achieving no net loss for people and biodiversity · sustainable livelihood 1 000 000 ugx / year 1...
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AchievingNoNetLossforpeopleand
biodiversity
VictoriaGriffiths
DPhilStudent
OxfordUniversity
VicGriffiths1
• ExpandNNLtoincludepeople’ssocialandculturalvaluesassociatedwithbiodiversity
• NNLforbothpeopleandnature?
• NNLpolicies:achieveaNNLofbiodiversityandasocialNNL
Researchaim
Researchquestions
1. Conceptualising‘socialNNL’
2. Perceivedimpactstowellbeing&lossofaccesstonature
4. Compensatingforlostculturalheritage
3. Preferredoffsetpolicies
http://www.thesafaricompany.co.za/Map_Uganda.htm
Casestudies
Casestudies
EuropeanInvestmentBank©EIBPhotolibrary
Bujagali HPP(250MW)
• Completedin2012• PredominantlyWorldBankfunded• FloodedBujagali Falls
Isimba HPP(183.2MW)
• DownstreamofBujagali• Underconstruction(2018)• ChineseandUgandanGovernments
http://english.cwe.cn/show.aspx?id=2992&cid=132
Casestudies
Kalagala Offset
• Offsetincludes:
• Kalagala Falls& Itanda Rapids
• Nopowergenerationactivities
• Developtourismactivitiesatthefalls
• Conserve Mabira &6otherCFRs
• Isimba impact?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabira_Forest
LakeVictoria
Mabira CentralForestReserve
This image cannot currently be Isimba Dam(2)
Itanda Rapids
Kalagala Falls
Bujagali Dam(1)
KalagalaOffsetCatchment
Studyarea
Rapids,Rafting,Bujagali &Isimba dams
Agriculture
Studyarea
Fishing
Studyarea
Sandmining
Brickmaking
Studyarea
CentralForestReserves(CFRs)
Studyarea
Culturalandspiritualvalues
Studyarea
METHODS1. Scopingtrip:April/May2016
2. Datacollection:September2016- February2017
LakeVictoria
B-West(Kikubamutwe)
B-East(Kyabirwa)
K-West(Kalagala)
K-East(Bubogo Bugobi)
I-West(Nampaanyi)
I-East(Bwase Buseta)
Kalagala Offsetextent
Methods
• FocusGroupDiscussions(FGD)
• FGD1:
• Livelihoodactivities• Useofnaturalresources• Environmental&socialactivities
• FGD2:
• Changeinwellbeing
Methods
• FGD3:
• Spiritualsites
• Importanceofculturalheritage
• Importanceofculturalheritagetowellbeing
12FGDspervillage
Methods
• Householdsurveys
– Approx.1300– HH’srandomlyselected– Piloted
Methods
Researchquestions
1. Conceptualising‘socialNNL’
2. Perceivedimpactstowellbeing&lossofaccesstonature
4. Compensatingforlostculturalheritage
3. Preferredoffsetpolicies
• Perceptionsinfluenceattitudesandacceptance
• Includelocalpeopleinthedecision-makingprocess!
