International ConferenceBelgrade, 13th-14th October 2015

GENDER EQUALITY IN DEFENCE SYSTEM

ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND TRENDS

Abstract Proceedings

Ministry of Defence republic of serbia

International ConferenceABSTRACT PROCEEDINGS

GENDER EQUALITY IN DEFENCE SYSTEM– ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND TRENDS

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:President Assoc.Prof.Dr.JovankaŠaranović

Members Mag. Tatjana Višacki (Organising Committee Secretary) LtColDr.MiljanMilkić,ResearchAssociate UrošŽivković,MA LtColMag.SvetlanaJanković Assoc.Prof.Dr.StanislavStojanović Dr.MilanTerzić,SeniorResearchAssociate

The Conference is organized by StrategicResearchInstituteMinistry of DefenceRepublicofSerbiaNeznanogjunaka38,Belgrade

Printed by__________________

Compiled byMag. Tatjana VišackiLtColDr.MiljanMilkić

Number of copies60

ISBN 978-86-81121-13-9

PrintingofthisProceedingswassupportedbyUNDPSEESACthroughtheproj-ect“StrengtheningofRegionalCooperationinGenderMainstreaminginSecu-ritySectorReformintheWesternBalkans“,whichisfundedbytheNorwegianMinistryofForeignAffairs,SwedishArmedForcesandUNDPSerbia.

Theviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonot necessarilyrepresentthoseoftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionoftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeconcerning1)thelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorarea,orofitsauthori-ties;or2)thedelineationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

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Contents

PREFACEbyAssoc.Prof.Dr.JovankaŠaranović,DirectorofStrategicResearchInstitute, GenderadvisortotheDefenceMinister 9

KEYNOTEbyRearAdmiralLouiseDedichen,HeadoftheNorwegianDefence University College 11

SnežanaKresoja,AdvisortothePresidentoftheAPVojvodinaAssemblyROLE OF THE AP VOJVODINA ASSEMBLY IN PROCESSES OF INSTITUTIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF GENDER DEMOCRACY: 2000-2015 11

StojankaLekić,PresidentoftheCommitteeonGenderEqualityTHE ROLE OF THE WOMEN’S PARLIAMENTARY NETWORK OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA IN STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY CAPACITIES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES – “LOCALISATION” OF THE NAP (NATIONAL ACTION PLAN) FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESOLUTION 1325 12

AcsádyJudit,Ph.D.,InstituteforSociology,HungarianAcademyofSciences,BudapestVOICES OF PEACE AND FREEDOM. CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS TO THE UN SC RESOLUTION 1325 12

Assoc.Prof.Dr.GordanaGasmi,InstituteofComparativeLaw,Belgrade,FacultyofMediaandCommunications,SingidunumUniversityBelgradeDr.DraganaPetrović,InstituteofComparativeLaw,BelgradeEUROPEAN CORNERSTONES ON WOMEN HUMAN RIGHTS–CASE STUDY OF SERBIA 14

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FullProf.Dr.NevenaPetrušić,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofNišTHE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR PROTECTION OF EQUALITY IN PREVENTION OF THE GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION 15

Mag.DraganKnežević,DepartmentofGenderEqualityofMinistryofLabour,Employment,VeteransandSocialAffairsoftheRepublicofSerbia GENDER EQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS (OVERVIEW) 16

ResearchProfessorMarinaHughson,Ph.D.,InstituteofCriminologicalandSociologicalResearch,BelgradeGENDER MAINSTREAMING IN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT AND RESILIENCE BUILDING: CONTEXTUALIZING INTERNATIONAL GOOD PRACTICES INTO THE BALKANS 18

MuhamedSmajić,Ph.D.,SecretaryoftheMinistryofDefenceofBosniaandHerzegovinaACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 - WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS. PRACTICE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 19

LilianaBrožič,Ph.D.,GeneralstaffoftheSlovenianArmedForcesLtColSuzanaTkavc,Ph.D.,GeneralstaffoftheSlovenian Armed Forces WOMEN OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES IN THE INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND MISSIONS 20

CristinaRădoi,Ph.D.,GenderExpert,BucharestA GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ROMANIAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS A BRIDGE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND COSMOPOLITAN MILITARIES? 21

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Col.Mag.MilivojePajović,ChiefoftheSerbianArmedForces PeacekeepingOperationsCentre,CommanderoftheSerbian Armed Forces Contingent in UN mission MINUSCA in the Central AfricanRepublicSPECIFICITIES IN MANAGING AND COMMANDING CONTINGENTS IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE 22

LtColGoranTopalović,HeadofTrainingSection,PeacekeepingOperationsCentreJointOperationsCommandSAFHOW IS PEACE-BUILDING IMPLEMENTED MOST EFFECTIVELY? 23

BrigadierGeneralGordanaGarašić,M.Sc.,HeadofMilitary AffairsOffice,OfficeofthePresidentoftheRepublicofCroatiaLieutenantColonelBoženkoĐevoić,MA,HeadofEducation Department,J-1GeneralStaffoftheCroatianArmedForcesIMPLEMENTING UNSCR 1325 AND INTEGRATING GENDER PERSPECTIVE INTO CROATIAN ARMED FORCES - LESSONS LEARNED AND WAY AHEAD 24

FirstLieutenantIsabelBorkstett,BundeswehrOperationalCommunicationCentre,DepartmentofForeignAreaSpecialistsLtCol(GS)MichaelFraas,DEUMoDGENDER PERSPECTIVES IN MILITARY OPERATIONS – THE GERMAN APPROACH 26

MehmedinTahirović,Ph.D.,HeadofServiceforPublicRelationsandProtocol, Ministry of Defence, Montenegro GENDER AND SECURITY SECTOR REFORM - CHALLENGES AND EXPERIENCES. BUILDING OF THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF MONTENEGRO AND GENDER 27

BiljanaStojković,Ph.D.,StrategicPlanningdepartment,MoDRSLtColMag.SvetlanaJanković,StrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRSSUSTAINABILITY OF FURTHER APPLICATION OF RESOLUTION 1325 IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 29

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IvanZveržhanovski,Ph.D.,SEESACCoordinatorandProgrammeSpecialist,UNDPIstanbulRegionalHubBojanaBalon,M.A.,SEESACProgrammeOfficer,UNDPGENDER SENSITIZATION IN THE ARMED FORCES – THE WESTERN BALKANS EXPERIENCE 30

Dr.KsenijaĐurić-Atanasievski,MilitaryAcademy,BelgradeNatašaMrdak,PeacekeepingOperationsCentre,GeneralStaff,SAFGENDER PERSPECTIVE IN MILITARY EDUCATION 32

Asst.Prof.Dr.VanjaRokvić,FacultyofSecurityStudies,UniversityofBelgrade TAIvanDimitrijević,FacultyofSecurityStudies,UniversityofBelgradeGENDER PERSPECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES’ CURRICULUM AT THE FACULTY OF SECURITY STUDIES 33

Mag.TatjanaVišacki,StrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRSAssoc.Prof.Dr.JovankaŠaranović,StrategicResearch Institute,MoDRSINTEGRATION OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA – EMPLOYEES’ VIEWS 35

DanijelaProtić,GeneralStaffofSerbianArmy,DepartmentforTelecommunicationandIT(J-6)CentreforAppliedMathematicsandElectronicsGENDER AND THE INFORMATION SECURITY PROFESSION 36

Dr.ŽanetRistovska,MinistryofDefenceofthe RepublicofMacedoniaBiljanaPopovska,MA,MinistryofDefenceofthe RepublicofMacedoniaACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA 37

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Assoc.Prof.StojanSlaveski,Ph.D.,EuropeanUniversity,RepublicofMacedoniaBiljanaPopovska,MA,MinistryofDefenceoftheRepublic of Macedonia EXPERIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA IN IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOLUTION 1325 OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL 38

LieutenantSilviaStanciu,SpecialistOfficerandGenderAdvisor,RomanianMinistryofNationalDefenceACCOMPLISHMENTS, TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES OF IMPLEMENTING UNSCR RESOLUTION 1325 IN A NATIONALLY OUTLINED SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK 39

LtColSuzanaTkavc,Ph.D.,GeneralstaffoftheSlovenianArmedForcesGENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES; REVIEW AT THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 40

UrsulaHann,HeadofUN&InternationalCooperationSectionoftheFederalMinistryofDefenceandSports,RepublicofAustriaADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND NON-DISCRIMINATION IN THE AUSTRIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND SPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES 42

DanijelaSpasić,Ph.D.AcademyofCriminalisticandPoliceStudies,Belgrade GENDER EQUALITY IN THE POLICE: SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES 43

Mag.SnežanaNovović,BelgradeWOMEN IN THE POLICE AND THEIR COPING WITH STRESS AS AN ASPECT OF POLICING PROFESSION 44

JelenaVidić,PsychologistGENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND NATURAL DISASTERS 46

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Mag.HelenaRosandić,PsychiatryWard-PublicHealthInstitution, Nikšić,MontenegroGENDER IDEOLOGY IN MODERN SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON MARRIAGE DYNAMICS 47

MajorDr.MilovanSubotić,StrategicResearchInstituteRELIGION AND GENDER BASED VIOLANCE 48

Dr.ZoricaMršević,InstituteofSocialSciences,BelgradeTHE PREVENTION OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE BY RAISING ACTION CAPACITY OF WOMEN - THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA AND INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS 50

Abstract Proceedings 2015 9

PREFACE

by

Assoc.Prof.Dr.JovankaŠaranović

DirectorofStrategicResearchInstitute

GenderadvisortotheDefenceMinister

Dearcolleagues,

ItismyhonourandpleasuretowelcomeyouonbehalfoftheMinistryof

DefenceandtheStrategicResearchInstituteastheorganizersofthetwo-

dayinternationalscientificconferencededicatedtowomenindefence.So

far,theStrategicResearchInstituteoftheMoDhasorganizedtwointerna-

tionalscientificconferencesdealingwithgenderaspect.Theconferences

arealwaysorganizedincooperationwithoneofthestrategicpartnersand

theirtimingiscarefullyarranged.Thisisthethirdconsecutiveconference.

ThefirstconferencetitledWomen in the Military was organized together

withtheOSCEmissionintheRepublicofSerbiain2006,thesecondWomen

in the Security Sector – A Regional Perspectivewasheldin2010withthefi-

nancialsupportoftheMinistryofDefenceoftheKingdomofNorway,while

the third Gender Equality in Defence System –Accomplishments and Trends is

organizedwiththeUNDPSEESAC.

