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AcademicLectureListenings

Aselectionofuniversitylecturesfromtopuniversities

Contents

Level:*****[C1]StanfordUniversity1.SellyourideaslikeSteveJobs[freedownload]

OxfordLecture–Economy/architecture2.UKInfrastructuredevelopment

NASALecture–Science3.HowtosearchforlifeonotherplanetsMedicalLecture–Cardiology4.Naturalstrategiesforhealth

UniversityofSouthAustraliaLecture–Business5.MarketinginarecessionYaleLecture–Law&Politics6.LandandpropertyrightsRSALecture–Psychology7.ThesecretpoweroftimeEdinburghLecture–Psychology8.Ageingworld,ageingmind

Copyright:Thesematerialsarephotocopiablebutpleaseleavealllogosandwebaddressesonhandouts.Pleasedon’tpostthesematerialsontotheweb.Thankyou

UK



Sell your ideas like Steve Jobs – Carmine Gallo StanfordUniversity[Link:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0q-wvAIeUgk]

From your notes try to answer some of these questions

1. Whatisthetitleofthepresentation?

2. Whatdoeshemeanby'anewwayatlookingatanoldproblem'?

3. What'sthenameofhisbestseller?

4. Whatisthepremisehestartswith?

5. IntheSteveJobs(S.J)informalmeetingvideo,whatdoeshestateaboutpassion?

6. WhatisthereferencetoRichardTate?

7. WhatwasthereferencetoStarbucksabout?

8. Whatdoyouunderstandfrom'thebigpicture'andthereferencetoTwitter?

9. Whatdoyouunderstandfromcreatingastorywithaheroandavillain?



10. S.Jpresentationshave3elements,whatarethey?

11. HowdidS.JintroducetheiPad?

12. Howshouldyoubringnumbersintoapresentation?

13. Whatisdiscussedonthetopicof'picturesuperiority'?

14. Whatisdiscussedonthetopicof'emotionallychargedevents'?

15. Whatarethe3mainpointswithmasteringstagepresence?

16. Areyousellingdreamsorproductsandwhy?

17. S.JtalksabouttheAppleBrand-namesomeofthethingshesays?

18. Whatisthe'onemorething...'inApplepresentations?

19. Thefinalsummaryis....

20. Criticalthinking:Doyouagreewiththislecture?Whatdidyoulike/dislike?CanweallbelikeSteveJobs?Maybe,somepeoplehavemorecharismathanothers?Canwealwaysbepassionateabouteverythingwepresent?Surely,Apple's'thinkdifferently'and'believeinyourdreams'areintelligentmarketingphrases-madetomakeusthinkwearespecial,whenwearereallythesameaseveryoneelse?Anythingelse?



Sell your ideas like Steve Jobs – ANSWERS 1)Whatisthetitleofthepresentation?Thenewrulesofpersuasivepresentations2)Whatdoeshemeanby'anewwayatlookingatanoldproblem'?Howdowesellournewideaseffectively?3)What'sthenameofhisbestseller?ThepresentationsecretsofSteveJobs4)Whatisthepremisehestartswith?'Apersoncanhavethegreatestideaintheworldbutifthatpersoncannotconvinceothers-itdoesn'tmatter!'5)IntheSteveJobs(S.J)informalmeetingvideo,whatdoeshestateaboutpassion?Peoplewithpassioncanchangetheworldforthebetter.6)WhatisthereferencetoRichardTate?Createdaboardgamecalled‘Cranium’–everyonesaiditwouldn’twork,followedhisdreams,inspiresself-esteem,HQisfunandenthusiastic,soldamilliongameswithnoadvertising.Greatideascomefromfeeling–don’ttakeNoforananswer.7)WhatwasthereferencetoStarbucksabout?TheCEOininterviewsdoesn’ttalkaboutcoffeebutsellingaworkplace8)Whatdoyouunderstandfrom'thebigpicture'andthereferencetoTwitter?Thebraincravesmeaningbeforedetailsandifyoucan'tsummariseyouideain140charactersthenyoursalespitchisn'tgood.(Examples;Tiger/MorganStanley/MacBookAirslide'thethinnestnotebook'/theBeatlesoniTunes)9)Whatdoyouunderstandfromcreatingastorywithaheroandavillain?Presentingisliketellingagoodstoryandpeoplewantaheroandavillain.ExampleswerethatIBMandApple.Alsoitcanalsobeproblemandasolution,exampleoftheI-phone)10)S.Jpresentationshave3elements,whatarethey?Toinform,educateandentertain11)HowdidS.JintroducetheiPad?ByidentifyingitstasksandusingtheNetbookasthevillain.12)Howshouldyoubringnumbersintoapresentation?Bycontextualisingthem.Examples;5GBiPod=1,000songsinyourpocket/Cissco320TBrouter'powerfulenoughtodownloadcongresslibraryin1sec'



13)Whatisdiscussedonthetopicof'picturesuperiority'?Apictureaids65%memoryprocessingonly10%usingaword.Brainstormideasbeforemakingap.p.t-picturesmeansusingmorethought.14)Whatisdiscussedonthetopicof'emotionallychargedevents'?Moreemotion/feelinginp.p.tthemorethepresentationisremember.Thisisbecauseitreleasesdopamineintothebrainthatrecordstheevent.Examples;SJtakingtheMacBookAiroutofanenvelope.SJintroducestheiPhonebynotshowingitfirstbutbyengagingtheaudience'todayApplewillreinventthephone'.AlsoBillGatestalkingaboutMalaria–hepretendstoreleaseMalariaMosquitoesintotheroom.15)Whatarethe3mainpointswithmasteringstagepresence?65%ofimpressiononpeopleisthroughfacial/gestures/bodylanguage1)eyecontact(80-90%).2)openposture.3)handgestures16)Areyousellingdreamsorproductsandwhy?Sellingdreams-peopleonlycareaboutthemselvesandwhat'sinitforme??17)SJtalksabouttheAppleBrand-namesomeofthethingshesays?Thinkdifferently,peopleneedinspiredproductstochangetheworld,servethepeople,incrazinessweseegenius,focusonthecustomertoarticulatevision.18)Whatisthe'onemorething...'inApplepresentations?Dreambiggerandbelieveinyourdreams.19)Thefinalsummaryis....Deliverandcommunicateyourideaswithconfidence,clarityandpassion.20)Criticalthinking:yourownideashere!



InfrastructuredevelopmentintheUK–LordFosterOxfordUniversity[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPWctvB1ZvI]

From your notes try to answer some of these questions 1.Whatistheoutline?2.Whatishisdefinitionof'infrastructure'?3.Whatisthepointaboutthetwosculptures'Rodansculpture'and'HenryMoore'?4.WhataretheproblemsthattheUKissufferingfromatthemoment?5.WhataretheproblemsconcerningHeathrow?6.Whoisresponsiblefortheinfrastructureoftheenvironment?7.Whydoesheshowapictureofaclassiccar,andtheiPhone?8.Whydoeshediscusscarrotsandfood?9.Whatissaidaboutpastinspirationslike'Bazelgette','Stevenson','Turner','Glenfinnan'and'crystalPalace'?



10.Whydoeshefocuson'WilliamHenryBarlow'?11.Whatisa'haha'?Andhowdoesitconnecttothetalk?12.Whatare'greenbelts'andwhatisdifferencebetweentheUKandEuropehere?13.Whatisthelandscapeinitiative?14.Howcanthisnewsystemhelpshipping?15.WhatisthesuggestionforcongestioninLondon?16.WhataretheparallelbenefitsofreplacingtheThamesBarrier?17.WhatisimportantconcerningairportpassengernumbersandHeathrow?18.Whatcantheproposednewairportbring?



19.Whataretheupsidesanddownsidesofthisinitiative?

20.HowwouldtravellingtotheThamesestuaryairportwork? 21.WhatwillhappentoHeathrow?22.Wherewillthefinancescomefrom?23.Summary24.WhydoeshefinishwithBigBen'Oneminutetomidnight'?Criticalthinking:Whatdoyouthinkaboutthislecture?Doyouagree?Whatdon'tyouagreewith?Dogovernmentsplantoomuchinthepresent?Doeshislecturefocusmoreonthenewairportthantheprosedspinejoiningthenorthtothesouth?Whatcouldbetheproblemswiththeproposedlandscapeinitiativetrainlines?Dopeoplewantcycling/hikingpathsnexttothese?Wouldtherebeavieworanyscenerytolookatonthetrain?Whatcouldbeproblematicwiththeneworbitalandairport?Heathrowhasjustopenedanewterminalandpassengertransportsystem-whatwillhappentothat?Isitagoodinvestmentforacountryinaneconomiccrisis,crippledbydebt?ShouldtheUKinvestnomatterwhat?Whatcouldbethealternatives?Anythingelse?



