about the course - kerala · vhse curriculum about the course a business that earns most or all of...
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VHSE Curriculum
ABOUT THE COURSEA business that earns most or all of its revenues from agriculture. Anagribusiness tends to be a large-scale business operation and maydabble in farming, processing and manufacturing and/or the packagingand distribution of products.In recent times agricultural sector in Kerala confronts an array of issueswhich is indubitably a matter of contemplate especially in view of thelivelihood and sustainability of the sector in the State.The youth moving away from agriculture to other comparatively moreremunerative fields poses a serious threat on the agrarian future of theState. An assymmetric socio-economic regime with undue importanceon consumerism is detrimental to the State in long run. A paradigmshift in this regard, especially placing the agricultural sector in theupfront of the present socio-economic structure of the society requiresconcerted effort. The revised educational curriculum in its essenceholds this perception.As a matter of fact there is a need to restructure and realign the subsegments of agriculture sector like production sphere, marketing arena,value chain and educational spectrum. Keeping view of this theVocational Higher Secondary Course curriculum has assumed a newshape culminating from a series of brainstorming sessions.The revised course structure comprehensively covers the basicagricultural aspects by giving emphasis to Crop health management,agricultural science & Processing Technology and Agri-business andFarm Services.A shift from agriculture to agri-business is viewed as an essentialpathway to revitalize the agrarian sector of the State. There is atremendous untapped potential in the downstream end of theagricultural value chain which is at present languishing in darkness.The purposeful emphasis on agricultural processing and agri-businessin the revised curriculum assumes importance in this context. Therenewed curriculum touches upon all the important aspects ofagricultural technologies in a structured and phased manner whilegiving sharp focus towards the downstream end of the value chain onvalue addition and business opportunities. Such a reorientation isessential for the value chain upgradation of the candidates choosingagriculture as a vocation both in academic and practice. Moreover, thecurrent course structure places paramount importance to inculcate theentrepreneurship to the student pursuing vocational education inagriculture.The upgradation in structural value chain is the manifestation ofentrepreneurship and this is only possible through imbibing thecourage to climb up the ladder by breaking away from the conventionalpathways in agricultural sector.
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Farm services segment is an emerging and imperative field in theagrarian sector. The evolving importance of organic farming,certification and labeling, environmental sustainability on the effectiveutilization of natural resources categorically indicated the inevitabilityof this segment. The revised curriculum therefore provide adequateweightage on this segment.The scope and potential of the agricultural sector in this State lies beyondany quantifiable magnitude. Nevertheless, for the realisticmanifestation of the existing potential, we need to revamp theconventional thoughts and practices in accordance to advances made inagricultural sector. For the youth of this State agriculture is essentiallya sunrise sector and therefore they should be equipped to face thechallenges and hurdles on their pathway to success.The system envisage a vibrant and sustainable agrarian sector in thestate through equipping the youth with advanced technological andentrepreneurial skills.Objectives♦ To develop skills on different aspects of farm machinery
operations in tandem with the current needs in an agrarian society.♦ To encourage the concept of custom hiring centers that will play
a concrete role in uplifting agriculture from the current scenario ofabasement.
♦ To develop technical expertise in the much needed supply chainmechanism in tune with the societal priority.
♦ To promote agro-clinics in rural areas which will be pivotal indisseminating information and services as a parallel mechanismin extension activity manned by a rejuvenated cadre of technocratslinked with the latest technological knowhow.
♦ To enhance self supporting and self sustaining agri-business.♦ To inspire a spirit of enterprise by throwing open the possibilities
in Agribusiness systems which will ultimately create employmentoppurtunities in high value sectors.
♦ To pursue capacity building in association with stalwartinstitutions like SHM, VFPCK, IISR, CTCRI, CPCRI, KVK, KAU,APEDA.
♦ To package a set of skills such as in terrace farming and kitchengardening that will be highly appreciated by the community to awider extent with social commitment as the crux.
♦ To ignite a passion in healthy crop production free from harmfulpesticide and environmental degeneration.
♦ To promote high tech enterprises such as poly house and greenhouse that will cater to the aspiration of the general public forquality ensured safe farm produce.
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Job Roles (Career Path)
Government / SemiGovernment
Self EmploymentPrivate Sector
• Assistant AgriculturalOfficer
• Agri Extension Assistant• Supply Chain Field
Assistant• Seed processing Worker• Quality seed grower• Green house fitter• Floriculturist (open and
protected cultivation)• Laboratory Technical
Assistant in VHSE• Vocational Instructor in
VHSE• Work superintendent in
Dept. of Agriculture• All other posts where
basic qualificationrequired is plus two
• Field or Farm technician(IISR)
• Field Assistant and Farmsupervisor (Farmingcorporation)
• Farm TechnicalAssistant (Plantationcorporation Limited)
• Field Assistant (LEADS)• Field Assistant (CTCRI)• Field Assistant ( FSRS)• Field Assistant (VFPCK)• Field Assistant (KAU)• Technical Assistant
(KVK)• Gardner
• Food sample collector
• Post harvest technician
• Technician in Processingindustries
• Technician in repair &maintenance of Processing Equipments
• Field Representative(Fertiliser and Pesticidecompanies)
• Assistants in Agriculturebased mediaprogrammes
• Gardeners / Farm supervisors
• Assistants in crop healthclinics
• Agri Extension serviceprovider
• Harvesting machineoperator
• Supply chain fieldassistant
• Micro irrigationtechnician
• Agripreneur
• Bonsai cultivator
• Landscapingsupervisor/Landscapist
• Custom hiring centreoperator
• Hi-tech farm technician
Production sector• Private nursery• Mushroom cultivation
and spawn production•Vermicomposting• Coir pith composting• Azolla cultivation• Organic manure
production• Bio fertilizer
production• Seed production and
processing unit• Hiring of agricultural
implements• Repair of agricultural
implements• Apiculture• Protected cultivation
Service sector• Training on above
sectors• Agro-clinics• Agricultural
consultancy
• Irrigation services• Harvest services• Other farm services• Agro Service Centers
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SUBJECT APPROACH
The vocationalisation of education in India has been launched with thevision and concept of Mahatma Gandhiji’s dream on Basic Education.India is an agricultural country and Kerala being one of its mostpopulated states depend mainly on development of agriculture. Sincethe achievement of statehood in 1956, Kerala has been exploring all thepotential possibilities to promote agriculture and thereby achieving selfsufficiency in food and employment generation. But it is worthmentioning that, in Kerala the youth is moving away from agricultureto other comparatively more remunerative fields poses a serious threaton the agrarian future . An asymmetric socio-economic reign withundue importance on consumerism is detrimental to the state in longrun. A paradigm shift in this regard especially placing the agriculturalsector in the upfront of the present socio- economic structure of thesociety requires concerted effort. As a matter of fact there is a need torestructure and realign the sub segments of agricultural sector likeproduction sphere, marketing arena, value chain and educationalspectrum. The revised course structure of agribusiness and farm servicescomprehensively covers the basic agricultural aspects by givingemphasis to agrifield techniques and crop production technology. Thepurposeful emphasis on agricultural processing and agribusinessassumes significance in this context. It touches upon all the importantaspects of agricultural technologies in a structured and phased mannerwhile giving sharp focus toward the downstream end of the value chainon value addition and business oppurtunities. The upgradation instructural value chain is the manifestation of entrepreneurship and thisis only possible through imbibing the courage to climb up the ladder bybreaking away from the conventional pathways in agricultural sector.Farm service segment is an emerging and imperative field in theagrarian sector. The evolving importance of organic farming,certification and labeling, environmental sustainability on the effectiveutilization of natural resources, categorically indicated in theinevitability of this segment. The course envisages a vibrant,sustainable, agrarian sector across the state equipping the youth withadvanced technological and entrepreneurial skills.
OBJECTIVES♦ To generate general as well as specific awareness about the
various agricultural sectors and activities.♦ To create a pool of efficient and well self empowered personals in
agro machinery operations and service.♦ To create well trained technicians with supervisory and
management skills in handling supply chains.
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♦ To support operationalise custom hiring centers, catering to theneeds of the farming community.
♦ To supply efficient personals in establishing and maintainingagriclinics for the farming community.
♦ To create skilled technicians in the area of Green Housetechnology.
♦ To create skilled personals in the area of landscaping and gardenmanagement.
♦ To create efficient and skilled technicians in the field of specializedtechniques.
♦ To create a dedicated work force in subsidiary enterprises likenursery business, mushroom technology, Apiculture andSericulture.
♦ To train personals to implement projects for maximizingagricultural production.
