acknowledgements - springer978-94-010-0965-2/1.pdf · acknowledgements we would like here to...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like here to express our hearty thanks to the contributors of the rep0l1,as well as all the people who have helped us selflessly.

Particularly, we would like to take this opportunity to pay our deep appreciationto the project Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the Karakorum and KunlunMountains (l987~1992) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (NNSFC) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the projectEnvironmental Changes and Regional Sustainable Development of the TibetanPlateau (K.Z951-Al-204; KZ95-T6) supported by CAS, the National ClimbingProject of China Formation, Evolution, Environmental Changes and Ecosystems ofthe Tibetan Plateau (1992~1997), and the State Key Project for Basic ResearchDevelopment Planning Formation and Evolution of Tibetan Plateau with ItsEnvironment and Resource Effects (G1998040800) supported by SMST.

We are also grateful to the hard and careful compilation of Petra D. VanSteenbergen, the publishing editor for the Geosciences programme of KluwerAcademic Publishers. It is just through the warm and friend cooperation between usthat guarantee the smooth publication of the book Mountain Geoecology andSustainable Development ofthe Tibetan Plateau.

ZHENG Du, ZHANG Qingsong, and WU Shaohong

373

CONTRIBUTORS

BAO Haosheng

CHEN Guichen

CHENG Guodong

FU Xiaofeng

LI Bingyuan

LI Bosheng

LI Ribang

LI Shuxun

LIN Zhenyao

LIUYi

PENGBuzhuo

PU Lijie

TAN Jian/An

WANG Jinting

WANGWuyi

WANG Xiuhong

WUShaohong

YANG Qinye

YIN Zhiyong

Geography Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing

Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xining

Institute of Environment and Engineering in Cold-Dry Regions, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Lanzhou

Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

Institute of Geographical.Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing








Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing


Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beij ing



Georgia State University, USA, Atlanta

375

ZHANG Baiping

ZHANG Qingsong

ZHANG Xueqin

ZHAO Lin

ZHENGDu

ZHU Liping

ZHUWenyu








376

SUBJECT INDEX

A

Aba, 342accompanying plants, 125, 126, 149active landform processes, 203active layer, 116,117,121,122,128,129,130,131,132,133,137,217administrative regionalization, 71agricultural surplus labors, 87alkaline soil, 48, 63alpine belt, 49, 52, 64, 150, 151, 152, 154, 279alpine cushion vegetation, 154,232alpine desert, 6,48,49,50,55,57,60,61,357,358,360,362,363,364,365alpine desert-steppe 49, 50, 108, 109, 152, 153, 154, 168, 183, 191, 357, 360, 362,

363alpine gypsiferous desert soils, 55, 109alpine meadow, 6,12,48,49,50,54,57,58,59,61,108,125,137,150, 151,154,

168, 176, 186, 191,222,228,229,231,236,233,269,270,271,272,274,277,303,304,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316, 317, 318, 319,320,321,322,323,324,325

alpine meadow soil (cryo-sod soil), 48, 125, 151, 168, 186,270271,272,308,309,325,358,360

alpine periglacial vegetation, 127,337,alpine scrub and meadow belt, 48, 54alpine sparse vegetation, 154, 155alpine steppe, 6,41,48,49,50,57,60,61,108, 109,152,154,176, 183, 186,308,

311,312,313,314,315,320,334,357,358,359,360,362,363,364,370,altitudinal belts, 5,6, 12, 14,49,57,58,61,62,64,68,69,303,309,312,313,314,

315,359,360,361,362,363,364,3635,366,367,368altitudinal distribution, 310, 335, 340altocryic isohumisols, 48Altun Nature Reserve, 226,272animal husbandry, 13, 54, 105, 176, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 256, 257, 258, 262,

278,280,281,295,296,298,303,319,316,366,368,371appraisement of ecological environment, 341Arabian Sea, 28,90, 107, 109,347,352arable land, 79,80,276,277,278,279,294,295,296,297,298,310areal differentiation, 363, 365, 372aridisol, 53aridity index, 53,62,291Asian monsoons, 19,47atmospheric circulation, 6, 12,53,59,61,64,90,303,365atmospheric oxygen pressure, 14azonal factors, 58, 369