InfrastructuredevelopmentANSWERS

1.Whatistheoutline?Infrastructure–aprojectwithHalcrowtheengineersandVolterra2.Whatishisdefinitionof'infrastructure'?Usesapictureofagirljumpingfreelyinafieldtoshowconfidenceinthefuture,awarenessoftheneedstocome,andaninvestmentintofuturegenerations.Thequalityoflifeweenjoytodayisbasedontheinitiativesofpeopleinthe19C.3.Whatisthepointmadeaboutthetwosculptures'Rodansculpture'and'HenryMoore'?Publicspacehasaculturaldimension-nobodyknowswhothesebelongto.HenryMooregiftedin1967.Since2001deniedownershipduetomaintenance.Point:thatculturaldimensionisimportant-appearancesmatter.MagnifiestheenvironmentalattheMarcoscaleasallthesebodiesofgovernancefailtotakeresponsibilityatamicroscale.4.WhataretheproblemsthattheUKissufferingfromatthemoment?Ports-difficulttomovethegoodsfromtheportsaroundthecountries.Thephysicalinfrastructureisinsufficientcongestedroads;railwaysystemsareatsaturationpoint,noknowninfrastructuretocome.Electricitypowerstationsarerunningdown.WeneedtobringbroadbandtotheNorth,unemploymentintheNorthistwicethatoftheSouth,houseshortageinSouthEast,anairportthatoncewasavitalhubisbeingovertaken.5.WhataretheproblemsconcerningHeathrow?Onceavitalhubisnowbeingovertakenandneedsdevelopmentandexpansion.Also,itssituationexposesriskandnoisetoamuchlargerpopulationofpeoplethananywhereinEurope.Statisticallyyoucouldarguethatanaccidentwaitingtohappen.6.Whoisresponsiblefortheinfrastructureoftheenvironment?Showsachartofallbodies.Governmentandnon-cabinetdepartmentsplusexecutiveagencies-Point:itisdefuse.ThereishopeinthattheHMTreasuryhasaninfrastructureplanfor2010.Onemissingsignificanceomissionfromthereportisaviation.Question:Doesabodyhavestrengthinlong-termjudgments?7.Whydoesheshowapictureofaclassiccar,andtheiPhone?Innovators/engineersinthepasthavebeenconcernedwiththeaesthetic/civicdimension,thebeautyofthelines,universalappeal.SJfatherwasaclassiccarrestorer.Insideisasbeautifulasoutside.8.Whydoeshediscusscarrotsandfood?Carrotsgoesthroughabeautytest/forevery3basketsoffood33%(40%inIndia,Singapore20%)iswasted.1.3btonnesthrownaway/cost1btodispose.Silverliningisinfrastructuretocreateplants(moralimperativetoreducewaste)thatcreateenergyfromwaste.ExampleisaplantintheNetherlands300,000tonnesofwasteservices70,000



households.Point:theprocessingofwastetoenergy.Atacommunitycity-widescaleshowsgreatpotential.9.Whatissaidaboutpastinspirationslike'Bazelgette','Stevenson','turner','Glenfinnan'and'crystalPalace'?JosephBazalgette1819-1891-integrationofasewersystemincorporateddistrict&circletransportationbelowground,lighteningsystems,plantingtrees.Civicdimensionisinexplicitlywovenintotheutilitarianresponse.GeorgeStevenson1781-1848examplegrowthoftherailwayin1830was150km/1850was11,500km.Turner1844heroicworksofthebeautifiedthelandscape.GlenfinnanViaduct1897-1901reflectedthelandscapetradition.Celebratingindustrythroughwallpaper-crystalpalacegreatexhibitionin1851-celebratestheconfidenceandbeliefinthefuture.(DiscussestheinnovationofStevenson'sgaugeusedinmodernrailwaystoday.)10.Whydoeshefocuson'WilliamHenryBarlow'?WilliamHenryBarlow1812-1902traditionofthegreatengineers-StPancras.TheconstructionshotshowedheplannedforgrowthPoint:-lookingfarahead,optimismaboutfuturegenerations/notconcentratingonthepresent11.Whatisa'haha'?Andhowdoesitconnecttothetalk?Lancelot'capability'Brown1718-1783inspiredbyFrenchpainterfortheiridealisedlandscape.PartoftheNationalheritagetraditioniscalleda'haha'-pictureshowsalandscapeofalandownerslandandhowtheylooktothehorizonbuttheirlandstopshalfwaythrough.Asubtledemarcationline-clevergivesanillusionthelandscapegoesonforever.Point:thistraditionistobepartoftheproposalfortheinfrastructurespine.12.Whatare'greenbelts'andwhatisdifferencebetweentheUKandEuropehere?Fortunatetohavegreenbeltsaroundourcities.LookingatcontinentalEuropetoseetheoppositeeffectwhennogreenbeltprotection-Point:urbanisationandnogreenbeltland.2ndPoint:economicregenerationshouldnotbeinthegreenbeltsastheproblemsrunsdeeperthanthisandmorestrategic13.Whatisthelandscapeinitiative?TheplanisthespineoftheUKConnectivity-greateropportunitiesandequalisegreaterprosperity.Bringingtogetherthingsthatarenormallyquiteseparatesuchaspower,communication,rail,bike,hiking(greenfingers)toenhancethecountrysideratherthanspoiling.Theideaisdepressthetrainintothelandscape,digatrench,creatbanksandcoverpowerlines.Thebiggerpictureis4raillines(highspeedx2,local,freight)power,communication,waterlines,cyclingandhiking=landscapeinitiative.Point:withoutthisinisolationanynewtrain,lotsofstructures,otherimpactsonlandscape.Sensitiveareaswouldbetunnels.



14.Howcanthisnewsystemhelpshipping?LiberatethepotentialoftheUKasafreightcentre,takeadvantageofshippingtradesandtakeawaypressureofcontainers-transportationis80%containersbyroad/20%byrail-equaliseto50:50road/rail-takepressureofftheroad.(Point:wouldresisttheshort-termpressureofbuildingmoreroads).15.WhatisthesuggestionforcongestioninLondon?Theorbital-ByavoidingLondoncompletely/speedupthemovementofnorthtosouth.ThelargerinitiativewouldbeforfundingofasignificantorbitalthatbypassesLondon.ThiscanbeseenthroughthesearoutesenteringtheUKandusingHeathrowtobecomeahubconnectingsouthandnorth.16.WhataretheparallelbenefitsofreplacingtheThamesBarrier?AreplacementfortheThamesBarrier1984-createabarrierwhichisanintegralpartoftheconceptrelatedtoaThamesHub,150%oflandmoreprotected,aproposedairport,crossingbelow,tidalenergyfarm,developtheestuaryareastosatisfythehousingneedsinthesoutheast.Obviouseconomiesofcombiningthesetogether.17.WhatisimportantconcerningairportpassengernumbersandHeathrow?ProjectedAirportpassengersaregrowing(double2010200mppato2030400mppa).Europeancompetitorsgrowth/unusedcapacityforParis26.5%,Frankfurt25.5%,Amsterdam30%,Heathrow1.5%(howdowecatchup?)-alldisadvantagesareadvantagesandleapfrogandtakeadvantageoflocationnotbeingconstrained.Point:astheworldchanges-Heathrowdoesn'thaveanydirectflightstoemergingmarkets/countries(example:isthatifflytoLatinAmerica-havetoflythroughMadrid)weeklyflightsbutnotdailylikeEuropeancompetitors.18.Whatcantheproposednewairportbring?Usingtheestuary-noflightsoverLondon,allapproachesareoverwater.19.Whataretheupsidesanddownsidesofthisinitiative?DownsidesthroughnotdoinganythingatallGDPin2050-willdecrease.Brazilisimportantforgrowth.Upsides:thesiteisamixtureofagriculture,rural-leastdensearea,highdeprivation.Addressingculturalheritage,relocation,comparison,birds20kmofbirdhabitat.(60kmreplacementarea).Birdstrikezone-establishtechnologytofrightenbirdsaway.Allairportsaresharedwithbirds-constant.Upsides:LastflightintoHKairportKaiTak-createdanislandfromamountaintomakeChekLapKok(point:difficultieshaveresultedinoptimismandwidelyreceivedbycustomers).Themovefromoneairportclosetooneopenhappenedovernight.20.HowwouldtravellingtotheThamesestuaryairportwork?Throughparkandrideusingtheorbitalandtheaccessibilityallgoingbyraillocallyandconnectingtotheorbitallinetoairport.Interestingpoint:ManchestertoHeathrow3:15minnewmode1:30.



21.WhatwillhappentoHeathrow?AirportclosedandbecomesanewcommunitybycombiningUniversity,commercial,specialeconomiczones,technologicalparks,entertainmentandincrediblegreenlungs.22.Wherewillthefinancescomefrom?Orbital£20bn,airport£20bn,barriercrossing£6bn,infrastructureupgrade£4bntotal£50bn.Heathrowdebtof£12bnbutestimatedworthof£50bnpossible£20bnsoldoff.Buteachareseparatecomponentsandthereforefundable.23.SummaryRebalancingtheUK,significantlyimprovingtheconnectionstoEuropesoitcanfeedintoEurope,globallyconnectstotheestablishedmarketsbutalsotheemergingmarketstoo.ItbecomesasignificanthubmoresothattheotherEuropeanones.24.WhydoeshefinishwithBigBen'Oneminutetomidnight'?Topossiblyemphasisethattimeisnotonoursideandweneedtoworkquicklyifwearetodowellinthecurrentchangingclimate.



Howwedowesearchforlifeonotherworlds?DrC.McKay NASA[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meTsy1ktQIY]

From your notes try to answer some of these questions 1.Whyisthesearchforlifeinteresting?2.Whydoesheusethefruitoforangesandapplesgraph?3.Wherecanwegetthe2ndgenesisoflifeform?Whatarethe3examplesgiven?4.Whatistheoutlineofthetalk?5.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMarsandVenusinrespecttoevidence?6.DescribethecompositionoftheatmosphereofMars.7.WhatarethecurrentmissionstoMars?8.Whatisthepictureof'Nanedi'about?Whereisthewaternow?



9.Whatistheevidencethatwaterexisted?10.Whydoesn'tMarslooklikeEarthnow?11.WhatisimportantabouttheGuseyCraterandtheconnectiontoEarth?12.IsNASAlookingforfossils?13.AreMarsandEarthbiologicallyisolated?14.HowwillNASAgoaboutsearchingfor'forensicevidence'?15.WhereisthebestplaceonMarstodothis?Andwhatarethelimitations?16.WhatistheevidencethatEuropahaswaterandpossibleoriginsoflife?



