academic dishonesty (fachmi) 01-08

“ACADEMIC ETHIC”(ACADEMIC DISHONESTY)

Lecture Notes

Block 3

Topic, “Academic Ethic”

(Academic Dishonesty)By

Dr. dr. Fachmi Idris, M.Kes

Some References

Academic Dishonesty, Cheating, and Plagiarism (By: Lars R. Jones, Ph.D. With Robert Taylor, Ph.D., Sharon Irvin, M.A., Leslie Faircloth): Humanities & Communication Department Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, Florida, August 2001 “main source”Scientific or Academic Misconduct/fraud: Soedigdo Sastroasmoro, pointers kuliah metodologi penelitian program study doktor FK UI, 2005 “primary source”Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Program Magister Psikologi BKU Magister Profesional Psikologi Universitas Kristen Maranatha BandungProgram Magister Akutansi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Gadjah Mada: Buku Panduan Akademik 2007 Statuta Universitas Negeri Medan

(I)

Basic Thinking:Why “Academic Ethic” is

Important?

Ethic:Branch of philosophy….. system of moral principles;…. rules of conduct

Academic:… of teaching…, studying…

Aesthetic:The appreciation of the beautiful…. branch of philosophy which tries to make clear the laws and the principles of beauty..

Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current English: AS Hornby

AREA OF PHILOSOPHY (FOR “BEGINNER”)

1/. ONTOLOGY / METAPHYSIC

2/. AXIOLOGY

3/. EPISTEMOLOGY (THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE)

___________________________________________________________

AXIOLOGY : LEARN ABOUT VALUE

ETHIC : GOOD OR NOT GOOD

ESTHETIC : BEAUTY OR NOT BEAUTY

___________________________________________________________

EPISTEMOLOGY : LEARN ABOUT KNOWLEDGE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ITS SOURCES, ITS STRUCTURE, ITS LIMITATION, AND ITS VALIDITY

Philosophy of Science

is a part of philosophy (epistemology) which learns characteristic of scientific knowledge and methods to find scientific knowledge

Medical/ClinicalMedical/ClinicalDecision MakingDecision Making

(Science Application)

Medical Medical Science

Philosophy of Science

(Philosophy of Medical Medical Science)

Research MethodMethod

“GeneralPhilosophy”

Axiology(Ethic/”Value”)

Studying: GIVE TIME & ATTENTION TO LEARNING OR DISCOVERING

DANGER FOR

COMMUNITY

Ethic for Academic (Student)

(II)

SOME EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC ETHIC

Universitas Negeri Medan

Etika Akademik 1. Program Pascasarjana UNIMED adalah lembaga pendidikan yang menyelenggarakan pendidikan akademik yang bertujuan “meningkatkan mutu dan wawasan ilmu pengetahuan”. 2. Untuk melaksanakan kegiatan akademik ini diperlukan standar prilaku/etika akademik yang

merupakan seperangkat nilai dan norma yang dipakai sebagai acuan dalam sikap dan prilaku

baik bagi mahasiswa, dosen, pembimbing, staf administrasi, maupun pengelola. 3. Nilai dan norma prilaku akademik ini mengacu kepada dasar pemikiran sebagai berikut :

3.1. Pengetahuan ilmiah merupakan upaya manusia untuk mencari kebenaran secara dinamis ke arah penemuan pengetahuan yang lebih rasional, akurat dan teruji. Oleh karena itu tidak seorangpun manusia bisa mengajukan klaim bahwa dialah satu-satunya pemilik pengetahuan yang benar. Kebenaran dalam kegiatan akademik ditentukan lewat wacana intelektual yang berdasarkan argumentasi keilmuan yang baik menyangkut substansi material maupun keabsahan alur pemikiran.

3.2. Upaya manusia dalam menemukan kebenaran harus didasari landasan etika keilmuan yang menjunjung tinggi kejujuran. Setiap ketidakjujuran dalam kegiatan akademik seperti plagiat, memalsukan data, mencuri gagasan orang lain tanpa menyebutkan sumbernya dan kegiatan lainnya yang tidak jujur merupakan pelanggaran terhadap etika akademik karenanya dapat dikenakan sanksi.