377

378 INDEX

B

backbone of Asia, 349Bangoin, 328, 329Bangong Lake, 109,209base belt, 48,49, 109,267,268,269,287,313,314,340,341,359,360,361,362,

363,364,365,366Batang, 207,241,281,294Bay ofBengal, 30, 104, 106, 107Bayan Har Mountains, 30, 31Beijing, 9,98,99, 101, 102, 162Bhutan, 235, 250, 283Biocoenose, 14, 139, 146, 147, 151, 152, 155Biodiversity, 139,223,226,235,342bio-geographical region, 140biologic-morphologic features, 335biosphere, 223,225biota, 12, 14,52139, 140, 143, 144, 145bird island, 223Black-Necked Crane, 227,237,238,241boundarylaye~ 109,274Brahmaputra, 106, 246, 247, 262, 266broad-leaved forest, 48,50,57,229,270,273,275broad-leaved mixed forest, 50, 145, 147, 148,229,287Buddhism, 245,261Burang, 169, 191,227,250

c

carbonate cinnamon soils, 48cell membrane, 167, 172Cenozoic Era, 1, 10, 14, 19,20,22,24,25,33, 139, 140Central Asia, 5,7,57,61, 110, 141, 144,329,356,357central government, 8, 15, 87, 182, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254,

255,256,257Changdu, 287Chen Co, 41Chengdu, 251China, 1,4, 7,8,9, 19,20,21,23,25,26,27,47,59,71,72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 84, 85,

86,87,90,91,96,98,99, 101, 105, 109, 110, 113, 122, 139, 142, 145, 153, 161,163,164,165,167,168,172,173,174,176,182,183,184, 186, 193, 195, 197,198,210,213,223,224,225,227,230,234,235,236,237,238,243,244,245,250,251,256,257,258,259,260,261,267,268,284,294

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 8, 19,235,290, 303, 318, 350

GEOECOLOGY & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TIBETAN PLATEAU 379

Chongqing, 240, 251chronic mountain sickness, 161Chumbi station, 102Classification, 13,47,60,62,64, 122, 123, 184,225,283,284,285,360,361climate change, 14, 101, 131climatic regionalization, 284Climbing Projects, 9cloud masses, 107cold and dry core region, 344, 345, 346cold-front cloud system, 103community structure, 125, 126, 148, 149,299coniferous forest, 48,49, 50, 55, 57, 65, 108, 109, 147, 148, 149, 150, 227, 229,

269,270,271,272,273,274,287,295,307,347,357,360,361,364continental frigid-desiccation, 48continental glacier, 5, 32, 64, 228continental systems, 6,47,48,49,58continuous permafrost, 119, 120, 130convective cloud masses, 107cool-dry, 48, 53cormophyte, 139, 140coverage, 53,55,125,126,127,129,132,150,151,152,154,192,196, 215,231,

276,278,281,295,306,cryosphere, 27,90, 109, 110cryostructure, 119cryptophyte, 54, 306cultivated land, 53,79,80,81, 184, 185,277,279,295,296,297,298cultivation index, 294cultivation system, 276,277,278

D

Dalai Lama, 93Danba, 240, 286Dan'niang, 267,268debris flows, 13, 14,52,208,209,211,212,216,220,275,278,298deciduous scrubs, 48, 54, 150, 307deforestation, 279,291,295,296,269degradation, 13, 14,41,55, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 194,214,215,216,217,220,

248,277,278,296,299,293,304,307, 315, 316,317,318,319,320, 322, 342,343,367,368,369,371

democracy reform, 85density of population, 6, 297dental fluorosis, 167, 170, 171denudation, 3, 55, 354desertification, 14, 132, 216, 217, 220, 342, 343

380 INDEX

desiccation, 32,48, 55, 234, 354, 356, 364, 365development of agriculture, 80, 183, 294development policy, 245, 248discQntinuous permafrost, 130distribution pattern, 28,49, 109, 140, 150, 155,356dominant belt, 6, 12,47,58,61,359,360,361,362dominant species, 125, 126, 127, 151, 153, 154,215, 273, 306, 335drainage system, 4, 331, 333driving forces, 87dry land cropping, 189dry valleys, 12, 15,48,51,52,53, 191,203,283,284,285,286,287,290,291,294,