17.Howaretheygoingtocollectsamples?18.Thethirdexampleofaplanetis'Enceladus',whereisthis?Andwhatistheevidenceforlifehere?19.Whatdothescientistswanttodeterminewiththesamples?Andhowcantheydothis?20.Summary.Criticalthinking:Doyouagreewitheverythingthatwassaid?Whataretheforeseeableproblemswithsomeoftheseideas?Canresearchreallyviablewhenbasedonphotosandpictures?Whataretheadvantagesoffindingevidenceofbiologicallifeonotherplanets?Isn'titpossiblethatwewillcontaminatetheplanetswithbiologicallifebysendingspacecraftstothem?Micro-organismsareimportant,butsurelywhatwearereallysearchingforisintelligentlifeforms?Whataboutthefundingforsuchresearch,whoisresponsibleforthebillionsofdollarsneeded?Shouldn'tmoreresearchbeplacedintomoreenvironmentalwaysofconservinglifeonEarth?Anythingelse?



Howwedowesearchforlife….ANSWERS 1.Whyisthesearchforlifeinteresting?Overall,thehopeofdiscoveringa2ndGenesisoflife.Butalso,comparativebiology-tocomparethesimilaritiesoflifetoourownandalsotoknowthatlifehascommoncharacteristicsthroughouttheuniversenotjustinEarth2.Whydoesheusethefruitoforangesandapplesgraph?Toemphaisethatthesearchforanotheroriginoflifeislikehavingonlyorangesbutyouwantapples-otherfruittocompare.3.Wherecanwegetthe2ndgenesisoflifefrom?Whatarethe3examplesgiven?Makeinalaboratory/findonMarsorEuropa/listenforthecalling4.Whatistheoutlineofthetalk?Todiscusswhatarethebestworldsforsearchingforevidenceoflifeinthesolarsystemandhowtheyplantodoit.5.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMarsandVenusinrespecttoevidence?Marsisnumber1asithasapastofliquidwater,andatmospherewhichinturnsuggeststhatlifecouldstillbethere.However,Venusisahotsulphuricbathwhereanyevidenceoflifehasprobablygone.6.DescribethecompositionoftheatmosphereofMars.CO2:95%,N:2.7%,Ar:1.6%,H2O:0.03-0.1%,O:0.13%,CO:0.07%.TheProblemiswithpressurebeing100xfinerthanEarth.Earthisabout10/Marsis1000.Thiscreatesatriplepointthatmakesdryice.7.WhatarethecurrentmissionstoMars?4mainmissions-MarsGlobalSurveyor(lost),MarsOdyssey,MarsExploration,MarsExpress,MarsReconnaissanceOrbitor.8.Whatisthepictureof'Nanedi'about?Whereisthewaternow?Itshowswaterflowevidence-aprobablecanyon.Thewateris'possibly'inthePolarregions.9.Whatistheevidencethatwaterexisted?Roverlanded-MeridaniPanum-layeredrocks,moresalt,Blueberries(concretions),saltdistributionallgiverisetoageologicalestimatethat3billionyearsagotherewerelayersofwatermaybe500mmthick-possiblylikeEarth(imageofwetMars)10.Whydoesn'tMarslooklikeEarthnow?DefinitelynotbecauseitisfurtherfromthesunlikesometheoriessuggestBUTit'stoosmall1/10thofEarth,ithasnoplatetectonicsoramagneticfield.Thenoplatetectonicsarea



significantpointbecauseimportantinrecyclingandcarbonisingtheplanet.Thetemperatureis-15.Evidencesuggestsithasbeenalwayscoldwithimagesthatshownoweatheringlikeacolddryclimate.Earthhaschemicalweathering.11.WhatisimportantabouttheGuseyCraterandtheconnectiontoEarth?Itshowsacreatorlakeandalargeriver.Thesurroundingareaisamoonscapesuggestingthatithasneverseenrainmoreevidenceofcoldtemperaturesandice.TheconnectiontoEarthisthatplacesliketheDryValleyofAntarcticaandLakeVanda/OnyxriverareusedforstudyastheyreplicatesimilarconditionstoMars.Thepointisthatmicro-organismshavebeenfoundhereandusedasacasestudyshowsthat'lifegrowsinclimateslikeMars'.12.IsNASAlookingforfossils?No,fossilstellusonlythattherewaslifeonMarsBUTnotthenatureofthatlifeorit'srelationshipifanytolifeonEarth.HediscussesalllifeonEarthisconnectedtoDNA-oneblueprint.ThequestionisMartianlifelinkedtothesametreeoflife?13.AreMarsandEarthbiologicallyisolated?No,rocksandsubstancehaveexchanged-30rocksfoundonEarthhavecomefromMars.Theseareallpossiblemeteorites.example;RockACH84001,0.ThishasbubblesofgasthatarethesameasthecompositionoftheatmospheremeasuredbyViking.BUTdoestheprocessgotheotherway?14.HowwillNASAgoaboutsearchingfor'forensicevidence'?Organismspreservedinpermafrost.TheevidencecomesfromresearchinSiberiawhere'viable'bacteriahasstillbeenfoundaliveinPermafrostthatis3.5millionyearsold.TheyaredrillingintheAntarctic'BeaconValley',whichis8millionyearsold.ThepointistodeveloparcticdrillingandtakethistoMarsBUTthereneedsacalculationforcontamination.15.WhereisthebestplaceonMarstodothis?Andwhatarethelimitations?IntheSouth-thisisseenastheoldpartwherethereisIce.Alsothereisevidenceofcrustalmagneticfeaturesintherockaroundthisarea,thussuggestingthattheareaisrelativelyundisturbedandancient.Thelimitationsarebasedonlongtermdormancy-thefactorsthatdeterminehowlongbacteriacansurviveinice.Theseare1.Thermaldecayand2.radiation(naturalradiactivityfromthecrust)3.Decayoftheorganism.16.WhatistheevidencethatEuropahaswaterandpossibleoriginsoflife?EuropaisamoonofJupiter.It'sicecovered-thisisbeingdeterminedfrom2points.1.Isaphotothatshowsitsmorphologicalfeaturesare'icebergs'onafrozeniceBUTmoreconvincingly2.Europahasastrongmagneticfieldindicatingthatthereisaconductorcausingadisturbance-thisconductoris'globalsaltywater'Originsoflifeare2points1.Plausibleoriginoflifefrom'chemosyntheticorganisms'derivedfromSulphurorahotvent.2.PlausibleecologybecausenoO2,nolight,noorganicinput3possibleecosystems.AnexampleisthesubsurfaceofAfrica-radioactivedecay.



17.Howaretheygoingtocollectsamples?IceClipperSampleReturnMission.AsmallspacevehiclewillreleaseacopperballontothesurfaceofEuropacausinganimpactsimilartoacarbomb,thisinturnwillreleaseparticlesfromthesurfaceintotheair,andthespacecraftwillcollectthesesamplesandbringbacktoEarth.18.Thethirdexampleofaplanetis'Enceladus',whereisthis?Andwhatistheevidenceforlifehere?EnceladusisasmallmoonofSaturn.PictureshaverevealedthatjetsofH2OarecomingoutofitsSouthPolespewingintospace.Presumably,comingfromapressurisedpocketofwaterfromunderthesurfaceoftheplanet.FlythroughtheplumewithasimilarspacecraftasEuropa.19.Whatdothescientistswanttodeterminewiththesamples?Andhowcantheydothis?Firstly,itisemphasisedthatthesamplewillbe'dead'and'microscopic'.Theywanttodetermineifitisbiologicalinorigin.IfitislikeusthenitcanbedonequiteeasilybyamplifyingtheDNA.IfitisAlienthenmuchharderbutperhapsmoreintersting.Agoodstrategyisthe'LegoPrinciple'lookingatthesmallcomponentsthatmakeuplife.20Laminoacids,5nucleotidebases,fewDsugars-thesearethecommonpropertyofbiology.ThepointisthatanaliencoulduseadifferentsetBUTgenerallythesearethebuildingblocksoflife.TheycanuseresearchofanalysisofaminoacidsbyMcKaythatstatesAbioticdistributionissmooth/Bioticdistributionisspiked-soameasurementstrategyisinplace.20.Summary.

Theoptimisticsearchisthatwewillfindlife



Naturalstrategiesforhigh-rankinghealth-DrStephenDevriesUniversityofArizona[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oldcxc5OsWI]

From your notes try to answer some of these questions 1.HowisGoogleconnectedtotheperfectplaceforoptimalhealth?2.Whatistheoutlineofhistalk?3.Whatistheprioritisingincardiologyatthemomentandwhataretheriskcuts?4.WhatwasthestudyusingtheMediterraneandiet?Andtheresults?5.Whatistheimportantpointaboutthe'healthofthenextgeneration'?6.Howshouldwelookatfruit?7.Discusstherelevanceofgreenleafyvegetables,especiallyspinach.8.Whatissignificantaboutblueberriesandstrawberries?



9.Discusscarbohydrates,diabetesandGlycemicload.10.Describethenutritionalbenefitofa'wholegrain'andits3parts.Giveexamplesofwholegrains.11.Whatismisleadingaboutthelabellingofwholegrains?12.Whatarethefournutritionalpartstonutsandwhathasresearchproven?13.Manypeople,whoarelosingweight,worryaboutthecalorificcontentofnuts.Whatwastheadvice?14.Whyisnutritionnotpartoftreatmentforheartdisease?Whatistheinstitutedoingtohelptraineecardiologists?15.Whatwassaidaboutexercise?16.Arethemindandbodyconnected?Whatresearchdemonstratedthis?



17.Doesmeditationhelp?18.Whatis'biophilia'?Andwhatresearchdemonstratedalink?19.Dobreathingexercisesworkinreducingbloodpressure?20.Summary.

Criticalthinking:Whatdoyouthinkofthislecture?Hasanythingsurprisedyou?Ifso,what?whatwasmissingfromthelecture?Didsomeexampleshegaveneedmoresupport?Canyoureallyuserabbitsasanexampleforsocialinteraction?Don'twealreadyknowthatnutritioniskeytoahealthylife?Whydon'tpeopleeathealthyfood,meditateanddoexercise?Arewetooreliantonmedicineanddoctors?Whydon'tdoctorssuggestfoodandnutritionasatreatment?GovernmentsintheUKalreadypromote5adayfruitandvegetableportions,isthisworking?whatcouldbetherealunderlyingproblem?anythingelse?