3.3. Pendidikan adalah proses transfer pengetahuan dari pembelajar kepada pebelajar secara terarah, terencana dan terprogram dalam upaya membentuk kepribadian. Dalam konteks ini maka pebelajar adalah subyek utama dalam kegiatan pendidikan untuk diproses sesuai dengan tujuan pendidikan. Proses pendidikan ini membutuhkan dosen, pembimbing, dan pengelola yang berfungsi sebagai fasilitator dalam proses pendidikan tersebut.

UGM

ETIKA AKADEMIK

Surat Pernyataan/Janji yang telah ditandatangani oleh mahasiswa yang menyatakan bahwa: 1. Mahasiswa bersedia mentaati semua peraturan yang berlaku di Program Studi maupun di seluruh Universitas Gadjah Mada 2. Mahasiswa berpakaian rapi dan sopan. Bagi mahasiswa diwajibkan memakai dasi dan dilarang memakai kaos oblong dan sandal. Mahasiswi menyesuaikan, baju harus rapi dan sopan. 3. Mahasiswa rela mengembalikan ijazah yang sudah diterima apabila ternyata diketahui di kemudian hari bahwa dalam menyelesaikan studi melakukan hal-hal yang menyalahi aturan, khususnya dalam

penyusunan Tesis melakukan plagiat

Sehubungan dengan Pernyataan/Janji tersebut di atas, Program Magister Akuntansi mengeluarkan peraturan mengenai Etika Akademik yang menyatakan bahwa: Segala perbuatan yang dapat mencemarkan Program, tidak akan ditoleransi, dan oknum yang bersangkutan dapat dikenai sanksi.

Perbuatan yang dapat mencemarkan Program antara lain adalah: a. Plagiarism b. Pemalsuan c. Penipuan d. Apabila oleh pihak yang berwenang divonis sebagai terpidana karena terbukti melakukan pelanggaran hukum/undang-undang/norma yang berlaku di Indonesia e. Melakukan tindakan-tindakan yang bersifat pemerasan/ancaman kepada dosen/mahasiswa lain/karyawan/pengelola f. Memberikan imbalan/menjanjikan imbalan dalam bentuk uang atau apapun bentuknya kepada pengelola/dosen/karyawan untuk mempengaruhi penilaian/proses seleksi g. Melakukan tindakan yang menjurus kepada pelecehan seksual.

KEJUJURAN

Universitas Maranata

9.3. Pelanggaran Etika Akademik

Mahasiswa yang melakukan pelanggaran etika akademik, seperti ‘nyontek’, menjiplak/plagiat (laporan, tugas, tesis dsb.), membocorkan soal atau sejenisnya, akan dikenakan skorsing sampai dengan pemutusan studi.

(III)

“ACADEMIC ETHIC” is ACADEMIC DISHONESTY

Academic dishonesty includes "cheating" and "plagiarism," the theft of ideas and other forms of intellectual property— whether they are published or not.

……, "All forms of academic dishonesty, including cheating, fabrication, facilitating academic dishonesty and plagiarism… are subject to disciplinary action up to and including suspension or expulsion from the university”…

Academic Dishonesty, Cheating, and Plagiarism: Lars R. Jones, et all

o Giving or receiving information during an exam ("exam" includes tests and quizzes) o Using unauthorized material (like notes) during an exam; unauthorized dissemination or receipt of exams, exam materials, contents, or answer keys

o Taking an exam or writing a paper for another student or asking someone to take an exam or write a paper for you (this includes shared work and/or group-produced answers on take-home exams).

o Submitting the same paper–or different versions of what is substantially the same paper–for more than one course o Misrepresenting or fabricating written work, sources, research, or results as well as helping another student commit an act of academic dishonesty or lying to protect a student who has committed such an act.

What is Cheating?