From 2006 to-date, the MoD and the Serbian Armed Forces (SAF) have

achievedalot.Byacceptingthegenderequalityconceptasoneoftheirstra-

tegic orientations, the Serbian Armed Forces have committed themselves

to, in linewith their capabilities, strive towardaccomplishing thehighest

standardsinthesaidarea,relayingontheirownexperience,specificqual-

itiesoftheinheritedstatusandtrendspresentinthecountrieswhichmay

serveasrolemodelsworthemulating.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS10

Carryingout thisundoubtedlyambitiousundertaking requiredasynchro-

nized action of a wide range of relevant stakeholders, along with a consis-

tentapplicationoftheorderandgradualismprinciple,whichfromthevery

beginningresultedinaconceptofgenderequalityobjectificationinseveral

interrelatedandmutuallydependentsteps.

Wehavedeterminedourownposition inrelationtotheprevailingglobal

trends. Theoretically,we established the area through scientific-research

projects,theresultsofwhichwereusedforadoptingcertainreformsolu-

tionsattheMoDandSAF.Oneofthemistheintroductionofeducationfor

womenattheMilitaryAcademyandtheMilitaryHighSchool.Wehavein-

creasedthelevelof informationandmotivationofwomeninthistypeof

education.TheresultshavebeenappliedintheDraftCommunicationStrat-

egyattheMoDandtheSAFinthepartdealingwiththeyoungpopulation.

Wehaveintensifiedtheadmissionofwomenintotheprofessionalmilitary

serviceandbecomeengaged inthedevelopmentand implementationof

theNAPfortheapplicationofUNSCR1325.

AtthemomentwearefinalizingtheimplementationofourfirstNAPforthe

applicationofUNSCR1325,wherebytheRSexpresseditsreadinesstocomply

withtheinternationalobligationsithasassumedandthedeterminationtoim-

plementUNSCR1325 in itspolicyanddirectlyengage in its implementation.

Today,whenthefinalreckoningsaremadeandthestrategyonfurtheractions

isbeingdeveloped,wehavegatheredtotakeprideinouraccomplishments,as-

sumeresponsibilityforthethingsthathavenotbeendone,sharebestpractices

andachievementsofothers,notonlyintheregionbutalsointheworld.

Iwouldliketothankyouallforcomingheretodaybecausetimeismoney,itis

scarceandwerarelyspenditevenwithourlovedones.Wearepresenthereto-

day,guidedbytheultimatetruth:“Evenifyouareontherighttrack,youwillget

runoverifyoujustsitthere”.Byquotinganarticlesaying:“He did nothing, except

sit and write”,Ihopethatourtwo-day“sitting”sessionwillyieldfruitfulresults.

Abstract Proceedings 2015 11

KEYNOTERear Admiral Louise DedichenHeadoftheNorwegianDefenseUniversityCollege

RearAdmiralLouiseDedichenisgoingtodulyaddressthegenderequality

situationintheNorwegianArmedForceswithaparticularemphasisonNor-

way´srecentimplementationofcompulsorymilitaryserviceforbothgen-

ders,andelaborateonhowequalityisappliedandchallengedinvariousar-

easandformsintheNorwegianMilitary.Thisbyfocusingonthesignificance

ofexplicitactionplansandgenderequalitygoalsaswellasintroducingthe

conscript´sspokesmansystem,mixedroomsandFemalesintheSpecialOp-

erationForceInitiativeinregardstogenderequality.

ROLE OF THE AP VOJVODINA ASSEMBLY IN PROCESSES OF INSTITUTIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF GENEDER DEMOCRACY: 2000-2015

ThispaperanalysestheroleoftheAPVojvodinaAssembly inprocessesof

institutionalconsolidationofgenderdemocracy,givinganoverviewofstrat-

egies, decisions and initiatives enacted and launched by theAPVojvodina

Assemblyintheperiod2000-2015,forthepurposeofcreatingthepolitical

prerequisitesforgender-sensitiveinstitutionalinfrastructureatthelocaland

provinciallevel.Byintegratinginallstrategicdocumentsthepoliticalcredoof

theconceptofhumansecurity:thatlivinginnon-violenceisafundamental,

inalienable,inviolableanduniversalhumanright,theAPVojvodinaAssembly

hasmarkedviolence–rangingfromphysicaltosymbolic-asthecauseofin-

equalityofmenandwomen.

Snežana KresojaAdvisor to the President of the AP Vojvodina Assembly

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS12

THE ROLE OF THE WOMEN’S PARLIAMENTARY NETWORK OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA IN STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY CAPACITIES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES – “LOCALISATION” OF THE NAP (NATIONAL ACTION PLAN) FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESOLUTION 1325

Activitiesof theWomen’sParliamentaryNetworkof theAssemblyof

AP Vojvodina are focusing on: creation of institutional grounds for

buildingthesecureandsafeenvironment;strengtheningofthesecurity

capacitiesoflocalcommunities,preventionandcontrolofallformsof

gender-based violence and discrimination; strengthening of the role of

localmechanismsforgenderequality;promotionoftheimportanceof

theroleandcooperationofallinstitutionsintheprocessofprotection

andenhancementofbasichumanandminorityrights,promotionofthe

roleofwomen’scouncillornetwork.

VOICES OF PEACE AND FREEDOM. CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS TO THE UN SC RESOLUTION 1325

100yearsago,in1915,twothousandwomendelegatesfrombelligerent

countriesinvolvedinWorldWar1foundedtheWomen’sInternational

League forPeaceandFreedom inTheHague.Theworkwasalready

Stojanka LekićPresidentoftheCommitteeonGenderEquality

Acsády Judit, Ph.D.InstituteforSociology,HungarianAcademyofSciences

Budapest

Abstract Proceedings 2015 13

prepared by several initiatives of local organizations that belonged

to the InternationalWomen’s SuffrageAlliance. The resolution that

wasacceptedattheHaguecongressclaimstheneedtostopthewar

andmakefoundationsforasustainablepeacebasedonprinciplesof

social justice, democratic institutions, respect of the autonomy of

all nations and there solution of international conflicts by peaceful

means. However the war divided women’s suffrage movements,

as some supported it, and considered it as a justified defence of

homeland.Other activists andgroupsopposed thewaron thebase

ofpacifistphilosophy.Women’srolealsochangedsignificantlyduring

thewaryears.Yet,genderrelationsinmanyaspectsbecamerestored

afterthewarinmanycountries.Theinfluenceofwomenvotersafter

thesuffragebillswereacceptedtheoreticallygavechanceforwomen

tomodifyslowlythewaysofpolitics.

The paper aims to present data about the foundations and the

activitiesoftheWILPF(Women’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceand

Freedom) and reconstruct the steps that how such organizations

couldcontributetotheworkofinternationalorganizations,e.g.the

LeagueofNationsandhowtheycontributedtothe implementation

of UNSC Resolution 1325. The paper also aims to reconstruct the

sourcesof feministpacifismduringWW1 (RózsaSchwimmer,Bertha

von Stuttner, Jane Addams) and follow their activities in the years

after the war and also discuss how women’s organizations reacted

to the peace treaties? What initiatives were taken for example in

alternative education and peaceful resolution methods? Some of

thesearepresentincontemporarypractice.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS14

EUROPEAN CORNERSTONES ON WOMEN HUMAN RIGHTS –CASE STUDY OF SERBIA

“Women are in double jeopardy. Discriminated against as women,they are also as likely as men, if not more so,

to become victims of human rights violations…today, what unites women internationally

— transcending class, race, culture, religion, nationality and ethnic origin

— is their vulnerability to the denial and violation of their fundamental human rights,

and their dedicated efforts to claim those rights.” (Amnesty International, Human Rights are Women’s Rights)

The paper analyses European cornerstones on women human rights –

withtheinsightonsituationinSerbiarelatedtowomen’shumanrightsin

thelightofEuropeanprinciples.Women’shumanrightsareintegralpart

ofuniversalhumanrights.However,womenarede facto and de iure very

often treated unequally and therefore the phenomenon of improving

genderequality isalwayspresent.Theterm“women’shumanrights” in

itsdefinitionincludes,besidesusualapproachtouniversalhumanrights,

being an inherent part of every human being, also the application of

certainaffirmativeactionsaimedatachievingrealequalityforwomen.

Thereareseveralareasofconcernthatrequireimmediateactionandgender

equalityimprovementinordertoobtainequalopportunitiesforwomenin

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gordana GasmiInstituteofComparativeLaw,Belgrade

FacultyofMediaandCommunications,

SingidunumUniversityBelgrade

Dr. Dragana PetrovićInstituteofComparativeLaw,Belgrade

Abstract Proceedings 2015 15

granting their human rights. EUenvisages that candidate countriesmust

fully embrace the fundamental principle of equality between women

and men. Furthermore, monitoring the transposition, implementation

and enforcement of EU legislation in this area remains a priority of the

enlargementprocess.OneofthemainpoliticalprioritiesofSerbia,likeother

countriesintheregionofBalkans,istheaccessiontotheEuropeanUnion

(EU).Consequently,Serbia is to transposeEuropeanprinciplesongender

equalityandtoachievegendermainstreaminginthenationalsystem.

At the same time, Serbia, being a participating country in theOESC, has

recognized equality between men and women as a fundamental aspect

ofa just, secureanddemocratic society.Case studyofSerbia in thefield

of protectionofwomen’s human rights indicates that Serbia, as anOESC

memberstate,hasrecognizedgenderequalityaspartoftheuniversalhuman

rightsinitsConstitutionalprovisions,primarily,butalsoinitsrelevantlegal

provisions.Legal frameworkofSerbia relatedtowomen’shumanrights is

toagreatextentharmonizedwiththerelevantEuropeancornerstones.The

importanceof European cornerstones lies in the fact that they represent

important guidelines for transition countries, like Serbia, on its way to

modernization of society and of national legal framework together with

publicpolicymeasuresinthedomainofprotectionofwomen’shumanrights.

