acid rain and the smog

8/10/2019 Acid rain and the Smog

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8- Ab`fjftfdj……………………………………………………..……..1

;- Qcb rbhsdjs d` `drmhtfdj d` hefa rhfj………………………...…..…1

5- Hefa rhfj fs h prdkibm tcht ehj trhvbi……………………….………2

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h. B``bets d` hefa rhfj dj @drbsts…………………………..…..…..1

k. B``bets d` hefa rhfj sdfis…………………………………...……<

e. B``bets d` hefa rhfj hquhtfe bedsystbm…………………….……3

a. B``bets d` Hefa [hfj dj Mhj-Mhab Mhtbrfhis…………….……6

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8- Cfstdry d` smdl………………………………………………….88

;- Fjtrdauetfdj fj tcb smdl…………………………………………85

5- Ab`fjftfdj………………………………………………..…….…85

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2- Cdw tcb smdl `drmba……………………………………..….…82

0- Fjabx d` smdl ………………………………………….....……..80

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efa rhfj hja tcb smdl

Ky ? MBUUBLRBM Cbmzh ;

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vbry ahy, tcb hvbrhlb hauit krbhtcbs hkdut 82,777 td ;7,777 iftbrs d` hfr. Hfr fs h

mfxturb d` lhsbs tcht mhnbs up dur htmdspcbrb hja fs vfthi td if`b dj bhrtc. Ft

ihrlbiy edjsfsts d` dxylbj (;8%) hja jftrdlbj (<3%).

Cdwbvbr, hs h rbsuit d` kdtc jhturhi hja cumhj prdebssbs, tcb htmdspcbrb hisd edjthfjs hjumkbr d` lhsbs tcht, ht bibvhtba edjebjtrhtfdjs, ehj kb h cbhitc tcrbht td pbdpib hjahjfmhis hja ahmhlfjl td pihjts.

Qcbsb lhsbs fjeiuab lrduja-ibvbi dzdjb (D5), jftrdlbj dxfabs (JDx), suipcur afdxfab(UD;), hja ehrkdj mdjdxfab (ED), hs wbii hs h rhjlb d` drlhjfe lhsbs hja vhpdurs rb`brrbatd hs vdihtfib drlhjfe edmpdujas (PDEs). Qcb htmdspcbrb hisd edjthfjs tfjy phrtfeibs,njdwj hs –phrtfeuihtb mhttbr‖ (WM ) tcht mhy kb bftcbr sdifa dr ifqufa. Hii d` tcbsb pdtbjtfhiiy tdxfe lhsbs hja suksthjebs hrb tdlbtcbr rb`brrba td hs hfr pdiiuthjts. Edmkfjba,tcby hrb tcb prfjefphi fjlrbafbjts d` smdl hja hefa rhfj.




Ky ? MBUUBLRBM Cbmzh 5

Fjtrdauetfdj td hefa rhfj

umhjs mhnb usb d` mhjy tcfjls `duja fj jhturb. @dr bxhmpib, wb usb trbbs td kufia

dur cdmbs hja edttdj td mhnb dur eidtcbs. Qcfjls tcht hrb jdt mhab ky pbdpib, kut

fjstbha deeur jhturhiiy, hrb ehiiba jhturhi rbsdurebs. Udmb bxhmpibs d` jhturhi

rbsdurebs hrb pihjts, mfjbrhis, hja whtbr. Hii d` tcbsb tcfjls hrb fmpdrthjt td cumhjs kbehusb

tcby prdvfab us wftc tcb mhtbrfhis wb jbba td mhnb tcb tcfjls wb usb bvbry ahy.

Udmb d` tcb prdauets mhab `rdm jhturhi rbsdurebs hrb dkvfdus td us, ifnb tcb tfmkbr hja stdjb

tcht mhnb kufiafjls.

Dtcbr jhturhi rbsdurebs hrb jdt hs jdtfebhkib, ifnb tcb ujabrlrduja whtbr thkib wcbrb

dur arfjnfjl whtbr edmbs `rdm. Jhturhi rbsdurebs tcht cumhjs usb td lbjbrhtb bibetrfefty hrb

ehiiba bjbrly rbsdurebs. Mdst bjbrly fj tcb Rjftba Uthtbs edmbs `rdm kurjfjl `dssfi ùbis

suec hs edhi, dfi, hja jhturhi lhs. Edhi, dfi, hja jhturhi lhs hrb ehiiba `dssfi ùbis kbehusb tcby

wbrb `drmba mfiifdjs d` ybhrs hld `rdm abha pihjts hja hjfmhis.

Wbdpib kurj `dssfi ùbis `dr mhjy rbhsdjs, wb kurj dfi hja edhi td mhnb tcb bibetrfefty

tcht wb jbba td iflct kufiafjls hja ruj hppifhjebs ifnb tbibvfsfdjs hja edmputbrs. \b kurj

lhs td cbht dur cdmbs hja td pdwbr ehrs, kusbs, hja hfrpihjbs. Mhjy cumhj hetfvftfbs,

fjeiuafjl tcb kurjfjl d` `dssfi ùbis, ehusb pdiiutfdj. Wdiiutfdj fs tcb rbibhsb d` chrmùisuksthjebs ehiiba pdiiuthjts fjtd tcb bjvfrdjmbjt. Qcb hfr pdiiutfdj erbhtba wcbj `dssfi ùbis

kurj adbs jdt sthy fj tcb hfr `drbvbr. Fjstbha ft ehj trhvbi lrbht afsthjebs, hja `hii td tcb

lrduja hlhfj hs aust dr rhfj.

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Echptbr 8? Hefa rhfj

8 Ab`fjftfdj ?

efa rhfj fs rhfj tcht fs mdrb hefafe tchj ft scduia kb. Hefa rhfj fs h edmpifehtba prdkibm h``betfjl sdfi hja whtbr ecbmfstry, hs wbii hs tcb if`b eyeibs d` pihjts hja

hjfmhis dj ihja hja fj tcb whtbr. Fj, wbhtcbr edjaftfdjs edjtrfkutb td hfr pdiiutfdj

hja ehusb hefa rhfj td sprbha vhst afsthjebs (BWH, ;773).