Naturalstrategiesforhigh-rankinghealthANSWERS 1.HowisGoogleconnectedtotheperfectplaceforoptimalhealth?Lotsincommoninpeoplesearchingforhealthanswersandhealthfollowssimilaralgorithms/ranking.Ranking-nutritionandqualitylinks-mindandbody2.Whatistheoutlineofhistalk?Toexpressthatmedicineisnotfrontandcentre/todiscusstheideasofmoderncardiology/establishandpromoteeducationofnaturalnutritionthroughthenon-profitorganisationofGaplesInstitute.3.Whatistheprioritisingincardiologyatthemomentandwhataretheriskcuts?'Stents'thesearedevicesthatpropopenbloodvessels.However,theriskcutis0%inpreventingaheartattack.Nutritionontheotherhand,has72%riskcut.Therefore,thegoalispreventativemedicineratherthanusingthehightechnologyofStents.4.WhatwasthestudyusingtheMediterraneandiet?Andtheresults?LyonHeartStudy.423patientswithapriorheartattackrandomisedinto2groups.Group1-alowfatdiet/Group2-aMediterraneandiet(morefruit,vegetables,fish,nuts,oliveoil,canolaoil,wholegrains,lessredmeatmorefish).Results:72%fewerheartproblemswiththoseonaMediterraneandietover5years.Onesignificantpoint:Thegraphshowsaquickchangeinhealth,whichmanypeopleusedtobelievethatchangesindiettooklonger.(Circulation1999;99;779)5.Whatistheimportantpointaboutthe'healthofthenextgeneration'?Expectantmotherseatingthistypeofdietcanreducechildhoodasthmaby70%.Manypeoplebelievethatasthmaandsimilardiseasesaregeneticbutthisstudyshowsthatnutritioncanactivategenesdifferentlywhichinturnalterstheoutcome.(Thorax2008;63;507)6.Howshouldwelookatfruit?lookatitasnutritionpillsandtablets-medicine!7.Discusstherelevanceofgreenleafyvegetables,especiallyspinach.1servingofgreenleafyvegetablesadaycanreducecoronaryriskby23%(AnnInternMed2001;134;1106)Itcannotbeputinapillasitcan'tbereplicated.Theingredient'slististoocomplicated.8.Whatissignificantaboutblueberriesandstrawberries?Theyareanti-oxidants-bloodvesselsflexiblelowerBP.Trial-3servingsaweekfor93,000womenover18years=34%reducedriskofheartattack(Circulation2013;127-188)9.Discusscarbohydrates,diabetesandGlycemicload.Carbohydratesareanotherimportantpartofnutritionespeciallytheirabilityofreleasingsugar.By20501:3adultswillbeadiabetic.(CDC-CentreforDiseaseControl)Glycemic



Loadistheamountofsugarreleasedfromfoodwithhigh>20/med11-19/low<10.Surprisingly-Donut14/Bagel33basedonstarchandweightWhitepotato29/sweetpotato1510.Describethenutritionalbenefitofa'wholegrain'andits3parts.Giveexamplesofwholegrains.Nutritionalbenefitisfiner,Bvitamins,Flaranoids.3partsarethebran,germ,endosperm(starch)Oatmeal,quinoa,brownrice,barley,bulgar,farro,popcorn11.Whatismisleadingaboutthelabellingofwholegrains?Someproductsarelabeled'multigrain'thisisnotwholegrain-shouldsay100%wholegrain.12.Whatarethefournutritionalpartstonutsandwhathasresearchproven?Phytosterol,magnesium,vitamine,monosaturatedfat.37%reductioninheartdiseasewhen4handfulsofnutsareeateneachweek.Lotsofresearchdoneonwalnutsandalmondsbutthisstudywasallnuts.(AmJClinNutr2009;89)13.Manypeople,whoarelosingweight,worryaboutthecalorificcontentofnuts.Whatwastheadvice?Nutsmakeyoufeelfull,whichinturnmakesyoueatfarless,sofewercaloriesoftheotherfoodshelpingyouloseweight.14.Whyisnutritionnotpartoftreatmentforheartdisease?Whatistheinstitutedoingtohelptraineecardiologists?ItisnotrecognisedintheAccreditationrequirementfordoctorstrainingtobecomecardiologists.Hesearched'nutrition'inthe32pagedocumentaryandtheresultswerenonefound.Theinstitutionishelpingthenewdoctorstobecomecardiologycookswiththeideathatiftheyarearolemodelandusethenutritionintheirownlife'stheywillsharetheinformationmoreeasily.15.Whatwassaidaboutexercise?'Alittlegoesalongway'-a30minutewalkadaycutsheartdiseaseby14%Dailyexercisein3x10minutesessionsmaintainsphysiologicalbenefitsmorethan1x30minute(MediSciSportsExerciseAug2012)16.Arethemindandbodyconnected?Whatresearchdemonstratedthis?Yes,theyareinterrelated-likeanecosystemnotseparate.Studiesshowthatthinking/positiveemotionshaveanaffectonheartdisease.Research:importanceofsocialinteractionandtouch.60%offewerplaquesinrabbitsthatwereregularlypetted(Science1980;208,1475).Thepointitseemsthatsocialinteractionhasapositiveaffectonthesubject.Thevalueofhumantouchcreatestrust.



17.Doesmeditationhelp?Yes.201patientswhohadCAD(coronaryarterydisease)randomisedinto2groups.Group1meditation/group2nomeditationdoneover5years.48%reductioninheartproblems.(CircCadiiovascQualOutcomes2012;5;750).Thisisastoundingnodrugcandothis.shouldn'tthisbepartoftreatmentorevenbeforesuchdiseasesoccur.18.Whatis'biophilia'?Andwhatresearchdemonstratedalink?Biophiliaistobearoundnatureornaturalenvironments.theresearchwasdoneonpeoplerecoveringfromsurgeryandtheplacementoftheirbed.2groups-group1'thewallgroup'nexttothewall/group2'thetreegroup'nextawindowwithaviewofatree.thetreegrouprecoveredquickerwithlessdrugs/medicine.Statistics:wallgroup2.48/treegroup0.96(Science1984;224;420)19.Dobreathingexercisesworkinreducingbloodpressure?Yes.Evidencefromaresearchsuggeststhatbyslowingdownbreathing/focusonbreathing25minoveraweek.Canreducebloodpressureby15mmhgdropinSystolicBP.unlikesomemedicinetherearenosideeffects.20.Summary.SomuchismissingfromCardiologyatthemoment.Thisorganisationhasbeensetuptoinformcommunities,drivechange,singlemindedoneducation-noproducttosellbuttoexpandthereachtothepeople,trytodevelopchangeinnutrition.thesearenotminorthingsbutmajorandsignificantchanges.Overall,savinglives.



Marketing in a recession – Dr kennedy University of South Australia [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6HCgnZUj-0 ]

From your notes try to answer some of these questions

1. WhatisEhrenberg-bass?

2. Whydoessherefertoherresearchas'old-fashionedScientists'?

3. Arerecessionsanewphenomenon?Why/whynot?

4. Whatarethe4mainkeyareasofthelecture?Andthesubsidiarypointstoeach?

5. Whatisthegoodnewsaboutconsumerbehaviour?

6. Whatdoyouunderstandfromthepointon'thenatureofbuying'?

7. Whatdidtheexampleof'MrChristmas'emphasise?

8. Whatismeantby'stagflation'?HowarePrivatelabelsaffectedineconomicslumpsandrecoveries?

9. Whatarethe6factorsthatcausereactionstopricechanges?

10. Whatdoestheterm'elasticity'mean?



11. WhatisthequotebyHenryFord?

12. Whatis'shareofvoice'?Whatarethebenchmarksforthis?

13. Howmuchshouldyouspendonadvertising?

14. Whataretheguidelinestofollowinadvertising?What'sthe'keygoal'?

15. Whatdoyouneedtobecarefuloffrom'cheapmediadeals'?

16. Whatdoyouunderstandfromthe'advertisingresponsecurve'?Whatevidenceisthereforthis?

17. Whatisthe'budgetcontract'?

18. Whatisthesummary??

19. Whatdoestheslideon'timeforacommercialbreak'report?Andwhatistheadvicetothis?

20. Whatarethemain'keyactions'?

21. Howdoyougetthemostoutofyourbudget?

Criticalthinking:Doyouagreewiththislecture?Isshesayinganythingnew?Whatisimportantandwhatwasirrelevant?Whatwouldbeyourmainfocusifyouwereabusinessinarecession?Surely,someluxurygoodcompanieswillgobankrupt?Anythingelse?