THE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR PROTECTION OF EQUALITY IN PREVENTION OF THE GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION

Havingunderstoodtheimportanceofthegenderequalityprincipleinthepast

years,Serbiaestablishedthelegalandinstitutionalframeworkforsuppressing

Full Prof. Dr. Nevena PetrušićFacultyofLaw,UniversityofNiš

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS16

the gender-based discrimination. In an extensive network of institutional

mechanisms,whichparticipate in creation, implementation andmonitoring

ofregulationsandpoliciesinthefieldofgenderequality,asignificantplace

belongs to theCommissioner for Protectionof Equality, a central national

institution, specialized in prevention and suppression of all forms and

manifestationsofdiscrimination.Thispaperanalysestherangesofpreventive

and reactive roles of the Commissioner in suppressing the gender-based

discrimination,withtheaimtoinvestigatethenormativeandfactualconditions

underwhichtheCommissionerrealizeshis/herroleinpreventingthiskindof

discrimination.ThestatusandlegalprofileoftheinstitutionofaCommissioner

havebeenconsidered,aswellasthecharacteristicfeatureswhichclassifythis

body within tribunal-type equality bodies and promotion-type equality bodies.

Aspecialattentionispaidtorealizationofcomplementarytasks,assignedto

thisbodybytheLegislator.Thefollowingwasanalysed:quasi-judicialrolesof

theCommissioner,realizedbyactinguponcomplaintsinviewofgender-based

discrimination,theroleofassistanceproviderandsupporttodiscrimination

victims, realized by giving some legal information and strategic litigations, as

wellaspromotion-roleoftheCommissioner,realizedbysubmissionofreports,

making recommendations, statements and warnings and other activities for

whichhe/sheislegallyauthorizedtoundertake.

GENDER EQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS ( OVERVIEW)1

The implementation of norms of international law applicable in

armed conflicts, namely international humanitarian law is based on

1 The views expressed in this article reflect only the author’s opinions.

Mag. Dragan KneževićDepartmentofGenderEqualityofMinistryofLabour,

Employment,VeteransandSocial

AffairsoftheRepublicofSerbia

Abstract Proceedings 2015 17

explicit and non-arguing distinctions between two sides/parties or

dichotomiesofallkinds–permissibleandnon-permissibleobjectsof

hostilities, combatantsandcivilians,neutralandbelligerents. In that

situation,internationallawhasreservedforwomen(andchildrenand

elderly, also) a place in category of civilians protectedby IVGeneva

Convention of 1949 by granting them the status of victims of war.

EvenAdditional Protocols of 1977 have (re)followed such a pattern.

However,armedconflictsoccurredattheendofXXandbeginningof

XXIcentury indicatedan increaseoffemalepresencewithinfighting

unites and groups universally (international and non-international

armed conflicts). Therefore, women, as combatants, have been in a

quiteregularpositiontobetakenasprisoners/detaineesandIIIGeneva

Convention Relative to the Prisoners ofWar regulates treatment of

women just in few articles.Women are not covered by the rules of

maritimewarfareorby IGenevaConvention for theAmeliorationof

Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces. Gender equality has not been

mainstreamedwithin international humanitarian law so far. Reasons

forthatlayprobablyinthementiondichotomypromoteddogmatically

bywhich extraction of “female factor” from one category (civilians)

to another (combatants) with possibility still to be found widely

in first group (victims of war) – complicate traditional matrix. Are

recent activitiesof theUNandadoptionofbiding legal instruments

applicable in armed conflicts way to mainstream gender issues in

internationalhumanitarianlaw?TowhatdegreedoestheConvention

ontheProhibitionoftheUse,Stockpiling,ProductionandTransferof

Anti-PersonnelMinesandontheirDestructionof1997(OttawaTreaty)

makeadifferenceintermsofgenderequalityandinternationallawin

armedconflicts?

1 The views expressed in this article reflect only the author’s opinions.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS18

GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT AND RESILIENCE BUILDING: CONTEXTUALIZING INTERNATIONAL GOOD PRACTICES INTO THE BALKANS

This paper will make an overview of good practices from different

parts of the world, related to GM in Disaster Risk Management

(DRM) and Resilience Building (RB) and briefly discuss their possible

contextualization into the Balkans. Very often invisibility of women’s

actualcontributionindisastersriskmanagementandresiliencebuilding

stays invisibledue to theirmarginalpositionanddefinitionof “women

asvulnerablegroup”,andthus reducedtotheir “victimrole”.However,

there are many examples showing that women’s inclusion plays a key

roleinclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)anddevelopment(sectorssuch

as agriculture, education, employment, health etc. and social security

schemes).Thesepositivepracticesshouldbebroughtintolightandtaken

asastartingpointforbuildingmorecomplexandefficientschemesofGM

inDRMandRBintheBalkancontexts.Learningfromgoodpracticesisa

basisforstrengtheningexistingmechanisms/processesandestablishing

newmodesofoperation,whichwouldbemoreinclusiveofwomen.The

challengeistoformalizeandstrengthentheroleofwomeninDRMand

RB,whichactuallyarepresentinmanyways,aswellastoupgradethemin

adirectionwhichwouldbebeneficialforGMinsocietyingeneral.Forthat

taskitisimportanttoidentifythebarriersandopportunitiesthatwomen’s

socialandgenderrolesprovide,andthebestGMapproacheswithinthe

concretecontextsoftheSouthEasternEurope.GMinDRBandRBisclosely

connectedwith the twomore general goals: sustainable development

and improved governance systems. Both women’s vulnerabilities and

theircapacitieshavetobetakenintoaccount,butinamannerwhichwill

inalongruncontributetogenderequalityandsustainabledevelopment.

Women’s contribution inpost disaster relief and reconstruction should

Research Professor Marina Hughson, Ph.D.InstituteofCriminologicalandSociologicalResearch,Belgrade

Abstract Proceedings 2015 19

translate into long term improvement of their position in the society.

DRMandRBplanningona local levelneedstobefully inclusionaryfor

differentsocialgroups,andensureownershipthroughparticipation.

ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 - WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS. PRACTICE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

TheadoptionofResolution1325impliesagreaterpresenceandparticipationof

womeninpeaceprocessesandstrengtheningmechanismsfortheprotectionand

theintroductionofelementsrelatedtogenderequalitywithinthedemocratic

system.Activitiesontheissueofgenderequality inBosniaandHerzegovina

shall be taken, inter alia, through the adoption of the Action Plan for the

implementationofResolution1325.BosniaandHerzegovinaisthefirstcountry

intheregionthathasadoptedsuchanactionplan.Therefore,thestructureof

theproblemofthispaperpresentsapracticalscaleandscopeofapplication

ofResolution1325andtheNationalActionPlan inBosniaandHerzegovina.

Implementation of the adopted Action Plan requested the involvement of

stateauthorities,aswellasanindividualaction,whichisoneofthekeyfactors

inthisprocess.Theelaborationofthematicissuesincludesananalysisphase

intheimplementationoftheActionPlaninBosniaandHerzegovinaandthe

difficultiesandchallengesinthecurrentprocess.Itisimportanttoemphasise

the elucidationof the effects of implementationof theActionPlan and to

considerrecommendationsforitsfurtherimplementation.Thus,commitment

andobjectivesaremanifestedindeclarativeandplannedway,butsignificant

participationofwomeninthefieldofsecurityisstillconnectedwiththeirposition

Muhamed Smajić, Ph.D.Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and

Herzegovina

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS20

inthesocietybasedonprejudicesaboutwomeninthefieldofsecurityand

alsoregardingthepositionandroleofwomeninthedecision-makingprocess

thatreflectsanyformoforganizedstructures,companies,localauthoritiesor

thehighest social andpolitical authorities. Economical andmaterial factors

caninfluencethepresenceofwomeninthesecuritysector,morespecifically

ensuring necessary conditions for women’s access to organizational forms

ofaction,includingthesecuritysector.Also,oneofthefactorsthatprevents

greaterparticipationofwomeninthesecurityisthestereotypetowhichsafety

isconsideredaman’sjobandanyotheropinionmeetsthedisapprovaloffamily

and work colleagues. Therefore, awareness regarding the participation of

womeninsociallife,especiallyinthesecuritysector,iscorrelatedwithsocial

values, economic andmaterial constrains of countries. The terms that arise

fromthetitleofthesubjectthatmakeupthetheoreticalbasisoftheresearch

are:equality,gender,sex,security,discrimination,peaceandimplementation.

WOMEN OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES IN THE INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND MISSIONS

FemalepersonneloftheSlovenianArmedForces(SAF)wereinvolvedin

theinternationaloperationsandmissionsinthepastdecade.Oneofthe

majorchangeswhichraisedthequestionofwomen’s integration inthe

wholerangeoftasksresultedfromthe implementationofthenational

strategicobjectiveabouttheprovisionofnationalsecuritythroughthe

integration in the collective security system (NATO). Joining NATO in

connectionwiththeprofessionalizationoftheSAFisconsideredasa“key

stone”ofopeningthemilitarydoortoallwomenwhojoinedtheSAFto

Liliana Brožič, Ph.D.GeneralstaffoftheSlovenianArmedForces

Lt Col Suzana Tkavc, Ph.D.GeneralstaffoftheSlovenianArmedForces

Abstract Proceedings 2015 21

becomeprofessionals.Amongotherthings,thisledtothedeploymentof

womentooperationsandmissionsabroad.

WelunchedthequestionnaireforSlovenianArmedForcespersonnel.The

intentionis,togettheirviewrelatedtothegenderperspective.Inthispaper

wewilltakethefocusongenderwithanemphasisontheinvolvementof

womenofSAFintointernationaloperationsandmissions.Theresearchis

supposedtobeopenforboth,menandwomenbytheendofOctober2015.

A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ROMANIAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS A BRIDGE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND COSMOPOLITAN MILITARIES?

This paper aims tohighlight towhat extent the typesof Security Sector

ReformsadoptedbyRomania are trulyeffective regarding the condition

ofwomeninthemilitary.Didtheadoptedreformsmanagetoadvancethe

women’srightsinRomanianarmy,orweretheyjustaprerequisiteinthepre-

accessionprocess?Furthermore,thisarticletriestohighlightwhetherthe

societymanagedtoimposeagenderagendainthemilitary,orgenderinthe

militarycontributedtothedevelopmentsinpolitics.Ifthelevelofwomen’s

integrationisverylow,whicharethemaincauses:thelowlevelofgender

equalityinRomaniansocietyortheresistanceofmilitaryseniorofficialsto

these gender equality policies?Do the Female Engagement Teams (FET)

representasignofadvancingwomen’srightsinmilitary?

In answering these questions I analyse the situation of FET teams and

theirsignificanceformodernizationofmilitary institutionstowardsthe

genderinclusionpolicies.