; Qcb rbhsdjs d` `drmhtfdj d` hefa rhfj?

Uefbjtfsts chvb afsedvbrba tcht hfr pdiiutfdj `rdm tcb kurjfjl d` `dssfi ùbis fs tcb mhodr

ehusb d` hefa rhfj. Wdwbr pihjts hja `hetdrfbs kurj edhi, dfi, hja jhturhi lhs td prdaueb tcb

bibetrfefty wb jbba td ad hii nfjas d` tcfjls, ifnb iflct dur cdmbs. Ehrs, truens, hja hfrpihjbs

hisd ruj dj lhsdifjb, h `dssfi ùbi.

\cbj wb kurj tcfjls, tcby ad jdt afshppbhr. @dr bxhmpib, wcbj ydu kurj h idl fj h

ehmp`frb, hsc fs ib`t. Kut wcht chppbjba td tcb rbst d` tcb idl4 \htbr `rdm tcb idl kbedmbs

vhpdr hja bjtbrs tcb hfr. Kurjfjl wdda hisd rbibhsbs ecbmfehis hja phrtfeibs fjtd tcb hfr, tcb

shmb tcfjl chppbjs wcbj wb kurj `dssfi ùbis. Kurjfjl `dssfi ùbis sbjas smdnb hja ùmbs

fjtd tcb htmdspcbrb, dr tcb hfr hkdvb tcb Bhrtc. Fj tcb hfr, tcbsb pdiiuthjts edmkfjb wftc

mdfsturb td `drm hefa rhfj.

Qcb mhfj ecbmfehis fj hfr pdiiutfdj tcht erbhtb hefa rhfj hrb suiùr afdxfab (UD;) hja

jftrdlbj dxfabs (JDS). Hefa rhfj usuhiiy `drms cflc fj tcb eiduas wcbrb UD; hja JDS rbhet

wftc whtbr hja dxylbj. Qcfs `drms suiùrfe hefa hja jftrfe hefa fj tcb htmdspcbrb. Uujiflct

fjerbhsbs tcb spbba d` tcbsb rbhetfdjs, hja tcbrb`drb tcb hmdujt d` hefa fj tcb htmdspcbrb.

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[hfjwhtbr, sjdw, `dl, hja dtcbr `drms d` prbefpfthtfdj tcbj mfx wftc tcb sui`urfe hja jftrfe

hefas fj tcb hfr hja `hii td Bhrtc hs hefa rhfj (BWH, ;773).

Qcb prfjefphi rbhetfdjs wcfec ibha td `drmhtfdj tcb hefa rhfj hrb ([HMHAB, ;770)?

UD; + ½ D; + C;D C;UD1

;JD; + ½ D;+ C;D ;CJD5

JD; + UD;+ C;D C;UD1 + JD

5 Hefa rhfj fs h prdkibm tcht ehj trhvbi

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deeur. Vbhrs hld, wcbj smdnbsthens wbrb djiy h `bw stdrfbs cflc, pdiiutfdj `rdm

smdnbsthens usuhiiy sthyba jbhr tcb lrduja hja sbttiba dj tcb ihja jbhrky. Qcfs ehusba

ujcbhitcy edjaftfdjs `dr pbdpib, pihjts, hja hjfmhis jbhr tcdsb smdnbsthens. Qd rbaueb tcfs

pdiiutfdj, tcb ldvbrjmbjt phssba ihws `dr tcb edjstruetfdj d` vbry thii smdnbsthens. Ht tcht

tfmb, pbdpib tcdulct tcht f` tcb pdiiutfdj wbrb sbjt cflc fjtd tcb hfr ft wduia jd idjlbr kb h

prdkibm.

Uefbjtfsts jdw njdw tcht tcfs fs fjedrrbet. Fj `het, sbjafjl pdiiutfdj cflc fjtd tcb sny

fjerbhsbs tcb tfmb tcht tcb pdiiutfdj sthys fj tcb hfr. Qcb idjlbr tcb pdiiutfdj fs fj tcb hfr, tcb

lrbhtbr tcb echjebs tcht tcb pdiiuthjts wfii `drm hefa rhfj. Fj haaftfdj, tcb wfja ehj ehrry

tcbsb pdiiuthjts `dr cujarbas d` mfibs kb`drb tcby kbedmb odfjba wftc whtbr ardpibts td `drm

hefa rhfj. @dr tcht rbhsdj, hefa rhfj, dr wbt abpdsftfdj, ehj kb h prdkibm fj hrbhs `hr `rdm

sdurebs d` pdiiutfdj. Ary abpdsftfdj fs usuhiiy lrbhtbr jbhr tcb eftfbs hja fjaustrfhi hrbhs

wcbrb tcb pdiiuthjts hrb rbibhsba (BWH, ;773).

1 Ary Abpdsftfdj?

Hefa rhfj adbs jdt heedujt `dr hii d` tcb hefafty tcht `hiis

khen td Bhrtc `rdm pdiiuthjts. Hkdut chi` d` tcb hefafty fj tcb

htmdspcbrb fs abpdsftba djtd kufiafjls, ehrs, cdmbs, hja

trbbs ‑ hjytcfjl! ‑ hs phrtfeibs hja lhsbs. Qcfs prdebss fs ehiiba

ary abpdsftfdj. Fj sdmb fjsthjebs, tcbsb lhsbs hja phrtfeibs ehj

ahmhlb dr hitbr tcb tcfjls dj wcfec tcby sbttib. Ary abpdsftfdj

(lhsbs hja phrtfeibs) fs sdmbtfmbs whscba `rdm trbbs hja dtcbr

sur`hebs ky rhfjstdrms. \cbj tcht chppbjs, tcb rujd`` whtbredjthfjs hefa `rdm hefa rhfj hja ary abpdsftfdj, mhnfjl tcb

edmkfjhtfdj mdrb hefafe tchj tcb `hiifjl rhfj hidjb. Qcb

edmkfjhtfdj d` hefa rhfj (wbt abpdsftfdj) pius ary abpdsftfdj fs

ehiiba hefa abpdsftfdj.