The Kerala School Curriculum has been revised in the year 2013- 14 intune with the recommendations in Children’s Right to Free andCompulsory Education- Kerala Rules and Provisions-2011. Thecharacteristics of Kerala School Curriculum -2013 can be summarizedas it is child centered, process related, activity oriented and value based.It lays stress on the learning outcomes at the cognitive, process,attitudinal and value domains. The teacher has the freedom to employlogical and variegated learning strategies during the transactionprocess. It gives importance to ensuring the learning outcomes to alllearners. Based on these learning outcomes continuous andcomprehensive evaluation is recommended. The curriculum also laysemphasis on the code of professional ethics for teachers.With regard to learning process the following points are givenimportance.1. The learners relate their previous knowledge to the knowledge
they newly construct.2. Knowledge construction has to be at the individual and
community levels.3. The differential needs of the learners are to be addressed by
selecting and adapting learning activities.4. Learning and assessment are complimentary to each other.5. Learning process should aim at the all round development of the
learner.
With all the above ends in view, the learning strategies are so designedand to be implemented. The learning activities proposed are diversified
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in their nature but is ensured to engage all learners both the gifted aswell as the slow pace learners. Projects, experiments, discussions, paneldiscussions, debate, survey, assignments, seminars, interviews,exhibitions, multimedia presentations, formulations, constructions andso on are the strategies proposed for transacting the learning outcomesin a learner centered experiential manner. The teacher has the freedomto employ any suitable strategy to transact a particular content area,provided she should ensure that the prescribed learning outcome isachieved by all the learners. Each learning activity should be designedin such a way that there is provision for continuous assessment topromote better learning. There should be slots for assessment aslearning and assessment for learning. The learning evidences or learningproducts should be clearly specified while framing the activities.Teacher should have a thorough planning to explore the maximumpossibilities of variegated learning resources especially ICT materialsfor making the learning more effective. There should also be provisionfor catering the academic needs of all children (gifted as well as CWSN).The parents and society have a crucial role in promoting the level oflearning of all children. For this, the teacher should explore allpossibilities for utilizing the resources of the community for enhancingbetter learning of all children.
INFRASTRUCTURE
The revised VHSE curriculum in ABFS demands well equipped andsophisticated infrastructural facilities in order to transact it in a mosteffective manner which is detailed below Resource repositories including interactive multimedia with smart
class rooms may be made available . Sufficient number of Laptops and accessories may be made
available for teachers as well as students. Facilities for online referencing for students should be ensured. A well equipped agro clinic & agro business centre may be
provided Fenced cultivable land, Irrigational facility and drainage facilities
are needed. As mechanization is essential in modern era, a custom hiring
centre may be established with small farm machineries. Agri KIOSK centers with touch screen facilities can be established
in each school as a part of farmer service. Poly house unit, Mist chamber, Rain Shelter, Micro irrigation unit,
Hi Tech Mushroom house, Vermi compost unit, Azolla Unit,Biocontrol Lab etc. can be established.
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Softwares like E - crop doctor for diagnosis of pest and diseases,KAU Fertulator for Fertilser calculation and software for landscape designing should be made available.
Essential plant protection chemicals, fertilizers, manures, shouldbe made available
Essential materials, tools and implements for cultivation practices,plant propagation, seedling production, plant protectionequipments and all other activities for the efficient functioning ofPTC.
A well equipped library with print rich references, periodicals,leaflets, pamphlets, journals etc. should be made available.
Updated IT Resources should be ensured in schools at easy accessof students and teachers.
Store room, work sheds & a room for functioning PTC unit shouldbe provided.
ASSESSMENT
The course exclusively focus on assessment as learning, assessment forlearning, assessment of learning as envisaged in the school curriculum.Continuous Assessment is given due importance as it promoteslearning and ensures the achievement of the prescribed learningoutcomes by all the students.I. The continuous assessment areas are detailed as follows
1. Process assessment2. Portfolio assessment3. Unit assessment
II. Practical evaluation is also proposed♦ Indoor practical works in labs♦ Field visit♦ Visits in production cum training centres♦ On the job training♦ Case studies♦ Demonstration
Practical record and vocational diary are considered as the records forpractical evaluation.III. Internship Evaluation
The vocational competence as well as the socio-emotional skills of thestudents is also to be evaluated and considered for certification.
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IV. Theory examination
Theory examination is also suggested as part of TE. It can be donethrough written examination with items of testing higher order mentalprocesses as well as depth of conceptual understanding.SYLLABUS
MODULE - 1AGRI FIELD TECHNIQUES1. Introductory Agriculture
Agriculture-definition, branches, milestones in agriculturedevelopment in India, Major crops in India and Kerala, Area,production and productivity of major crops in Kerala, ImportantAgricultural Institutions- teaching and research institutions, extensioncentres, agri based governement and semi government organisations.2. Agrometeorology
Meteorology-agricultural meteorology-definition, weather and climate,microclimate, meteorological observatory and instruments to measureweather elements, automated weather stations, weather forecasting,Crop seasons in India and Kerala, Monsoons in Kerala3. Soil health management
Soil profile, physical properties-soil structure and texture, Soils ofKerala-problem soils of Kerala , Soil acidity- liming materials, soilalkalinity and its amelioration, Soil erosion-definition, types of erosion-water erosion- Wind erosion- Soil and water conservation-agronomicmeasures- mulching, contour farming, strip cropping, alley cropping,multitier cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping, crop rotation,grass/fodder cultivation, cover cropping, zero tillage, biofencing/vegetative fencing. Engineering measures- Percolation pits/ soak pits,contour bunding, making basins around trees, trenches, bench terracing,check dams, gabions, inward and outward terracing, brushwood checkdams, gabion checkdams, artificial water holding structures andrenovation of existing bunds, weirs, sidewalls, geotextiles. Soilpollution- causes, practices to maintain soil health, Soil qualitymonitoring- Soil health card, Remote Sensing and GIS.
Tillage-definition and objectives, types and effects of tillage in soil- zerotillage, minimum tillage, primary and secondary tillage implements,and small farm machinery
Plant Nutrition- Essential elements-macro and micro, Functions,Deficiency and toxicity symptoms of N, P, K. Manures and fertilizers-classification, Organic manures- bulky and concentrated- FYM,compost, different composting methods, green manuring. Chemical
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fertilizers-straight, complex, mixed fertilizers, biofertilizers- examplesand use. Integrated Nutrient Management, Methods of fertilizerapplication, Calculation of fertilizer requirement, KAU Fertulator, Soilfertility evaluation- soil testing, plant tissue analysis-DRIS methods,critical levels in plants, rapid tissue test, indicator plants, biologicalmethods of soil fertility evaluation, Soil based plant nutrientmanagement information system. Organic farming and sustainableagriculture- Component of organic farming and their role in sustainablecrop production, nutrient management in organic farming, disease andpest management in organic farming.4. Irrigation technology
Irrigation-definition, methods of irrigation- surface, subsurface, microirrigation, special methods (drip, sprinkler, mist, bubbler, pivot),fertigation, chemigation, quality of irrigation water and itsmanagement, drainage- importance in crop production, Rainwaterharvesting-techniques and structures-ferrocement tank, percolationpits(emerging innovative models)5. Plant propagation techniques
Types of propagation-sexual propagation-seed- definition, qualities ofgood seed, classes of seed, sowing methods, seed propagation- seedbed preparation, hybrid seed propagation, vegetable seedlingproduction, portray seedling production. Seed testing- methods oftesting germination percentage. Asexual propagation methods -cutting, layering, budding, grafting, tissue culture, vegetable grafting6. Crop Pest management
Pest-definition, classification with examples, plant disease-commonsymptoms and pathogens, weeds-uses and harmful effects, dryland andwetland weeds, Plant protection methods, Biopharmacy, plantprotection chemicals and different formulations (emphasis to newgeneration pesticides), plant protection equipments, weedmanagement, E- Crop Doctor, Crop diagnostic centres.MODULE – 2CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY1. Agronomic classification of crops:
Cereals - Pulses - Millets -·Oil seeds -Tuber crops - Fruits - Vegetables- Spices and Condiments - Plantation crops - Medicinal and aromaticplants -Fibre crops -Sugar crops - Fodder crops - Narcotic crops -Green Manure crops.2. Farming system
Concept and different types of farming system with examples
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Their merits and demerits - Monocropping - Crop rotation - Intercropping - Mixed cropping - Ratoon cropping - Multi-tier cropping -Relay cropping - Mixed farming - Homestead farming.