295,296,297,298,352dry-hot, 284, 285, 286, 290, 296, 297dry-warm, 284,285,286,293,297,298Dujiangyan, 210, 240Dunde ice core, 38,39,40dwarf cushion suffrutice , 55dynamic mechanism, 87dynamic threshold height, 90

E

early Pleistocene, 11, 19,20,22,23,25,26,27,30,34,35,38East Asia monsoon, 90, 105, 109eco-geographical regional system, 14,47ecological habits, 336ecological type, 58, 336economic condition reconstruction, 244economic crops, 276, 280, 281economic strength, 81, 246, 251, 260,ecosystemsl,9, 10, 14,20,35,53, 124, 129, 134,223,225,226,229,235,238,268,

269,276,299,308,333,341,343,371,educational level, 83, 322eluviation, 53, 273, 273, 337, 341endemic animal types, 338endemic communities, 342endemic cretinism, 163endemic diseases, 14, 173endemic goiter, 163endemic natural hazards, 208endemic species,S, 55, 142, 144, 145, 149,230,235,236,335,342,344,358environment management, 294, 295environmental changes, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 13, 14, 19, 27, 38, 89, 93,96, 335environmental deterioration, 6epidemiological study, 160


Euphoria royleana, 283Eurasia, 19,24,58,61,109evapo-transpiration potential, 63evergreen broadleaf forest, 287exploitation and utilization, 343extinction coefficient, 308

F

farming and animal husbandry, 246,247,248,250,257,262,280fault zones, 2, 203, 204, 206faulting mountains and basins, 328fauna, 5, 19,25,26,27,34, 108, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 154, 183,229,270,272,

338,341ferrallitic soils, 48financial investment, 251fisflora, 5,7, 12, 108, 124, 139, 140, 144, 183,229,231,268,341fluorapatite, 167fluoride, 162,167,168,169,170,171fluvial erosion process, 4food support, 79forest resources, 195, 197, 198,276,279,280forestry, 13,64,83,230,235,276,278,280,281,295,298,300,319,366forest-tundra, 54fragile environment, 194,203,214,219,304,321freeze-thaw stripping of sod layer, 317freezing-thawing action, 4frigidization, 65frost action, 121frost calcic soil and Saga soil, 337frost cracking, 121, 122, 129frost heaving, 121, 122, 129, 133frost mounds, 123frost scars, 122frost sorting, 121, 122, 129frost weathering, 121, 122, 129,339,341frost-sod soils (alpine meadow soils), 48fuel wood, 198, 291

G

GaSha, 93Gandise-Nyainqentanglha Range, 7Gangise River, 23Gangrigabo Ridge, 274

382 INDEX

Gansu Corridor, 24, 25GDP per capita, 251, 252general circulation, 105, 287general malaise, 160genetic engineering organisms, 223genetic mutant organisms, 223geo-ecological features, 3,273geo-ecological phenomena, 14,47,51,52geoecology, 159geoecosystem, 159, 162, 173, 174geographical element, 3,64, 140, 141, 144geographical environment, 159Gerze, 11 0, 241, 328, 329glacial sequences, 31, 32glaciation, 3,5, 11, 14,28,30,31,32,36,39,40,41,51,52,55,354glacier lakes, 209,210global change, 10, 11, 14,60, Ill, 129global radiation, 4global warming, 101, 110, 130gold-digging, 342, 343Golmud, 96Gongga Shan Nature Reserve, 226, 227Gonghe Basin, 217Gorge Country, 56grain production, 80, 81, 82gravity anomaly, 2grazing conditions, 315, 319, 320grazing land, 14, 181, 184, 185, 191, 192, 193grazing yaks and sheep, 307ground ice, 119,120,121,122,124,130,131,133Guangxi, 251Guizhou238, 244, 251Gulia ice core, 41

H

heart rate and energy metabolism, 160heat and cold sources, 14heat transportation, 104heating effect, 4,50Heilongjiang Province, 173Hemicryptophyte, 54, 306Hengduan Mountains, 2,9, 17,30,47,62,67,68, 107, 157,200,204,205,207,

209,211,212,219,221,283,284,286,299,302,312herbaceous meadow, 54, 306, 315


Hexi corridor, 57,207high altitude asthenia, 161high altitude encephaledema, 161high altitude heart disease, 161high altitude polycythemia, 161high altitude pulmonary edema, 161high altitude respons, 161High Asia, 55,67,302,48high clod meadow, 303high-cold desert, 55, 154, 214, 231, 232, 331, 332, 336, 339, 340, 341, 345, 346,