Cristina Rădoi, Ph.D.GenderExpert,Bucharest

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS22

SPECIFICITIES IN MANAGING AND COMMANDING CONTINGENTS IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE

UNpeacekeepingoperationsrepresentthebiggesteffortthatahuman

civilizationcanundertakeinordertoprevent,stabilizeandstopanarmed

conflictinanypartoftheworld.UNeffortssimultaneouslyrepresentthe

bestpossiblecontributiontothepeaceandprosperityofhumankind.As

amemberoftheUnitedNations,theRepublicofSerbiahasaprominent

role in the aforementioned contribution and throughout the world it

deploysitsarmedforcescomposedofmilitaryandcivilianpersonnel,men

andwomen,operationalandsupportforces.

Since2014,forthefirsttime,SerbiaandSerbianArmedForceshavestarted

independentlydeployingmilitarycontingentinMINUSCApeacekeepingmission

intheCentralAfricanRepublic.Theveryfactthatthecontingentcomposition

ismixed,callsfordiscussiononspecificitiesofmanagingandcommandingsuch

personnel.Contingent iscomposedof2/3menand1/3women. Inaddition,

halfofthetotalnumberismilitary,andtheotherhalfiscivilianpersonnel.On

theotherhand,personnelwith richmultinationalexperience isdeployed in

Africa,butalsopeoplewholefttheirhomecountryforthefirsttime.Insuch

circumstances, topics of equal treatment of every contingent member are

verymuchinfocus, inallsignificantaspectsregardingrightsandobligations

inmission,forthesakeoffulfillingbasicandotherrequirements,withreliable

forceprotection,andthus,includingthetopicofgendermainstreamingasa

significantelementofmixedteams’cohesion.

Col. Mag. Milivoje PajovićChiefoftheSerbianArmedForcesPeacekeepingOperations

Centre

Commander of the Serbian Armed Forces Contingent in UN

missionMINUSCAintheCentralAfricanRepublic

Abstract Proceedings 2015 23

HOW IS PEACE-BUILDING IMPLEMENTED MOST EFFECTIVELY?

Thispaperassertsthatgenderroles,iftheyareconsideredmoreseriously,

canvastlycontributetothepeace-buildingprocess.Themainarguments

arethatheedinggenderrolescouldplayasignificantroleinsupportofthe

peace-buildingprocess,raisethelevelofoperationaleffectivenessinthe

field,andimprovesituationalawareness,andthussafetyandsecurityof

ourownforces.Inordertoachievethis,militarypersonnelhastoundergo

appropriatetrainingbeforedeployment.Inotherwords,thiscanbedone

onlybyeducation.Thispaperisbased,moreorless,onpersonalexperience,

wheretheauthorstressesthatintegrationofgenderperspectivesisatask

militaryforcesisresponsiblefor,eventhoughthereisahugeresistance

towardthisattitudeamongmilitary.Moreover,emphasizingthe lackof

knowledge about the topic among uniformed personal, themain idea

is to show thatmission’s success (in this case Peace-building) depends

onwhether gender roles are considered seriously enough. This has to

be done for the sake of protection of basic human rights, operational

effectiveness, situational awareness and security of troops and local

populations.Peace-building, asoneof themost complicatedprocesses

thatmustbeperformedbymilitaryforces,willbemoreeffectivewhen

socially constructed phenomena of affected population are taken into

consideration.Gender rolesplaymore significant role than it hasbeen

previouslyimagined.But,judgmentandcriticalthinkingareneededwhen

it comes to integrationofgenderperspectives inorder toavoidabuse

ofit.Itisalwaysgoodtohaveaverysensitivepublicopinionaboutthis

issue, but at the same time the room formanipulationwith it is open.

One should be aware of it, because this is the only way how one can

Lt Col Goran TopalovićHeadofTrainingSection

PeacekeepingOperationsCentre

JointOperationsCommandSAF

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS24

incorporategenderperspectiveproperly.Thereisonlyonedemandposed

infrontofus:toconsidergenderrolesatleastequallyimportantasthey

are considered by enemies of all that we are standing for, and those are

universalhumanvalues,libertyandequality.

IMPLEMENTING UNSCR 1325 AND INTEGRATING GENDER PERSPECTIVE INTO CROATIAN ARMED FORCES - LESSONS LEARNED AND WAY AHEAD

Croatian Armed Forces (CAF) have never been restricted with regards

to women employment in any services or branches, and as of today

morethan10%ofmembersarewomen,andpositivetrendsarevisible.

Furthermore,Croatian NAP for UNSCR 1325 (2011-2014), and Gender

Awareness Policy with Action Plan for MoD and CAF(2013) resulted in

excellentoutcomesofimplementationmeasuresintheareaofwomen

participation and protection in armed forces. Although some Action

Plan measures were already in place (UNSCR 1325 related training

since 2005, participation & protection since 1991), some have been

implemented fast (legislation review, Coordinator and Committee

for Gender Equality). However, according to the analysis conducted

in 2014, implementation of somemeasures has been slow and they

still present a challenge. Real integration of “gender perspective”

as an operational effectiveness enabler into military operations

Brigadier General Mag. Gordana GarašićHeadofMilitaryAffairsOffice,OfficeofthePresidentof

theRepublicofCroatia

Lieutenant Colonel Boženko Đevoić, MAHeadofEducationDepartment,J-1GeneralStaffofthe

Croatian Armed Forces

Abstract Proceedings 2015 25

planning & execution was lacking as well as missing “integrated”

gender trainingwithin daily training, exercises or resident education

activities (NATO Bi-Sc Directive 40-1).In order to tackle that challenge

CAF startedwithdevelopmentof gender-related instructors through

special trainingevents in cooperationwithNordicCentre forGender

in Military Operations (NCGM) as well as deployment of officers in

Resolute Support Mission, Afghanistan on gender-related posts. BGen

GordanaGarašić lessons learned fromtheexperience inAfghanistan,

as the gender advisor to ISAF/RS Commander during 2014; show

that information sharing and cooperation with and among local and

internationalactors is thekey ingredientwhichcouldboosteffective

implementation of UNSCR 1325. Furthermore, engagements with

Afghansecurityministries (ISAFmandate included implementationof

theUNSCR1325andgenderperspectiveintegrationwithinthesecurity

institutionsandforces)becamearegularmodus operandi and access to

thehighrankingofficialshelpedtremendously.AnimportantISAFtask

was toworkwithAfghancounterpartsonproviding thesafe training

and working environment for women including actions to eliminate

genderbasedviolence,thereforeitisimportantthatUNSCR1325and

genderperspectivetrainingbean integratedpartofmilitarytraining

in all troop contributing nations, including Croatia. Integrating the

genderperspectivewithintheCAFdailytraining,exercisesorresident

educationactivitiesbecameoneofthepriorities,andconsequentlya

new set of activities have been adopted: various trainings for NATO

certified gender-related instructors and advisers, seminars for flag

officers, MTT, revised E&T guidelines, J-1 CAF act as a Department

Headforgenderdiscipline.Tosumup,CAFwillnotdevelopaspecial

gender-relatedbranch, butwill insure thatUNSCR1325 and “gender

perspective”become integratedas “a routine” inplanning,executing

andevaluatingprocessesinallcoremilitaryfunctionsonthetactical/

operational/strategiclevel.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS26

GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN MILITARY OPERATIONS – THE GERMAN APPROACH

Socialnormsandperceptionsofmasculinityandfemininityareanintegral

aspectofasociety’sidentity.Allovertheworld,humanshaveconceptsof

whatis“typically”maleorfemale,orrathermasculineorfeminine.Those

notionsgenerallyhaveatremendousinfluenceandimpactonhowsocial

interactionworksandhowsocietiesaredesignedandfunction.Theyalso

stronglydetermineanindividualperson’sstatus,role,valueandprospects

inlife.Whilethebiologicaldichotomyofthesexesisuniversal,women’s

andmen’srolesandattributeschangeconsistently-diatopicallyaswellas

diachronically.Itisimportanttounderstandthisnexuswhilelookingata

givensocietyinordertoreallycomprehenditsstructureandmechanisms,

ignoranceofwhichmightevenleadtomisunderstandingsandunintended

developments inthecaseof intercultural interaction.Especiallyforthe

military–withtroopsoftenstationedordeployedtoforeigncountriesand

regions,thesefindingsarecrucialfortworeasons.First,manyaspectsand

rootsofmodernconflicthaveanintegralgenderdimension,beitsexual

andgender-basedviolence,beitwomen’slackofparticipationinconflict

resolutionorotherfieldsofaction.Inordertounderstandandaccurately

respond to crisis coherencies, military interventions must not ignore

thesecontextualessentials.Second,operationalsuccessdemandscareful

attention to potential consequences and implications of any military

action, includingthequestion ifandhowthelocalpopulationmightbe

affectedorharmedbywhatwedo.Keepinginmindtheprevailinggender

differencesinmostsocieties,itbecomesclearthatmenandwomen,boys

and girls,may be affected differently in one given context because of

First Lieutenant Isabel BorkstettBundeswehrOperationalCommunicationCentre

DepartmentofForeignAreaSpecialists

Lt Col (GS) Michael FraasDEUMoD

Abstract Proceedings 2015 27

theirgender.Asanationalcapability,theGermanArmedForcesemploy

so-called“ForeignAreaSpecialists”(FAS)asinterculturaladviserstothe

respectiveGerman commander in charge. These regional experts, each

onewithaprofoundacademicbackground,haveadeepunderstandingof

theculture in the respectiveareaofoperationsand try toanalyseand

evaluate events and developments from this (inter-) cultural point of

view.Consideringgenderaspectspredominantlyasamatterofculture,

they integrateagenderperspectiveasan integralcomponentofevery

analysis. Their advice shall contribute to the commander’s and the

staff’s situational awareness.What ismore, the FAS act as one of the

commander’sproxiesandeffectorsandestablishpreciousnetworkswith

importantstakeholdersintherespectivesociety.Theycanthusensurea

patientandculture-sensitiveapproachwhenitcomestogenderquestions

inoperationalplanningandexecution,andthusavoidcounterproductive

(gender-blind)outcomes.