Integrated Farming System-Concepts -Goals - Components –Mushroom,Vermiconpost, Azolla, Livestock, Poultry, Aquaculture, Biogas Plant- Advantages and disadvantages - Success Stories.3. Crop production Technology of Field crops
RICE
Climatic requirements - Soil - Season - Varieties (Include Recent varietiesand Geographic indexing) - Seed rate - Seed Treatment - Nurserypreparation - Wet – Dry – Dapog - Spacing - Fertilizer Recommendation- Common weeds in Rice fields - Kole, Pokkali, Kaipad cultivation -Transplanting – IPDM- System of Rice Intensification(SRI) techinique -Scope of farm Mechanization in rice cultivation and Post HarvestHandling-Value addition-Current Trends in Rice production(Foradditional information only)TAPIOCA
Climatic requirements - Soil - Varieties - Propagation - Mini settpropagation technique - Preparation of Land - Season and Planting -Manuring - Irrigation -Intercropping - Value addition - Pests andDiseases - Biopesticide from Tapioca. Current trends in Tapiocaproduction (For additional information only).FODDER CROPS
Guinea grass - Hybrid Napier - Congo Signal Grass - Subabul - Agathi- Stylo - Mention Silo, Silage, Haylage-Planting material-Fertilizerrecommendations-Harvesting -Yield-varieties.
4. Crop production Technology of Vegetables
Solanaceous vegetables.
Brinjal – Tomato – Chilli, Varieties -Seed rate -Spacing - Manuring - Pestand Diseases
Cucurbitaceous vegetables
Bitter gourd – Snake gourd - Bottle gourd – Ash gourd – Pumpkin –gherkins, Varieties - Seed rate - Spacing - Manuring - Pest and Diseases
Cool Season vegetables
Carrot – Cabbage – Cauliflower, Varieties - Seed rate- Spacing -Manuring - Pest and Diseases.
Amaranthus, Bhindi, Cow pea
Varieties - Seed rate- Spacing - Manuring -Pest and Diseases
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Kitchen garden, Terrace Cultivation
Current Trends in Vegetable Cultivation (for additional informationonly)
5. Crop production Technology of Plantation crops
COCONUT
Scientific name -Soil -Site selection -Important Cultivars /Hybrids -Coconut Nursery Techniques (Mother palm selection, seed nut storage,Coconut nursery preparation and seedling selection) - Cultivationpractices - Land Preparation - Planting - Spacing - Planting systems -Time of Planting - Irrigation – different techniques – drip irrigation-Weeding - Intercropping - Drought management - Husk burial -Mulching - Cover crops and green manure crops - Manuring. Plantprotection - Pests – Rhinoceros beetle, Redpalm weevil, Black headedCaterpillar, Eriophid mite, Nut crinkler. Diseases-Bud rot,Stembleeding, Rootwilt, Tanjore wilt - Management with specialemphasis on Biocontrol. Value addition - Different products made outof coconut-Current trends in coconut cultivation(for additionalinformation only)
b. RUBBER
Scientific name - Soil - Site selection - Important varieties/Clones -Nursery - Cultivation practices - Land Preparation - Planting clones –Planting distance, Pitting and refilling, Type of planting - Covercropping and Mulching – Manuring - Weeding - Use of rainguard -Tapping -Plant protection - Pests, Diseases -Abnormal leaf fall, Powderymildew, Pink disease-Value addition - Different products made out ofRubber -Current trends in Rubber and allied industries (for additionalinformation only)
PEPPER
Scientific name - Soil- Site selection - Important Varieties -Selection Ofmother plants - Raising rooted cuttings -Cultivation practices - LandPreparation - Planting vines- Spacing - Planting methods - Time ofPlanting - Irrigation - Weeding-Under planting - Manuring-Bushpepper. Plant protection - Pests - Pollu beetle, Marginal gall thrips -Diseases - Quick wilt, Anthracnose, Slow decline. Value addition -Different products made out of Pepper - Current trends (for additionalinformation only)
6. Crop production Technology of Fruits
BANANA
Scientific name - Soil - Site selection - Important Varieties - Suckerselection and preparation of suckers for planting - Cultivation practices- Land Preparation - Planting suckers - Spacing - time of Planting -
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Irrigation - Weeding - Intercropping - Manuring -Tissue culturetechniques in Banana -Leaf Banana cultivation. Plant protection - Pests– Pseudostem weevil, Rhizome weevil, Aphids, mealy bugs, skipperbutterfly- Diseases Bunchy top, Banana bract mosaic (Kokkan) -Sigatoka - Rhizome rot-Panama wilt. Value addition- Different productsmade out of Banana current trends in banana cultivation (for additionalinformation only)
MANGO
Scientific name - Soil -Season - Site selection - Propagation - ImportantVarieties - Cultivation practices - Land Preparation - Planting - Spacing-Time of Planting-Irrigation-Weeding- Intercropping - Manuring - HighDensity Planting in Mango. Plant protection - Pests – Stem borer, MangoHopper, Nut weevil, Fruit fly-Diseases-Powdery mildew, Anthracnose,Die back - Physiological disorders -Value addition - Different productsmade out of Mango -Current trends in Mango cultivation (for additionalinformation only)
PINE APPLE
Scientific name - Soil - Site selection - Important Varieties - Suckerselection and preparation of suckers for planting - Cultivation practices-Land Preparation - planting suckers - Spacing - Time of Planting -Irrigation - Weeding - Flowering induction - Manuring -Plant protection- Pests –Mealy bug - Diseases – Leaf spot - Value addition-Differentproducts made out of Pineapple.
7. Crop Production Technology of FlowersANTHURIUM
Varieties - Propagation - Planting and Potting media preparation -Fertilizer recommendation - Inter cultural Operation - Plant Protection- Harvesting.
ORCHID
Varieties - Propagation- Planting and Potting media preparation-Manuring - Intercultural Operation - Plant Protection - Harvesting.
ROSE
Classification –Varities-Propagation - Planting and Potting mixturepreparation - Manuring – Pruning- Plant protection -Harvesting -Packing and Marketing - Value added product – Rose oil.
JASMINE
Soil - Climate- Important Cultivars and varities - Propagation – RootingHormone - Land preparation - Spacing - Manuring - Irrigation - Pruning- Intercultural operation - Weed control - Pest and diseases - Valueadded products - Jasmine oil.
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8. Importance of Medicinal Plants in Kerala
Introduction – Common medicinal plants cultivated in Kerala with theircommon name, parts used, scope of medicinal plant cultivation inAyurveda.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After the completion of two modules, the learner will be able to;1.1.1 define agriculture and enumerate its branches and explain
the milestones in Agriculture development in India.1.1.2 explain the major crops in India and Kerala and calculate the
production and productivity of cultivated crops of Kerala.1.1.3 enlist the important Agricultural Teaching and Research
Institutions, Extension centers, and Commercial Agri- basedgovernment and semi government organisations.
1.2.1 define Agricultural meteorology, distinguish betweenweather and climate.
1.2.2 realise the use of meteorological observatories, handle theinstruments to measure weather elements.
1.2.3 get acquainted with the Automated Weather Stations .1.2.4 establish the relationship between weather forecasting and
cultivation of crops.1.2.5 analyse the rainfall data and identifies the monsoon seasons
in Kerala, relate it with agricultural seasons and prepare thecrop calendar.
1.3.1 explain soil profiles with relevant diagrams and experiencesoil structure and texture.
1.3.2 mention soils of Kerala and suggests crops suitable for eachtype of soil.
1.3.3 explore and explain the problem soils in Kerala and theirreclamation.
1.3.4 analyse soil acidity, soil alkalinity and apply remedialmeasures such as liming and amelioration respectively.
1.3.5 observe, make and present reports on the types of soilerosion and practise agronomic and engineering measures ofsoil and water conservation.
1.3.6 explore and make reports on the causes of soil pollution,check factors affecting soil health hazards and applymeasures to maintain soil health and interpret theinformation in a Soil Health Card.
1.3.7 familiarise remote sensing, GIS and its application.
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1.3.8 define Tillage and its types and share its objectives, andeffects of tillage in soil and classify tillage implements intoprimary and secondary and operate them.
1.3.9 describe small farm machinery and practise them in needycontexts.
1.3.10 explain plant nutrition, enlist the essential macro and microelements, the functions, deficiency and toxicity symptoms ofN,P, K.
1.3.11 classify manures and fertilizers and identify the need ofIntegrated Nutrient Management.
1.3.12 calculate Fertilizer Requirement using scientific methods,using soft wares like Fertulator and practise differentmethods of fertilizer application
1.3.13 prepare soil samples for testing, interpret the results andgive recommendations based on the result.