Cheating

Defined by its general usageA major academic misconductTechnique :▪ Taking small notes▪ Directly see other’s work▪ Communicating with other students during exam▪ Using false identification during exam▪ Using electronic devices & other sophisticated methods

Should have severe penalty (graded, depending on the frequency and severity)

Pointers Soedigdo: Plagiarism – Sep – 05/SS

Your best friend is having trouble in a class and needs a “C” to keep her athletic scholarship. She asks if she can copy off your exam “just this once.”

You agree since you think you aren’t doing anything wrong.

Is this cheating?

One of Example:Did You Ever?

Yes. By allowing someone to copy off your exam, you are guilty of giving information and are thus cheating.


(Plagiarism)Misconduct/Fraud

Misconduct/Fraud

Misconduct in research is defined as “fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other serious deviation from generally accepted practices in proposing, conducting, or reporting research”.It does not include errors of judgment, error in recording, selection, or analysis of data, differences in opinions involving the interpretation of data, or misconduct unrelated to the research process.

Nat Acad Press 1992


Misconduct/Fraud (cont’d)

...plagiarism, or other serious deviation from generally accepted practices…..

Stealing idea or data during the peer review process Dishonesty in authorship, etc

…it does not include….interpretation of data, or misconduct unrelated to the research process.

? “ special relationship” between researchers or supervisor-researcher, etc

Nat Acad Press 1992Pointers Soedigdo: Plagiarism – Sep – 05/SS

Misconduct in research

May occur from idea, proposal development, study execution, data analysis, publicationMay be intentional or non-intentionalNon-intentional misconduct is treated and managed as severe as intentional misconduct, especially after being warned or done repeatedlyNat Acad Press 1992


Fabrication

In engineering, the term “fabrication” has a benign connotation, meaning to make something.

In research ethics the term “fabricaton” means making up data, experiments or, other significant information in proposing, conducting, or reporting research.Nat Acad Press 1992


Falsification

In research ethics the term “falsification” means changing or misrepresenting data or experiments, or misrepresenting other significant matters, such as the credentials of an investigator in a rsearch proposal.Unlike fabrication, distinguishing falsification of data from legitimate data selection takes judgment and an understanding of statistical methods.Nat Acad Press 1992


Plagiarism: What is that?

“The unacknowledged use, as one’s own, of work of another person, whether or not such work has been published” (University of Malta Regulations, 1997)

“To take someone else’s words or ideas and present them as your own without proper acknowledgment” (Marshall & Roland, 1998)“The use another person’s idea or a part of their work and pretend that is your own” (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/)

“The reproduction, in whole or essential part, of a literary, artistic or musical work by one who falsely claims to be its creator” (http://auth.grolier.com/)


Plagiarism is "[t]he use of another writer’s words or ideas without acknowledging the source" and is "[a]kin to theft“

In Writing with Sources, plagiarism means "passing off a source’s information, ideas, or words as your own by omitting to cite them—an act of lying, cheating, and stealing."

Plagiarism


1. Unauthorized and/or unacknowledged collaborative work constitutes plagiarism. While students are expected to do their own research and writing, instructors also understand that students may discuss their own research projects with other students in the same course. Instructors strongly suspect collaborative plagiarism when the same or similar phrases, quotations, sentences, and/or parallel constructions appear in two or more papers on the same topic. To protect yourself, you should acknowledge—in a footnote or endnote—any significant discussions you have had with others as well as any advice, comments, or suggestions that you have received from others.

2. Attempting to pass off, as your own work, a whole work or any part of a work belonging to another person or group constitutes plagiarism. This includes borrowing, buying, copying, receiving, downloading, taking, using, and/or stealing a paper that is not your own. 3. The use of ANY AMOUNT of text that has been IMPROPERLY PARAPHRASED constitutes plagiarism. Suggesting an improper reliance on a single source, this includes "mosaic plagiarism" or "cut-and-paste plagiarism."

4. The use of any amount of text, that is properly paraphrased—but which is either not cited or which is improperly cited—constitutes plagiarism. This includes papers in which a general failure to cite sources or a gross negligence in citing sources is apparent. Moreover, attaching false, misleading, or improper attributions/citations to properly paraphrased texts still constitutes plagiarism.