Ary Abpdsftfdj? Qcb `hiifjl d`smhii phrtfeibs hja lhsbs td tcb

Bhrtc wftcdut rhfj dr sjdw.

[ujd`` ? \htbr tcht `idws d``

ihja fjtd ihnbs hja strbhms.

Hefa Abpdsftfdj Hefafemhtbrfhi tcht `hiis `rdm tcbhtmdspcbrb td tcb Bhrtc fjbftcbr wbt (rhfj, sibbt, sjdw,

`dl) dr ary (lhsbs, phrtfeibs)

`drms.





\bt Hefa Abpdsftfdj, 8636-8668 \bt Hefa Abpdsftfdj, ;775-;772

@fl. 7;? Qcbsb mhps scdw cdw tcb Hefa [hfj Wrdlrhm chs rbaueba tcb hmdujt d` wbt hefa

abpdsftfdj (hefa rhfj) fj tcb Rjftba Uthtbs. Fj tcbsb mhps, tcb ahrn hrbhs rbprbsbjt pihebs wftc cflc hmdujts

d` hefa rhfj. Jdtfeb cdw tcb hrbhs wftc idts d` hefa rhfj fj 8636 ― 8668 chvb scrujn sfjeb tcb Hefa [hfj

Wrdlrhm sthrtba

2 B``bets d` Hefa [hfj dj Bedsystbms ?

h. B``bets d` hefa rhfj dj @drbsts?

efa rhfj ehusbs sfljf`fehjt ahmhlb td `drbsts. Ft afrbetiy h``bets trbbs hja dtcbr pihjts

wcfec hrb fmpdrthjt td tcb bedsystbm hs h wcdib kbehusb tcby hrb prfmhry

prdauebrs. Wrfmhry prdauebrs hrb drlhjfsms tcht prdaueb tcbfr dwj `dda tcrdulc

pcdtdsyjtcbsfs, h sbrfbs d` ecbmfehi rbhetfdjs tcht edjvbrt whtbr fjtd sulhr usfjl iflct `rdm

tcb suj td prdvfab bjbrly. Wihjts hja sdmb mferdsedpfe hjfmhis chvb tcfs hkfifty. Wihjts hrb

fmpdrthjt td bedsystbms kbehusb tcby `bba bvbrytcfjl bisb, hja prdvfab fmpdrthjt chkftht `dr

dtcbr hjfmhis. F` trbbs hja pihjts hrb ahmhlba ky hefa rhfj, tcb b``bets hrb `bit tcrdulcdut tcb

bjtfrb bedsystbm. Hefa rhfj ehusbs trbbs fj `drbsts td lrdw mdrb sidwiy, hja fj sdmb sbjsftfvb

spbefbs ft ehj bvbj mhnb tcb ibhvbs dr jbbaibs turj krdwj hja `hii d``. [ba Uprueb hja Uulhr

Mhpib, twd spbefbs d` trbbs `duja mhfjiy fj tcb Bhst hja fj Jbw Bjlihja, hrb vbry

susebptfkib td hefa rhfj ahmhlb.

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e. B``bets d` hefa rhfj hquhtfe bedsystbm?cb b``bets d` hefa rhfj hrb mdst eibhriy sbbj fj hquhtfe bjvfrdjmbjts suec hs strbhms,

ihnbs, hja mhrscbs. Hefa rhfj `idws td strbhms, ihnbs, hja mhrscbs h`tbr `hiifjl dj

`drbsts, `fbias, kufiafjls, hja rdhas. Hefa rhfj hisd `hiis afrbetiy dj hquhtfe chkfthts.

Mdst ihnbs hja strbhms chvb h pC kbtwbbj 0 hja 3, kbehusb tcb ku``brfjl ehphefty d` sdfiusuhiiy jbutrhifzbs siflctiy hefafe, eibhj rhfj. Ihnbs hja strbhms kbedmb hefafe (pC vhiub

ldbs adwj) wcbj tcb rhfjwhtbr ftsbi` fs sd hefafe tcht tcb surrdujafjl sdfi ehjjdt ku``br tcb

rhfj bjdulc td jbutrhifzb ft. @dr tcfs rbhsdj, sdmb ihnbs fj hrbhs wcbrb sdfi adbs jdt chvb h idt

d` ku``brfjl ehphefty hrb jhturhiiy hefafe bvbj wftcdut hefa rhfj. (BWH, ;773)

Qcb hefafe abpdsftfdj echjlba tcb ihnb ecbmfstry fj tcb Hafrdjahen rblfdj d` Jbw Vdrn

(Qhkib 8).

Qhkib.8? Ecbmfehi echrhetbrfstfes d` tcrbb stuafbs strbhm fj tcb wbstbrj Hafrdjahen

rblfdj d` Jbw Vdrn (8668- ;778) (mdaf`fba `rdm Idwrbjeb bt hi., ;778).

Whrhmbtbrs Mbhj d` sfx mdjtciy shmpibs Ohjuhry - Oujb ;778Kuen erbben Khia mdujthfj krddn Wdja dutibt

pC 2.22 0.;; <.88

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Cbjrfnsbj, 8635). Idssbs d` spdrt `fsc pdpuihtfdjs chvb deeurrba fj hefaf`fba ihnbs hja rfvbr

fj Ehjhah. Aub td hefafe prbefpfthtfdj, `fscbs scdwba fjerbhsbs fj mdrthifty rhtb, rbprdauetfvb

`hfiurb, rbaueba lrdwtc rhtb snbibthi ab`drmftfbs hja fjerbhsba upthnb d` cbhvy mbthis (\htt

bt hi., 8635).

@fl.5? WC Qdibrhjeb Echrt dj Hquhtfe If`b?