359high-cold desert steppe, 331, 332, 340, 341, 346high-cold ecosystem, 332, 342high-cold scrubs and meadow zone, 12, 15,303high-cold steppe, 54,65, 150, 152, 154, 156,214,331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337,

338,340,341,342,343,344,359highland, 2, 12,52,53,63, Ill, 145, 173, 176, 186, 188, 189, 190,200,201,228,

299,342,345,348,358,366,367,370,371highland barley, 63, 173,201,366Himalaya Mountains, 205,206,208,209,211,332,347Himalayan Main Boundary Thrust, 203Himalayan movement, 19,22,23Hinterland, 31,32, 184,236,266,290,327,346Hipparion fauna, 19,25,26,27,42,44Hoh Xii Natural Preservation Region, 344Holarctic kingdom, 5, 140Holocene, 14,23,36,38,42,44,51,92,332horizontal zone, 6,58,59,61,225,303,309,312,313,314huanglong Si Nature Reserve, 227human activities, 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 40, 52, 53, 54, 72, 79, 101, 183, 184, 203, 209,

214,216,217,220,223,294,327,33,342,343,368human health, 159, 162, 172, 175humic acid, 308humification, 308humus layer, 308,337,358Hunza valley, 53Hydroxyapatite, 167Hypoxia, 159, 160, 161, 162, 180

I

ice cape, 329ice tongue, 330ice wedges, 329income and expenditure, 251, 252

384 INDEX

index of flood/drought, 95Indian Ocean, 52, 105, 183,229,266,347,351Indian Shield, 25Indian Subcontinent, 5,22,43, 107Indo-Malaysian Subkingdom, 5Indus, 7,9, 13, 15,20,21,75,76,78,87,223industrial structure, 248,256,257,259,260inhalation, 159Inner Mongolia, 186, 251instrumental observation, 89intensive tectonic movement, 203inter-annual variability of temperature, 96iodine deficiency, 163, 164, 165iodine metabolism, 163, 165island permafrost, 216

J

jet stream cloud system, 106Jiangxi Province, 267Jinshajiang, 191,204,207,211,212,287,290,292,297,298,347Jiujiang County, 267

K

Karakorum Mountains, 9,23,35, 36, 67, 191,209, 211, 327, 345, 347, 362, 366,372

karst landforms, 19, 227Kashin-Beckdisease, 173,174,175,178,179,180Kashmir, 7, 57Keshan County, 173Keshan disease, 173, 174, 175, 179knick points, 4Kobresia meadow, 54, 151,306,315,317,325,Konger Mountain, 208Kunlun Mountains, 2,5,9, 11, 16, 17,23,26,29,43,44,45,67,68,69,91,96, 107,

108, 109, 156,201,206,211,212,349,350,351,352,353,354,355, 356, 357,358,359,360,363,364,365,366,367,369,370,371,372,373

Kunlun Pass, 32

L

labor forces, 85land degradation, 13,14,216,304,307,316,318,369,371land reclamation, 76,216,217,277


land sandification, 216, 217, 218, 220land utilization and conservation, 16,275landslide, 13,14,19,52,203,205,206,208,210,211,212,216,219, 220, 245,

298,293,land-use, 14, 19, 161, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190, 199,200,367last interglacial age, 92late Cenozoic, 1,10,14,16,17,19,20,25,33,42,43,44,45,111,112,139,373late Paleolithic Period, 72late Pleistocene, 30, 31, 32, 38, 51late Pliocene, 21,22,23,350late Teritary, 92latitudinal zones, 58leeward slope, 290Lhasa, 8,9,22,78,86,88,91,92,93,94,98,99, 101, 102, 103, 100, 110, Ill, 162,

164,167,169, 174, 172, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 196,216,246,247,260,262,263

Liaoning, 251life elements, 162, 167, 179life process, 162Lithosphere, 15Little Ice Age, 93livestock farming, 191, 194livestock husbandry, 14,83,182,184, 185, 186, 187, 190, 193, 194, 195, 199,200,

