abstrak tikus wistar
TRANSCRIPT
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ABSTRAK
EFEK EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill.)
TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR KOLESTEROL LDL
TIKUS WISTAR
Isabella Kurnia Tjahjono, 2015; Pembimbing I : Dr. Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr.,
M.Kes.
Pembimbing II : Adrian Suhendra., dr., Sp.PK.,
M.Kes.
Dislipidemia adalah kelainan metabolisme lipid ditandai dengan peningkatan
kadar kolesterol total, kolesterol LDL, dan trigliserida serta penurunan kadar
kolesterol HDL. Simvastatin adalah obat pilihan untuk terapi dislipidemia, tetapi
berisiko menimbulkan efek samping pada hati dan rhabdomyolysis. Masyarakat
banyak memilih terapi alternatif sebagai upaya menurunkan kadar kolesterol.
Tujuan penelitian untuk menilai efek ekstrak etanol buah alpukat (EEBA) dalam
menurunkan kadar kolesterol LDL tikus wistar dan membandingkan potensi
ekstrak etanol buah alpukat dengan simvastatin.
Penelitian bersifat ekperimental laboratorik menggunakan 30 ekor tikus Wistar
jantan yang dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok (n=6), diinduksi diet tinggi
lemak (DTL). Kelompok EEBA I, EEBA II, dan EEBA III selanjutnya diberi
ekstrak etanol buah alpukat setiap hari dengan dosis 441mg/kgBB, 882mg/kgBB,
dan 1764mg/kgBB, kelompok KN (CMC 1%), dan kelompok KP
(simvastatin 0,9mg/kgBB) selama 14 hari dengan DTL tetap diberikan. Data
kadar kolesterol LDL sebelum dan sesudah induksi DTL dianalisis dengan uji t-
berpasangan, persentase penurunan kadar kolesterol LDL setelah perlakuan
dengan ANAVA satu arah, dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey HSD (α=0,05).
Hasil penelitian presentase penurunan kadar kolesterol LDL didapatkan
kelompok EEBA I (12,00±2,608), EEBA II (15,50±1,527) dan EEBA III
(18,00±2,608) menunjukkan perbedaan yang sangat bermakna (p<0,01) bila
dibandingkan dengan kelompok KN (4,17±2,136). Kelompok EEBA I, EEBA II,
dan EEBA III menunjukkan perbedaan sangat bermakna dibandingkan dengan
kelompok KP (p<0,01).
Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ekstrak etanol buah alpukat dapat
menurunkan kadar kolesterol LDL tikus Wistar tetapi mempunyai potensi lebih
lemah dibandingkan simvastatin.
Kata kunci: alpukat, kolesterol LDL, simvastatin
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ABSTRACT
THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF AVOCADO (Persea americana
Mill.) TOWARDS THE DECREASE LDL CHOLESTEROL’S LEVEL IN
WISTAR RATS
Isabella Kurnia Tjahjono, 2015; 1st
Tutor : Dr. Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr., M.Kes.
2nd
Tutor : Adrian Suhendra., dr., Sp.PK., M.Kes.
Dyslipidemia is an abnormality of lipid metabolism defined as elevated total or
LDL cholesterol’s level and triglycerides, or low HDL cholesterol’s. Simvastatin
is drug of choice for dyslipidemia, but it has hepatic side effects and
rhabdomyolysis. People choose alternative way for complementary lipid lowering.
The aim of this study is to measure the effects of ethanol extract of avocado
(EEBA) to lowering LDL cholesterol’s level of Wistar rats and to compare the
potential effect with simvastatin.
This laboratory experimental study were use 30 male Wistar rats divided into 5
groups (n=6), and given high lipid diet (DTL). Group EEBA I, EEBA II, and
EEBA III respectively given ethanol extract of avocado with dosage 441mg/kgBW,
882g/kgBW, and 1764mg/kgBW, CMC1% for KN, and simvastatin 0,9 mg/kgBW
for KP in 14 days. The data of LDL cholesterol’s level before and after DTL were analyzed with paired-t test, the percentage decreasing levels were analyzed use
one way ANOVA, followed by Tukey HSD test (α=0.05).
There were significantly decreased of percentage LDL cholesterol’s level after
treatments, group EEBA I (12.00±2.608), EEBA II (15.50±1.527), and EEBA III
(18.00±2.608), given significantly differences compared with group KN
(4.17±2.136) as negative control (p<0.01). Group I, II, and III showed significant
difference with group KP (p<0.01).