GENDER AND SECURITY SECTOR REFORM - CHALLENGES AND EXPERIENCES. BUILDING OF THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF MONTENEGRO AND GENDER

Thepolicyofgenderequalityinthecountry,particularlyinitssecuritysector,

is accepted todaynotonly in theEUmember countriesbut also in those

oneswhichaspiretobecomemembers.Thesuccessofthispolicydepends

primarilyonthedegreeofinfluenceoftraditionalheritage,theintensityof

thechangesinthemindsofthepeopleandtheirgendersensitivityineveryday

life.Inordertoimproveandprotecttherightsofwomenintheworld,and

particularlyinthearmedconflictswherewomenandchildrenarethebiggest

Mehmedin Tahirović, Ph.D.HeadofServiceforPublicRelationsandProtocol

Ministry of Defence, Montenegro

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS28

victimsoftheseevents,theUNSecurityCounciladoptedResolution1325

on“Women,PeaceandSecurity”,on31stOctober2000.Oneofthemost

importantachievementsoftheNATOCommitteeonGenderperspectivesis

developmentofthe“recommendationsfortheimplementationofResolution

1325,”UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilintheendof2010.Intheconclusion

ofthisdocumentwhichcontainsaround30pages,thebasicguidelinesare

giventopartnercountriesonwhatisnecessarytotakeonthisissueinthe

futureperiod.

TheConstitutionofMontenegro,attheleveloftheprinciplesandgeneral

guarantees,createdlegalpreconditionsfortheintroductionofthestandards

ofgenderequalityandpreventionandeliminationofdiscriminationbased

onsexinallareasandatalllevels.TheLawonGenderEquality,asthefirst

anti-discriminatory law in Montenegro represents the most important

mechanism for the elimination of the discrimination based on sex, and its

adoptioncreatedanenvironmentforachievinggenderequality.InJanuary

2013, theGovernmentofMontenegroadopteda secondActionPlan for

achieving gender equality in Montenegro (APAGE) for the period 2013-

2017. Theprogrammeofthe implementationofthementionedplanfor

2013-2014isadevelopingdocumentforimplementationofgenderequality,

whichisbasedoninternationalanddomesticlegalsourcesthattreatgender

equality. TheMinistry for Human andMinority Rights is working on the

developmentoftheimplementationprogramfortheActionPlan(APAGE)

fortheperiod2015-2017.

TheMinistryofDefenceisrecognizedintheNationalActionplaninthe

area-equalityindecision-makingprocessinpoliticalandpubliclife,with

thestrategicobjective:equalparticipationofwomenandmenatalllevels

ofdecision-makingwiththegoal:theimplementationofUNSCResolution

1325-Women,PeaceandSecurity.

In the implementation of the Programme for 2013-2014, the Ministry of

Defenceisdesignatedastheholderofthefollowingmeasuresoractivities:-

includeagenderperspectiveinthetrainingofthesecuritysector,particularly

Abstract Proceedings 2015 29

forpeacekeepingmissions;-MakingpropagandamaterialonUNSCResolution

1325 -Women, Peace and Security and conducting campaigns; - Organize

trainingoftheArmedForcesonUNSCResolution1325;-Establishadatabaseon

womenandmenintheAFandimplementationoftheProgrammeofactivities

oftheMinistryofDefencerelatedtotheregionalprojecton“Strengthening

regionalcooperationfortheintegrationofagenderperspectiveinsecurity

sector reform in theWesternBalkans countries”. TheMinistry ofDefence

ofMontenegrorecognisesall theseactivitiesasareasofgreat importance

inordertoachievetheprocessofintegrationofMontenegrointoNATOin

accordancewiththestandardsandnormsthatfuturemembersoftheAlliance

shouldimplementintheareaofruleoflawandpracticalpoliticsofthefuture

members.

SUSTAINABILITY OF FURTHER APPLICATION OF RESOLUTION 1325 IN REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

TheauthorsdealwiththeissueofsustainabilityfurtherapplicationofRes-

olution1325oftheSecurityCounciloftheUnitedNations-Women,Peace

andSecurityintheRepublicofSerbia,inthelightoftheannouncedrevision

oftheexistingplanandtheextensionofitsimplementationinthenextfive

years.Thepaper,basedontheuseofmethodsandtechniquesofGender

analysis,donesummarizingtheresultsobtained,theamountssummaryof

thegoalsachievedandimplementedactivitiesoftheNationalActionPlan

onUNSCR1325intheRepublicofSerbiaandpointstothemostimportant

challengesandproblemsintheimplementationoftheplaninpastfiveyears.

Biljana Stojković, Ph.D.StrategicPlanningDepartment,MoDRS

Lt Col Mag. Svetlana JankovićStrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRS

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS30

Thepaperparticularlyfocusesonthefactorsthat,accordingtotheauthors,

limittheapplicationofsustainabilityofthementionedResolution1325in

practice,i.e.strategicorientations,practicalpolicies,institutionalconstruc-

tion,necessarymaterial,financialandhumanresources,especiallymotiva-

tionalfactor,asnecessaryprerequisitesforasustainableimplementationof

commitmentscontainedinthedocumentoftheUnitedNationsandrelated

resolutionsintopractice.Inconclusion,thepaperpointstotheneedtobein

thefuturethefocusoftheapplicationofResolution1325isdirectedtothe

locallevel,withgreaterinvolvementofcivilsocietyandwomeninpost-con-

flictrehabilitationofsociety,preventionandprotectionofhumanrightsof

vulnerablecategoriesofpopulationintheRepublicofSerbia.

GENDER SENSITIZATION IN THE ARMED FORCES – THE WESTERN BALKANS EXPERIENCE

SecuritySectorReform(SSR)intheWesternBalkans(WB)hasbeenoneof

thekeyaspectsofthedemocratizationprocessintheregion.Whileearly

effortscentred on introducingdemocraticandcivilianoversightofthe

securitysector,WBstatesareincreasinglyfacingthechallengeofbuilding

modernarmedforces in linewiththeirstrategicprioritiesandfinancial

capabilities.Acrucialcomponentofthisprocessisthetransitionfroma

recruitforcetoanall-volunteerforce,asawaytowardsprofessionalizing

themilitary.Initially,SSRhasonlymarginallytackledtheissueofgender

in security and, in particular, equal access and careeropportunities for

womeninthemilitary.Whileeffortshavebeenunderwaytofurtheropen

Ivan Zveržhanovski, Ph.D.,SEESACCoordinatorandProgrammeSpecialist,UNDP

IstanbulRegionalHub

Bojana Balon, M.A.,SEESACProgrammeOfficer,UNDP

Abstract Proceedings 2015 31

military careers to women, the need for a more systematic and long-term

approachwasneededtoensurethataconcertedpushtoattractwomen

to,andretaintheminthemilitarybearssustainableresults.

TheMinistriesofDefenceandArmedForcesintheWesternBalkanshavebeen

workingtogethersince2012ontheadvancementofgenderequalityinthemil-

itarythrougharegionalprojectStrengthening of Regional Cooperation in Gender

Mainstreaming in Security Sector Reform in the Western Balkans implemented

byUNDPSEESAC.Supportisprovidedformainstreaminggenderequalityinto

defencepoliciesbytheinstitutionalizationofgenderequalitymechanisms.In

addition,areviewofhumanresourcepoliciesandprocedureshasbeencarried

out,resultinginTheStudyonthePositionofWomenintheArmedForcesinthe

WesternBalkans.Furthermore,capacitiesofMoDsandAFsformoreefficient

recruitmentandretentionoffemalepersonnelarebeingstrengthenedthrough

seminars;andsupportforservicewomencareeradvancementisbeingprovided

throughtheirparticipationinspecializedcourses.

Whilethelegalandinstitutionalframeworksareessentialbuildingblocks

inincreasingtheparticipationofwomeninsecurityanddefencepolicy-

makingand implementation,amarkedchange inorganizationalculture

needs to occur that would contribute to a more conducive working

environment formilitarywomenandensurethefullutilizationof their

capacitiesandcareerprogression.

The project organized two Gender Training-of-Trainers courses in

cooperationwiththeNordicCentreforGenderinMilitaryOperations,and

supportedthecreationofaRegionalNetworkof33GenderTrainers.The

project isproviding technical support andworkshops for theseGender

Trainerstofurtherstrengthentheirskillsandknowledge,andorganizes

regional meetings to enable information sharing and knowledge exchange

amongthem.Asaresult,theGenderTrainershaveorganizedseminarsand

briefingsformorethan3,000officers,soldiersandciviliansinMoDsand

AFsinBiH,Montenegro,theRepublicofSerbia,andtheformerYugoslav

RepublicofMacedoniain2014and2015.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS32

GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN MILITARY EDUCATION

Education on gender equity within the defence forces starts with

thequestion “why isgender important in themilitary?” It continues

withafocusontheissuesofgenderandgenderequalityas integral

partsof the reformsof thearmed forces. Inorder toaddress these

issues it isnecessarytoexaminetwoofthemost importantaspects

of teaching gender in the army. The first aspect is the demand to

protect the human rights of both women and men in the modern

worldwherethefocus isnotonlyonnational,butpersonalsecurity

aswell.Theotheraspectistheimportanceofinvolvingbothgenders

in undertaking successful military operations. The inclusion of

women responds to the evolved requirements of modern military

forces as well as improving operational capabilities, especially in

multinational missions. This paper examines the appropriateness

andeffectivenessofcertaincontent inmilitaryeducationtouphold

humanrightswithinthearmedforces.Thisisapplicabletobothcivil

protection during military operations, but also for upholding the

personalrightsofmilitarypersonnel.Thepaperhasanalyzedgeneral

issues but also specific content which relate tomatters at tactical,

operationalandstrategiclevels.Apartfromthespecificitiesthatexist

inlearningaboutgenderwhenthiseducationisconductedwithinthe

military population, additional specificity is learning about gender

mainstreaming in peacekeeping operations. Thus, gender topics are

analyzed, considered,projectedand implementedasanemphasized

question of operational capabilities of a unit being deployed,while

ontheotherhandtheemphasis isputonhavingunderstandingand

insightintospecificitiesofgenderrelationsinanareaofoperation.

Dr. Ksenija Đurić-AtanasievskiMilitary Academy, Belgrade

Nataša MrdakPeacekeepingOperationsCentre,GeneralStaff,SAF

Abstract Proceedings 2015 33

Having that in mind, education on gender for personnel being

deployedinpeacekeepingoperationisfundamentalforunderstanding

protectionofcivilians,asabasictaskofeverypeacekeepingoperation.

Children and women, their mothers, belong to the most vulnerable

category of population, so understanding the status of women and

mothers through this lens imposes itself as thepriority request. The

issuesofgenderequalitycanbe integrated intomilitary trainingand

educationaspartofgrouporindividualeducation.Forthisreason,the

paperexploredoptimallearningformsforcertaintopicsongenderand

genderperspective.