201,321,322livestock quality, 194, 281local interest, 248Longmenshan earthquake zone, 204, 205loss of water and soil, 215,216,220lower limit, 50,64, 154,217,291,296,303,304,309,310,311,312,313,314,315lower oxygen environment, 160lower Siwalik group, 22, 23lowland, 4, 5, 12,47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 145, 161, 183, 186, 228, 299, 300, 307,

309,367,370,371

M

Mann-Kendall algorithm, 98maritime glacier, 4,32, 106MarmotaHimalayan, 14,142,151,153,154,338,358Marsh, 192,335mean air temperature, 294mean precipitation, 112, 266, 267, 352Medieval Warm Period, 93mental disorientation, 160meso-xeromorphic, 53

386 INDEX

microphyllous, 53mid-Pleistocene, 90, 92mineral weathering, 338Ming Dynasty, 71Minority, 78,243,244,245,251,257,277,350modern education, 82, 83, 85moisture channel, 52,moisture regime, 4, 12,47,48,49,50,54,57,58,59,60,61,62,63, 109,279,287,

305,308,315moisture transportation, 14, 55, 66, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 266moisture-bearing air mass, 55, 108, 109moisture-laden air-mass, 52Molasse deposits, 21, 22, 23Mongolian high, 31,91,92monk population, 84monsoon passage, 290monsoon system, 6, 14,27,89,90monsoonal rainforest, 48montane belt, 49, 145, 147, 152, 153montane brown soils, 48montane cinnamon soils, 48montane coniferous forest belt, 48montane dark coniferous forest, 287montane desert belt, 48, 49montane drab soil, 53montane evergreen broad-leaved forest, 48,50,57,65montane forest, 11,47,48,50,57,58,59,61,63,64,108, 109, 150,229,273,290,

291,299,303,308,311,312,313,314,315,357,364,366,368,369,372montane resources, 299montane sclerophyllous, 57, 109,287montane sclerophyllous forests, 57montane shrubby steppe, 49, 57montane steppe belt, 48, 49, 360, 361, 364montane warm coniferous forest, 287morbidity, 166morphological adaptation, 161mountain geo-ecology, 13mountain sickness, 160, 161mountain vertical vegetation zones, 337mountain wind, 53mountain-valley breeze, 290, 299multiple climatic types, 203

N


}Jagqu, 48,57,65,103,155,169,187,191, 196, 197,213,214,260,261,305,306,318,328

}Jaque-Arli highway, 335national parks, 227, 228nationality structure, 77, 78, 79natural and social conditions, 245, 278natural ecosystem, 54,225,226,268,269,307,344natural environment, 3,6, 7, 9, 12, 19,52,67,79, 176, 188,221,223,225,245,

300,323,328natural hazards, 7,9,203,208,218,219,220,221,,222natural historical remains, 227natural landscapes, 5, 7, 59,60, 149,272,303,342,350,366natural resources, 1,6,8,9, 12, 13, 16,60,68,69, 176, 184, 197,201,214,223,

225,245,264,275,281,282,322,348,365,372,373natural zone, 6, 12, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 282, 287, 304, 305, 306,

307,312,313,315,316nature conservation, 14, 156, 157, 223}Jeogene lacustrine deposits, 19}Jeoglaciation, 40, 41neo-tectonic movement, 11, 19,35}Jepal, 23,210,229,230,235,250,283}Jgari areas, 107}Jieniexiongla glaciation, 30}Jingxia, 251nival belts, 48, 312, 362, 363nivation process, 5nomadism style, 344non-agricultural land, 181, 199non-dominant vegetation, 335}Jorth China, 19,27,332}Jorth Hemisphere, 98, 105, 109, 110,265,345}Jujiang }Jature Reserve, 226}Jyainqentanglha Mountains, 5, 106, 108, 176, 192,207,208,212,213,331,347}Jyingchi, 78,103,43, 145, 159, 169, 175, 176, 187, 190, 196, 197,206,260,261,

276,279,280,281

o

Ochotona of pika, 307Oligocene age, 22,33omnivorous Ursus arctos, 151, 153onghe-Jinshajiang-Hoh XiI fault, 204orchard, 181, 182, 184, 185, 195oriental region, 140, 270Oriental species, 5, 148, 149

388

over-grazing, 342, 343, 369oxygen pressure, 14, 159, 160, 162oxygen-saturated degree, 160