Marketing in a recession – ANSWERS

1)WhatisEhrenberg-bass?Instituteformarketingscience/bluechipcompaniesinvestforanswerstoquestionssuchasaboutbuying??Howbrandscompete?Howmarketingworks?2)Whydoessherefertoherresearchas'old-fashionedScientists'?Researchisdoneliketheoldresearchmethodsbylookingatpredictablepatternsanditsimplications/reusableresults/meaningfulnotjuststatistical3)Arerecessionsanewphenomenon?Why/whynot?No,thereishistoricalevidence(1903-2010)–wecanlearnfromhistory4)Whatarethe4mainkeyareasofthelecture?Andthesubsidiarypointstoeach?i.)Consumerbehaviour-fundamentalresearcharea/dopremiumbrandssuffermoreinarecession?/whichcategoriesaremostvenerable?privatelabelbrandsii.)MarketingSpend-canyoucutadvertisingspend?Whathappensifyoumaintainyourspend?iii.)Pricing-canyouloweryourprice?shouldyoudiscountmore?iv.)Newproducts-istherecessionagoodtimetolaunch?dolowpriceintroductionsdowell?5)Whatisthegoodnewsaboutconsumerbehaviour?Consumersarehabitual6)Whatdoyouunderstandfromthepointon'thenatureofbuying'?Brandshaveadistributionofheavy/medium/lightbuyers7)Whatdidtheexampleof'MrChristmas'emphasis?RecessionhasanimpactonspendingBUTpeoplestillwantthesegoodandwillmakechoicestogiveup/stretchout/postpone..8)Whatismeantby'stagflation'?HowarePrivatelabelsaffectedineconomicslumpsandrecoveries?StagflationisRecessionandhighinflation.Countercyclical-inaslumpmorepeoplebuyP.LsandinarecoverypeoplgobackmarketbrandsbuttheP.Lmarketsharehasgrown.9)Whatarethe6factorsthatcausereactionstopricechanges?i)increaseprice.ii)passingareferenceprice.iii)youarepricednearaverage.iv)yourbrandissmallandyouincrease.v)thepricemovespastthatofthemarketleader.vi)thepriceissignaled.10)Whatdoestheterm'elasticity'mean?Short-termresponse/effecttoachange.Priceelasticityisnegative-riseinpricemeanssalesgodown.



11)WhatisthequotebyHenryFord?"amanwhostopsadvertisingtosavemoneyislikeamanwhostopsaclocktosavetime."

12)Whatis'shareofvoice'?Whatarethebenchmarksforthis?Thetotalofadvertisingforyourindustryyouhave.shareofvoiceandshareofmarket=apattern.BENCHMARK-ifyouhaveahighshareofthemarketlike40%youcanunderspendinadvertising.Ifasmallshareyouoverspend.13)Howmuchshouldyouspendonadvertising?Needtounderstandyourshareofvoiceandshareofmarket.Ifadvertisingelasticityis0.10=advertisingbudgetshouldbe10%ofgrossprofits.14)Whataretheguidelinestofollowinadvertising?What'sthe'keygoal'?i)Marketersarethrowingawaymoneyii)clearlybrandedandlikeableadvertising(looklikeyou-usegreatcreativesforstoryorbrand)ii)reuse,recycle,repair-reinvestincampaignsthatworked(savesmoney)iv)workwithexistingmemorystructuresthatenhancerecognitionandbuying(buildsconfidence)v)Assessyourmedia(when,where,how?)vi)Stretchoutyourcommunication/mediaoverayear.Keygoalis‘Reach’-needtoreach100%ofcategoryusers15)Whatdoyouneedtobecarefuloffrom'cheapmediadeals'?Thattheygivereachnotsaturation16)Whatdoyouunderstandfromthe'advertisingresponsecurve'?Whatevidenceisthereforthis?Bettertoadvertisetodifferentpeopleratherthanallthesamepeoplelotsoftime.Youreceiveabettersalesresponse.Theevidence:theAbsoluteGoldStandardMeasurementtakenfromsinglesourcedata.17)Whatisthe'budgetcontract'?Donotignorelightbuyers(40-50%sales)=greatestopportunityforgrowth.18)Thesummary??Followbusinessasusual/recessionsdon'tchangeconsumerbehaviourasmuchasisthought/marketingactivitydoeschange19)Whatdoestheslideon'timeforacommercialbreak'report?Andwhatistheadvicetothis?GDPandadvertisingspendfollowsimilarpatternsbutAdvertisingspenddecreasesmore.Theadviceisgoagainstthepatternandbeconsistent.20)Whatarethemain'keyactions'?Lowergrowthtargets/maintainmarketingsupport/keepupwithcompetitors/increaseretailerinvestmentinprivatelabels/DoPlawprovides,cannibalisationbenchmarksasP.Lgrow-trytobeatthese./Don'tpricepromotion/watchcompetitors/rememberlightcustomers/cheapmedianeedsreach/rememberthesizeofyourbusiness.



21)Howdoyougetthemostoutofyourbudget?Criticallyexamineeachpieceofexpenditure/reviewthemetricsyouusetodothis/cutofyouhaveto,especiallyifcompetitorsare/don'tcompromiseonquality/thinktwicebeforecuttingprice-whatareyouraims?



LandUseandPropertyRights–DrWragoYaleUniversity[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5VGZL3xqDI]

From your notes try to answer some of these questions 1.Outline?2.WhatistheFifthAmendmentoftheConstitution?3.Whydoeshestartbylookingat‘Wyoming’–GreaterYellowstoneEcosystem?4.WhatisthepurposeoftheslideontheWolfPackTerritories?5.IstheGrizzlyBear‘commonproperty’?6.Istheallocationoffishingrightsgoverned?7.WhatisthepointontheTsongasNationalForest?8.WhatisimportantabouttheCaliforniaCoastalCommissioncase?



9.WhyisthePointReyesNationalSeahorseParkusedasanexample?10.WhatissignificantabouttheMiningLawof1872?11.AreUnderlyingmineralrightsseparablefromthesurfacerights?12.What’stheproblemwithMethaneReserveExtraction?13.WhatistheconnectiontotheHorseWhisperer’sFilm?14.Howcanthe‘thelawofNuisance’beusedinthesecircumstances?15.Whatwasthenuisancecaseof1887?16.Whatwasfamousabout‘takings’forlawhistoryofEuclidvAmbler1926?17.DiscussthePennCentralTransportationCo.V.CityofNewYork:1978case.



18.WhatisthepointintheHawaiiHousingAuthorityv.Midkiff:1984case?19.WhatdidtheKelov.CityofNewLondon2005casedefine?20.Whatis‘valueless’inthePennsylvaniaCoalCoV.Mahon1922case?21.Whatcasediscusses‘blockedvisualaccess’andwhatwas‘theremedy’?22.WhatwastheFloridaCaseabout?23.Conclusion

Criticalthinking:Whatdoyouthinkofthislecture?Hasanythingsurprisedyou?Ifso,what?Whatwasmissingfromthelecture?HowcanNationalParkauthorities/agenciesberegulatedsothereisconsistencyintheirpolicies?Shouldlocalpeopletakethelawintotheirownhandstoregulateterritoriesandboundaries?InwhatwaysisClimateChangeaffectingpropertyrights?Andwhatcouldbethesolutions?Shouldtheunderlyingmineralrightsbeseparabletosurfacerights?Arethereanyofthelegalcasesthatyouthinkthedecisionwaswrongorcouldhavebeendealtwithdifferently?Anythingelse?



LandUseandPropertyRights..ANSWERS1.Outline?Tolookatpropertyrightsandthe‘taking’–whenGovernmentshavetherightstotakeprivatepropertyforpublicpurposesandunderwhatcircumstancescompensationisrequired.2.WhatistheFifthAmendmentoftheConstitution?Privatepropertycannotbetakenwithoutcompensationifit’sgoingtobeusedforpublicpurposes.3.Whydoeshestartbylookingat‘Wyoming’–GreaterYellowstoneEcosystem?ToemphasisehowpropertyrightsarefracturedbyLawbutalsobyjurisdictionalboundaries.Thisexampleshowstheproblems.Thejurisdictionalboundariesarereallycomplicated–thereareseveralnationalparks(Yellowstone,nationalforests,GrandTetonNationalForest,Nationalwildliferefuges,NativeAmericanreservations).4.WhatisthepurposeoftheWolfPackTerritories?Onespeciesofwolfcrossesallthesedifferentboundaries–awidenumberoflawsareatplaythatgiveimplementationauthoritytodifferentagencies(ForestService,BureauofLandManagement,theNationalParkService,theFishandWildlifeService,complimentaryStateagencies,privatelandowners,-mixtureofprivateandpublic)Thereisacomplexity–alsotheareaisrichinnaturalgasandoilreserves,timberextraction,waterresources,whichcreateconflicts.MainPoint–fundamentalproblemisalloftheseagencieshavedifferentpoliciesondealingwith/managingthewolfs(oranyresource)–oneexampleis‘Fire’theForestservicesuppressbuttheNationalParkletitburn.Inconsistencyandcontentwiththesedifferentagencies.5.IstheGrizzlyBear‘commonproperty’?No–onlycommonpropertyinlegaltermswhenprotectedinnationalparklands–butifitcrossesboundariesinto,forexample,AlaskanativeAmericanlandsthebearwouldbeappropriable(couldbehunted/privateproperty)–similarexampleforFish.6.Istheallocationoffishingrightsgoverned?Nonotnecessarily.ExampleofMaineCoastIsland–Lobsterfishingandhowisitregulated?FishermenhavelittletrustinGovernmentpolicyandtookthelawintotheirownhandswhena‘newcomer’triedtraplobsterintheirterritory.7.WhatisthepointoftheTsongasNationalForest?Denudedofforest–nationalpublicdomain–pictureshowsnogenerationofnewlifebecauseareahasbeendestroyedthroughthepressurethattheForestservicegaveouttimbercontractswithoutasustainabletimberpolicyinplace.Point:mismanagement.



