accounting for sustainability - tmi · accounting for sustainability ... millennium ecosystem...

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Simon [email protected]

Accounting for

sustainability

(Inconv enient Truths and Conv enient Solutions)

Source: Global Footprint Network / Best Foot Forward

Humanity’s Ecological Footprint 1961 - 2003

SUSTAINABILITY GAP

“Unless we change direction, we are likely to end up where we are going”

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At the moment, we are using 25% more than the Earth can

sustainably provide.Source: Global Footprint Network / Best Foot Forward

Rising to 100% by 2050.


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Year of Peak Fish Harv estHarvest peak

Pre-peak

Post-peak

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and Sea Around Us proj ect


Pre-peak

Post-peak


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Pre-peak

Post-peak


Source: Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. 2003

Our rising carbon footprint is

of particular concern

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Source: IPCC 4th Assessment report (February 2007)

Change in Temperature, Sea Lev el &

Northern Hemisphere Snow Cov er.

“11 of the last 12 years (1995 -2006) rank among the 12 warmest… since 1850.”

Source: Brooks & Adger (Ambio, In Press)

Global Frequency of Climate-related Disasters

“The climate is an angry beast and we are poking at it with sticks”

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Climate change by degrees

Probably unavoidable

(>350 ppm CO2)

Emissions peak 2015 (400ppm CO2)



Emissions peak > 2050

(>650ppm CO2)

Amazon carbon f/b loop

Arctic ice-albedo f/b loop

Siberian methane f/b

Ocean methane hydrate release

Elimination of most life

1°

2°

3°

4°

5°

Source: Lynas (2007) Six Degrees : our future on a hotter planet (figures based on 75% certainty)

Options for stabilisation (450/550ppm CO2e)

Source: Stern Review 2006

“Stabilisation - at whatever level - requires that annual emissions be brought down to the level that balances the Earth’s natural capacity to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. .. This is more than 80% below the absolute level of current annual emissions.”

STOP PRESS:

EU agrees to 20% reductions by 2020

possibly increasing to 30%

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Consumption varies by regionConsumption varies by region

Ave

rag

e p

er

capita f

ootp

rint

(gha)


Action programmesAction programmes

Our Experience and

Understanding

Stepwise, Regional Stepwise, Corporate Stepwise, Personal Stepwise and

Lifesty le Stepwise are all trademarks of Best Foot Forward Limited.

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The PathwayThe Pathway

Carbon footprintCarbon footprint

• Carbon footprint

– the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted through

the combustion of fossil fuels both onsite and up the supply chain

– Apply boundaries from WBCSD’s GHG protocol

– Scope 3

• carbon up the supply chain (or embodied carbon) is poorly

detailed in GHG protocol

• BFF have developed internal accounting rules compliant with

Carbon Trust draft standard

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Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint

• More complex indicator

• Accounts for different types of resource use in

land area

• Results reported in gha

• Linked to “One Planet

Living”

Organisation FootprintOrganisation Footprint

• 5 components:

– Energy

– Commuting

– Business travel

– Materials

– Waste

• Results show relative impact of each component

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BFF Trend DataBFF Trend Data

• In 2002 fl ights to

Scotland had a

significant impact on

the footprint in

comparison to 2004

• Products & Waste EF

was also reduced due

to capital goods (PCs)

purchased in 2002.0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

2000 2002 2004

Year

Ec

olo

gic

al

foo

tpri

nt

(gh

a)

Land use

Water

P roduct s & wast e

Transport

D irec t energy

Office Footprints Office Footprints –– Direct EnergyDirect Energy

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

BFF Off ice 1 Off ice 2 Of fice 3 Of fice 4 Best Pract ice Typical

Heat ing(kWh)

E lect ric ity

Use (kWh)

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

BFF Office 1 Office 2 Office 3 Office 4 Best Practice Typical

Heating( tonn es

CO2)

Electricity

Use ( tonne sCO2)

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CCW Total Footprint CCW Total Footprint

Countryside Council for Wales

• The total ecological

f ootprint f or 2003/4 was

1,253 gha,or 2.1 gha

per staf f member

• This is roughly

equiv alent to 5%

of the land area

managed by organisation

42%

0.04% 5%

53%

Direct Energy

Materials & Waste

Transport

Water

CCW CCW -- Drilling down to the Drilling down to the

Transport FootprintTransport Footprint

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284196

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Commuting

105

Business Travel

Car or van – petrolCar or van – dieselCar or van – Hybrid 4x4Bus Rail & undergroundWalking & bicycleCarBus MotorbikeRail & undergroundWalking & bicycle

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CCW CCW -- Normalised IndicatorsNormalised Indicators

Key indicators for 2003/4 include:

Ecological footprint per staff member 2.1 gha

Ecological footprint per £’000 spend 5.2 gha

Ecological footprint per NNR 19 gha

Ecological footprint per Visitor 0.0005 gha

Ecological footprint per Office 66 gha

Ecological footprint per ha managed 0.05 gha

ENDS carbon footprint conferenceENDS carbon footprint conference

• BFF commissioned to calculate total emissions

• Direct data collection on

the day

• Additional elements estimated and added

• Assumptions clearly listed in report

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Product FootprintsProduct Footprints

• Same principle can be applied to calculate the impacts of discrete products

• Carbon Trust initiative with:

– Walkers crisps

– Innocent smoothies

– Boots shampoo

• Possibility of carbon labels appearing widely on consumer products in the future

COCO22 Breakdown of a South African AppleBreakdown of a South African Apple

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Soft DrinksSoft Drinks

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

Drink 1 Drink 2 Drink 3 Dr ink 4 Drink 5 Drink 6 Drink 7

CO

2 (T

onnes)