Type of Plagiarism


“A worldwide increase in toxic phytoplankton blooms over the past 20 years has coincided with increasing reports of fish diseases and deaths of unknown cause.”

2. Attempting to pass off, as your own work, a whole work or any part of a work belonging to another person or group constitutes plagiarism. This includes borrowing, buying, copying, receiving, downloading, taking, using, and/or stealing a paper that is not your own.

The use of ANY AMOUNT OF MATERIAL—either without a citation or cited improperly— TAKEN DIRECTLY from a text, from the web or a digital source, from a broadcast, recording, or from another person’s unpublished work constitutes plagiarism.

A. The use of such material with false attributions/citations and/or the use of deceptive or

fabricated citations to disguise direct plagiarism is still plagiarism.

Type of Plagiarism


“A worldwide increase in toxic phytoplankton blooms over the past 20 years has coincided with increasing reports of fish diseases and deaths of unknown cause.” -abstract of a paper by J. M. Burkholder, et. al. (1992), Nature, 358:407410.

Source Text Plagiarized Version

Example

Students who intentionally plagiarize often attempt to disguise the plagiarized material in their papers with fake citations.



B. The use of such material with false attributions/citations and/or the use of deceptive or

fabricated citations to disguise direct plagiarism is still plagiarism.

Type of Plagiarism


Note



C. The use of such material with quotation marks but without any attribution, citation, or with inadequate/improper attribution/citation is considered plagiarism.

Type of Plagiarism


You must use proper citations for all quoted and paraphrased material taken from another source. In the following example, the student used quotation marks and seems to cite the quoted text but, by neglecting to refer to the page from which this quotation was taken, has failed to cite properly.

Once in Egypt he murdered Cleopatra’s son Ptolmey and annexed Egypt under his direct power. Once he took all of Egypt’s money he paid off everyone he was endebted to and “ finally became the master of all the Greco-Roman world”(The

Deeds of the Divine Augustus, Augustus).

Explanation & Example



D. The use of such material—correctly attributed and properly cited—but without quotation marks is plagiarism.

In the following example, the student cited material that was copied, in large part, directly from the source text but the student failed to indicate the quoted material by using quotation marks. The student pretended to be paraphrasing but was really plagiarizing.

Type of Plagiarism


IX. For all that, he presently made a more daring attempt at Rome: for a few days before he entered upon hisaedileship he was suspected of having made a conspiracy with Marcus Crassus, an ex-consul, and likewisewith Publius Sulla and Lucius Autronius, who, after their election to the consulship, had been found guilty ofcorrupt practices. The design was to set upon the senate at the opening of the year and put to the sword asmany as they thought good; then Crassus was to usurp the dictatorship, naming Caesar as his master ofhorse, and when they had organized the state according to their pleasure, the consulship was to be restoredto Sulla and Autronius. This plot is mentioned by Tanusius Geminus in his History, by Marcus Bibulus in hisedicts, and by Gaius Curio the elder in his speeches. Cicero too seems to hint at it in a letter to Axius, wherehe says that Caesar in his consulship established the despotism which he had had in mind when he wasaedile. Tanusius adds that Crassus, either conscience-stricken or moved by fear, did not appear on the dayappointed for the massacre, and that therefore Caesar did not give the signal which it had been agreed thathe should give; and Curio says that the arrangement was that Caesar should let his toga fall from hisshoulder. Not only Curio, but Marcus Actorius Naso as well declare that Caesar made another


Conspiracy and bribery were very popular tools used by Caesar prior to his reign as Imperator. For instance just before he entered aedileship he was suspected of having made a conspiracy with Marcus Crassus, an ex-consul, and with Publius Sulla and Lucius Autronius, who were found guilty of corrupt practices. The plan supposedly was to kill as many of the senate as they though good, then for Crassus to usurp power and then declare Caesar his master of horse. Further when they had reorganized the state according to their own pleasures, then they would restore the consulship to Sulla and Autronius. This particular plot did not actually occur, because, and it is suggested in Suetonius, that Crassus was either conscience-stricken or moved by fear and consequently did not show up for the planned massacre

Source Text

Plagiarized VersionExample

The use of ANY AMOUNT of text that has been IMPROPERLY PARAPHRASED constitutes plagiarism. Suggesting an improper reliance on a single source, this includes "mosaic plagiarism" or "cut-and-paste plagiarism."