1.3.14 apply different methods for soil fertility evaluation such assoil testing, plant tissue analysis by DRIS method, criticallevel in plants, rapid tissue test, indicator plants andbiological method.
1.3.15 explain and prepare notes on soil based Plant NutrientManagement Information System, recognize the need oforganic farming and its role in sustainable crop production,nutrient management, disease and pest management.
1.3.16 realize the need and significance of sustainable agriculture.1.4.1 define irrigation, methods of irrigation such as surface, sub
–surface, micro- irrigation, and detail special methods suchas drip, sprinkler, mist, bubbler and pivot.
1.4.2 explain fertigation, chemigation and recognizes quality ofirrigation water and its management, drainage and itsimportance in crop production.
1.4.3 describe rain water harvesting techniques and structures-ferrocement tank, percolation pits and other emerginginnovative models.
1.5.1 identify types of propagation define seed and enumerate thequalities of good seed, classes of seed, sowing methods.
1.5.2 practise sexual propagation in plants, seed-bed preparation,vegetable seedling production, protray seedling production.
1.5.3 practise seed testing- methods of testing germinationpercentage.
1.5.4 practise asexual propagation methods in plants- cutting,layering, budding, grafting, tissue culture and vegetablegrafting.
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1.6.1 define pests, classify pests, describes plant diseases, theircommon symptoms and pathogens, weeds- uses andharmful effects, dry land and wet land weeds.
1.6.2 explain plant protection methods, Biopharmacy, plantprotection chemicals and their formulation and enlistpesticides in use with emphasis on new generation andbanned pesticides.
1.6.3 identify plant protection equipments, weed management, E-crop doctor and visit crop diagnostic centres.
2.1.1 explain different agronomic classes of crops and list out theirexamples
2.2.1 define different farming systems, their merits and demerits,with emphasis on IFS
2.2.2 explain mono cropping, crop rotation, intercropping, mixedcropping, ratoon cropping, multi tier cropping, relaycropping, mixed farming and home stead farming.
2.2.3 define IFS and share its goals and components, advantagesand disadvantages of different IFS models.
2.3.1 describe the climatic requirements, suitable soil and seasonfor rice cultivation.
2.3.2 explain the varieties of rice, recently released varieties andgeographic indexing.
2.3.3 identify and prepare notes on seed rate, seed treatment,nursery preparation (advanced and recently developedtechniques) transplanting and spacing.
2.3.4 describe and suggest fertilizer recommendation for effectiverice cultivation.
2.3.5 list out common weeds in rice fields, insect pests, diseasesand their management.
2.3.6 identify and prepare notes on Kole, Pokkali, and Kaippadcultivation of rice.
2.3.7 describe SRI (System of Rice Intensification Technique)2.3.8 explore and explain scope of farm mechanization in rice
cultivation and post harvest handling2.3.9 list out the important rice research stations in Kerala and
make notes on current trends in rice production.2.3.10 describe the varities, climatic requirements, suitable soil and
season for tapioca cultivation.2.3.11 identify and explain propagation and mini set tapioca
propagation techniques.
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2.3.12 explain the process of preparation of land, describe theseason and planting, manuring and irrigation, inter croppingrelated to tapioca cultivation.
2.3.13 list out insect pests, diseases and their management intapioca and enlist the bio pesticides made from tapioca.
2.3.14 familiarise with the current trends in tapioca production.2.3.15 enlist fodder crops such as Guinea Grass, Hybrid Napier,
Congo Signal Grass, Subabul, Agathi and Stylo withreference to important varieties , planting material, plantingmethods, fertilizer recommendations, harvesting and yield.
2.3.16 mention techniques of fodder preservation-Silo, Silage andHaylage.
2.4.1 identify and prepare chart on Solanaceous vegetables suchas brinjal, tomato, chilli, in terms of their varieties, seed rate,spacing, manuring, pests and diseases.
2.4.2 identify and prepare chart on Cucurbitaceous vegetablessuch as bitter gourd, snake gourd, bottle gourd, ash gourd,pumpkins and gherkins in terms of varieties, seed rate,spacing, manuring, pests and diseases.
2.4.3 identify and prepare chart on cool season vegetables such ascarrot, cabbage, cauliflower in terms of their varieties, seedrate, spacing, manuring, pests and diseases.
2.4.4 identify and prepare chart on amaranthus, bhindi, cowpea interms of their varieties, seed rate, spacing, manuring, pestsand diseases.
2.4.5 practise kitchen gardening and terrace cultivation.2.4.6 familiarize the current trends in vegetable cultivation and its
value addition.2.5.1 identify and explain the scientific name of coconut, soil
suitable for coconut crop production and site selection.2.5.2 list out important coconut cultivars, hybrids and coconut
nursery techniques.2.5.3 explain the cultivation practices of coconut in terms of land
preparation, planting seedlings, spacing, planting systems,time of planting, irrigation, weeding, manuring andintercropping.
2.5.4 explain the techniques for drought management such ashusk burial, mulching, and use of cover crops and greenmanure crops.
2.5.5 explain plant protection of coconut plants- identify pests,diseases and explain their management with specialemphasis on biocontrol.
Page - 69
VHSE Curriculum
2.5.6 familiarize the current trends in coconut cultivation and itsvalue addition.
2.5.7 identify and explain the scientific name of rubber, soilsuitable for rubber crop production and site selection.
2.5.8 enlist the important varieties, clones of rubber and theirnursery.
2.5.9 explain the cultivation practices of rubber in terms of landpreparation, planting clones, cover cropping and mulching,weeding, manuring, use of rain guard and tapping.
2.5.10 explain plant protection of rubber- identify pests, diseaseswith special emphasis on abnormal leaf fall, powderymildew, pink disease.
2.5.11 familiarise the current trends in rubber and allied industries,different products and their value addition.
2.5.12 state the scientific name of pepper and explain soil suitablefor pepper crop production and site selection.
2.5.13 list out important varieties of pepper, describes the selectionof mother plants, and raising rooted cuttings.
2.5.14 explain the cultivation practices of pepper in terms of landpreparation, planting vines, spacing, planting methods, timeof planting, irrigation, weeding, manuring andunderplanting.
2.5.15 practise bush pepper propagation.2.5.16 explain plant protection of pepper, lists out its pests and
diseases.2.5.17 familiarize the current trends in pepper cultivation and list
out different products made out of pepper and its valueaddition.
2.6.1 identify the scientific name of banana, soil suitable for bananacrop production and site selection.
2.6.2 list out the important varieties of banana.2.6.3 describe sucker selection and preparation of suckers for
planting in banana.2.6.4 explain the cultivation practices of banana in terms of land
preparation, planting, spacing, time of planting, irrigation,weeding, manuring and intercropping.
2.6.5 familiarise the tissue culture techniques in banana and leafbanana cultivation.
2.6.6 explain the plant protection of banana, its pests and diseases.2.6.7 list out different products made out of banana and its value
addition.
Page - 70
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
2.6.8 familiarize with the scientific name of mango, soil suitablefor mango crop cultivation, season and site selection.
2.6.9 list out the important varieties of mango and theirpropagation.
2.6.10 familiarize with the cultivation practices of mango in termsof land preparation, planting, spacing, time of planting,irrigation, weeding, manuring and intercropping.
2.6.11 familiarize with the high density planting in mango.2.6.12 familiarize with plant protection in Mango and list pest and
diseases.2.6.13 familiarize with the current trends in mango cultivation and
list out different products made out of mango and its valueaddition.
2.6.14 familiarize with the scientific name of pine apple, soilsuitable for pine apple cultivation and site selection.
2.6.15 list out the important varieties of pine apple and explainsucker selection and preparation of suckers for planting.
2.6.16 familiarize with the cultivation practices of pine apple interms of land preparation, planting, spacing, time of planting,irrigation, weeding, manuring and flowering induction.
2.6.17 familiarize with the plant protection of pine apple, and listpests and diseases.
2.6.18 list out different products made out of pine apple and itsvalue addition.
2.7.1 describe the varieties of Anthurium, and its propagationmethods, planting and potting media preparation, fertilizerrecommendation, intercultural operation, plant protection,harvesting.
2.7.2 describe the varieties of orchid, and its propagation, plantingand potting media preparation manuring, interculturaloperation, plant protection, harvesting.
2.7.3 familiarize with the classification varieties of rose, itspropagation methods planting and potting mixturepreparation, manuring, pruning, plant protection, harvesting,packing and marketing, value added products and rose oil.