GENDER PERSPECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES’ CURRICULUM AT THE FACULTY OF SECURITY STUDIES

In2010, theRepublicofSerbiaadoptedtheNationalActionPlanfor

theimplementationoftheUNSCResolution1325“Women,Peace,and

Security”,sothatUNmemberstatescanbuildandadjustmechanisms

forconflictresolutionongenderequalitybasis,andincludewomeninall

thedecision-makinglevels.Withinactivitiesforachievinggoalsdefined

by the National Action Plan, the significant role lies on the ministry

competentforeducation(todayitistheMinistryofEducation,Science,

andTechnologicalDevelopment).Amongtheseactivities,thefollowing

couldbemarkedout:raisingawarenessaboutpotentialconflictsand

startingwith education programs on gender aspects of conflicts, as

wellasthe introductionoftopicsaboutgenderequalityandgender-

basedviolencewithinalltheeducationlevels,andwithinprofessional

Asst. Prof. Dr. Vanja RokvićFacultyofSecurityStudies,UniversityofBelgrade

TA Ivan DimitrijevićFacultyofSecurityStudies,UniversityofBelgrade

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS34

specializationinthesecuritysector.HavinginmindthattheFacultyof

SecurityStudies(UniversityofBelgrade)educatesstudentsforvarious

tasksacrossthesecuritysector,itisofspecialimportancetointroduce

theabovementionedtopicsatthishighereducationinstitutionaswell.

For determination of current representation of these topics at the

FacultyofSecurityStudies,andfortheimplementationoftheNational

ActionPlangoals,we conducted apilot-researchwhich included the

analysisof theundergraduatestudiescurriculum, subjects’ curricula,

aswellastheviewsofthefirsttwoyearsstudentsaboutthegender

equality.Throughtheanalysisofcurriculaoftheexistingsubjectsatthe

undergraduatestudies,wedeterminedthatissuesofgenderequality,

gender-sensitive addressing, gender-based violence, as well as the

roleofwomeninthesecurityanddefencesystems,arenotsufficiently

representedinsubjects’curricula,teachingunits,andbasicliterature.

Withadditionalsurveyofattitudesaboutthegenderequalityamong

students of the first two years of study, which was conducted in

June 2015,we determined that, besides the basic knowledge about

the topic, there are certain gender-based stereotypes. Likewise, the

majority of students recognized the need for introduction of these

topicsincurriculum,aswellasfororganizationofinformaleducation,

likeseminarsandworkshops.Withthegoalofeducatingstudentsfor

futuretasksinthesecurityanddefencesystems,andforbettergeneral

participationincivilsociety,wethinkthatitisnecessarytointroduce

these topics in theexistingundergraduate curriculumat the Faculty

ofSecurityStudies,butalsotostrengthentheroleoftheMinistryof

Education,Science,andTechnologicalDevelopmentoftherepublicof

Serbia,intheimplementationoftheNationalActionPlangoals,andin

theestablishmentofgenderequalityasan imperativeofdemocratic

societies.

Abstract Proceedings 2015 35

INTEGRATION OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA – EMPLOYEES’ VIEWS

Implementationofgenderperspectiveisanindispensablecomponent

of the security sector reform and a key assumption of the process

effectiveness.Positiveanddevelopment-orientedworkenvironment

requires the integration of equal opportunities perspective and

responsibilities into daily activities: at a strategic, operational and

tactical level. Achieving this imperative is the responsibility and

obligation, not only of those employed in the defence system but

also of those in the scientific-research institutions. Through the

research resultsand their immediateusability, they shall contribute

to formulating measures and activities which will gradually change

thediscriminatoryattitudesandcreateconditionswherewomenwith

their potentials contribute to the security sector reform, aimed at

developingmoreefficient responses tovarious security threatsand

needs of women and men, girls and boys.

The paper presents the results of one such empirical research

conducted on a representative sample of 1058 members of

organizational units and units of the Ministry of Defence and the

SerbianArmedForces.Theaimoftheresearchwastoprovideanswers

to the following questions: to which extent are members of the

defencesysteminformedoftheexistinggenderequalitymechanisms,

whataretheviewsandperceptionsofintegratingcertainaspectsof

genderequality,isthereadifferenceinjobsatisfactionascompared

togendervariableandwhatsupportmechanismsmaybe important

for themember of the defence system? The data are registered in

Mag. Tatjana VišackiStrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRS

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jovanka ŠaranovićStrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRS

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS36

questionnaires designed in accordance with the objectives of the

research,while jobsatisfactionwasmeasuredbymeansofCooper’s

jobsatisfactionscale.Theinterpreteddataweretheoreticallybased

ongendertheorieswhichemphasizetheimportanceofsocialfactors,

such as socio-constructivism theory, social role theory and gender

schema theory.

GENDER AND THE INFORMATION SECURITY PROFESSION

Resultsongender influence to the information security sector are

showninthispaper.ResearchongenderequalityinITsectorinthe

Republic of Serbia that is presented in this paper, is based on the

surveyconductedamong96participantsofbothsexes.Respondents

were asked about broad understanding of information security

field, awareness and understanding of security threats, security

policies, technicalknowledge,and ITcrisis.Researchesonevolving

need to empower women in the field of information security are

also presented. Results show that approximately ten percent of

information security workforces are women, which is discordant

withotherprofessions. It is shownthat informationsecurity isnot

just about information technology but also about educated men

andwomenwhounderstandtheinformationsecurityingeneraland

have knowledge and skills needed to keep information security at

the highest level.

Danijela ProtićGeneralStaffofSerbianArmy,Departmentfor

TelecommunicationandIT(J-6)

CentreforAppliedMathematicsandElectronics

Abstract Proceedings 2015 37

ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND GENDER PERSPECTIVES IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA

Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Macedonia strives to respect

thestandardsforinclusionofwomeninallaspectsofthedefencearea.

Hence,itconsistentlyadherestotheprovisionsoftheadoptedNational

ActionPlanforimplementationoftheResolution1325.Inaddition,other

documentsfortheResolution’simplementationhavealsobeenadopted.

Also, over the past few years numerous efforts have been invested

to promote gender equality and gender perspectives in the defence

area.Mediaasmeansofinformingthegeneralpublichaveaprominent

role in themodernsociety.MinistryofDefencethroughtheSector for

Communications, analytics and operational support informs the public

through press releases on daily bases. Part of it is the publishing and

productiondepartment.EditorialpolicytheMinistryofDefenceconducted

throughitsprintmediahas latelyraisedthelevelofcoverageoftopics

relatedtoissuesofgenderequality,problemsandexperiencesofwomen

andthedefence.Thepurposeofthispaperistohighlighttheroleofthe

mediaasavery importantmechanismtopromotegenderequalityand

genderperspective in thedefence sector.Moreover, ananalysisof the

articlesinthemagazine“TheShield”(intheMacedonianlanguage:Shtit)

and analysis of topics scientifically treating this issuewhich have been

part of thepaperspublished in the scientificmagazineof theMinistry

ofDefencewillbecarriedout.Thepurposeofthisanalysisistogivean

overviewoftheattitudeofthescientificcommunityuponsomeofthe

problemsconnectedwiththegenderissueandthedefencesector.Finally,

Dr. Žanet RistovskaMinistryofDefenceoftheRepublicofMacedonia

Biljana Popovska, MAMinistryofDefenceoftheRepublicofMacedonia

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS38

therewillberecommendationsastocontinueimprovingallmechanisms

of gender equality and gender perspectives in the defence system.

Specificactionstobetakentofurtherraiseawarenessandpromotethe

profession,aswellastoovercomeproblemsrelatedtogenderinequality,

stereotypesandothervulnerabilitieswithin thedefencesystemof the

countryaretobepinpointed.

EXPERIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA IN IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOLUTION 1325 OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL

RepublicofMacedoniaisademocraticandsocialstateinwhichallcitizens

areequalbefore theConstitutionand the law.TheConstitutionof the

RepublicofMacedoniacontainsseveralprovisionsrelatingtofundamental

rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The adoption of the Law on

Prevention and Protection against Discrimination has expressed the

politicalwillandconfirmationthatMacedonia isamongthedemocratic

states that build their order with full recognition and promotion of

equalopportunitiesforallcitizensregardlessoftheirgender,ethnicity,

disability,ageandotherpersonalcharacteristics,beinganindispensable

preconditionforsustainableanddemocraticdevelopment.

InthisregardtheRepublicofMacedonia,anactivememberoftheUnited

Nations (UN), the Council of Europe (CoE), theOrganization for Security

andCooperation in Europe (OSCE) and candidate formembership in the

European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Assoc. Prof. Stojan Slaveski, Ph.D.EuropeanUniversity,RepublicofMacedonia

Biljana Popovska, MAMinistryofDefenceoftheRepublicofMacedonia

Abstract Proceedings 2015 39

implements theguidelinesof theResolution1325onwomen,peaceand

security through the Law on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men

of January 2012 and other legislationwhich include gender dimensions.

Furthermore,theRepublicofMacedoniahaspreparedaNationalActionPlan

(NAP)fortheimplementationoftheUNResolution1325onwomen,peace

andsecurity(WPS)inordertoadvancethestatusandroleofwomenand

theirparticipationinsecuritypolicyandpeaceprocesseslocally,nationally

andinternationally.NAPoftheRepublicofMacedoniaforWPShasbeena

responsetotheResolution1325.Thispaperwouldpresenttheresultsof

implementationoftheResolution1325oftheUNSecurityCouncilatthe

nationallevel,aswellastheproblemsthatariseinthisprocess.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS, TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES OF IMPLEMENTING UNSCR RESOLUTION 1325 IN A NATIONALLY OUTLINED SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK

Over the past two decades, interest in the relationship between gender,

peace and security has increased dramatically, being manifested in new

researchagendas,policydebatesanddevelopmentprogramsallaroundthe

world. In this context, a general frameworkwith the potential to be truly

transformativehasbeenadoptednotonlybythe internationalcommunity

but also by Romania over the past years. In addition to the national

legislationgivenbytheRomanianGovernmentenshrininggenderequality,

the Minister of National Defence issued a Plan of measures in order to

specifically implementattheMoNDlevelthelegislationdescribinggender

equalityofchancesandtreatmentbetweenmalesandfemaleswithinwork

relationshipsandprofessionalactivity,allthisbypromotingandsupporting

Lieutenant Silvia StanciuSpecialistOfficer–andGenderAdvisor

RomanianMinistryofNationalDefence

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS40

an equitable and balanced participation of both genders to leading and

executivepositionsbasedsolelyoncompetencecriteria.Thepurposeofthis

documentistoexpresstheMoND’sorganizationalwilltofurtherefficiently

implement UNSCR 1325 and its associated resolutions mandates, as well

astopromoteallmilitaryactions,atall levels, initiatedonthismatter.The

paper further presented, is a tool for good practice, lessons learned and

recommendationsonintegratinggenderwithintheRomanianArmedForces.