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Fj hrbhs ifnb tcb jdrtcbhstbrj Rjftba Uthtbs wcbrb sdfi ku``brfjl fs pddr, hefa rhfj chs

mhab hirbhay siflctiy hefafe ihnbs vbry hefafe, wftc sdmb ihnbs chvfjl h pC vhiub d` ibss tchj

2. Hs ihnbs hja strbhms kbedmb mdrb hefafe, tcb jumkbrs hja typbs d` `fsc hja dtcbr hquhtfe

pihjts hja hjfmhis tcht ifvb fj tcbsb whtbrs aberbhsb. Udmb typbs d` pihjts hja hjfmhis hrb

hkib td tdibrhtb hefafe whtbrs. Dtcbrs, cdwbvbr, hrb hefa-sbjsftfvb hja wfii ibhvb dr afb hs tcb

pC abeifjbs. Udmb hefafe ihnbs chvb jd `fsc, kbehusb ht pC 2 mdst `fsc blls ehjjdt chtec. Ht

idwbr pC ibvbis, hauit `fsc ehj afb. Uuksthjebs ifnb hiumfjum tcht whsc fjtd tcb whtbr `rdm

tcb sdfi ehj hisd chrm hja nfii `fsc.

a. B``bets D` Hefa [hfj Dj Mhj-Mhab Mhtbrfhis?

efa rhfj bhts hwhy ht stdjb, mbthi, phfjt ‑ himdst hjy mhtbrfhi bxpdsba td tcb wbhtcbr

`dr h idjl pbrfda d` tfmb. Cumhj-mhab mhtbrfhis lrhauhiiy abtbrfdrhtb bvbj wcbj

bxpdsba td ujpdiiutba rhfj, kut hefa rhfj spbbas up tcb prdebss. Hefa rhfj ehj rust

mbthis hja ehusb mhrkib sthtubs ehrvba idjl hld td idsb tcbfr `bhturbs.

Qcfs chppbjs kbehusb mhrkib fs mhab d` h edmpduja ehiiba ehiefum ehrkdjhtb, wcfec

ehj kb afssdivba ky hefas. Ehiefum ehrkdjhtb fs hisd `duja fj ifmbstdjb. Mhjy kufiafjls hja

mdjumbjts hrb mhab d` mhrkib hja ifmbstdjb hja hrb ahmhlba ky hefa rhfj.

*- Cdw Hefa [hfj H``bets Utdjbwdrn

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H`tbr 07 ybhrs





H``bets Mbthi

Echptbr ;? Qcb Umdl





8. Cfstdry d` Umdl

fr pdiiutfdj `frst kbehmb h sbrfdus prdkibm fj tcb ihtb 86tc ebjtury. Qcrdulcdut

tcb `frst chi` d` tcb ;7tc ebjtury, cbhvy hfr pdiiutfdj fj h jumkbr d` eftfbs

rbsuitba fj tcb abhtcs d` cujarbas, hja dj sdmb deehsfdjs bvbj tcdushjas, d`

pbdpib. Qcrbb d` tcb wdrst bpfsdabs wbrb tcb `diidwfjl?• Fj 8657 fj tcb Mbusb Phiiby fj Kbilfum, hj fjaustrfhi hrbh `fiiba wftc stbbi mfiis hja edhi-

`frba fjaustry, hj fjefabjt d` hfr pdiiutfdj ehusba tcb abhtcs d` 05 pbdpib, wftc cujarbas d`

dtcbrs bxpbrfbjefjl rbspfrhtdry symptdms.

• Fj 8613 fj Adjdrh, Wbjjsyivhjfh ‑ hjdtcbr fjaustrfhifzba vhiiby ‑ ;7 pbdpib dut d` h

pdpuihtfdj d` 81,777 afba, hja mdrb tchj 17% d` tcb pdpuihtfdj kbehmb fii, 87% d` tcbm

sbvbrbiy, hs h rbsuit d` hj hfr pdiiutfdj bpfsdab.

• Qcb mdst arhmhtfe hfr pdiiutfdj bpfsdab tddn piheb fj Idjadj, Bjlihja, fj Abebmkbr 862;,

wcbj h sthljhjt hfr mhss, edmkfjba wftc lrbhtbr-tchj-jdrmhi edhi kurjfjl aurfjl h edia

spbii, whs hssdefhtba wftc 1,777 abhtcs.

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@fl. 1 tcb smdl fj Idjadj Abebmkbr 862;




Ky ? MBUUBLRBM Cbmzh 8;

@fl.72? Umdlly ahy fj Xuækbe, @bkruhry 7;, ;772

@fl. 70? H wdmhj wbhrs h mhsn wcfib rfafjl h kfeyeib dj tcb strbbt aurfjl sbvbrb pdiiutfdj dj

Ohjuhry ;5, ;785 fj Kbfofjl, Ecfjh. \cfib mhsns mhy nbbp dut sdmb ihrlbr pdiiutfdj phrtfeibs, tcby

hrb jdt vbry b``betfvb hlhfjst `fjb phrtfeibs.





;. Fjtrdauetfdj td Umdl?

Qcb qubstfdj d` hfr quhifty fj pdiiutba rblfdjs rbprbsbjts djb d` tcb fssubs d`

lbdecbmfstry wftc afrbet fmpifehtfdjs `dr cumhj wbii-kbfjl. Cumhj cbhitc hja wbii-kbfjl,

hidjl wftc tcb wbii-kbfjl d` pihjts, hjfmhis, hja hlrfeuiturhi erdps, hrb abpbjabjt dj tcb

quhifty d` hfr wb krbhtcb. Ufjeb tcb sthrt d` tcb fjaustrfhi brh, hfr quhifty chs kbedmb h mhttbrd` mhodr fmpdrthjeb, bspbefhiiy fj ihrlb eftfbs dr

urkhjfzba rblfdjs wftc cbhvy hutdmdkfib trh``fe hja

fjaustrfhi hetfvfty. Edjebrj dvbr hfr quhifty bxfstba hs

`hr khen hs tcb 8077s. Drflfjhiiy, pdiiutba hfr fj eftfbs

rbsuitba `rdm tcb kurjfjl d` wdda dr edhi, ihrlbiy hs h

sdureb d` cbht. Qcb fjaustrfhi rbvdiutfdj fj Bjlihja

shw h lrbht fjerbhsb fj tcb usb d` edhi fj rhpfaiy

lrdwfjl eftfbs, kdtc `dr fjaustrfhi usb hja admbstfe

cbhtfjl.Idjadj su``brba `rdm abvhsthtfjl pdiiutfdj

bvbjts aurfjl tcb ihtb 8377s hja bhriy 8677s, wftc

tcdushjas d` bxebss abhtcs httrfkutba td hfr pdiiutfdj

(Krfmkibedmkb, 863<). \ftc fjerbhsfjl usb d` edhi,

dtcbr fjsthjebs hisd deeurrba fj edjtfjbjthi Burdpb hja

tcb RUH. Qcbsb bvbjts wbrb ehusba ky afrbetiy bmfttba

pdiiuthjts (prfmhry pdiiuthjts), fjeiuafjl suiùr afdxfab

(UD;), ehrkdj mdjdxfab (ED), hja phrtfeuihtbs. Qcby

wbrb bspbefhiiy heutb fj eftfbs wftc jdrtcbriy idehtfdjs

aurfjl `hii hja wfjtbr wcbj sujiflct fs ht h mfjfmum.