8.WhatisimportantabouttheCaliforniaCoastalCommissioncase?TheCaliforniaCoastalactof1976Coastalcommission–isunusualandimportant.Tookanideafromthe‘AdirondackPackAgencyAct’theideaofZoning–clusterdevelopmentStrategiestomanagecoastaldevelopment–Governmentexercisedrightof‘Eminentdomain’totakeoverlandfromPrivatesectortopublic(PointReyesNationalSeashore,CapeCodeNationalSeahorse,FireIslandNationalSeashore,AssateagueIsland,PadreIslandinTexas).Point:istolookatthesestrategiestoseewhatworksinprotectingresources,andhowthesestrategiesworkwithClimatechange.10.WhatissignificantabouttheMiningLawof1872?AllvaluablemineralsinandonlandsbelongingtotheUSarefreeandopentoexplorationandpurchasebyUScitizens.However,thiswasamendedbytheMiningandMineralsPolicyAct1970(DOI)–promoteeconomicdevelopmentonpubliclands.Point:isthatthereisconflict–peopleseethepubliclandsasprotectedbutthemanagersofthelandseethelandaseconomicdevelopmentopportunities(mining,timber,grazing).11.AreUnderlyingmineralrightsseparablefromthesurfacerights?Yes,manypeopledon’tunderstandthis.Example-MethanereservesinArizona.ThosethatownsurfacerightsarenotawarethattheFederalGovernmentsoldofftheunderlyingoilandgasrights.12.What’stheproblemwithMethaneReserveExtraction?Scale10,000wells5yearsago–Sheridanproblem=groundwaterextractionisoccurringatsucharatethatitischangingthebiologicaldiversityoftheregion.13.Whatistheconnectiontothehorsewhisperer’sFilm?CoalbedMethaneextraction–roadbeingmadeonhisproperty.Purchasedthelandrights,norighttostopthem.Thewaterpumpedupchangedhisland,rivers–manyofthefarmershavebeencompromised.14.Howcanthe‘thelawofNuisance’beusedinthesecircumstances?Anact,object,orpracticethatinterfereswithanother’srightsorinterestsbybeingoffensive,annoying,dangerous,obstructiveorunhealthful.Distinctionbetweenwhatisapublicnuisance(collectiveinterest)andaprivatenuisance(totakecompanytocourt–litigation)Extractor–wouldpayXamountofmoney.Legalagreementsmadebefore.15.Whatwasthenuisancecaseof1887?Muglerv.Kansas1887–iflanduseisconsideredtobeanuisanceitmayberegulatedwithoutcompensation.SaleofAlcoholicbeverage.Condition-Notallrightswereremoved16.WhatwasfamousabouttakingslawhistoryofEuclidvAmbler1926?Supremecourtdecision–segregationoflanduseofresidentialandcommercialdistrictscomplexity.OutcomewasthatStatepolicepowermaybeusedtoclassifyandregulatelanduse.



17.DiscussthePennCentralTransportationCo.V.CityofNewYork:1978case.GrandCentralStation–cityofN.Ydesignationofthestationasahistoriclandmark–prohibitingdevelopmentabovethestation.Doesthisconstitutetotakingofpropertywithoutcompensation?Argumentof‘air’rights?Point:Governmentwonthecasewithdesignatingthesiteasanhistoriclandmarkandowningtheairrights.18.WhatisthepointintheHawaiiHousingAuthorityv.Midkiff:1984case?1967-96%ofstate72landowners.Legislationapproveduseofeminentdomaintocondemnresidentiallotsandselllandtoexistingtenants.Tobreakupthisoligopolyevenifthelandownersobject.Compensatedthelandowners.Point:dramaticactofastategovernmentandtheuseofeminentdomain.SupCtruledlegitimateuseofEminentDomainBUTisnotataking–thepublicuseiscreated.Thekeycaseisthatitwasintheinterestforthepublicinthebreakupofoligopoly.19.WhatdidtheKelov.CityofNewLondon2005casedefine?Whatispublicuse?SupCtfoundthattheuseofeminentdomainforeconomicdevelopmentdidnotviolatethepublicuse.Ifusedasaneconomicprojecttocreatenewjobs,increasestaxes/revenuesandrevitalizesadepressedurbanarea–itqualifies.20.Whatisthe‘valueless’inthePennsylvaniaCoalCoV.Mahon1922case?‘Valueless’–expectationthatyouhadpropertylotstosellandthegovernmentpassanewlawanddedicateyourlandtoGreenarea.Shouldn’tthatconstitutetoataking?Andcompensateyoufortheloss.However,SupCtifyouareleftwithapropertyrightthathasaremnantvalue.The1922caseisaboutsubsidenceofhomesfromminingunderground.Thisprohibitionofmininghadgonetoofarandconstitutedasataking.Why?Becausetheunderlyingmineralrightsbecomeworthless.21.Whatcasediscussesblockedvisualaccessandwhatwastheremedy?NolanV.CaliforniaCoastalCommission–NolanLeasedpropertywithoptiontobuyconditionedwithabungalow–neededapermitfromCCC.NewPropertywouldblocktheview–Whatwouldbetheaffect?Psychological/burdenaccessremedywastosupplyphysicalaccesstocoastalarea(Nolanarguedtheaccessconditionasataking-wonthecaseasseenasataking)Nexusargument–harm=Lossofvisibility/remedy=access[noclearremedy]22.WhatwastheFloridacaseabout?Propertyvaluesusceptibletoloss–stormsandbeachre-nourishmentprogramme.Highlyvulnerableareastoclimatechangeandsealevelrise.Stopthebeachre-nourishmentv.FloridaDept.ofEnvt’lProtection.WaltonCountyshoreline.Aboundarywassetbetweenprivate/publicland.Norightofaccesstoyourproperty.Landownersdeclared‘Taking’oftheirpropertyrighttoownshorefront–theyallegedthattheSupCtviolatedthedueprocessandtakingsclausesbysuddenlyunpredictablychangingstatesubstantivelawthatdeprivedtheseownersoftheirprivatepropertywithoutcompensation.SupCtruledthat



beachfrontownershadnorightstotheirpropertywithcontinuedcontacttothewaternoranyvestedrightofthefuturebreachaccretion.Popularcasesupportedbyacoalitionof26states23.ConclusionAmongallthesestrategiesthatmightbeappliedtoprotectpublicresourcesandagainstprivatedamagetotheenvironment,theuseofregulationisextremelyimportantopportunityforstateandlocalgovernments.Ifyouapplyastrictstandard,demandthattakingofallpropertyvalueberequiredpriortothegrantofcompensation,thatoffersthegreatestopportunityforgovernmentstobeeffectiveinpursuingenvironmentalagendas.



TheSecretPowerofTime–ProfPhilipZimbardoRSALectures[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJybVxUiy2U]

From your notes try to answer some of these questions 1. What are the two books he discusses in the intro?

2. What is the outline for today's lecture?

3. Why does he start with a picture of Adam & Eve by Lucas Cranach?

4. What was the main point of the 'marshmallow tests'?

5. How is the new book connected to this experiment?

6. What are the most important lessons for the curriculum?

7. What is the study of time perspectives? What is his argument?

8. Time perspectives are essential for what present and past constructs?

9. How does he describe the thoughts people have for past, present and future decisions?



10. What are the six main time zones?

11. What are the biases that affect the time perspective? What examples are used?

12. What is the correlation coefficient?

13. Describe some of the characteristics for all three time perspectives.

14. What was the experiment for Stanford students?

15. What was the experiment on smoke, take drugs and drink alcohol?

16. What are the positive and negative perspective foundations of emotion, motives and actions for Past TP, Present TP, Future T.P?

17. What is the optimal temporal mix and optimal profile?



18. Has ZTPI gone global?

19. What is the significant point about young males in the US dropping out of school?

20. What is important about the principles of life?

21. Why is the world in a terrible situation now?

22. Who is involved in conservation and sustainability?

23. How can time therapy help Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?

24. Summary

Critical thinking - What did you think of the lecture? Do you agree with the ideas? What do you disagree with? Is the lecture a book promotion? Can it be so simple to classify people into these groups? Which group would you be? Could the study on young people be bias in that many young people don't develop future thinking until later in life? Is the research reach too small? Are some of his ideas generalizations? What ideas does he offer to help people become more time balanced? Is society in a present orientation? Can you change if you are religious? How can school systems be changed to cater for the digital generation? Anything else?



TheSecretPowerofTime…ANSWERS1.Whatarethetwobookshediscussesintheintro?Whatmakesgoodpeopleturnevil./Whatmakesordinarypeoplebecomeheroes.Website-www.heroicimagination.orgtoseetheearthwitheverydayheroes.2.Whatistheoutlinefortoday'slecture?Thesecretpoweroftimetoinfluenceyourlifedecisions.3.WhydoeshestartwithapictureofAdam&EvebyLukusCronic.Toemphasisethatlifeisfulloftemptation-yielding,resisting,yes,no.4.Whatwasthemainpointofthe'marshmallowtests'?ResistingtemptationexperimentbyWalterMichel.Children(4yearsold)weregivenachoicetoeatamarshmallownoworwaitontheirownandhavetwo.Somewaitedandsomedidn't.Thissimpletestdemonstrateddifferentbehavioraldifferencesofdoyouresisttemptation,doyoudelaygratification,doyougiveinmakesahugedifferentlaterinlife.14yearslater-thosethatdidn'twaitclassedas'presentorientation'areenvious,jealous,moody,andindecisive.Thosewhowaitedare'futureorientated'scored250+higherinstatstests,cooperative,self-reliant,confident.5.Howisthenewbookconnectedtothisexperiment?TheTimeParadox-thenewpsychologyoftimethatwillchangeyourlife(withJohnBoyd).Hestatesthatthisbookwillshowyouhowtimeplaysasignificantroleinpersonalhappiness,improvingpersonalsuccess,happinessandpsychologicalwealth.6.Whatarethemostimportantlessonsforthecurriculum?Learningtodelaygratification,saynoorlatertotemptation,teachchildrentobeawareoffutureconsequencesofcurrentactions.7.Whatisthestudyoftimeperspectives?Whatishisargument?Itisthestudyofhowindividualsdividetheflowoftheirpersonalexperienceintotimezone/timecategoriesdoneautomaticallyandunconsciously.Theseframesvarybetweennations,cultures,people,socialclasses.Point:theargumentisthatsomebecome'bias'.Youoverusesomeandunderuseothersratherthanhavingabalanceperspective.8.Timeperspectivesareessentialforwhatpresentandpastconstructs?Achievementneeds,casualthinking,hope,guilt(past),revenge(past),impulsivity(present),improvisation(present).9.Howdoeshedescribethethoughtspeoplehaveforpast,presentandfuturedecisions?Past-whenwasIinasituationlikethisinthepast?WhatdidIdo?Diditwork?Present-biologically:whatamIfeeling?Socially:Whatareothersdoing?Physically:whatdoesittastelike?Future-ifIdoit,whatwillIgain?WhatdoIlose?1.PastTP-focusonpositives(birthdays,goodoldtimes,nostalgia)2.PastTO.-focusonnegatives(regrets,failures3.PresentTP-hedonismpleasure,knowledge