2.7.4 familiarize with the cultivars, varieties propagation of jasmine,rooting hormones, land preparation, spacing, manuring,irrigation, pruning, inter cultural operation, weed control, pests,diseases, yield and value added products and Jasmine oil.
2.8.1 familiarize with the importance of medicinal plants inKerala, list them out with their common name, parts usedand scope of medicinal plants in Ayurveda.
Page - 71
VHSE Curriculum
Scheme of Work
Sl. Month Unit Name Periods No.UnitNo. Weight
1 June Introductory Agriculture 16Agrometerology 18
2. July Soil Health Management 80
3. August Soil Health Management 4Irrigation Technology 42Plant Propagation Technique 26
4. September Plant Propagation Technique 54Crop Pest Management 26
5. October Crop Pest Management 74Agronomic Classification of Crops 6
6. November Agronomic Classification of Crops 1Farming System 16Crop production Technology of 63field crops
7. December Crop production Technology of 17field cropCrop production Technology of 51Vegetables
8. January Crop production Technology 9of VegetableCrop production Technology 65Plantation cropsCrop production Technology of 6fruit crops
9. February Crop production Technology of 34fruit cropsCrop production Technology of 46flowers
10 March Crop production Technology of 14flowersImportance of Medicinal Plants in 12Kerala
Page - 72
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
COURSE STRUCTURE
This course consists of 4 modules such as:
Sl .No Name of Module Total periods
1 Agri Field Techniques 340
2 Crop Production Technology 340
3 Farm Support Service 340
4 Agripreneurship Development 340
CLASS ROOM ACTIVITIES♦ Seminar♦ Group discussion♦ Quiz♦ Preparation of Posters and Charts♦ Project and workshops♦ Exhibitions♦ Multimedia presentation♦ Panel discussion♦ Interview with invited experts/ farmers in the classroom♦ Workshop♦ Role play♦ General discussion♦ Brainstorming♦ Debate♦ Slide show♦ Assignment♦ Animated CDs
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES♦ Indoor practical work in labs and outside field♦ Field visits♦ Production cum training centre♦ On the job training♦ Interaction with successful farmers at the farm site♦ Curriculum oriented case studies♦ Demonstration
Page - 73
VHSE Curriculum
ON THE JOB TRAINING
OJT refers to that component of vocational curricula which takes placein a real job situation under the supervision of an expert or in- plantsupervisor. It provides participation in the actual production of goodsand services. It prepares the student psychologically in developingentrepreneurship qualities.
It helps in continuous evaluation of the student's work and knowledge.The student is exposed to the latest technology and equipments. Thestudent finds the real feelings in taking instructions from the supervisor.It provides the student overall exposure and the use of material andmachinery. It leads to increased production of goods and services to theemployers at less cost.
Time : End of each module
Duration : 15 days per yearList of possible OJT Centres
GENERAL
♦ Various institutions under Kerala Agricultural University(Colleges, research stations)
♦ Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)♦ Krishi Bhavans♦ Central Government Institutions like CTCRI, CPCRI, IISR etc.♦ VFPCK centres♦ State Horticulture Mission♦ Master Farmer's Fields♦ Various Commodity Boards, Government of Kerala♦ District Seed Farms♦ Extension Training Centres♦ Various NGOs like Thanal, PASSS, Mithra Niketan, MSSRF♦ Various Private Nurseries (Atmanilayam Nursery Gardens
Cheruvarakkonam,Kuzhippallam Botanical Gardens Nellimoodu,Beena Nursery Vithura, Dreamland Garden Mukkoodu, kollam).
♦ Regional Agricultural Training and Testing Centres♦ Agro service centres♦ Soil testing labs♦ Safal markets♦ HORTICROP♦ Private Retail Malls
Page - 74
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
District wise OJT Centers
1. Thiruvananthapuram• Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research
Institute (JNTBGRI), Palode• Biotechnology and Model Floriculture Centre (BMFC),
Kazhakkuttom• Rubber Board• Various NGOs like Thanal, PASSS, Mithra Niketan• Various Private Nurseries (Atmanilayam Nursery Gardens
Cheruvarakkonam, Kuzhippallam Botanical GardensNellimoodu, Beena Nursery Vithura)
• VFPCK - Thiruvananthapuram• RATTC - Vellayani
2. Kollam• KVK Sadanandapuram, Kottarakkara• FSRS Sadanandapuram, Kottarakkara• District Seed Farm, Kottukkal, Anchal• State Seed Farm, Kottarakkara• Cashew Farm, Kottarakkara• Extensiion Training Centre (ETC), Kottarakkara• Agro Industries, Neduvathoor, Kottarakkara• Institute of Watershed Development Management Kerala
(IWDMK), Chadayamangalam• Agro Fruits, Elambal, Punalur• Dreamland Garden, Mukkoodu, Kollam• Soil Testing Lab, Kureepuzha• Kripa Mushroom Farm, Kulakkada• Biogas Training Centre, KNNMVHSS (AC & ABC),
Pavithreswaram, Puthur.3. Pathanamthitta
• Pazhakulam Agroservice Society (PASS), Adoor• State Seed Farm, Munnalam, Adoor• Sugarcane Breeding Farm, Kadakkad, Pandalam• Bodhana Social Service Society, Thiruvalla• KVK, Thelliyoor, Pathanamthitta• Seed Farm, Pandalam
Page - 75
VHSE Curriculum
4. Alappuzha• CPCRI, Kayamkulam• Rice Research Station (RRS), Monkombu• Seed Farm, Veeyapuram• Bee keeping and Training Centre, Kottalammude• KVK, Kayamkulam• State Seed Farm, Mavelikkara• RARS, Kayamkulam
5. Kottayam• District Agriculture Farm, Kozha• KVK, Kumarakom• RARS, Kumarakom• VFPCK, Ettumanoor• JEYES Farm, Neendoor• Chaithanya (NGO), Kottayam
6. Idukki• Bapuji KVK, Santhanpara• Cardomom Research Station, Myladumpara• VFPCK, Thodupuzha, Adimali, Munnar, Kanthalloor,
Vattavada• Spice Board, Idukki
7. Ernakulam• Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station (AMPRS),
Odakkali.• Pineapple Research Station, Vazhakkulam• Coconut Development Board, Neriamangalam• Spices Board, Kochi• Nadukkara Agroprocessing Society (NAPC), Nadukkara• RATTC, Vytilla• Kinfra Park, Nellad• Parasite Breeding Station, Vytilla• Hafi orchids, Kalamassery• Sevashram (NGO), Ankamaly• Aiswarya Farm (NGO, Kalady• Grandma Pickles, Muvattupuza.
Page - 76
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
8. Thrissur• KVK, Mannuthy• State Biocontrol Lab, Mannuthy• Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara• Pineapple Research Station, Madakkathara• Banana Research Station, Kannara• Central Training Institute, Mannuthy• State Seed Farm, Pananchery and Nadavarambu• National Rose Garden, Vellanikkara• TEEOSE Gardens, Madakkathara• RAYIRATH Gardens, Pattikkad
9. Palakkad• IRTC, Mundur• Integrated Seed Development Farm, Eruthiampathy• Precision Farm, Perumatti• Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute (Sub center), Puthur• Seed Processing Plants, VFPCK, Alathoor• High Tech Diary Farm, Malampuzha,Dhoni
10. Malappuram• RARS, Aanakkayam
11. Kozhikode• Koothali Farm• IISR Kozhikode• KVK, Peruvannamoozhy, Kozhikode• Fruit Processing Center, Balussery
12. Kannur• KVK Kannur• Pepper Research Station, Panniyur• District Agricultural Farm, Thaliparamabu• Private Nurseries• Coconut Nursery, Polayad• Kinathy Farms, Kuthiparambu• Soil Testing Lab, Thaliparambu• Seed Farm, Vengad• Germplasm collection center, Kannur• Agromachinery Center, Chelod
Page - 77
VHSE Curriculum
• High Tech Farms, Pinarayi• RAIDCO, Kannur.