Qcbsb drflfjhi pdiiutfdj bvbjts lhvb rfsb td tcb tbrm

‒smdl‐ (h edmkfjhtfdj d` smdnb hja `dl).

5. Ab`fjftfdj?

mdl fs h typb d` hfr pdiiutfdj> tcb wdra "smdl"

whs mhab fj tcb bhriy ;7tc ebjtury hs h

pdrtmhjtbhu d` tcb wdras smdnb hja `dl td rb`br

td smdny `dl.^8] Qcb wdra whs tcbj fjtbjaba td rb`br td wcht whs sdmbtfmbs njdwj hs pbh

sdup `dl, h `hmfifhr hja sbrfdus prdkibm fj Idjadj `rdm tcb 86tc ebjtury td tcb mfa ;7tc

ebjtury. Qcfs nfja d` smdl fs ehusba ky tcb kurjfjl d` ihrlb hmdujts d` edhi wftcfj h efty>

tcfs smdl edjthfjs sddt phrtfeuihtbs `rdm smdnb, suiùr afdxfab hja dtcbr edmpdjbjts.

Mdabrj smdl, hs `duja `dr bxhmpib fj Ids Hjlbibs, fs h typb d` hfr pdiiutfdj abrfvba `rdm

vbcfeuihr bmfssfdj `rdm fjtbrjhi edmkustfdj bjlfjbs hja fjaustrfhi ùmbs tcht rbhet fj tcb

htmdspcbrb wftc sujiflct td `drm sbedjahry pdiiuthjts tcht hisd edmkfjb wftc tcb prfmhry

bmfssfdjs td `drm pcdtdecbmfehi smdl. Qcb htmdspcbrfe pdiiutfdj ibvbis d` Ids Hjlbibs,

Mbxfed Efty hja dtcbr eftfbs hrb fjerbhsba ky fjvbrsfdj tcht trhps pdiiutfdj eidsb td tcb

lrduja. (@rbb bjeyeidpbafh).

U

Uummbr Umdl hja \fjtbr smdl

Uummbr Umdl Ehusba ky mfxturbd` pdiiuthjts `rdm? rdha vbcfeibs> ùbisusba td prdvfab bibetrfefty hja cbhtfjl fjd``febs, `hetdrfbs hja cdmbs> vhpdurs`rdm pbtrdi hja ebrthfj fjaustrfhi

prbmfsbs.

@drmba ky? Hetfdj d` sujiflct dj tcbsb pdiiuthjts `drms idw-ibvbi dzdjb eidsb tdtcb lrdujab. Fj cdt sujjy ahys

\fjtbr Umdl Ehusba ky mfxturb d`

pdiiuthjts `rdm? rdha vbcfeibs> ùbis usba

td prdvfab bibetrfefty hja cbhtfjl fj

d``febs, `hetdrfbs hja cdmbs

@drmba ky? Wdiiuthjts kufiafjl up htlrduja ibvbi fj urkhj hrbhs. Qcb 'ifa' dèdia hfr hkdvb tcb whrm hfr trhps tcb

pdiiuthjts fj edia, ehim ahys, d`tbj h`tbrh eibhr, eiduaibss jflct hja hj bhriy-mdrjfjl `rdst dr mfst eidsb td tcb

lrduja.





1. Uummhry d` Wdiiuthjt Echrhetbrfstfes, Udurebs hja Lbjbrhi Cbhitc hja Bedidlfehi B``bets?





2. Cdw tcb Umdl @drmba4

mdl fs `drmba fj tcb idwbr htmdspcbrb, oust hkdvb tcb Bhrtc‖s sur`heb wcbj h vhrfbty

d` sdurebs rbibhsb smdl `drmfjl pdiiuthjts fjtd tcb hfr. Qcbsb pdiiuthjts hrb usuhiiy

whrmbr tchj tcb surrdujafjl hfr hja tbja td rfsb. \cfib kbfjl afspbrsba ky tcb wfja,cbht hja sujiflct ehusb ecbmfehi rbhetfdjs td deeur kbtwbbj pdiiuthjts, `drmfjl lrduja-ibvbi

dzdjb. WM fs hisd rbibhsba fjtd tcb hfr dr fs `drmba ihtbr wftcfj tcb htmdspcbrb tcrdulc

ecbmfehi rbhetfdjs. Qcbsb phrtfeibs, tdlbtcbr wftc lrduja-ibvbi D5, hrb tcb twd mhfj

edmpdjbjts d` smdl. Umdl wfii rbmhfj fj hj hrbh ujtfi h wbhtcbr systbm, suec hs h cbhvy

rhfj`hii, whscbs mdst d` tcb pdiiuthjts dut d` tcb idehi htmdspcbrb. Cflc wfja spbbas ehj

fjerbhsb afspbrsfdj d` pdiiuthjts, tcbrbky idwbrfjl tcb edjebjtrhtfdj ibvbis d` tcb pdiiuthjts fj

hj hrbh.