INDEX

p

palaeoarctic region, 272Palaeo-tropical Kingdom, 5Pamirs, 1,2,7, 107Pandemics, 176Pantholops Hodgsoni, 142, 146, 153, 154,232,236,338,342,343,345,358peaceful liberation, 72, 81, 83, 86, 87peneplanation, 11, 89perennial mesophytes, 54, 306periglacial landforms, 5, 15,305,354periodical natural degradation, 317permafrost, 4, 5, 14, 16,40,53, 54, 183,203,216,217,220, 305, 306, 329, 332,

336,339,342,345physical environments, 1, 13,53,54,57, 139, 146,305,363physical regionalization of China, 267, 268, 281physical weathering, 48, 274, 300, 308physic-geographical conditions, 6, 284physic-geographical region, 47,56,60,61,62,64,65,66,67,68,366physic-regional system, 62piedmont zone, 327pillar industries, 250, 258, 260, 261Pingos, 329planation surface, 6, 24, 25, 26, 31, 42, 48, 89, 90, 328, 351planetary winds, 90plant ecotype, 283plateau high-cold areas, 223plateau monsoon system, 14,89,90plateau surface, 2,4, 11, 12,26,40, 54,60,90,92, 109,209,217,219,220,229,

305,328,329,342,345Plateau's base surface, 304,309,312,313,314Pleistocene conglomerates, 19Pliocene, 2, II, 19320, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 42, 45, 90, 350podzolic soils, 149,272population censuses, 77population density, 54, 184, 275, 283, 303, 316population migration, 76population pressure, 291, 296, 300population quality, 82potential evaporation, 60poultry, 183, 193


poverty alleviation, 251, 256, 257poverty relief, 256principal of exploitation, 248proxy materials, 89Qaidarn Basin, 2, 13, 92, 108, 153, 188, 191, 192, 201, 202, 206, 216, 217, 230,

246,247,261,263,349Qiangtang plateau, 4, 15, 23, 26, 31, 56, 57, 58, 62, 65, 151, 152, 154, 156, 168,

200,201,312,327,328,329,333,334,335,336,337,338, 340, 341, 342, 343,344,345,346,349,354,356,358,363,372

Qilian Mountains, 19, 22, 23, 26, 31, 38, 44, 110, 176, 177, 200, 201, 206, 207, 211,311

Qing Dynasty, 71, 72, 84, 85, 93Qinghai - Tibetan Plateau, 15, 66, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 104, 105, 109, 110, Ill,

112,156,220,222,323,324,358

Qinghai Lake, 32,39,40,41,44,65, 166,201,216,217,218,220,223327,233,234,235

Qinghai Province, 1,9, 15, 16, 17,71,72,73,74,76,77,78,80,86,87,88, 149,160,164,166,167,168,169,170,172,174,182,186,187, 188, 190, 192, 193,195,196,197,201,213,214,221,235,242,246,247,250, 251, 254, 257, 261,263,264,318,319,320,323,324,325,338,344

Qingzang Movement, 23, 26, 27Qinling Mts, 1Qomolangma glaciation, 30quasi-tropical monsoon forest, 269,270,271Quaternary glaciation, 5, 14,29

R

radiation balance, 58,radiation index, 54rational stocking intensity, 320regional differentiation, 6, 12, 14,47,48,51,54,55,56,57,58,61,61,64,68,98,

103,139,144,201,265,272,281,282,286,287,315Rejuvenation, 4Relict, 142religion force and influence, 85religion privilege, 85residential land, 184resources utilization, 294, 295rhizome geophyte, 54, 306rigorous environment, 334, 340, 343, 344rock fall, 52, 274

390 INDEX

s

satellite images, 106, 107scientific expedition, 6,7,8,9, 16, 19,44,124,126, 169segregated ice, 119selenium, 162,171,172,173,174,175,178,179selenoenzyme, 172selenoproreins, ,172semiarid, 39,48,50,53,54,58,60,63,145,150,151,152, 155,283,284,285,287,

294,312,315,360, 363,364sensitive regions for climatic changes, 109serf and temple system, 85SFG (Seasonally frozen ground), 116, 119, 132Shanghai, 98,99,101,102Shelter, 142,197,269,274,369shrub belt, 287siallisols, 48Siberian-Mongolian high, 91,92Sichuan, 1,7,8,9,57,65,69,71,96,97,103,123,143,149, lSI, ISS, 166, 167, 171,