Findings and recommendations are based on an analysis of the national

reports and studies published from 1999 to 2014, which map the steps

takenfortheintegrationofwomenintheRomanianArmedForces,withthe

intentionoffurtherinformingandpromotingaboutthecontributionwomen

havebroughttoasuccessfulmissionaccomplishment,aswellasaboutthe

investedexpertiseandtheinfluencewomenhaveinsidethemilitarysystem.

Futureperspectivesregardingthedevelopmentofgendercapacity,inorder

toenhanceoperationaleffectivenesshighlightthenecessityofacquiringa

diversearrayofresourcesandqualificationstranslatedintocomplementary

skills which need to be guaranteed for bothmale and female personnel.

Nevertheless,theimageofthefemalemilitarystaffwasmainlymarkedby

afeatureofhighresilience,asyearbyyeartheychallengednewboundaries

demonstratingthatanimportantwaytoimprovemissionsimplyoperatingin

acomprehensivemannerwithinwhichgenderreallymakesanessentialsense.

GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES; REVIEW AT THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325

SlovenianArmedForces(SAF)arerelativelyyoungarmedforces(AF),

established in 1991. Even though United Nations Security Council

Lt Col Suzana Tkavc, Ph.D.GeneralStaffoftheSlovenianArmedForces

Abstract Proceedings 2015 41

Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) was not issued at that time yet we

couldnotavoidtheprocesseswhichhadtakenplacealreadybefore.

During the past fifteen years, the SAF has undergone some vital

changeswhichinfluencedalsoontherepresentationofwomen.Upto

2003,theSAFwasbasedontheconscriptsysteminvolvingonlymale

citizensoftheRepublicofSlovenia(RS);buttheactivedutystructure

includedbothmaleandfemalememberswhowereemployedunder

thesameconditionsasothercivilservantsandwerelegallygivenequal

employmentopportunitiestojointheSAF(atthattimetheTerritorial

Defence).TheSAFprofessionalizationprocesswascompletedin2004.

Itincreasedwomen’srepresentationinthemilitaryprofessionand,at

thesametime,raisedthe issueofwomen’s integration inthewhole

rangeof tasks, including combat duties. Also, in 2004, theRepublic

of Slovenia joined NATO as a full-fledged member, which further

advancedtheestablishedgenderperspectivepolicyandcontribution

of women to military tasks. This gave rise to enhanced acceptance

andrecognitionofwomeninthemilitarywhichledtosupportingthe

deployment of women to operations and missions abroad through

the operational planning process. The integration of women in all

processes within the SAF on the basis of equality, such as military

educationandtraining,empowerswomenwithcompetencesfortheir

equal promotion in rank. There are no lawfully forbidden areas for

femalesoldiersnorprogramsorbranchesexcludingparticipationof

women in the SAF. Nowadays, female representation is ensured in

SAF units and commands at all levels. During the past decade, the

percentage of female members has remained between 15 and 16

percent. Women in the SAF hold high positions both at home and

abroad. The highest rank heldby a female in the SAF since 2012 is that

of a brigadier.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS42

ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND NON-DISCRIMINATION IN THE AUSTRIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND SPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES

In1993,theAustrianFederalLawforNon-Discriminationenteredintoforce,

establishingstructuresandmechanismstoachievethelegallydetermined

aimofequality andnon-discriminationofwomenandmen.This lawalso

regulatestheadvancementofwomenaswellasnon-discriminationbased

uponethnicity,religion,ageorsexualorientation.

This federal lawalso requestedallMinistries toadoptan implementingplan

for the advancementofwomen (“Frauenförderungsplan”) in case theywere

underrepresentedwithinthatMinistry.Thefirstimplementingplanwasadopted

by the back-then Ministry of Science, Research and Art in 1995, regulating

measuresrelatingtopersonnel,organizationandtrainingtoincreasefemalesin

eachsalaryscheme.TheMinistryofDefenceissueditsfirstimplementationplan

in2001,focusingonthepreferredappointmentandpromotionofwomenincase

ofequalqualification,supportofwomentoparticipateineducationandtraining

eventsandtheappointmentofwomen’srepresentativesthroughouttheMinistry

andtheArmedForcestocreateawomen’snetworkforadviceandsupport.Even

thoughtheseinstrumentsprovideasolidlegalframeworkfortheadvancement

ofwomen,theimplementationwithintheMinistryandtheArmedForceshas

metitsobstacles.Whilethesuccessofmeasurestoadvancewomenwithinthe

Ministryismostlyobstructedbybudgetarycutsoverthelastdecade,preventing

new personnel from being employed, the Armed Forces strugglewith non-

favourableworkconditionscombinedwithacertaindegreeofunpredictabilityof

regionalassignmentformilitarypersonnel.Thesecircumstanceshaveultimately

ledtoastagnationofthenumberofwomenemployedintheMinistryanda

comparativelylowretentionratewithintheAustrianArmedForces.Despiteor

Ursula HannHeadofUN&InternationalCooperationSectionofthe

FederalMinistryofDefenceandSports,RepublicofAustria

Abstract Proceedings 2015 43

maybebecauseofthesechallenges,theMinistryandtheArmedForcesremain

dedicatedtotheireffortsincreasingthenumberoffemalepersonnelbothin

civilianandmilitarypositions.Thisisalsoreflectedinlastyear’srevisionofthe

implementationplan.Amongthedevelopmentsaretheactiveinformationof

femalepersonneloftheirrightsandpossibilities,theidentificationofwomen

qualifiedfor future leadershippositionsandrespectivesupport (inparticular

through preferred access to training and education), the implementation of

specificmeasurestoimprovethesituationoffemalesoldiersandofmeasures

aiming at better reconciliation of family and work.

GENDER EQUALITY IN THE POLICE: SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES2

As numerous studies have shown that the police profession implies an

environmentcharacterizedbyalargeimpactonthepersonalityofthepolice

officers,authoritarianorientationamongtheofficers,roleconflict,alienation

and expressed awareness of power over others. Such an environment

as traditionally male, is burdened by numerous forms of discriminatory

behaviourtowardswomenemployedinsuchworkenvironment.Allforms

of discrimination, be it verbal or physical, based on stereotypes and/or

prejudicesarelargelystructural,becausetheyhavetheirbeginningsinthe

deep-rooted understanding of gender differences and the definition of

genderidentitythroughtraditionalpatriarchalsocialization.

Masculine culture in the police profession is loaded with, among other

things,thenegativeviewthatthesuccessofwomeninitmarkedthelossof

Danijela Spasić, Ph.D.AcademyofCriminalisticandPoliceStudies,Belgrade

2 Paper is the result of research within the project No. 47017 “Security and protection of organization and functioning of the educational system in the Republic of Serbia (basic precepts, principles, protocols, procedures and means)”, realised at the Faculty of Security Studies in Belgrade and financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia. * This paper is the result of the research on project: “Management of police organization in preventing and mit-igating threats to security in the Republic of Serbia“, which is financed and carried out by the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade - the cycle of scientific projects 2015-2019.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS44

her female qualities, because the promotion and advancement in typically

maleprofessions requiresacertainamountofaggressiveness, coldattitude

anddominance.Professionsinwhichwomenareacceptedanddesirable,are

definedastypicallyfemaleandusuallyrequiretypicallyfemaletraitssuchas

theabilitytoprovideassistance,care,attention,support,andetc.Animageof

a“maid”inhibitswomenpromotiontomajorandmanagerialpositionsthatare

reservedexclusivelyformen.

Certainfunctionalissuespersistinthepoliceservicesinallpartsoftheworld.These

include:concernsaboutequalopportunitiesforwomenandmen,discrimination

andsexualharassment.Althoughchangeshavebeenintroducedregardingthe

policesystemsandorganizationstructure,organizationandpersonnel,relatively

littleresearchontheexperiencesofwomeninthepolicehavebeenconducted,

except in theUnitedStates and theUK.Reports indicate thatwomenpolice

officers, in relation to their peers, are more exposed to sexual harassment,

violentandthreateningsituationsatworkandvariousformsofdiscrimination.

Duringtheresearchonthegenderandethicalaspectsofsocialinteractionsof

police officers, women have reported more negative interactions, especially

withregardtoverbalharassment,sexualharassmentandgossip.Thatiswhythe

subjectofthisresearchdeterminedthestatusofwomenemployedinthepolice,

andidentifyingproblemsfacedbywomenpoliceofficersinSerbia,whichrelate

towork:theyhaveproblemsfindingjobs,gettingjobs,andkeepingjobs.

WOMEN IN THE POLICE AND THEIR COPING WITH STRESS AS AN ASPECT OF POLICING PROFESSION

As a vision and context of many activities initially launched by

Associations of Women employed in the police, and later by other

Mag. Snežana NovovićBelgrade

Abstract Proceedings 2015 45

internationalandlocalorganizationsandinstitutions,genderequality

hasbecomeanindispensabletopicintheRepublicofSerbiaoverthe

pasttenyears.

Whilenotdenyingthenecessitytorespecthumanrightsandadvocate

foranapproachthatwillprovideequalopportunitiestoallindividuals

regardlessofsexoranyotherdifferences,thispaperdrawsattention

toanother,alsoveryimportantaspect.Namely,anefforttohighlight

the women’s ability to perform a complex, responsible and risky

jobofapoliceofficeronanequalfootingwithmen,hasmost likely

unjustifiablypushed into thebackgrounda very important segment

concerningtheprofession-relatedproblems,asseenfromawomen’s

perspective. The profession-related problems in question are those

allpoliceofficersfacewhilecarryingouttheirregulartasksandwhich

endanger bothmen andwomen, thoughnot equally or in the same

manner,giventheobjectiveandmeasurabledifferencesbetweenthe

sexes.

In particular, the sources consulted contain not only numerous

documentsdealingwiththeaspectofequalityofwomenemployedin

thepolice,butalsotheliteraturethatprovidesgeneraltreatmentof

issuesandproblemsofpolicing.However,itismoredifficulttofindthe

sourceswhich,throughthesameprism,viewwomenanddifficulties

i.e. work-related problems encountered by women, whereby those

problemsarenotreflectedintheirmalecounterparts.