Umdl pdiiuthjts ehj kb lbjbrhtba ky bftcbr jhturhiiy deeurrfjl prdebssbs dr ky cumhj

hetfvftfbs. Jhturhi sdurebs d` pdiiuthjts fjeiuab `drbst `frbs hja vdiehjdbs, wcfec haa phrtfeibs

hja lhsbs td tcb hfr> trbbs, wcfec bmft PDEs> sdfi brdsfdj, wcfec prdauebs aust> hja

kfdidlfehi prdebssbs fj sdfi tcht erbhtbs JDx. Qcb ihrlbst sdureb d` hfr pdiiutfdj h``betfjl

cumhj cbhitc hja tcb bjvfrdjmbjt, cdwbvbr, fs cumhj hetfvfty, hja prfmhrfiy tcb kurjfjl (dr

‒edmkustfdj‐) d` `dssfi `ubis (pbtrdibum, jhturhi lhs hja edhi) td trhjspdrt pbdpib hja lddas,

cbht hja eddi kufiafjls, mhnb bibetrfefty hja dpbrhtb fjaustrfbs (BWH, ;773).

\bhtcbr pihys h sfljf`fehjt rdib fj abtbrmfjfjl smdl ibvbis?

Aurfjl tcb summbrtfmb, cbhvy smdl bpfsdabs wfii usuhiiy deeur wcbj h sthljhjt cflc

prbssurb systbm mdvbs fjtd hj hrbh. Fj tcb jdrtcbrj cbmfspcbrb, wfjas fj cflc prbssurb

systbms spfrhi eidenwfsb hja dutwhras, krfjlfjl whrm hfr up `rdm tcb sdutc. Qcb hfr tbjas tdsfjn jbhr cflc prbssurb ebjtbrs, whrmfjl hs ft absebjas hja bvhpdrhtfjl hjy eiduas dr

prbefpfthtfdj tcht mhy kb prbsbjt fj tcb hfr. Qcfs fs wcy cflc prbssurb systbms tbja td krfjl

krflct hja sujjy ahys.

Qcbsb systbms, edmkfjba wftc whrm summbrtfmb tbmpbrhturbs hja ifttib dr jd wfja,

wfii usuhiiy rbsuit fj sthljhjt hfr kbfjl trhppba eidsb td tcb lrduja. \cbj trhppba ky cflc

prbssurb, PDEs hja JDx wfii khnb fj tcb cdt suj, erbhtfjl D5. Fj haaftfdj, sthljhjt hfr

mhssbs prbvbjt pdiiuthjts `rdm kbfjl afspbrsba.

@fl.< tcb rdib d` wbhtcbr dj tcb `drmhtfdj d` smdl

U





Qcb sbvbrfty d` smdl fs hisd fjerbhsba wftc tcb deeurrbjeb d` h ‒tbmpbrhturb

fjvbrsfdj‐. \cbj tcb hfr eidsb td tcb bhrtc fs eddibr tchj tcb hfr hkdvb ft, tcb idwbr, eddibr hfr

adbs jdt rfsb kut rbmhfjs stfii, wftc tcb whrmbr hfr hkdvb ft erbhtfjl h ‒ifa‐. Qcfs mhy rbsuit

`rdm h edia `rdjt mdvfjl tcrdulc h rblfdj dr `rdm eddi sbh hfr kidwj dvbr ihja ky hj djscdrb

krbbzb. Rjabr tcbsb edjaftfdjs, tcb pdiiuthjts ehjjdt rfsb hja afspbrsb> tcb smdl fs nbpt eidsb

td tcb lrduja tcus mhxfmfzfjl hjy ahmhlfjl b``bets. Qcb sbvbrb fjvbrsfdj dvbr Adjdrh,

Wbjjsyivhjfh fj 8613 whs hssdefhtba wftc rbspfrhtdry fiijbssbs fj mdrb tchj 0,777 pbdpib hja

tcb abhtcs d` ;7 pbdpib.

0. Fjabx d` tcb Umdl?

0.8 Fjabx d` RUH (heedrafjl td BWH)?

0.; Fjabx d` Djthrfd , Ehjhah ( heedrafjl td mfjfstry d` bjvfrdjmbjt )?

\b thnb tcb Qdrdjtd wbst ifnb bxhmpib> tcb mfjfstry d` bjvfrdjmbjt mbhsurbatcb fjabx d` tcfs tdwj?




Ky ? MBUUBLRBM Cbmzh 8<

Jdtb? tcb af``brbjeb kbtwbbj tcb RUH fjabx hja Djthrfd fjabx fs tcb sehib d` fjabx tcht‖

hii, kut tcb b``bets d` lrduja ibvbi d` dzdjb hja tcb phrtfeuihtb mhttbr heedrafjl td ehtbldry fs

tcb shmb.

<. \cd fs mdst ht rfsn `rdm Umdl4





3. B``bets d` tcb Umdl ?

Kbehusb tcb dzdjb fs fmpdrthjt rbhsdj d` `drmhtfdj d` smdl, wb chvb td njdw cbr

b``bets fj tcb cbhitc hja bedjdmy?

h. B``bet d` smdl dj tcb cbhitc?

Uefbjtfsts chvb kbbj stuayfjl tcb b``bets d` dzdjb dj cumhj cbhitc `dr mhjy ybhrs. Ud `hr,

tcby chvb `duja tcht dzdjb ehj ehusb sbvbrhi typbs d` scdrt-tbrm cbhitc b``bets fj tcb iujls?

*- Dzdjb ehj frrfthtb tcb rbspfrhtdry systbm ?

\cbj tcfs chppbjs, ydu mflct sthrt edulcfjl, `bbi hj frrfthtfdj fj ydur tcrdht, hja/dr

bxpbrfbjeb hj ujedm`drthkib sbjshtfdj fj ydur ecbst. Qcbsb symptdms ehj ihst `dr h `bw

cdurs h`tbr dzdjb bxpdsurb hja mhy bvbj kbedmb phfjùi.

*- Dzdjb ehj rbaueb iujl ùjetfdj ?

\cbj sefbjtfsts rb`br td ‒iujl ùjetfdj,‐ tcby mbhj tcb vdiumb d` hfr tcht ydu arhw fj

wcbj ydu thnb h ùii krbhtc hja tcb spbba ht wcfec ydu hrb hkib td kidw ft dut. Dzdjb ehj

mhnb ft mdrb af``feuit `dr ydu td krbhtcb hs abbpiy hja vfldrdusiy hs ydu jdrmhiiy wduia.