174,176,193,199,200,207,209,210,223,224,226,227, 240, 283,294,295,296

Sino-Himalayan floristic elements, 269Siwaliks, 25skeletal fluorosis, 170slash-and-burn cultivation, 182snow accumulation, 14, 41, 329snow hazards, 93, 213Snow Leopard, 227,230,235,357Snowline, 31, 32, 50, 51, 58, 64, 183, 231, 311, 312, 329, 335, 345, 347, 352, 361,

364sod layer, 308,309,317,319,322soil conservation, 216, 280, 296soil erosion, 248,275,278,284,291,298,299soil formation, 274,338,341solar radiation, 4, 58,93, 110, 183, 191,279,294, 370solifluction, 64,119,121,122,123sorghum, 184, 188sorted polygons122, 123spatio-temporal characteristics, 96speciation, 5, 52, 235, 269, 274species genetic diversity, 223spectrum-structure, 6, 12,47,48,49spermatophyte, 124, 140, 141, 142, 144stratification stability, 109structural landform unit, 1


sub-alpine meadow soils, 48sub-humid, 6,40,48,49,52, 53,54,55,57,58,60,63,91,279,283,284,285,287,

291subnial belt, 311sub-polar zone, 54subsidiary criterion, 62subtropical evergreen broad-leafforest268, 269, 270subtropical vegetation, 19summit surface, 2super-arid types, 6super-xerophytic, 48surface albedo, 105, 133sustainable development, 13, 14, 15, 83, 223, 225, 245, 248, 249, 251, 252, 263,

264,300,320,343,366,367,368,380,371,372sustainable strategic objects, 243swampy meadow, 41,53,54,155,305,306,307,315

T

Tanggula, 32,56,108,120,122,127,130,131,212,327,328,331Tarim Basin, 55,57,106,107,350,351,352,355,364,370,371,372Taxkorgan, 227235,242,366,372tectonic landform, 2tectonic mechanism, 20tectonic uplifting, 89temperate desert, 57, 153, 183,359temperate-dry, 53temperature anomaly, 98,99, 101, 104temperature belt, 47,62,63,64,65,312temperature inversion, 273,274temperature pattern, 91temperature-moisture conditions, 6, 57, 59, 61,303Tertiary, 24,53,89,90,91,92thermal forcing, 90, 105thermokarst, 121, 123, 124, 128, 129thorny scrubs, 53three dimensional differentiation, 13,47three dimensional zonation, 309thyroxine, 163Tibet Autonomous Region, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 97, 185,

186,187,188,189,190, 191,193,194,195,196,197,198,200,344Tibetan Buddhism, 84, 245Tibetan Wild Ass, 55,226,237Tien shan Mountains, 203time-series, 98

392

topographic configuration, 59, 303topographic-climatic factors, 53traditional plan-economy, 245trend-surface analysis, 303,309,310tropical element, 61, 229, 268tropical rainforest, 48,49,52, 147Tufan Dynasty, 71Tundra, 54, 228, 229type classification, 225, 283

INDEX

u

un-developed land, 184undulate platform, 328uneven spatial-temporal distribution, 89unsorted polygons, 122, 123upheaving stones, 122uplifting process, 2, 11, 14upper limit, 58,64, 148,274,275,287,299,304,309,310,311, 312,314, 364, 365urban development, 71urbanization, 85, 86, 87,248useable grassland, 186, 303

v

valley wind systems, 53vascular plant, 52, 139, 142, 144, 229, 231, 234vegetation type, 57,65,108,109,283,306,357,360vertical distribution, 269,274,287,300vertical natural belts, 265, 269vicarious species, 149volume ratio of grass to soil, 309, 317vortex cloud systems, 107

w

Ward, F. K., 7warm-dry, 53warm-temperate zone, 55water shortage, 294,295,296,367,370water vapor, 106weather hazards, 203,212westerly, 56, 91, 105, 106, 107White Gobi, 55, 109wild animals, 55,152,154,226,237,342,343,356,358