13. Kasaragod• CPCRI, Kasaragod• KVK, Kasaragod• College of Agriculture, Padannakkad• RARS, Pilicode• Agricultural Farm, Nileswar• State Seed Farm, Karanthakad, Kasaragod• Cashew Progeny Orchard, Gwalimukham• Private nurseries• Jenny flowers, Kasaragod• Mechirath Nursery, Kasaragod
14. Wayanad• MSSRF, Kalpille• RARS, Ambalavayal• KVK, Ambalavayal• Wayanad Social Service Society, Mananathavady• Private Nurseries• Hitech Farms
CERTIFICATION OF SKILLS IN EACH MODULE
Module I : Certificate in Agri Field Techniques
Module II : Certificate in Crop Production Technology
Module III : Certificate in Farm Support Service
Module IV : Certificate in Agripreneurship
OVERVIEW OF MODULE - 1
The first module “Agri field Techniques” aims to introduce the verybasic concepts needed in all agriculture and related job roles. Thismodule goes through basic Agri field techniques, weather advisoryservices, techniques in soil health management, micro irrigationtechniques and fertigation, advanced plant propagation techniquesincluding vegetable grafting and basic aspects of crop pestmanagement.
Page - 78
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
Expected Skills
♦ Understands the major crops in India and Kerala.♦ Identifies the use of meteorological equipments.♦ Observes and Classifies the major soils of Kerala, macro and micro
elements, their deficiency symptoms, manures and fertilizers.♦ Understands the need of organic farming and its role in
sustainable crop production.♦ Understands different methods of irrigation.♦ Understands the rain harvesting techniques.♦ Applies and practices methods of sexual and asexual
propagation.♦ Identifies major pests diseases and weeds of Kerala.♦ Applies and practices pest management measures.
Unit Name of the Unit Hours
1 Introductory agriculture 16
2 Agro meteorology 18
3 Soil health management 84
4 Irrigation technology 42
5 Plant propagation techniques 80
6 Crop pest management 100
Total 340
Page - 79
VHSE Curriculum
Mod
ule
1 :
AG
RI F
IELD
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
Agr
icul
ture
-def
init
ion,
br
anch
es,
mile
stone
s in a
gric
ultu
re de
velo
pmen
t in
Indi
aSK
ILL
S:•
Obs
erva
tion
•Ta
bula
tion
•I T
skill
sM
ajor
cro
ps in
Indi
a an
d K
eral
a, A
rea,
prod
uctio
n an
d pr
oduc
tivity
of
maj
orcr
ops
in K
eral
aSK
ILL
S:•
Obs
erva
tion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
Prac
tical
skill
Impo
rtan
t A
gric
ultu
ral
Inst
itutio
ns-
teac
hing
and
res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
,ex
tens
ion
cent
res
and
agri
base
d go
vt/
sem
i gov
t org
anisa
tions
.SK
ILLS
•Id
entif
icat
ion
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Infe
renc
e
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•de
fine a
gric
ultu
re an
d en
umer
ate i
tsbr
anch
es an
d ex
plai
n th
e mile
stone
sin
Agr
icul
ture
dev
elop
men
t in
Indi
a
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ca
lcul
ate
the
prod
ucti
on
and
prod
uctiv
ity o
f m
ajor
cro
ps
inK
eral
a
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•en
list
the
impo
rtant
Agr
icul
tura
lTe
achi
ng an
d R
esea
rch
Insti
tutio
ns,
Exte
nsio
n ce
nter
s, an
d Co
mm
erci
alA
gri-
base
d go
vern
men
t and
sem
igo
vern
men
t org
anisa
tions
.
•G
ener
al d
iscus
sion
(W),
•Br
ains
torm
ing
(W)
•Po
wer
poin
t pr
esen
tatio
n (G
)•
Tim
e lin
e (W
)
•Sl
ide
show
with
pho
togr
aphs
(W)
•Li
ve s
peci
men
s (I)
•Es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f cro
p m
useu
m (G
)•
Bar
dia
gram
sho
win
g co
mpa
rison
(G),
•M
ap o
f In
dia
and
Ker
ala
show
ing
area
of m
ajor
crop
s und
er cu
ltiva
tion
(G)
•Pr
oduc
tivity
calc
ulat
ion
(I)
•M
ap o
f K
eral
a an
d In
dia(
maj
orce
ntre
s)•
Tabl
e
•N
otes
•D
iscu
ssio
n po
ints
w
ith
cons
olid
atio
n•
Tree
dia
gram
•Q
uiz
•Li
st of
cro
ps in
tabu
lar f
orm
•Co
llect
ion
•Fi
eld
Dia
ry•
Prep
ared
bar
dia
gram
•A
ssig
nmen
t rep
ort-
calc
ulat
ion
of p
rodu
ctiv
ity
•M
atch
Boa
rd
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 80
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
Mod
ule
1 :
AG
RI F
IELD
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
Met
eoro
logy
-agr
icul
tura
l met
eoro
logy
-de
finiti
on,
wea
ther
and
clim
ate
SKIL
LS•
Obs
erva
tion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
diffe
rent
iatio
n
mic
rocl
imat
e, m
eteo
rolo
gica
l obs
erva
-to
ry an
d in
strum
ents
to m
easu
re w
eath
erel
emen
ts, A
utom
ated
wea
ther
sta
tions
SKIL
LS•
Obs
erva
tion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•In
strum
enta
l ski
lls
wea
ther
fore
casti
ng, C
rop
seas
ons i
n In
-di
a an
d K
eral
a, M
onso
ons
in K
eral
aSK
ILLS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Clas
sific
atio
n•
Ana
lysis
•Ta
bula
tion
ThTh
e le
arne
r w
ill b
e ab
le to
:•
defin
e A
gric
ultu
ral
met
eoro
logy
,di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n w
eath
er a
ndcl
imat
e.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•re
alis
e th
e us
e of
met
eoro
logi
cal
obse
rvat
orie
s,
hand
le
the
inst
rum
ents
to
mea
sure
wea
ther
elem
ents
.•
get a
cqua
inte
d w
ith th
e Aut
omat
edW
eath
er S
tatio
ns.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•es
tabl
ish
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
wea
ther
fore
casti
ng a
nd c
ultiv
atio
nof
cro
ps.
•an
alys
e the
rain
fall
data
and
iden
tify
the
mon
soon
sea
sons
in
Ker
ala,
rela
te it
with
agr
icul
tura
l sea
sons
and
prep
are
the
crop
cal
enda
r.
•G
ener
al d
iscus
sion
(W)
•A
nim
ated
CD
s (W
)•
Pape
r cut
tings
of d
aily
wea
ther
repo
rt(G
)•
Col
lect
ion
of w
eath
er d
ata
(I)
•A
nim
ated
CD
s (W
)•
Col
lect
ion
of w
eath
er d
ata
•Vi
sit•
Mod
el o
f obs
erva
tory
& in
strum
ents
•G
ener
al D
iscus
sion
(W)
•C
olle
ctio
n of
rai
nfal
l dat
a, a
naly
sis
and
pres
enta
tion
(G)
•N
otes
•C
alen
dar p
repa
ratio
n of
maj
or c
rops
of th
e lo
calit
y (G
)
•Q
uiz
•A
ssig
nmen
t•
Pres
enta
tion
•N
otes
•Q
uiz
with
pow
er p
oint
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Rep
ort
•vi
va-v
oce
•C
lass
test
•G
raph
•Pr
esen
tatio
n re
port
•M
atch
Boa
rd
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 81
VHSE Curriculum
Mod
ule
1 :
AG
RI F
IELD
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
Soil
prof
ile, p
hysic
al pr
oper
ties-
soil
struc
-tu
re a
nd te
xtur
e , S
oils
of K
eral
a-pr
ob-
lem
soils
of K
eral
aSK
ILL
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Iden
tific
atio
n•
Inte
rpre
tato
n•
Ana
lysis
•in
fere
nce
Soil
acid
ity- l
imin
g m
ater
ials
, soi
l alk
a-lin
ity an
d its
amel
iora
tion
SKIL
LS•
Obs
erva
tion
•A
naly
sis•
Clas
sific
atio
n•
Instr
umen
tal s
kills
Soil
eros
ion-
defin
ition
, typ
es o
f ero
sion-
wat
er e
rosio
n- W
ind
eros
ion-
Soi
l and
wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion-
agro
nom
ic m
ea-
sure
s- m
ulch
ing,
con
tour
farm
ing,
stri
pcr
oppi
ng, a
lley
crop
ping
, mul
titie
r cro
p-pi
ng, m
ixed
crop
ping
, inte
rcro
ppin
g, cr
opro
tatio
n, g
rass
/fodd
er c
ultiv
atio
n, c
over
crop
ping
, zer
o til
lage
, bio
fenc
ing/
veg
-et
ativ
e fe
ncin
g. E
ngin
eerin
g m
easu
res-
Perc
olat
ion
pits
/ so
ak p
its,
cont
our
bund
ing,
mak
ing
basi
ns a
roun
d tre
es,
trenc
hes,
benc
h te
rraci
ng, c
heck
dam
s,
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ex
plai
n so
il pr
ofile
s w
ith r
elev
ant
diag
ram
s an
d ex
peri
ence
soi
lstr
uctu
re a
nd te
xtur
e.•
men
tion s
oils
of K
eral
a and
sugg
ests
crop
s su
itabl
e to
eac
h ty
pe o
f soi
l.•
expl
ore
and
expl
ain
the
prob
lem
soils
in K
eral
a and
thei
r rec
lam
atio
n.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•an
alyse
soil -
acid
ity, s
oil -
alkali
nity
and
appl
ies
rem
edia
l mea
sure
s su
ch a
slim
ing a
nd am
elio
ratio
n res
pect
ivel
y.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ob
serv
e, m
ake
and
pres
ent
repo
rtson
the
typ
e of
soi
l er
osio
n an
dpr
actic
e agr
onom
ic an
d en
gine
erin
gm
easu
re
of
soil
an
d w
ater
cons
erva
tion.