• StakeholderengagementintheESIAprocess
• Preferencesforoffsetactivitiescaninfluenceitssocialacceptabilityandsustainability
4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities
Choice card 5
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
Sustainablelivelihood 1000000UGX
/year
1000000UGX
/year
500000UGX
/year
Employment 70
140 140
Tourismrevenuesharing
0revenuesharing
Treeplantingand
removalofalientrees
Accesstospiritualsites
Visitors– 1000UGX
Residents– 500UGX
Visitors– 0UGX
Residents– 0UGX
Visitors– 1000UGX
Residents– 500UGX
Choice:
ChoiceExperiment
Questions:
1. Whatsocialactionsnaturalresource-dependentpeopleinadevelopingcountrypreferaspartofabiodiversityoffset
2. Whethersocio-demographicvariablesinfluencethesepreferences
3. Whetherthesepreferencesdifferbetweengeographicallyseparatevillages
4. Whetherpreferencesdifferbetweenvillagesexperiencingdifferentdegreesofeconomicdevelopment
4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities
• Offsettingactivitiesthatimprovedsocialoutcomesfor:
4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities
http://www.brendansadventures.com
Wholevillage
VS
Individuallytargetedactivities
• Somesocialbenefitswerefavouredoverothers
4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities
1. Tourismrevenuesharing–investmentincommunitydevelopment
Highpopulationgrowthrate&highlevelsofpovertyinUganda
=
needformoredevelopmentandimprovementofservices
Wholevillage
• ImprovingthedegradedCFRs
4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities
3. Treeplantingprogramme
2. Tourismrevenuesharing– restorationandmanagementofCFRs
3. Respondentsopposedclearing
• Approx.85%ofUganda’sruralpopulationisreliantonnaturalresources
Wholevillage
4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities
4. Paymenttoaccessspiritualsites
• Negativeattitudestowardsfreeaccessforeveryone
Wholevillage
Questions:
1. Whatactionsnaturalresource-dependentpeopleinadevelopingcountrypreferaspartofabiodiversityoffset
2. Whethersocio-demographicvariablesinfluencethesepreferences
3. Whetherthesepreferencesdifferbetweengeographicallyseparatevillages
4. Whetherpreferencesdifferbetweenvillagesexperiencingdifferentdegreesofeconomicdevelopment
4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities
Preferenceheterogeneity:
Results
Education:
• Attitudestowardsrevenuesharing
• Moreeducatedtheperson,themorenegativetheywere
Gender:
• Attitudestowardsrevenuesharing
• Comparedtothebaseline,men’spreferenceforinvestmentinCFRswasgreaterthanthatofwomen
Questions:
1. Whatactionsnaturalresource-dependentpeopleinadevelopingcountrypreferaspartofabiodiversityoffset
2. Whethersocio-demographicvariablesinfluencethesepreferences
3. Whetherthesepreferencesdifferbetweengeographicallyseparatevillages
4. Whetherpreferencesdifferbetweenvillagesexperiencingdifferentdegreesofeconomicdevelopment
4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities
B-West
B-East
K-West K-East
I-WestI-East
MethodsResults– individualvillages
Geographicvariability:
Tourismrevenuesharing
B-WestB-East
K-West K-East
I-WestI-East
MethodsResults– individualvillages
Geographicvariability:
$$$No$$$
Researchquestions
1. Conceptualising‘socialNNL’
2. Perceivedimpactstowellbeing&lossofaccesstonature
4. Compensatingforlostculturalheritage
3. Preferredoffsetpolicies
Preliminaryfindings
Howimportantisculturalheritagetowellbeing?
B-WestB-East
K-West K-East
I-WestI-East
Preliminaryfindings
Howimportantisculturalheritagetowellbeing?
Preliminaryfindings
Howdoyoufeelaboutthelossofsacredsitesinyourvillage?
Thelesspoorpeopleare,thelesssadtheytheyareaboutthedestructionofthesacredsites
Preliminaryfindings
• Spirits
“Heunderstandsculturalheritagethroughspirits.Hehasshrineswithhisfamilyspiritsathishousehold”
(Kikubamutwe (B-West),men’sFGD)
ThematicAnalysis:
Preliminaryfindings
• Nature
Preliminaryfindings
ThematicAnalysis:
• Medicinalherbs
• Totems
• Sacredsites
• Barkcloth
“Whenachildisborn,itissusceptibletomanysicknesses,soitisgivenandbathedindifferentherbstopreventandcurethevariousdiseases.Therearecertaindiseasesthatcanonlybecuredwithherbs”
(Bubugo Bugobi,women’sFGD)
• Culturalheritagechanging
• Changedfortheworse• Becomelessimportanttopeople
• Religion• Westernculture• Modernity• Developmentprojects
“Eversincethedamwasconstructed,everythinggotspoilt.Itdestroyedthefallsandtreesandothersacredsites”
(Kyabirwa,men’sFGD)
Preliminaryfindings
ThematicAnalysis:
Thingstostillthinkabout…..
• CulturalheritageassessmentsinESIAprocess
• Lostculturalheritage:
• Relocation?
• Compensation?
• NNLofbiodiversity,culturalheritage &SocialNNL
Preliminaryfindings
Thankyouandquestions?
Acknowledgements:
• E.J.Milner-Gulland(Oxford)• JosephBull(WildBusiness)• JuliaBaker(BalfourBeatty)• Dilys Roe(IIED)• NEMA• NatureUganda• WCSUganda• NickHanley• OlegSheremet VicGriffiths1
Email:[email protected]