Wild Yak, 55,236,237,338,358Wolong-Wanglang, 224World Conservation Union OUCN), 223, 225World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 223

x

Xerophyte, 53, 283, 315Xigaze, 187,190,191,196,260,261,263Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 1,96,110,168,242,351,371Xixiabangma mountains, 30, 32Xiyue and Yumen conglomerate, 26Xizang Autonomous Region, 1, 9, 241

y

Yak, 55,151,152,154,155,183,186,192,193,201,236,237, 281, 307, 319, 320,338,358,368

Yangtze River, 31, 108, 164, 166, 195, 245, 283Yangzoyum Co, 41Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve, 226Yarlung Zangbo-Lhasa-Niyang River, 103Yellow River, 4,27,31,32,65,166,195,216,223,245,246,251,305You Tai Lhasa Weather Diary, 93Yuan Dynasty, 71, 85Yueyang, 267Yulong Xueshan Nature Reserve, 226Yunnan, 1,7,8,9,71,74, 143, 147, 148, 166, 191,200,207,212,224,227,229,

238,241,251,283,292,294

z

zero-mesophilous deciduous scrubs, 46Zoige Basin, 39, 40zonal differentiation, 38,90zonal moisture regime, 47,62zonal vegetation, 54, 61, 62, 64, 65, 306zone of high-cold scrub and meadow53, 54

The GeoJournal Library

38. J.A.A. Jones, C. Liu, M-K. Woo and H-T. Kung (eds.): RegionalHydrological Responseto Climate Change. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4329-8

39. R. Lloyd: Spatial Cognition. Geographic Environments. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4375-140. I. Lyons Murphy: The Danube: A River Basin in Transition. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4558-441. H.J. Bruins and H. Lithwick (eds.): The Arid Frontier. Interactive Management of

Environment and Development. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4227-542. G. Lipshitz: Country on the Move: Migration to and within Israel, 1948-1995. 1998

ISBN 0-7923-4850-843. S. Musterd, W. Ostendorf and M. Breebaart: Multi-Ethnic Metropolis: Patterns and

Policies. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4854-044. B.K. Maloney (ed.): Human Activities and the Tropical Rainforest. Past, Present and

Possible Future. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4858-345. H. van der Wusten (ed.): The Urban University and its Identity. Roots, Location, Roles.

1998 ISBN 0-7923-4870-246. J. Kalvoda and C.L. Rosenfeld (eds.): Geomorphological Hazards in High Mountain

Areas. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4961-X47. N. Lichfield, A. Barbanente, D. Borri, A. Khakee and A. Prat (eds.): Evaluation in

Planning. Facing the Challenge of Complexity. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4870-248. A. Buttimer and L. Wallin (eds.): Nature and Identity in Cross-Cultural Perspective.

1999 ISBN 0-7923-5651-949. A. Vallega: Fundamentals of Integrated Coastal Management. 1999

ISBN 0-7923-5875-950. D. Rumley: The Geopolitics ofAustralia's Regional Relations. 1999

ISBN 0-7923-5916-X51. H. Stevens: The Institutional Position of Seaports. An International Comparison. 1999

ISBN 0-7923-5979-852. H. Lithwick and Y. Gradus (eds.): Developing Frontier Cities. Global Perspectives -

Regional Contexts. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6061-353. H. Knippenberg and J. Markusse (eds.): Nationalising and Denationalising European

Border Regions, 1800-2000. Views from Geography and History. 2000ISBN 0-7923-6066-4

54. R. Gerber and G.K. Chuan (eds.): Fieldwork in Geography: Reflections, Perspectivesand Actions. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6329-9

55. M. Dobry (ed.): Democratic and Capitalist Transitions in Eastern Europe. Lessons forthe Social Sciences. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6331-0

56. Y. Murayama: Japanese Urban System. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6600-X57. D. Zheng, Q. Zhang and S. Wu (eds.): Mountain Geoecology and Sustainable

Development of the Tibetan Plateau. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6688-3

The GeoJournal Library

58. A.J. Conacher (ed.): Land Degradation. Papers selected from Contributions to theSixth Meeting of the International Geographical Union's Commission on Land Degradation and Desertification, Perth, Western Australia, 20-28 September 1999. 2001

ISBN 0-7923-6770-759. S. Conti and P. Giaccaria: Local Development and Competitiveness. 2001

ISBN 0-7923-6829-0

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