•D
iagr
ams
(G)
•Po
wer
poi
nt p
rese
ntat
ion
(W)
•M
ap o
f Ker
ala
(G)
•C
hart
prep
arat
ion
(I)•
Col
lect
ion
of sa
mpl
es (I
)
•A
nim
ated
CD
s (W
)•
Dem
onst
ratio
n of
Spe
cim
ens
oflim
ing
mat
eria
ls an
d am
elio
rant
s (G
)•
Col
lect
ion
of so
il sa
mpl
e (G
)•
pH a
naly
sis a
nd c
orre
ctio
n (G
)
•A
nim
ated
CD
s (W
),•
Pow
er p
oint
pre
sent
atio
n (W
)
•Pr
epar
atio
n of
Mod
el•
Cla
ss T
est
•N
otes
•vi
va -v
oce
•Pr
esen
tatio
n
•C
lass
test
•Pr
esen
tatio
n
•Po
ster
pre
para
tion
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Exer
cise
pla
ntin
g
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 82
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
Mod
ule
1 :
AG
RI F
IELD
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
gabi
ons,
inw
ard
and
outw
ard
terra
cing
,br
ushw
ood
chec
k da
ms,
ga
bion
chec
kdam
s, a
rtif
icia
l w
ater
hol
ding
stru
ctur
es a
nd r
enov
atio
n of
exi
stin
gfu
nds,
wei
rs, s
idew
alls,
geo
text
iles
SKIL
LS•
Obs
erva
tion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
I T sk
ills
Soil
pollu
tion-
caus
es, p
ract
ices
to m
ain-
tain
soil
heal
th, S
oil q
ualit
y m
onito
ring-
Soil
heal
th c
ard,
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
and
GIS
.•
Obs
erva
tion
•A
naly
sis•
colle
ctio
n
Tilla
ge-d
efin
ition
and
obj
ectiv
es, t
ypes
and
effe
cts o
f till
age i
n so
il- ze
ro ti
llage
,m
inim
um ti
llage
, prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
ytil
lage
impl
emen
ts, s
mal
l far
m m
achi
n-er
ySK
ILLS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Clas
sific
atio
n•
Ana
lysis
"
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ex
plor
e an
d m
ake
repo
rts o
n th
eca
uses
of
soil
pollu
tion
, ch
eck
fact
ors a
ffect
ing
soil
heal
th h
azar
dsan
d ap
ply
mea
sure
s to
mai
ntai
n so
ilhe
alth
and
inte
rpre
t the
info
rmat
ion
in a
Soi
l Hea
lth C
ard,
fam
iliar
ise
rem
ote
sens
ing
and
GIS
.
The l
earn
er w
ill b
e abl
e to
:•
defin
e Till
age a
nd it
s typ
es an
d sh
are
its o
bjec
tives
, and
effe
cts o
f till
age i
nso
il and
clas
sify t
illag
e im
plem
ents
into
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y an
d op
erat
esth
em.
•de
scrib
e sm
all f
arm
mac
hine
ry a
ndpr
actis
e th
em in
nee
dy c
onte
xts.
•C
D s
how
(W),
•vi
deos
show
ing
cala
miti
es (W
)•
Col
lect
ion
of so
il he
alth
car
d (I)
•G
eote
xtili
ng (G
)•
strip
crop
ping
(G)
•C
ultiv
atio
n of
vet
iver
(G)
•C
D s
how
s (W
)•
CD
(K
AU
)(W
)•
slide
sho
w(W
)•
Gro
up d
iscus
sion
(W)
•Fi
eld
prep
arat
ion
•V
isit
to
RA
IDC
O,
KA
MC
O,
Agr
oind
ustr
ies,
K
arm
asen
a,A
gros
ervi
ce C
entre
s
•Po
ster
Pr
epar
atio
n•
Pres
enta
tion
•N
otes
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Ope
ratio
n of
Till
age
impl
emen
ts•
Rep
ort
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 83
VHSE Curriculum
Mod
ule
1 :
AG
RI F
IELD
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
tPl
ant N
utrit
ion-
Ess
entia
l ele
men
ts-m
acro
-m
icro
, Fu
nctio
ns, D
efic
ienc
y an
d to
xici
tysy
mpt
oms o
f N, P
, K, M
anur
es an
d fer
tiliz
-er
s-cl
assif
icat
ion,
Org
anic
man
ures
- bul
kyan
d co
ncen
trate
d- F
YM
, com
post,
diff
er-
ent c
ompo
sting
met
hods
, gre
en m
anur
ing.
Che
mic
al f
ertil
izer
s-st
raig
ht, c
ompl
ex,
mix
ed fe
rtiliz
ers,
biof
ertil
izers-
exam
ples
and
use.
Int
egra
ted
Nut
rient
Man
agem
ent,
Met
hods
of f
ertil
izer
app
licat
ion,
Cal
cula
-tio
n of
fer
tiliz
er r
equi
rem
ent,
KA
UFe
rtula
tor
SKIL
L•
Obs
erva
tion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•A
naly
sisSo
il fe
rtilit
y eva
luat
ion-
soil
testi
ng, p
lant
tissu
e an
alys
is-D
RIS
met
hods
, crit
ical
leve
ls in
pla
nts,
rapi
d tis
sue t
ests,
indi
ca-
tor p
lant
s, bi
olog
ical
met
hods
of s
oil f
er-
tility
eval
uatio
n, S
oil b
ased
pla
nt n
utrie
ntm
anag
emen
t inf
orm
atio
n sys
tem
, org
anic
farm
ing
and
susta
inab
le a
gric
ultu
reSK
ILLS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Ana
lysis
•In
strum
enta
l ski
lls•
Prac
tical
skill
s
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ex
plain
plan
t nut
ritio
n, en
list t
he es
sent
ialm
acro
and
micr
o ele
men
ts, th
e fu
nctio
nsde
ficien
cy an
d tox
icity
sym
ptom
s of N
,P,K
.•
clas
sify
man
ures
and
fer
tiliz
ers
and
iden
tifie
s the
nee
d of
Inte
grat
ed N
utrie
ntM
anag
emen
t.•
calc
ulat
e Fe
rtiliz
er R
equi
rem
ent u
sing
scie
ntifi
c met
hods
, usin
g so
ft- w
ares
like
Fertu
lato
r and
pra
ctise
diff
eren
t met
hods
of fe
rtiliz
er ap
plic
atio
n
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•pr
epar
e soi
l sam
ples
for t
estin
g, in
terp
ret
the
resu
lts a
nd g
ive
reco
mm
enda
tions
base
d on
the
resu
lt.•
appl
y di
ffere
nt m
etho
ds fo
r soi
l fer
tility
eval
uatio
n suc
h as s
oil te
sting
, pla
nt tis
sue
anal
ysis
by D
RIS
met
hod.
•id
entif
y crit
ical
leve
l of n
utrie
nts i
n pla
nts
and
colle
cts
data
reg
ardi
ng b
iolo
gica
lm
etho
ds to
eva
luat
e so
il fe
rtilit
y su
ch a
sra
pid
tissu
e tes
ts, in
dica
tor p
lant
s.•
expl
ain
and
prep
are
note
s on
soi
l bas
edPl
ant N
utrie
nt M
anag
emen
t Inf
orm
atio
nSy
stem
, rec
ogni
ze th
e ne
ed o
f or
gani
cfa
rmin
g an
d its
role
in s
usta
inab
le c
rop
prod
uctio
n, nu
trien
t man
agem
ent, d
iseas
ean
d pe
st m
anag
emen
t.•
real
ize
the
need
and
sig
nific
ance
of
susta
inab
le a
gric
ultu
re.