Transpor t

Waste

Energy &

water

Packaging

Ingredient

0 .0 000

0 .0 005

0 .0 010

0 .0 015

0 .0 020

0 .0 025

0 .0 030

0 .0 035

D rink 1 Drink 2 Drink 3 Drink 4 Drink 5 D rink 6 Drink 7

CO

2 (T

onnes)

Transpo rt

Waste

Ene rgy &

wat er

Pac kaging

Ingredient

CO2 f rom total

production

CO2 per litre

Bottles vs. CansBottles vs. Cans

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Office chair Office chair –– material “big hitters”material “big hitters”

Diecast Aluminium

(Powder coa ted)

77%

Nylon

6%

P olythene

< 1%

High Impact

Styrene

1%

Steel

2%

Polyurethane

5%

Polychloropre ne

< 1%

Paper

< 1%

Other plastic

< 1%

Zinc Zulphate -

Glue

< 1%

Polypropylene

(PP )

8%

How much carbon are you sitting How much carbon are you sitting

on?on?

Carbon footprint per chair

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Cha ir 1 Non-Re cycled

Chair 1 PartlyRe cycled

Cha ir 2 Non-Recycled

Cha ir 2 Par tlyRecycle d

Chair 2 WithRe cycled Alu minium

Ch air 3 Non-Re cycled

Cha ir 3 Recycled Chair 4

CO

2 em

iss

ion

s (k

g)

Tra nspor t

Energ y

Wast e

Ma terials

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PV solar panelPV solar panel

Variable Production EfficiencyVariable Production Efficiency

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All things are relativeAll things are relative

Everyday business objects and activities – kg CO2 per year

Carbon neutralCarbon neutral

• What does carbon neutral mean?

– Emissions f rom a person, product or organisation are offset to leave a net

zero or “neutral” carbon balance

• How is it done?

– There are a range of of f set schemes including tree planting, technology

substitution and inv esting in tradable permits

• What are the benefits?

– Some projects make a tangible dif ference

– There will alway s be a residual carbon impact

• What are the problems?

– Projects/schemes funded – do they make a difference?

– Traceability & additionality

– Too cheap & simply allev iate guilt

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Application for UK tourismApplication for UK tourism

• High interest from tourism sector

• Approaches

– Differentiation of hotel chain

– Benefits of UK-based holidays

• It’s a numbers game– Control and influence of tourists

Challenge: 130% growth in mobilityChallenge: 130% growth in mobility

Trillion (1012) of passenger kilometres per year

Source: WBCSD Sustainable Mobility Proj ect , Goldman Sachs

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Challenge: corresponding COChallenge: corresponding CO22 increaseincrease

Source: WBCSD Sustainable Mobility Proj ect, Stern Review

Gigatonnes (109) CO2 equiv alent emissions per year

“Transport was the fastest growing sector in OECD countries and the

second fastest growing sector in non-OECD countries between 1990 and 2002 (emissions increasing by 25% and 36% respectively).”

Modal SwitchModal Switch

Ful l occupancy

CO2 only

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

Br is tol Te mpleMe ads

Edin burgh Birming ham Lee ds Man che ster

L eeds Birmingha m Manc hes ter Edinbu rg h Edinbu rg h

By plane

By car

By t rain

Ful l occupancy

CO2 only

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

Br is tol Te mpleMe ads

Edin burgh Birming ham Lee ds Man che ster

L eeds Birmingha m Manc hes ter Edinbu rg h Edinbu rg h

By plane

By car

By t rain

Comparison of 5 journeys by 3 different modes

(kgCO2 per journey - assuming full occupancy)

Modal switches can make more than 3x difference in CO2 emissions

Source: Best Foot Forward. Note: figures do not account for additional climate impact of air travel (x1.9)

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Technology Technology -- ferriesferries

0.000

0.250

0.500

0.750

1.000

1.250

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Different ferry routes

kgC

O2 p

er

passen

ger

km

Analysis of 25 ferry routes showed 10x difference in efficiency (CO2 per passenger km)

Source: Best Foot Forward

How do ‘green’ hotel strategies affect the How do ‘green’ hotel strategies affect the

carbon footprint?carbon footprint?

• Laundering processes

• Reusable items

• Recycling schemes

• Installing reclaimed materials

• Locally sourced food

• Water conservation and rainwater harvesting

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Data Data -- bedroombedroom

Data Data -- kitchenkitchen

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Actions for youActions for you

• Where can you have the greatest reduction?

– Personal lifestyle or professional influence

• Which components are most significant?

– Undertake some kind of baseline measurement

– Travel, energy, materials, waste

• Set targets for reductions

• Integrate sustainability into all other processes

• Monitor progress

Simple fixesSimple fixes

• Travel

– Reduction, efficiency, modal switching

• Energy

– Behaviour, technology, supplier

• Materials

– Procurement, lifespan, consumption patterns

• Waste

– Source, treatment

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FootprinterFootprinter™™ tooltool

www.footprinter.com

What needs to be done?What needs to be done?

Goals

1. 80% reduction in emissions by 2050

2. Increased resource efficiency

Actions

1. Measurement of impacts

2. Integrated reduction strategies

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For more information…For more information…

• www.bestfootforward.com

• www.ecologicalfootprint.com

• www.footprinter.com

• BFF, The Future Centre,

115 Magdalen Rd,

Oxford OX4 1RQ.

Tel: 01865 250818.

• ACCA Report

• Sharing Nature’s Interest

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