\cbj tcfs chppbjs, ydu mhy jdtfeb tcht krbhtcfjl sthrts td

`bbi ujedm`drthkib. F` ydu hrb bxbrefsfjl dr wdrnfjl

dutaddrs, ydu mhy jdtfeb tcht ydu hrb thnfjl mdrb rhpfa hja

schiidw krbhtcs tchj jdrmhi. [baueba iujl ùjetfdj ehj kbh phrtfeuihr prdkibm `dr dutaddr wdrnbrs, edmpbtftfvb

htcibtbs, hja dtcbr pbdpib wcd bxbrefsb dutaddrs.

*- Dzdjb ehj hllrhvhtb hstcmh?

\cbj dzdjb ibvbis hrb cflc, mdrb hstcmhtfes chvb

hstcmh htthens tcht rbqufrb h adetdr‖s httbjtfdj dr tcb usb d`

haaftfdjhi mbafehtfdj. Djb rbhsdj tcfs chppbjs fs tcht dzdjb

mhnbs pbdpib mdrb sbjsftfvb td hiibrlbjs, wcfec hrb tcb

mdst edmmdj trfllbrs `dr hstcmh htthens. (Hiibrlbjs edmb

`rdm aust mftbs, edenrdhecbs, pbts, ùjlus, hja pdiibj.) Hisd, hstcmhtfes hrb mdrb sbvbrbiy

h``betba ky tcb rbaueba iujl ùjetfdj hja frrfthtfdj tcht dzdjb ehusbs fj tcb rbspfrhtdry

systbm. Dzdjb ehj fjìhmb hja ahmhlb tcb ifjfjl d` tcb iujl. Udmb sefbjtfsts chvb edmphrba

dzdjb‖s b``bet dj tcb ifjfjl d` tcb iujl td tcb b``bet d` sujkurj dj tcb snfj. Dzdjb ahmhlbs

tcb ebiis tcht ifjb tcb hfr sphebs fj tcb iujl. \ftcfj h `bw ahys, tcb ahmhlba ebiis hrb rbpiheba

hja tcb dia ebiis hrb scba ‑ muec fj tcb why tcht snfj pbbis h`tbr sujkurj. F` tcfs nfja d`

ahmhlb deeurs rbpbhtbaiy, tcb iujl mhy echjlb pbrmhjbjtiy fj h why tcht eduia ehusb idjl

tbrm cbhitc b``bets hja h idwbr quhifty d` if`b.

\cht F ad `dr prdtbet my cbhitc4

• Hvdfa dutaddr strbjudus wdrn drbxbrefsb.

• Uthy fjaddrs fj h eddi, wbiivbjtfihtba piheb.• Hvdfa kbfjl dutsfab hrduja cflctrh``fe hrbhs hja aurfjl pbhn rusccdur tfmbs td mfjfmfzb ydurbxpdsurb td smdl.• F` ydu must kb dutsfab, sthy dutd` tcb suj hja arfjn idts d` whtbr.

(JRLBJQ, ;77;)





*- Uefbjtfsts suspbet tcht dzdjb mhy chvb dtcbr b``bets dj

pbdpib‖s cbhitc?

Dzdjb mhy hllrhvhtb ecrdjfe iujl afsbhsbs, suec hs bmpcysbmh hja krdjecftfs. Hisd,

stuafbs fj hjfmhis sullbst tcht dzdjb mhy rbaueb tcb fmmujb systbm‖s hkfifty td `flct d``

khetbrfhi fj`betfdjs fj tcb rbspfrhtdry systbm. Mdst d` tcbsb b``bets hrb edjsfabrba td kb scdrt-

tbrm b``bets kbehusb tcby bvbjtuhiiy ebhsb djeb tcb fjafvfauhi fs jd idjlbr bxpdsba td

bibvhtba ibvbis d` dzdjb. Cdwbvbr, sefbjtfsts hrb edjebrjba tcht rbpbhtba scdrt-tbrm

k. Bedjdmfe Fmphets d` Umdl?

mdl fmphets tcb bedjdmy dj sbvbrhi ibvbis, tcb mdst sbrfdus kbfjl rbihtba td cbhitc-ehrb edsts. Cdwbvbr, tcb smdl prdkibm fj Ehjhah hisd h``bets tcb bedjdmy tcrdulcrbauetfdjs fj hlrfeuiturhi yfbias hja tcb pdtbjtfhi idss d` tdurfsm adiihrs hs h rbsuit d`

aberbhsba vfsfkfifty ht sebjfe tdurfst abstfjhtfdjs.

Cbhitc-Ehrb Edsts? Qcb sbrfdus cbhitc b``bets d` smdl hisd chvb sfljf`fehjt

bedjdmfe fmphets. Heedrafjl td tcb Djthrfd Mbafehi Hssdefhtfdj, hfr pdiiutfdj fs bstfmhtba tdedst tcb prdvfjeb mdrb tchj $8 kfiifdj pbr ybhr aub td cdspfthi hamfssfdjs, bmbrlbjey rddmvfsfts hja hksbjtbbfsm. \cbj tcb edsts d` phfj, su``brfjl hja idss d` if`b `rdm pdiiutba hfr hrbhaaba td tcfs `flurb, tcb tdthi hjjuhi bedjdmfe idss fs bstfmhtba td kb $87 kfiifdj h ybhr. Qcfshmdujt fs bxpbetba td fjerbhsb td $8; kfiifdj ky tcb ybhr ;782. Heedrafjl td twd rbpdrts,cdwbvbr, ft fs pdssfkib td sfljf`fehjtiy rbaueb tcbsb bsehihtfjl cbhitc ehrb edsts. H 8660Djthrfd ldvbrjmbjt rbpdrt ehieuihtba tcht rbauefjl nby smdl pdiiuthjts ky 12% wduia rbsuitfj 867 `bwbr ehrafhe hja rbspfrhtdry cdspfthi hamfssfdjs, 0,;77 `bwbr bmbrlbjey rddm vfsfts

`dr hstcmh, hja kbtwbbj 5 hja 1 mfiifdj `bwbr bpfsdabs d` heutb rbspfrhtdry symptdms pbrybhr. Utuafbs fj Lrbhtbr Phjeduvbr chvb `duja tcht mdrb tchj ;,<77 prbmhturb abhtcs hja55,777 bmbrlbjey rddm vfsfts eduia kb hvdfaba dvbr 57 ybhrs wftc h ;2% rbauetfdj fj WM.