Example of Type 3 Plagiarism


Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to measure the molar heat of combustion of maleic acid. In order to find this quantity. the heat capacity (Cs) of the calorimenter must first be measured. This was found using the following equation:

(1) Cs = ( ΔE(ben) + ΔE(wire))/T2-T1 Where ΔE(ben) represents the internal energy of benzoic acid and ΔE(wire) represents the internal energy of the wire holding the benzoic acid during combustion. The variable T is the temperature. T2 being the ending temp. and T1 being the starting temp. both in Celsius. For these samples the amounts of b nzoic acid, maleic acid and wire were all known.

The heat of combustion was then calculated from the following equation:(2) ΔE= Cs(T2-T1) – ΔE(wire) Where Cs is the average value of the heat capacities found in the first equation. When the heat of combustion is quantified it is now possible to find the molar heat of combus tion, also known as enthalpy or ΔH. This is found using the following equation:

(3) ΔH = ΔE + RTΔn Where Δn is the change in moles for the system found by stoichiometry and R is the universal gas constant in Joules/mol*Kelvin.

Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to measure the molar heat of combustion of Naphthalene. In order to do this, the heat capacity (Cs) of the calorimeter needed to be determine through the use of the following formula:

(1) Cs = (ΔEba = ΔEwire) / (T2-T1) Where ΔEba representsthe known heat of combustion of benzoic acid andEwire represents the heat of combustion for the wire holding the benzoic acidpellet during combustion. The variable T represents the temperature in Celsiusbefore and after the trial. The procedure for this determination involvescombustion of each of the samples within a bomb colorimeter. For suchsample, the amounts of benzoic acid, naphthalene, and wire were known.

The heat of combustion (ΔE) was then calculated from the following equation: (2) ΔE = Cs (T2 – T1) - ΔEwire

Where Cs is the average value of the heat capacities determined through theuse of equation (1). Once the heat of combustion for naphthalene is determinedwe can determine the molar heat of combustion (ΔH) represented through thefollowing equation:

(3) ΔH - ΔE + RTΔn where Δn is the change in moles for the system and R is the universal gasconstant in Joules. Due to the fact that the pressure within the system is notconstant we can not assume that ΔH is equal to ΔE, and will be determined in kJper mole naphthalene. Source Text

Plagiarized Version

Example of Type 3 Plagiarism


http://www.incwell.com/Biographies/Caesar/html

THE POWER OF CAESAR Julius Caesar rose from relative obscurity to supreme poor in the late Roman republic. A brilliant general and formidable politician, he defeated all rivals to become dictator of Rome. Fear that he would make himself king prompted his assassination in 44 BC. But Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, later rose to become the emperor Augustus. Early Life Gaius Julius Caesar was born on July 13, 100 BC. Although patrician and claiming descent from Venus through Aeneas's son Iulus (Ascanius), Caesar's family had not achieved real prominence. His father, also named Gaius Julius Caesar, was the brother-in-law of Gaius Marius and married Aurelia, who was connected with the prominent Aurelii family; he died about 85 BC, however, before reaching the consulship. In 84, Caesar married Cornelia, daughter of Marius's old partner Lucius Cornelius Cinna. When Lucius Cornelius Sulla ordered him to divorce her, he refused and escaped harm through the intervention of such people as his mother's relative, Gaius Aurelius Cotta.