The conclusion of this research is ethanol extract of avocado (Persea
americana Mill.) decreased LDL cholesterol’s level of male Wistar rats but has
lower potency than simvastatin.
Keywords: avocado, LDL cholesterol’s, simvastatin
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DAFTAR ISI
JUDUL ................................................................................................................ i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................. ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN ................................................................................. iii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ v
KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................. xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ..................................................................................... 4
1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian ..................................................................... 4
1.4 Manfaat Karya Tulis Ilmiah ......................................................................... 5
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ............................................................................. 5
1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis .................................................................................. 5
1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian ............................................. 5
1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran .......................................................................... 5
1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................................................... 6
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Lipid ............................................................................................................. 7
2.1.1 Klasifikasi Lipid ................................................................................ 8
2.2 Kolesterol ..................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Sintesis Kolesterol ............................................................................. 9
2.2.2 Transport Kolesterol ........................................................................ 10
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2.2.3 Ekskresi Kolesterol .......................................................................... 10
2.3 Lipoprotein ................................................................................................. 10
2.3.1 Metabolisme Lipoprotein................................................................. 13
2.3.1.1 Jalur Metabolisme Eksogen ................................................ 13
2.3.1.2 Jalur Metabolisme Endogen ................................................ 14
2.3.1.3 Jalur Reverse Cholesterol Transport ................................... 15
2.4 Dislipidemia ............................................................................................... 16
2.4.1 Klasifikasi Dislipidemia .................................................................. 16
2.4.1.1 Klasifikasi Fenotipik ........................................................... 16
2.4.1.2 Klasifikasi Patogenik .......................................................... 18
2.4.2 Faktor Risiko Dislipidemia .............................................................. 20
2.4.3 Kompikasi Dislipidemia .................................................................. 21
2.4.4 Penatalaksanaan Dislipidemia ......................................................... 22
2.4.4.1 Strategi Intervensi ............................................................... 22
2.4.4.2 Intervensi Gaya Hidup untuk Memperbaiki Profil Lipid .... 24
2.4.4.3 Terapi Farmakologi untuk Dislipidemia ............................. 26
2.5 Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) ............................................................. 27
2.5.1 Sistematika Tumbuhan Alpukat ...................................................... 28
2.5.2 Morfologi Tumbuhan Alpukat ......................................................... 28
2.5.3 Kandungan Tanaman Alpukat ......................................................... 29
2.5.4 Efek Kandungan Buah Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) terhadap
Kadar Kolesterol LDL ...................................................................... 30
2.5.4.1 Betasitosterol ....................................................................... 30
2.5.4.2 Lemak Tak Jenuh Tunggal Oleat (Mono Unsaturated Fatty
Acid, MUFA) dan Lemak Tak Jenuh Ganda (Poly
Unsaturated Fatty Acid) ....................................................... 31
2.5.4.3 Flavonoid ............................................................................. 32
2.5.4.4 Saponin ................................................................................ 33
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BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1 Bahan, Alat dan Subjek Penelitian ............................................................. 34
3.1.1 Alat Penelitian ................................................................................. 34
3.1.2 Bahan Penelitian .............................................................................. 35
3.1.3 Subjek penelitian ............................................................................ 35
3.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian .................................................................... 36
3.3 Metode Penelitian ...................................................................................... 36
3.3.1 Desain Penelitian ............................................................................ 36
3.3.2 Variabel Penelitian ......................................................................... 36
3.3.2.1 Definisi Konsepsional Variabel .......................................... 36
3.3.2.2 Definisi Operasional Variabel ............................................. 37
