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TRANSCRIPT
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MASHRIQUIAUR MAGHRI6ITANQUID KE AHAM RUJHANAT KA
TAQABUU MUTALA
ABSTRACT
THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
Boctor of ^fjilosfopfip IN
URDU
BY
MOIDUR RAHMAN
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
PROF. ABUL KALAM QASMI
DEPARTMENT OF URDU ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH (INDIA)
2011
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(diPd^uJ^ij^)
2011
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MASHRiQUI AUR MAGHRIBITANQUID KE AHAM RUJHANAT KA
TAQABULIMUTALA
THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
Boctor of |^f)ilos;op!)p IN
URDU ,1 i
m MOIDUR RAHMAN
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
PROF. ABUL KALAM QASMI
DEPARTMENT OF URDU ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
AUGARH (INDIA)
2011
-
(ij^^d^UJlS-if)
2011
'̂ D
-
T8539
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Centre of Advanced Study Department of Urdu Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh - 202002 E-mail: [email protected]
To WHom It May Concern
This is to certify that the Ph.D thesis of Mr. Moidur Rahman
entitled "Mashriqui Aur Maghribi Tanqueed Ke Aham Rujhanat
Ka Taquabuli Mutala" is an original work carried out under my
supervision. This work has not been submitted to any other University
for any degree, as well.
I am satisfied that this work can be submitted for the award of
Ph.D degree.
(Prof. Mohammad Zahid) Chairman
(Prof. Abut Kalam Qasmi) Supervisor
mailto:[email protected]
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'66M ^ji LC *̂'(3tyî (j/ ^ / L / ^ ^ Jd'- Apology for poetry ̂ iX
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i ^% 6^^^ li>U^7j' '̂c^lJ^ Oi^t:^ 6u6^/^
"A mixture of pleasure and profit appeals to
every reader - an equal administration of
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"The poem couldn't mean more than the poet
intended it to mean."
:^;(>(^.^y^J/^. "A perfect judge will read each work of wit
with the same spirit that its author write."
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He that admires not ancient authors betrays a
secret he would conceal and tells the world that
he does not understand them. Let us as far from
neglecting as from copying their admirable
composition, sacred by their rights and
inviolable there fame. Let our understanding
feed on theirs, they afford the noblest
nourishment, but let them nourish, not
annihilated our own let us build our
composition with the spirit and in the taste of
the ancients, but not with their materials.(()
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The Mirror and the lamp by M.H. Abrams J ' / -'
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c^ "The Imagination, then I consider either as
primary or secondary; The primary imagination
I hold to be the Hving power and prime agent of
all human perception and as a repetition in the
finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the
infinite I am. The secondary imagination I
consider as an echo of the former, co-existing
with the conscious will, yet still as identical
with the primary in the kind of its agency and
differing only in degree and in the mode of its
operation. It dissolves, diffuses dissipates in
order to recreate or where this process is
rendered impossible, yet still at all events it
struggles to idealize and to unizy. It is
essentially vital even as all objects as objects
are essentially fixed and dead."
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f I Ar*iL, Peacock
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4
"Realism in the arts, the accurate detailed
unembellished depiction of nature or of
contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative
idealization in favour of a close observation of
outward appearances."
"It is more useful to identify realism in terms of
the intended effect on the reader, realistic
fiction is written to give the effect that it
represents life and the social world as it seems
to the common reader, evoking the sense that
its character might infact exist and that such
things might well. (I)
A hand book of literary terms by M.H. Abrams, p.258 J ' / -(
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objectivity and with elaborate documentation
sometimes including an almost medical
frankness about activities and bodily functions
usually unmentioned in earlier literature. They
tend to choose characters who are helpless
victims both of Glandular secretions within and
of sociological pressures without." (0
2-AC^V SO ̂ ' j ' ^ 6^^^' ̂ t>f ̂ if•( i^(jvb/
J})
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t • I ~ ^ ^ ^ t \
1. In the last analysis, the evolving history of
humankind, of its social groupings and
relations of its institutions and of its ways of
thinking are largely determinded by the
changing mode of its material production, that
is of its overall economic organization for
producing and distributing material goods.
2. Changes in the fundamental mode of
material production effect changes in the class
structure of a society, establishing in each era
dominent and sub-ordinate classes that engage
-
49
in a struggle for economic, political and social
advantage.
3. Human consciousness is constituted by an
ideology - that is the beliefs, values and ways
of thinking and feeling through which human
being perceive and by recourse to which they
explain, what they take to be reality, An
ideology is in complex ways the product of the
position and interests of a particular class. In
any historical era, the dominant ideology
embodies and serves to legitimize and
perpetuate, the interests of the dominant
economic and social class. (()
A handbook of literary terms, p. 159 -1
-
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Dictionary of Literary terms & literary theory
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Impressionistic
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ENGLISH BOOKS
* Abbasid Belles letters Cambridge history of Arbaic literature, By Kamal Abu
Deeb.
* A.H. Gilbert, Literary Criticism Plato to Dryden New York American Book
company, 1940.
* David Daiches, Critical Approaches to literature, London Longman, 1981.
* Edward W.Said, Orientalism, London Penguin Book, 1995.
* George Saintsburg, A History of criticism and literary taste in Europe, William
Blackwood and sons, 1949.
* LA. Richards Principles of literary Criticism, London Routtedge, 1983.
* Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, D.Deidel Publishing co. Dardrecht,
Holand, 1956
* J.A. Cuddon, Dictionary of literary terms & literary theory, London Penguin
Books, 1994.
* J.T. Shipley, Dictionary of world literature. Criticism - Forms - Technique, New
York, 1943.
* J.F. D'ALton, Roman literary theory and criticism iongman grenn and co. 1931.
* J.W.H. Atkins: English literary criticism, Cambridge University Press, 1934.
* M.H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp, New York, Oxford University Press,
1953.
* M.S. Nagrajan, English literary criticism and theory. An introductory History,
Oriental Iongman press private limited, 2006.
* Medieval Rhetoric and Poetic, News York, The Macmillan company, 1928.
* R.A. Nicholson, A literary History of the Arabs University Press Cambridge,
1977.
* Rene Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism Yale University Press, 1955.
* Rene Welleck and Austin Warren, Theory of Literature, New York, 1949.
* Vicente Cantarino; Arabic Poetics in the Golden age, E.J. Brill Lieden, 1975.
* V.K. Chari: Sansikrit Criticism, Motilal Banarsidas Publishers, 1993.
*= William K. Wimsatt & Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A history, Eton Press
Calcutta, 1957.
•= W.D. Durham, Critical Essays of the Eighteenth Century New Haven, Yale
University Press, 1915.
" William Benton, The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 1973.
" Wilbur S. Scott, Five Approaches of literary criticism, Collier-Macmillan Ltd,
London, 1962.