Source Text

Julius Caesar was born on July 13 in the year 100 BC. His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar, the exact same name as his father. Although patrician and claiming descent from Venus, Caesar’s family never achieved real prominence. Around 86BC Caesar’s uncle Marius, just before his death, saw to it that young Caesar was appointed flamen dialis, one of an archaic priesthood with no power. This then identified him with his uncle’s extremist politics. Julius Caesar’s father died in 85 BC. In 84 BC, at the age of sixteen, he married Cornelia, the daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, one of Marius’ associates. This marriage further confirmed him as a radical. Soon after his marriage he had a daughter, Julia. When Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Marius’s enemy and leader of the Optimates, was made dictator in 82 BC, he issued a list of enemies to be executed. Although Caesar was not harmed, he was ordered by Sulla to divorce Cornelia. Refusing that order, he found it prudent to leave Rome. He did not return to the city until 78 BC, after Sulla’s resignation. (Plutarch wrote in more detail about this in his work, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans.)

“Copy & Paste” Plagiarized Version

“Classification” of plagiarismAccording to aspects plagiarized

Idea Substance or content Words, sentence, etc

According to intentionality Deliberated / intentional plagiarism Reckless plagiarism

According to the proportion of plagiarized materials : Mild < 30 % Moderate 30 – 70 % Severe / complete > 70 %

According to ‘mode’ plagiarism : Word-for-word plagiarism Mosaic plagiarism

Self / auto plagiarismPointers Soedigdo: Plagiarism – Sep – 05/SS

Plagiarism of other’s idea

Research replication is encouraged in medicine (to lesser extent : in biological sciences)Large variations related to age, sex, race, study setting, individual responses make it important to verify previous study in different populationsThe report should explicitly indicates that similar work has been done in the past, and the present study was done to verify the results in other setting or population ; otherwise the author confines to plagiarism


Plagiarism of words, sentence, etc

Quoting directly, paraphrasing or writing about someone’s ideas without giving a reference

Using an author’s exact word without indicating they are quoted and referenced

Presenting your own version of other people’s ideas without acknowledgment


These are plagiarism…

Transcribing or modifying text from any printed material (books, magazines, encyclopedias, newspapers)

Using photographs, video or audio without permission

Using another student’s work and claiming it as your own is plagiarism, also know as “collusion”



Literal translation from one language to another is NOT using your own words; thus it is plagiarismUsing an essay that you wrote for another class without permission from the professor is know as self-plagiarism or autoplagiarism. It also means submitting or publishing the your own published materials without indicating that the work has been presented or published.



Taking an image, diagram, or artwork from another source without acknowledgment

Collaborating inappropriately with other students when individual work is required

Copying another student’s work or someone else’s work and submitting it as your own


(IV)

ALWAYS BE CAREFULL

Why plagiarism ?

Misunderstand how to use academic conventions appropriatelyHave poor writing skillsAre too busy to study and have other distractionsAre unmotivatedLack confidence or have a fear of failureFine the material complex and abstract and struggle to grasp the meaning.


Avoid accidental plagiarism

You probably don’t want to get into trouble for accidental plagiarism“I did’t mean to” is not an excuse, and may be punished as severely as a deliberate act of plagiarism


Deliberate plagiarism

Buying, stealing, or using somebody else’s brain-power to do your work for you are all acts of deliberate plagiarismYou can expect the most severe of penalties


How to use and cite sources properly

…"three basic principles" are given for the proper use of sources… 1. "Use sources as concisely as possible, so your

own thinking isn’t crowded out by your presentation of other people’s thinking, or your own voice by your quoting of other sources."

2. "Never leave your reader in doubt as to when you are speaking and when you are using materials from a source."

3. "Always make clear how each source you use relates to your argument."


“Common Knowledge”

…"Common knowledge includes such information as ‘December has thirty-one days,’ and well-known proverbs (‘a penny saved is a penny earned’) or historical information such as the date of the Declaration of Independence”But: “,,Don’t assume anything you read—especially on the web or in your textbooks—is common knowledge. Many texts on the web are simply plagiarized from other pages or from printed sources…”

..is not Plagiarism


THANK YOU

academic dishonesty (fachmi) 01-08

Documents

rules of conductacademic

and plagiarism by

with robert taylor

program pascasarjana

bertujuan meningkatkan

menjunjung tinggi kejujuran

mencuri gagasan orang