3.3.3 Perhitungan Besar Sampel .............................................................. 38
3.3.4 Prosedur Kerja ................................................................................. 39
3.3.4.1 Persiapan Bahan Uji ............................................................ 39
3.3.4.2 Pembuatan Ekstrak Etanol Buah Alpukat (EEBA) ............. 39
3.3.5 Persiapan Hewan Coba .................................................................... 40
3.4 Prosedur Penelitian .................................................................................... 40
3.4.1 Penelitian Awal ............................................................................... 40
3.4.2 Penelitian Lanjutan .......................................................................... 40
3.4.3 Prosedur Pengambilan dan Pengolahan Sampel Darah ................... 41
3.5 Metode Analisis Data ................................................................................. 42
3.6 Aspek Etik Penelitian ................................................................................ 44
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil Penelitian .......................................................................................... 45
4.1.1 Kadar Kolesterol LDL Sebelum dan Setelah Induksi DTL ............. 45
4.1.2 Kadar Kolesterol LDL Setelah Perlakuan ........................................ 46
4.2 Pengujian Hipotesis Penelitian ................................................................... 50
4.2.1 Hipotesis Penelitian I ....................................................................... 50
4.2.2 Hipotesis Penelitian II ..................................................................... 51
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BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan .................................................................................................... 52
5.2 Saran ........................................................................................................... 52
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 54
LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................... 58
RIWAYAT HIDUP ......................................................................................... 72
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Klasifikasi European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) .................... 17
Tabel 2.2 Klasifikasi World Health Organization (WHO) ............................ 17
Tabel 2.3 Klasifikasi Kolesterol Total, Kolesterol LDL, Kolesterol HDL, dan
Trigliserida Menurut National Cholesterol Education Program-
Adult Treatment Panel III .............................................................. 18
Tabel 2.4 Penyakit Lain yang Dapat Menyebabkan Dislipidemia Sekunder. 19
Tabel 2.5 Faktor Risiko (Selain Kolesterol LDL) yang Menentukan Sasaran
Kolesterol LDL yang Ingin Dicapai ............................................... 20
Tabel 2.6 Tiga Kategori Risiko yang Menentukan Sasaran Kolesterol LDL
yang Ingin Dicapai ......................................................................... 21
Tabel 2.7 Strategi Intervensi Sebagai Fungsi dari Risiko Kardiovaskular
Total dan Konsentrasi Kolesterol LDL .......................................... 23
Tabel 2.8 Intervensi Gaya Hidup yang Dapat Dilakukan untuk Mengurangi
Kolesterol LDL dan Trigliserida, serta meningkatkan Kolesterol
HDL ............................................................................................... 24
Tabel 2.9 Dosis Statin Maksimal yang Direkomendasikan ............................. 26
Tabel 2.10 Kandungan Gizi di dalam 100 gram Buah Alpukat ....................... 29
Tabel 4.1 Rerata Kadar Kolesterol LDL Sebelum dan Setelah Induksi DTL 45
Tabel 4.2 Kadar Kolesterol LDL Sebelum dan Setelah Perlakuan serta Persen
Penurunannya ................................................................................ 47
Tabel 4.3 Uji Tukey HSD terhadap Persentase Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol
LDL ................................................................................................ 48
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Low Density Lipoprotein ............................................................... 12
Gambar 2.2 Metabolisme Lipid Jalur Eksogen dan Endogen ........................... 15
Gambar 2.3 Metabolisme Lipide Jalur Reverse Cholesterol Transport ........... 16
Gambar 2.4 Buah Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) ....................................... 27
Gambar 3.1 Alur Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................... 42
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Data Berat Badan Hewan Coba Setelah Induksi DTL ............... 58
Lampiran 2 Perhitungan Dosis Bahan Uji dan Pembanding.......................... 59
Lampiran 3 Kadar Kolesterol LDL Sebelum dan Setelah Induksi DTL........ 60
Lampiran 4 Hasil Uji Normalitas Shapiro-Wilk terhadap Kadar Kolesterol
LDL Sebelum dan Setelah Induks DTL .................................... 61
Lampiran 5 Hasil Uji T-Berpasangan Rerata Kadar Kolesterol LDL Sebelum
dan Setelah Induksi DTL .......................................................... 62
Lampiran 6 Uji ANAVA Satu Arah Levene Statistic Setelah Induksi DTL . 63
Lampiran 7 Hasil Uji Normalitas Shapiro-Wilk dan ANAVA Satu Arah
Levene Statistic terhadap Persentase Penurunan Kadar
Kolesterol LDL Setelah Transformasi ...................................... 64
Lampiran 8 Hasil Uji Tukey HSD Persentase Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol
LDL Setelah Transformasi ........................................................ 66
Lampiran 9 Dokumentasi ............................................................................... 68
Lampiran 10 Surat Keputusan Komisi Etik Penelitian .................................... 70
Lampiran 11 Determinasi Buah Alpukat ......................................................... 71
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