4.PresentTP-fatalism(fated,)5.FutureTP-lifegoalorientated(trust)6.Futuretranscendentallifeafterdeath.11.Whatarethebiasesthateffectthetimeperspective?Whatexamplesareused?Geography,climate,culture,religion,socialclass,educationallevel,politicalandeconomicstability.Models-family,friends,rolemodels.Liveclosertotheequator-lesschangemainlypresentorientated.ProtestantshavehigherGDP-theirreligionis'workhardertosucceed'arefutureorientated.Middleclassesarefutureorientated,lowerclassespresentorpastorientated.Venicebeach-hedonism,Japangenerationalconflict.LaLigainItaly-cutinItalyinhalf.Peopleinnorthfuture,southpastorpresent-poetsaysnofutureverbinSicilian.12.Whatisthecorrelationcoefficient?(R)isthedegreeofassociationbetweentwomeasures<+1.0to-1.07>.Personalitymeasureshaver=~+.30ZTPIr13.Describethecharacteristicsforallthreetimeperspectives.Tested205stdsFuture-conscientious,preferenceforconsistency,egocontrol,energy,impulsecontrol.Notaggressive,depressed,sensationseeking(recentresearchsaysconscientious=2yearslongerlife-don'ttakerisks)“I'mabletoresisttemptationwhenthereisworktobedone"Pastpositive-highforhappy,self-esteem,friendliness/moderateforenergy/nottraitanxiety,depression,aggression.Present"Idothingsimpulsively,makingdecisionsonthespurofthemoment"Presenthedonistic-v.highnoveltyseeking,sensationseeking/highengery,aggression,howcreative/noegocontrol,preferenceforconsistency,impulsecontrol,conscientious,emotionstability.(sex,drugsandrock&roll)Presentfatalistic-highaggression,traitanxiety,depression/notfutureconsequences,egocontrol,self-esteem,conscientious,energy,emotionalstability,howhappy.Pastnegative-v.hightraitanxiety,depression,aggression,lie/notself-esteem,emotionalstability,impulsecontrol,howhappy,energyPoint:onthesurfaceallthestudentslookthesamebuttotallydifferentindividuals.PastnegativeandpresentfatalisticaretheAmericanhighschoolshooters.14.Whatwastheexprimentforstanfordstds?DoesTPpredictcognitiveeffectivenessinmazesolving?Pickedpresentorientatedstdsvrsfutureorientatedstudents-presentorientatedbegin/Futureorientatedlookandwhenyoubeginyousolveit/ifpresentorientatedyoubeginandmakemistakes.Barchartshows90%ofF.Osolvedthemaze/60%P.Osolvedthemaze.U.CBerkley-tookF.OpeopleandhypothesisedthemandmadethemP.OBUTdataisstillthesame.Expandedpresent.15.Whatwastheexperimentonsmoke,takedrugsanddrinkalcohol?1200collegestdsfromStanfordandCornelluniversities-Malesandfemales-Alcoholusebingedrinking,normaldrinkingandriskydriving.Results-P.Omales(50%)aremoreliabletodrinkanddrivethanF.O(-25%).Womenareidentical.Heroinaddictswhoarehospitalisedagainstotherswhoareinhospitalforotherproblems.HeroinaddictsarehigherinP.H/P.F/loweronfutureandpast.



16.Whataresomeofthepositiveandnegativeperspectivefoundationsofemotion,motivesandactionsforPastTP,PresentTP,FutureT.P?PositivesPastTP:happy,self-esteem,rituals,patriotism,nostalgia,gratitude,stability,wisdom,indentity.PresentTP:affiliation,joy,pleasure,sensuality,sexuality,energy,activity,excitement,improvisation.FutureTP:achievement,healthfocus,contingency,planning,probability,thinking,self-efficacy,costbenefitanalysis,expectation,hope.NegativesPastTP:trauma,guilt,depression,retaliation,revengePresentTP:addiction,riskyacts,violence,anger,gambler'sluck.FutureTP:anxiety,worry,socialisolation,competitiveness,maleimpotence.17.Whatistheoptimaltemporalmixandoptimalprofile?Pastgivesyouroots-toconnecttoyouridentityandfamily-tobegrounded.Futuregivesyouwings-tosoartonewdestinationsandchallenges.Presentgivesyouenergy-toexplorepeople,places,selfandsensuality.OptimalprofileP.Phigh/Fmoderatelyhigh/P.Hmoderate(selected)/P.Nlow/P.Flow.18.HasZTPIgoneglobal?Yes,24translations,30+researchers(gradstds)collectingvaliddata,meetingsinICPBerlinandECPOslo,interactonEMweekly,gainingsignificantpredictedresultsusingZTPI.Contacthim-setupwithresearchteam.Amsterdamwebsitewww.timeorientation.com19.WhatisthesignificantpointaboutyoungmalesintheUSdroppingoutofschool?Achilddropsoutofschoolevery9secs/worseforminoritybackgroundsandboys.AdisasterrecipehappeningamongboysinUSA.Bytheageof21aboyhasplayed10,000hoursofvideogamesalone.Point1:a)haven'tlearntsocialskills,b)liveinaworldtheycreate-exciting.Gamecompaniescreate3Dgames=brainsarebeingdigitallyrewired=neverfitinatraditionalclassroom.Becauseitisanalogue-nocontrolforStdandisboring.Point2:Goingbacktoamoretraditionalcurriculumwillbeadisaster.20.Whatisimportantabouttheprinciplesoflife?Thatmanyoftheconceptstaughtareforfutureorientatedpeople.Presentorientatedkidsknowthefutureconsequencesbuttheknowledgedoesn'tfeedbacktochangeyourbehaviour.POINT-thatistheinterestingthingabouttimeperspectives.21.Whyistheworldinaterriblesituationnow?Becausethereweremenwhousedtobefutureorientatedwhohavechangedtopresentorientated.Heusesanexampleofbankerswhousedtoinvestmoneyprudentlyandthengottrappedinworldwidegreedofhighrisk,highinterestloanpluslying.TheLemanbrothershavejustputa90B$debtasanassettocontinuetrading.22.Whoisinvolvedinconservationandsustainability?ResearchershaveshownthatitisFutureorientatedpeople.Whoareconcernedwiththelongtermfuture.Presentorientatedpeoplesay"geeglobalwarmingit'sniceIgetmoresunshine!"



ExampleofFOisphysicaltherapy50%quitastheyarenot.ByknowingifapersonisPOdoctorscouldputinplacestrategiestohelplikesupportnetworks,families,spouses,kids.23.HowcantimetherapyhelpPostTraumaticStressDisorder?Allothertherapyistimebased-Freud'archaeologistoftheSouls(pastfocusedtherapy)/Skinner,Watson,CBT'Rewardandpunishment'(presenttherapycontingencies)/Hmanistic'actualisinghumanpotential'(futuretherapy)/Timetherapy-'realisetheimportanceoftime,creatingbalancedtimeperspectives'Doesn'tgetcuredwithconventionaltherapy.TimetherapyispracticedbyDrSwordinHawaii.RespectthetraumabutanewchoicefromPNandPF.PNtofutureandPFtoPH.27PTSDandinonly8visitsamazingresults/allchangedsignificant.24patients87%lessdepression,19patients70%lessanxiety,14patients52%fewerPTSDsymptoms.24.SummaryTimeisthemostimportantthingintheworld.-Timeiswhatmatters.USTodaystudyaskedAmericanshowbusytheywere?+50%saidI'mbusiernowthanIwaslastyearandIsacrificedfriends,familyandsleepformysuccess.Let’ssupposeyouhadan8-dayweekwhatwouldyoudo?Workinghardernotwithfriendsandfamily!60%familieshadregularsitdownmealstogether10yearsago.Lastyear1:5USfamilieshavesitdownmealstogether.Point:NofamilyvaluesManyoflife'spuzzlescanbesolvedbyunderstandingourowntimeperspectivesandthatofothers.Theconflictwehavewithothersisreallyaconflictofdifferenttimeperspectives.Onceyouareawareofthisyoudon'tmakenegativeattributions.Themostsimpleideaintheworld.Ideasthatarepowerfularesimpleandunderstandable.Thinktime,thinkbalancedtime,usetimewiselyandwell.



Ageingworld,ageingmind–ProfIanDearyEdinburghUniversity[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkCFXdt7Fhc]

From your notes try to answer some of these questions 1.Whatistheoutlineofthelecture?2.Whatwasthepointinthecognitivetest?3.Whatistheprojectedmeanageofthehumanpopulationfor2100?4.Howmuchhaslifeexpectancychangedsince1850?5.Whatistheprobabilityofdyingbeforeyournextbirthday?6.Whatagehaveyougotanaverageof5moreyears?7.WhatissignificantabouttheEuropepyramidgraphs?8.Whatisthedependencyratio?9.WhatistheprojectionofagecompositionintheUKpopulation?



10.Whatarethechancesofsurvivingtoage100?11.Whatisinterestingaboutlifeexpectancyintheyears2004-06/2008-10?12.Whatdoesallthis‘ageingworld’mean?13.Whatisthechallengeofdementiaandcognitivedecline?14.Whatisimportantabouttheageingbodyandtheageingmind?15.Whyisheinterestedinnormalcognitiveageing?16.Whatarethecognitivetests?17.WhatisScotlandsuniquecontributiontocognitiveresearch?