Hlrfeuiturhi Edsts? Hs afseussba bhrifbr, smdl ahmhlbs `hrm erdps hja vblbthtfdj,

tcbrbky rbauefjl yfbias d` bedjdmfehiiy fmpdrthjt erdps, suec hs sdykbhjs, nfajby kbhjs,wcbht hja edttdj. Fj tcb Rjftba Uthtbs, hlrfeuiturhi idssbs aub td D5 chvb kbbj bstfmhtba td kb

kbtwbbj $8 hja $5 kfiifdj hjjuhiiy.

Qdurfsm Adiihrs? \ftc vfsfkfifty rbaueba ky hs muec hs 37% fj sdmb hrbhs hs h

rbsuit d` hfr pdiiutfdj, tcb idss d` tdurfsm adiihrs, phrtfeuihriy fj hrbhs wcbrb pbdpib hrb arhwj

td tcb ‒`rbsc hfr‐ hja sebjfe ihjasehpbs d` jhtfdjhi phrns hja wfiabrjbss hrbhs, eduia kbsuksthjtfhi.

U




Ky ? MBUUBLRBM Cbmzh ;

Edjeiusfdj?

\cht ehj F ad td ifmft d` hefa rhfj hja tcb smdl4

Nbbp tcb mdtdr vbcfeib rbluihriy sbrvfeba hja tcb tyrbs fjìhtba td tcb mhju`heturbr'sspbef`fehtfdjs. Qcfs wfii bjsurb tcb ehr fs rujjfjl b``fefbjtiy hja jdt bmfttfjl

bxebssfvb pdiiuthjts.

\cbj ydu trhab fj ydur dia ehr, rbpiheb ft wftc h ùbi-b``fefbjt, idw bmfssfdj ehr.

Ecben dut tcb ùbi edjsumptfdj ihkbi, wcfec jdw chs td kb afspihyba dj jbw ehrs. @dr

edmmbrefhi vbcfeibs (5.2 tdjjbs lrdss vbcfeib mhss hja dvbr), tcb Hitbrjhtfvb @ubis

Edjvbrsfdj Wrdlrhm fs hvhfihkib.

Fjstbha d` usfjl h ehr, try rfafjl h kfnb dr whinfjl, hja usb kusbs, trhms dr trhfjs

wcbjbvbr ydu ehj.

Rsb bjbrly b``fefbjt hppifhjebs. Iddn `dr tcb Bjbrly Uthr idld wcbj kuyfjl h

edmputbr, prfjtbr dr sehjjbr, QP, PE[, huafd dr APA prdauet> dr tcb Bjbrly [htfjl

dj tcb jbxt hfr edjaftfdjbr, eidtcbs arybr, whscfjl mhecfjb, afscwhscbr, `rfalb dr

`rbbzbr ydu purechsb.

F` rbjdvhtfjl dr kufiafjl, usb bjbrly-b``fefbjt absfljs hja mhtbrfhis.

Qurj d`` ujjbebsshry bibetrfehi hppifhjebs ht tcb pdwbr pdfjt wcbrbvbr pdssfkib.

Mhnb ft ydur ldhi td purechsb 'lrbbj pdwbr' ‑ pdwbr lbjbrhtba `rdm eibhj, rbjbwhkib

bjbrly sdurebs.

Lbjbrhtb ydu dwj lrbbj pdwbr ‑ fjvbstflhtb tcb Uthtb Ldvbrjmbjt's Udihr Cdt \htbr

[bkhtb, Wcdtd-vdithfe [bkhtb hja tcb [bmdtb [bjbwhkib Wdwbr Lbjbrhtfdj lrhjts.

Ifmft tcb wdda `frbs ht cdmb. \bhr whrmbr eidtcbs hs ydur `frst hetfdj td nbbp whrm.F` ydu hrb kuyfjl h sidw edmkustfdj wdda cbhtbr, mhnb surb ft mbbts tcb Hustrhifhj

Uthjahra HU1785 hja fs fjsthiiba edrrbetiy, heedrafjl td HU;683.

Uecddis ehj lbt fjvdivba wftc Hfr whtec, h prdlrhm `dr prfmhry hja sbedjahry

secddis wcbrb stuabjts ehj kbedmb pdiiutfdj whtecadls fj tcbfr idehi hrbh




Ky ? MBUUBLRBM Cbmzh ;8

fkifdlrhpcy?

cttp?//www. bph.ldv/hefarhfj/bauehtfdj/tbheclufab.pa`

cttp?//www.bph.ldv/sujwfsb/ade/summbrtfmb.pa`

cttp?//www.bph.ldv/hfrjdw/tbhecbrs/dzdjb-ibssdj-tbhecbr.pa`

cttp?//iblhey.idjadj.ldv.un/mhydr/bjvfrdjmbjt/hfrTquhifty/ades/27TybhrsTdj.pa`

cttp?//www.be.le.eh/Wukifehtfdjs/HA7;1K0K-H83K-173A-HEH;-

26K8K1B71305%2EEhjhafhjUmdlUefbjebHssbssmbjtCflciflctsHjaNbyMbsshlbs.pa`

cttp?//www.iujl.eh/prdtbet-prdtblbz/pdiiutfdj-pdiiutfdj/dutaddr-bxtbrfdr/smdl-smdlTb.pcp

http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/doc/summertime.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/airnow/teachers/ozone-lesson-teacher.pdf

http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/air_quality/docs/50_years_on.pdf

http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/AD024B6B-A18B-408D-ACA2-59B1B4E04863%5CCanadianSmogScienceAssessmentHighlightsAndKeyMessages.pdf


http://www.lung.ca/protect-protegez/pollution-pollution/outdoor-exterior/smog-smog_e.php





http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/air_quality/docs/50_years_on.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/airnow/teachers/ozone-lesson-teacher.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/doc/summertime.pdf

acid rain and the smog

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