dennis Gabor
in 1947 (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1971)
HOLOGRAPHY Recording
Reconstructing
Such a hologram is an interferogram
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Huygens-Fresnel Principle and Holography
Huygens – 1678Fresnel – 1815Kirchhoff – 1882Gabor – 1947
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Acoustic holography as a way to predict in situ fields
2D 3D
Hologram =“whole record”
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ARRAY SYNTHESIS: Scanning of 2D lateral distribution of magnitude and
phase by a single sensor
Amplitude
Phase
Measurement
Magnitude
HOLOGRAM RECORDERSynthesized “Ultrasound digital camera,” resolution 10 kilopixel (100x100)
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PROGRAMS
Scanning, collecting hydrophone data (LabVIEW)
HOLOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTIONContinuous wave regime
Transient regime
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Example: Characterization of 256-element Philips HIFU array
Array configuration Reconstructed amplitude Reconstructed phase
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FOCUSING IN PHOTOGRAPHY
FOCUSING IN ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY
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FOCUSING IN PHOTOGRAPHY
FOCUSING IN ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY
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Validation in water
Focal waveforms modeled and measured with the FOPH hydrophone
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Linear projections of holographymeasurements match direct hydrophone
measurements (dots)
Linear pressure amplitude distribution on the axis of the array
Nonlinear waveforms with shock amplitudes of up to 100 MPa
modeled and measured at the focuswith good agreement
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QUALITY OF THE HOLOGRAM
Prediction of the radiated acoustic field structure
Schlieren imageXZ-plane pressure amplitude distribution predicted by holography
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Acoustic holography for transient fields
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Transient Acoustic Holography
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Reconstruction of the transient field along the
transducer surface (2D) and in space (3D)
Example: a single-element diagnostic probe
Single element Olympus probe
Freq: 1 MHzShape: FlatAperture: 38 mmExcitation: 2 cycles
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3.5 MHz ultrasound probe: 19 elements are excited
0.44 mm 0.18 mm
12 mm
Peak velocity1 mm
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3.5 MHz ultrasound probe: 19 elements are excited
0.44 mm 0.18 mm
12 mm
Peak velocity1 mm
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Nonlinearacoustic holography
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GENERALIZATION TO NONLINEAR CASE (Tsysar et al., ISTU, 2012)
One-way diffraction using angular spectrum
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Westervelt equation
pcz
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tt Back-propagation:
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Linear wave equation
NUMERICAL APPROACH – operator splitting algorithm:
pcppcz
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Procedure of nonlinear holography
source
scansurface
nonlinear medium
Originalsource
2D scan
Physical forward propagation through nonlinear medium
Numerical back-propagation (nonlinear modeling)
Reconstructedsource
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Numerical model test - forward projection
1st harmonic
2nd harmonic
3rd harmonic
Source Propagation Hologram
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Experimental results
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Acoustic holography of a shock wave source
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Dornier Compact S electromagnetic lithotripter
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The lithotripter head embedded in a water tank wall
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Pressure measurements with a fiber-optic hydrophone
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Scanning region
Transient acoustic hologram of the Dornier Compact S electromagnetic lithotripter
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Z
Back-propagated pressure pattern (peak-to-peak) at different distances
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Peak-peak pressure reconstructed distribution
along the source face
Lithotripter head without cover
Revealing the hidden structures in the lithotripter head
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Prediction of the radiated pressure field (linear model)
Measured pressure waveform at the focus (need to be
predicted in the future work)
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ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY FOR METROLOGY
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Holography and numerical projection - IEC
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Consider linear CW case here
Rayleigh integral vs. angular spectrum
IEC/TS 62556, ed. 1.0 (2014)
Ultrasonics – field characterization –specification and measurement of field parameters for high intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems
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Errors associated with holography and field projections
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Error metrics:
scan aperture scan step size axial position of scan plane temperature errors hydrophone directivity axis skew in the scan plane axial misalignment
Sources of errors:
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Reconstruction errors (simulations) – axial scan position
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Curved source, CW 1 MHz100 mm aperture100 mm radius of curvature
scan aperture 2ah = 50 mm (solid)2ah =150 mm (dashed)
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hologram
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Reconstruction errors (simulations)
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Scan aperture Hydrophone directivity
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Approach – physical experimentsHolographic reconstructions vs. independent measurements on axis
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single element @ 2.2 MHz45 mm aperture, ROC 45 mm10,201 scan points
7 elements @ 1 MHz147 mm aperture, ROC 140 mm25,921 scan points
C5-2 imaging probe @ 2.3 MHz49.9 × 13.5 mm aperturefocal distance 53 mm from apex66,807 scan points
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Summary of results
Simulated experimentsmaximum errors around 1% or less if …
scan plane extends beyond the geometrical beam][scan position ~ halfway to the focus is useful] hydrophone diameter < λ/4temperature uncertainty ∆T < 1°Cskew angle between scan axes < 0.4°axial misalignment < 0.5°
Physical experimentssimulated errors for measurement parameters ~ 1–3% (largest on-axis)on-axis errors: 3–5% (even with temperature not recorded)higher in-plane errors: 7–20% (positioning errors, "dropped" steps?)
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correctable in reconstructions