18.WhatdotheydowiththepeoplefromtheScottishMentalsurveys?19.Whatwasthestudycalledandwhatwasitscorrelation?20.Howdoyouhavegoodcognitioninoldage?21.SummaryCriticalthinking?Whatdidyouthinkofthelecture?Doyouagree?Whatpartsdon'tyouagreewith?Doyouwanttolivetoahundred?Whatkindofconcernsdoesanageingpopulationplaceonsociety?WhywouldChelseaandKensingtonbetheplaceswiththehighestlifeexpectancy?Doyouknowanyonewhohasdementia/Alzheimer’s?Whatdoyouthinkabouttheresearch?Isanythingmissing?Doyouagreethatphysicalfitnessisakeyaspect?CouldlowerIQatayoungageresultinsmokinganddrinkingmore?Dopeoplewhohavehigherscoresgetbetterjobs,havebetterlifestylesandareintellectuallyengaged?Anythingelse?



Ageingworld,ageingmind..ANSWERS1.Whatistheaims/outlineofthelecture?Changeinpopulations'structure:world,UK,Scotland/theglobalchallengeofdementiaandcognitivedecline/age-relatedphysicalandcognitivechanges/Scotland'suniquecontributiontocognitiveageingresearch.2.Whatwasthepointinthecognitivetest?7/6/9addmorenumbers-16/17/18.Aprocessofcheckingmentalability.Aslidetorememberthatappearslater–puthandup.3.Whatistheprojectedmeanageofthehumanpopulationfor2100?Year2000meanageis30/2100meanageis45.Thewholeworldwillagebyanaverageof15years.(AcademyofMedicalScience,2009)4.Howmuchhaslifeexpectancychangedsince1850?Lifeexpectancyofthebestcountryintheworldin1850was45.Now(2005)is85.AtthetopisJapan.ManydemographerspredictthelinewilltailoffBUTithasn'tyet!Peoplekeeplivinglonger.5.Whatistheprobabilityofdyingbeforeyournextbirthday?1950an80yroldwomandyingwas10%by2000itwas5%.Awomanaged90was25%now15%.(Christensen,2009.Lancet).6.Whatagehaveyougotanaverageof5moreyears?1861to1950notmuchdifferencebutnow10moreyearsfrom67to77(Vaupal,2010)7.WhatissignificantabouttheEuropepyramidgraphs?Morewidespreadpopulation.Age40in2008relativelyclearthatthemajorityofpopulationisintheMiddleAgesby2060theproportionwillbemorewidespread.Example;populationpyramidforGermanyfrom1952,2006,2050.8.Whatisthedependencyratio?Ratioofpeopleinassent/over65UK22%to42%/over807%to15%(EuropeanCommission,2009)9.WhatistheprojectionofagecompositionintheUKpopulation?In20019.4m65+/207121.3m65+(AcademyofMedicalSciences,2009)10.Whatarethechancesofsurvivingtoage100?Officefornationalstatistics20121/3ofbabiesbornin2012willsurviveover100/morethan95,000peopleaged65in2012areexpectedtocelebratetheir100thbirthdayin20472012=14,500to2036=110,000.CentenariansintheUK1960<1000,19802500,201012,640.Femalesoutnumbermales9,000to2,000.2035110,000,2060460,000.11.Whatisinterestingaboutlifeexpectancy2004-06/2008-10?Thehighest:ChelseaandKensington.Lowest:Glasgow.Noteveryareaislivinglonger.



12.Whatdoesallthis‘ageingpopulation’mean?Currentsituation-disabilitystartsat65by75mostpeoplehaveadisability.Nightmarescenario-ahugemajoritygetthedisabilityat65.Approachingasymptotescenarioisitstartslaterinthe80s.13.Whatisthechallengeofdementiaandcognitivedecline?Thebigproblem.Singlemostfearedaspectofgrowingold(Martin2004,nature).Themainthreattoenjoyingactivities(USANationalResearchCouncil).1)Normalcognitiveageing.2)Mildcognitiveimpairment:memorycomplaints,impairedmemoryfunctionforageandeducation,preservedgeneralcognitivefunction,intactactivitiesofdailyliving,notdemented,butincreasedrisk.3)Dementia:Alzheimer's,vascular,mixed,etc..Dementiaisincreasing:NATreport2007-Dementiaage65-69isjustafewpercent,by901/3ofpeople.3/4ofamillionpeopleintheUKwithDementia-mostcommonAlzheimer's.2005-2051willdouble85-95.Thecostofcareis£17b.14.Whatisimportantabouttheageingbodyandtheageingmind?Simplisticgraphyoungtoold(diagonalline).Sacopeniamusclemassgraphgoesdown.Gripstrength(thedinomonitor),lungstrengthdrops,bladdercompliance,thebrain-watergoesup,greymatter(think)goesdown,whitematter(connectors)increaseanddrops,lateralprefrontalcortex(organisethinking)drops,primaryvisualcortex(see)staysthesame,Hippocampus(makingmemories).Point:themindagesatdifferentstages/rates.15.Whyisheinterestedinnormalcognitiveageing?Normalcognitiveageing-whystudy?Growingnumbers/propositionsofolderpeople,cognitivedeclinerelatedtoincreasedriskofdementiaanddeath,increasedriskoflosingindependence,lowerqualityoflife.Point:tofindwhichcognitivefunctionschangewithage,tofindoutwhysomepeoplehavemoresuccessfulcognitiveageingthanothers,findinterventionstoameliorate&preventcognitivedecline.16.Whatarethecognitivetests?Cognitivedomains-vocabulary/memorytests/reasoning(sequences)/spatialvisualisation/processingspeedtest/discussescrystallizedwarehouse(grow),Fluidability(hurtsyourhead)(falls)RealtestVocabularyintelligence(Salthouse,2004)generallyimproveswithage(50-70)Reasoningfalls/spatialvisualisationfallsin60s/episodicmemoryfalls/Perceptualspeed-mid20sstartstodecline.Heddon&Gabrieli2003(NaturereviewsNeuroscience):goodnumericalability,verbalability/downinductivereasoning,spacialorientation,perceptionspeed,verbalmemory.Noteveryoneagesatthesametime.PsychologyandAgeing2002'individualdifferencesinratesofchangeincognitiveabilitiesofolderpersons'Wilson,Beckett,Barnes,Schneider,Bach,Evans,Bennett.100peopleinreligiousorders,21testseachyearfor17years.Point:showsthatsomepeopleimproveinage,somehavebetterresults.Notastraightline.Dependswhoyouare!Interestingpoint:Salthouse,2012-USpopulation/bestreasoners25-35/wherearethebestCEOsintheFortune500companiesallbetween45-65-nooverlap.17.WhatisScotlandsuniquecontributiontocognitiveresearch?Itistheonlyplaceintheworldwherementaltests(TheScottishMentalsurvey)weredoneonyoungpeoplein1932(theintelligenceofScottishchildren)/1947(thetrendofScottish



intelligence).Point:usingtheMorayHousetest87,800childrentested-70,805childrentested-goodwaytostudycognitiveageing.(LBC1921)Age11in1932=79in2000.550usedinthestudyat(79,83,87,90).(LBC1936)Age1947in2006=70,73,76.18.WhatdotheydowiththepeoplefromtheScottishMentalsurveys?Findtheirscoresfromwhen11.Seefor2daysmedicalandcognitivetesting,bloodlettingandthenabrainscan.Specifically,agenechip610,000genetictests,sensorytesting,physicaltesting,anthropometry(measurethebody),takingphotosofthebacksoftheeyestolookforpatternsinbloodvessels,ninebottlesofblood,longquestionnairethatincludesdiet,well-being,personality,socialbackground,familybackground,education.19.Whatwasthestudycalledandwhatwasitscorrelation?'Thestabilityofindividualdifferencesinmentalabilityfromchildhoodtooldage:followupofthe1932ScottishMentalSurvey”LBC1921-correlationage11-(.66)-79-(.70)-87(overall.51).LBC1936-correlationage11-(.67)-70.66correlationmeansthatpeoplewhodidwellat11arestilldoingwellnow/modestthen,modestnow,averagethen,averagethen.Point:thepeoplewhoscoredmodestlyat11thendoeswellatage80ismostinteresting.Howhavetheyachievedthis?20.Howdoyouhavegoodcognitioninoldage?1)Havegoodcognitionatage11.2)Whatelse?Predicts-health/genes/biology/lifestyle/demographics.Specifically,dietquestionnairealcohol,activities/engagement,andphysicalfitness.Isthereahealthymindtoahealthymind?Yes(.17linearregression).MoreresearchGow,2012'neuroprotectivelifestylesandtheageingbrain'showsbeingmoreactivehavebetterthinkingskills-physicallyactive.Intellectualengagement-reversecausation(interestingpoint:doeslookimportantbutbrightchildrenarecognitiveengaged,anditdoesn'taffectcognitionifdonelater)moreexercisehelpsthebrain.Alcoholandcognitiveageing-fluidcognition-drinkingmorealcoholhelpsthinkingbutaddscoresfromage11.Itlooksitisgood-reversecausation.Smoking-lowerabilitytakeitup/can'tgiveitup.Biology-inflammationC-reactiveprotein-lowerthinkingskills.Brainscanning-whitematterscars-workinglesswell.Betterwhitematter-fastercognitiveability=true.Point:keepingwhitematterhealthybykeepingcardiovascularsystemhealthy.GeneticsAPOEe4-genechromosome19/somepeoplehaveitsomedon'tifyouhaveAPOEe4+youareslightlymorelikelytogetAlzheimer's.Thisgenedifferenceisnotdifferentatage11butatage79ithas.Why?Possiblybadservicing/needsmoreresearch.21.SummaryRevisioncausation.-Cognitivereserve.DidpeoplewhohavealowerIQhaveagreaterpossibilitytogetvascularAlzheimer'slaterinlife?No.Butthosewhodidwellat11haveaslightlybetterchancenottogetAlzheimer’s.Meanscoresfor100LBC192111:49,79:63,87:58,90:52,howsatisfiedareyou?90agreetheyarehappy.

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