Hence,throughthispaper,reviewofto-dateresearchresults,aswell

asindicationsforthefuture,weintendtoreturntoprofessionalism,

it being the crucial interest of all security services, and citizens in

particular,inlightofendangeringfactorssuchas,forexamplestress,

riskofinjuriesandlossoflife,etc.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS46

GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND NATURAL DISASTERS

In the past three decades gender based violence has been recognized

asanimportantsocialproblemrequiringactionatlocal,nationalandin-

ternational level.RegardingGBVasapublichealth issue,WorldHealth

Organizationreportsthatbetween10and69%ofwomenhavebeenex-

posedtoviolence.ResearchinSerbiaindicatesthateverysecondwomen

hassurvivedpsychologicalviolenceintheiradulthood,andeverythirdhas

experiencedphysicalviolence.

Duetoincreaseinnumberanddensityofpopulation(especiallyinareas

at riskofnaturaldisasters), climatechangesand increase innumberof

reportednaturaldisasters,thereisaneedforefficientinterventionpro-

gramsdealingwiththisissue.Also,therehasbeengreateractivisticand

academicinterestedinconsequencesofnaturaldisasters,andinthepast

twentyyearsattentionhasbeengiventoitsgenderaspects,includingthe

issueofgenderbasedviolence.Whenconsideringgenderaspectofnat-

uraldisasters,itisnecessarytohaveinmindthatgenderinequalitiesaf-

fectwomen’svulnerabilitybefore,duringandaftertheseeventsandtake

intoaccountothersociallyconstructedfactorsincreasinghervulnerabil-

ity-hereconomicstatus,healthstatus,age,levelofeducation,hermar-

ginalizedstatus(Roma,internallydisplacedpersons,refugees,womenof

differentsexualorientationandgender identity),previousexposure to

genderbasedviolenceetc - influencingtheirexposuretonaturaldisas-

ters,capacitiestocopewithandmitigateeffectsofthoseevents,aswell

asheraccesstovariousresources.Inevitablequestionwhenconsidering

genderaspectsofnaturaldisastersisissueofgenderbasedviolence,es-

peciallydomesticviolence,aswellasincreaseinriskofsexualviolence.

Perpetrators’feelingoflosingcontrol,fear,temporaryorpermanentdis-

placementfromhomeandgroupingoflargenumberofpeopleinsmall

Jelena Vidić, PsychologistGaytenLGBT

Abstract Proceedings 2015 47

spaceincreaseriskofgenderbasedviolence,andlossofsupportnetwork,

isolationandunwillingnessofbothfamilymembersandprofessionalsto

hearandrespondtoreportsofviolence leavewomenunprotectedand

unsupported.Thoughdataonescalationofdomesticviolenceinsituation

ofnaturaldisastersismainlyanecdotal,thereisfirmevidenceofincrease

ofrateofwomen’sreportstoserviceprovidersbecauseofgenderbased

violence.When planning and implementing intervention programs it is

important to take into considerationgender aspect and their relations

toothervulnerabilityfactorsandto includewomenfromcommunity in

creatingandimplementingprocessofrecovery.Personsindirectcontact

withpeopleaffectedbynaturaldisasters shouldhavebasicknowledge

ongenderbasedviolenceanditisnecessarytohaveexpertsinthisarea

workinginthefieldtoprovidesupporttowomeninsituationofviolence.

GENDER IDEOLOGY IN MODERN SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON MARRIAGE DYNAMICS

Basedontheverydefinitionofmarriageasasocial,religiousandlegalunion

ofahusbandandawife,itisclearthattheappropriategenderideologyand

viewsregardinggenderrolesplayabigpartinmanyaspectsofmaritaland

family dynamics.

In order to examine the institutionofmarriage, it is necessary to take

into account that “her” marriage is separate from “his” marriage, and

that each of the spouses has a different perception of the union. The

way we conceptualize masculinity and femininity is determent by the

cultureinwhichwelearnhowtothinkandwhattofeelaboutourselves

Helena Rosandić, MAPsychiatricWard-PublicHealthInstitution,Nikšić,

Montenegro

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS48

and others as men and women. From the very early days onwards, the

familyandsocietysecretlycooperateinfeminizationandmasculinization

programmeswhichshapeattitudesandexpectationsincludingintimate

aspectsof life.What is implicit in such views andexpectations are the

contradictoryintentionsandaimsthatleadtoaconflictwhenawoman

andamantrytoestablishacloserelationship.

Theviewsontherolesofwomenhaveexperiencedmanychangesinthepast

fewdecadesimpactedbycertainsocialchanges,primarilyduetoincreasing

participation of women in employment and, consequently, a different

divisionoflabourbetweenmenandwomen,bothatworkandinthefamily.

Thispaperdealswiththewaywomen’semploymentandchangesinthe

traditionaldivisionoflabourinthehouseholdaffectthemaritalrelation-

shipquality.Wehavetriedto indicatehowtheadoptedgender ideolo-

gy,whethertraditionaloregalitarian,actsasanimportantintermediary

betweenthedivisionoflabourandtheperceivedmarriagequality,thus

affectingthefunctionalityofpartnerrelations.Thepaperconcludesby

highlightingtheessentialquestionraisedbypsychotherapistsi.e.howto

translateawarenessofgenderbehaviourintoeffectiveclinicalpractice.

RELIGION AND GENDER BASED VIOLANCE

A woman must cover her head because she is not

the likeliness of God (St. Ambrose)

Inprinciple,thedevelopmentofmonotheismasthefundamentalcon-

cept of one God is considered as the humanity’smove towards ab-

Major Dr. Milovan SubotićStrategicResearchInstitute,MoDRS

Abstract Proceedings 2015 49

stractthinking.Thisprocessdevelopedunderthestrongjurisdiction

ofpatriarchy.Thus,asubordinateroleofwomenisclearlyreflectedin

theessenceofthemajormonotheisticreligions,suchasChristianity,

JudaismandIslam.AccordingtotheBiblicalexplanationofthecrea-

tionoftheworld,Godmadetheworldand“Man”bybreathinginhis

breathof life,whileawomanwascreatedfromthe“Man’s”rib.The

powerofcreationisspiritualandreferstoman,towhomtheabilityof

abstraction isalsoattributed intheBible,whileplants,animals,and

thewomanarecalledbyonename.Man(signifyingahumanbutmain-

lyreferredtoas“Man”)wasthuscreatedintheGod’simage,where-

asthewomanis“different”.Therefore, it isnotcertainwhetherthe

woman is human at all, given that the God’s breath of lifewas not

breathedintoher.Asaresult,thewomanwasmarkedasoftheman’s

companionandhelperfromtheverybeginning.Furthermore,instory

ofsin,Eve,luredbyaserpent,leadsAdamtotemptationbygivinghim

anapplepickedfromtheTreeofKnowledge,thusdeprivingtheman-

kindoftheGod’sgrace.AsaresultoftheOriginalsin,awoman’ssub-

ordinatepositionis“God-given”.Thepaperdealswiththepositionof

women in major monotheistic religions of the modern world. The con-

tradictionofthetopicisreflectedinthefactthatwomeninallmajor

monotheisticreligionsofthemodernworldaresubordinate,andyet

itmaybeaffirmedwithgreatcertaintythatwomenaremorereligious

thanmen,whichshallbefurtherelaborated.Fromtheperspectiveof

womeninthesecuritysector,theintroductionofreligiousservicesin

the Serbian Armed Forces will be theoretically analysed, while the ex-

tenttowhichithascontributedto(orharmed)genderequality,shall

bedealtwith infurtherempiricalresearchestobeconducted inthe

defence system.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS50

THE PREVENTION OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE BY RAISING ACTION CAPACITY OF WOMEN - THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA AND INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS

Women are in a broader social context Serbia still discriminated

against,marginalized,subjectedtogender-basedviolenceandgender-

based poverty, stereotypical media representation and visible and

easily arguable Interest under-representation in media production.

Theiractioncapacityisrarelysufficientlyarticulatedtoprovidethem

with effective collective action in order to dismantling oppressive

mechanisms. It is necessary to pooling of individual, fragmentary

action in jointactivities, inordertostructurethesocialgroupsasto

becomereallyefficient.Actioncapacityisdefinedasthepossibilityof

somesocialgroups(inthiscase,women)tomobilizecollectiveaction

of itsmembersor toopposepatriarchal conceptionsandpatriarchal

activities, in order to achieve women’s interests. Basic elements of

action capacity are: self-identification of the group, the perception

oftheinter-grouprelations,resources(economic,organizational,and

cultural), readiness of the group’members for action. Although the

actioncapacityofwomeninrecentdecadeshasincreasedgreatly,self-

identification remains relativelyweak and poorly defined. There are

poorand insufficient resources,whileconsiderablepassivityofmost

membersof thegroup still isprevailing.Womenactivistofwomen’s

movement and feminist groups by their organized and planned

activitiescannotalwayscompensateoverallgeneralwomen’spassivity.

Therefore, the media production about violence against women is

oneofpotentialfactorsweakeningthefemaleactioncapacity, ifnot

subjected to critical analysis from the standpoint of the needs and

protectionoftheinterestsofwomen.Butifthereisacriticalanalysis

Dr. Zorica MrševićInstituteofSocialSciences

Belgrade

Abstract Proceedings 2015 51

ofmediaproduction,eventheworstmediaproductionistransformed

intoafactorstrengtheningactioncapacityofwomen.Itprovidesand

presentsargumentsfordevelopingself-awarenessofwomenaswell

as increasing the willingness of women to action. Analysis of media

fromthestandpointofgenderequalityareessentialintermsoffixing

actioncapacityofwomentoinfluencethesociallyorganizedshiftsin

preventingandreducingviolenceagainstwomen.Ascertainmentand

analysis of absence of women perspective in media, stereotypes in

media coverage, especially about violence againstwomen, presence

of gender bias, may strongly serve to reduce gender inequalities

and increase media literacy and media responsibility. Among the

top reports on gender-based violence published in 2014 by media

(although rarely) cameby independent institutions.Violenceagainst

women,whichisthemostdrasticformofviolationofwomen’shuman

rights, is an indicator of how little has been done on eliminating the

rootcausesofthisviolence.Combatingviolenceagainstwomencannot

besuccessfulifthisphenomenonisnotconsideredwithinthecontext

ofgenderstereotypes,prejudicesanddiscriminatoryattitudesdeeply

rootedandwidely spreadamongprofessionalswhowork toprevent

and prosecute violence against women. Many of these stereotypes,

prejudicesanddiscriminatoryattitudes,areinthemediareportingon

violence against women.

Gender equailty in defence SyStem – accompliShmentS and trendS52

Notes