•A
nim
ated
CD
(W
)•
Cha
rts (
G)
•CD
sho
w (W
)•
Gro
up D
iscus
sion
(G)
•Fa
mili
arisi
ng w
ith K
AU
fertu
lato
r(G
)•
Col
lect
ion
and
iden
tific
atio
n (I)
•vi
sit to
ferti
lizer
Dep
ot (W
)•
Visit
to fa
rmer
s fie
ld (W
)•
Ferti
lizer
calc
ulat
ion u
sing f
orm
ula
(I)
•Fi
eld
appl
icat
ion
(G)
•Vi
deos
(W
)•
Phot
ogra
phs
(W)
•Po
wer
poi
nt p
rese
ntat
ion
(W)
•Vi
deos
on
orga
nic
farm
ing
(W)
•C
olle
ctio
n of
soi
l sa
mpl
e an
dse
ndin
g to
soil
testi
ng la
b (G
)•
Visit
to so
il te
sting
lab
(W)
•Fi
eld
visit
(W)
•N
otes
•R
espo
nse
to i
nter
activ
em
edia
•En
list t
he c
omm
only
use
dm
anur
es&
ferti
lizer
s•
Cla
ss T
est
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Colle
ctio
n•
field
dia
ry•
Rep
ort
•C
alcu
latio
n of
ferti
lizer
s
•So
il sa
mpl
ing
•Vi
sit to
rese
arch
sta
tions
•O
n fie
ld e
xper
ienc
e
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 84
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
Mod
ule
1 :
AG
RI F
IELD
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
Irrig
atio
n-de
finiti
on, m
etho
ds o
f irri
gatio
n-su
rface
, sub
surfa
ce (d
efin
ition
and e
xam
ples
only
), m
icro
irrig
atio
n, s
peci
al m
etho
ds-in
deta
il (d
rip, s
prin
kler
, mist
, bub
bler
, piv
ot)
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
com
mun
icat
ion
Ferti
gatio
n, c
hem
igat
ion,
qua
lity
of ir
riga-
tion
wat
er a
nd it
s m
anag
emen
t, dr
aina
ge-
impo
rtanc
e in
cro
p pr
oduc
tion
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Com
mun
icat
ion
Rai
nwat
er h
arve
stin
g-te
chni
ques
and
stru
ctur
es-f
erro
cem
ent
tank
, per
cola
tion
pits(
emer
ging
inno
vativ
e mod
els)
SKIL
LS
•R
efer
ence
•Co
mm
unic
atio
nTy
pes
of p
ropa
gatio
n-se
xual
pro
poga
tion-
seed
- de
finiti
on, q
ualit
ies
of g
ood
seed
,cl
asse
s of s
eed,
sow
ing
met
hods
, se
ed b
edpr
epar
atio
n, v
eget
able
seed
ling
prod
uctio
n,po
rtray
see
dlin
g pr
oduc
tion,
see
d te
sting
-m
etho
ds o
f tes
ting
germ
inat
ion
perc
enta
geSK
ILL
S•
Obs
erva
tion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
clas
sific
atio
n
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•de
fine i
rriga
tion,
meth
ods o
f irri
gatio
n suc
has
surfa
ce, s
ub -s
urfa
ce, m
icro
- irri
gatio
n,an
d de
tail
spec
ial m
etho
ds s
uch
as d
rip,
sprin
kler
, mist
, bub
bler
and p
ivot
.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ex
plai
n fe
rtiga
tion,
che
mig
atio
n an
dre
cogn
ize
qual
ity o
f irri
gatio
n w
ater
and
its m
anag
emen
t, dr
aina
ge a
nd i
tsim
porta
nce i
n cr
op p
rodu
ctio
n
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•de
scrib
e rai
n wat
er ha
rves
ting t
echn
ique
san
d st
ruct
ures
-fer
roce
men
t ta
nk,
perc
olat
ion
pits
and
oth
er e
mer
ging
inno
vativ
e mod
els.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•id
entif
y ty
pes
of p
ropa
gatio
n de
fine
seed
and
enu
mer
ate
the
qual
ities
of
good
see
d, c
lass
es o
f se
ed,
sow
ing
met
hods
.•
prac
tise
sexu
al p
ropa
gatio
n in
pla
nts,
seed
-bed
pr
epar
atio
n,
vege
tabl
ese
edlin
g pr
oduc
tion,
pro
tray
seed
ling
prod
uctio
n.•
prac
tise s
eed
testi
ng- m
etho
ds o
f tes
ting
germ
inat
ion
perc
enta
ge.
•A
nim
ated
CD
(W
)•
Mod
el (G
)•
Insta
llatio
n of
irrig
atio
n un
its (G
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit to
esta
blish
ed ir
rigat
ion
units
(W)
•D
iscus
sion
(G)
•Vi
deos
and
ani
mat
ed C
D (W
)•
Wor
king
mod
els (
G)
•V
isit
to n
earb
y RW
har
vest
ing
stru
ctur
es (
W)
•A
nim
ated
CD
(W
)•
Col
lect
ion
of l
abel
s of
diff
eren
tse
ed c
lass
es (
G)
•Fl
ow c
hart.
(I)
•Se
lect
ion
of s
eeds
hav
ing
good
qual
ity
from
a
lot
thro
ugh
obse
rvat
ion
(G)
•Fi
eld
expe
rienc
e (G
)•
Seed
bed
pre
para
tion
(G)
•M
etho
ds o
f te
stin
g ge
rmin
atio
npe
rcen
tage
(I)
•In
stal
latio
n of
irrig
atio
nun
its•
Not
es
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Exer
cise
•R
epor
t
•N
otes
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Exer
cise
•R
epor
t
•N
otes
•R
espo
nse
to i
nter
activ
em
edia
•En
list t
he co
mm
only
used
seed
s•
Cla
ss T
est
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Colle
ctio
n•
field
dia
ry•
Rep
ort
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 85
VHSE Curriculum
Mod
ule
1 :
AG
RI F
IELD
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
Ase
xual
pro
paga
tion
met
hods
- cut
ting,
lay-
erin
g, b
uddi
ng, g
rafti
ng, t
issue
cultu
re, v
eg-
etab
le g
rafti
ng•
Obs
erva
tion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•Pr
actic
al sk
ills
•In
strum
enta
l ski
llsPe
st-d
efin
ition
, cl
assi
fica
tion
with
ex-
ampl
es, p
lant
dise
ase-
com
mon
sym
ptom
san
d pa
thog
ens,
wee
ds-u
ses a
nd h
arm
ful e
f-fe
cts,
dryl
and
and
wet
land
wee
dsSK
ILLS
•Id
entif
icat
ion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n
Plan
t pr
otec
tion
met
hods
, Bio
phar
mac
y,pl
ant p
rote
ctio
n che
mic
als a
nd di
ffere
nt fo
r-m
ulat
ions
(em
phas
is t
o ne
w g
ener
atio
npe
stic
ides
), pl
ant p
rote
ctio
n eq
uipm
ents
,w
eed
man
agem
ent,
E- C
rop
Doc
tor,
Crop
diag
nosti
c ce
ntre
s.•
Obs
erva
tion
•Id
entif
icat
ion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•R
efer
ence
ski
ll•
Prac
tical
skill
s
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•pr
actis
e as
exua
l pro
paga
tion
met
hods
in p
lant
s- c
uttin
g, l
ayer
ing,
bud
ding
,gr
aftin
g, ti
ssue
cul
ture
and
veg
etab
legr
aftin
g.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•de
fine
pest
s, c
lass
ify p
ests
, des
crib
epl
ant d
iseas
es, t
heir
com
mon
sym
ptom
san
d pa
thog
ens,
wee
ds-
uses
and
harm
ful e
ffect
s, dr
y la
nd a
nd w
et la
ndw
eeds
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ex
plai
n pl
ant
prot
ectio
n m
etho
ds,
Bio
phar
mac
y,
plan
t pr
otec
tion
chem
ical
s an
d th
eir
form
ulat
ion
and
enlis
t pes
ticid
es in
use
with
em
phas
ison
ne
w
gene
rati
on
and
bann
edpe
stic
ides
.•
iden
tify
plan
t pro
tect
ion
equi
pmen
ts,
wee
d m
anag
emen
t, E-
cro
p do
ctor
and
visit
cro
p di
agno
stic
cent
res.
•A
nim
ated
CD
(W
)•
Dem
onstr
atio
n (I)
•D
iscus
sion
(W)
•Po
wer
Poi
nt P
rese
ntat
ion
(W)
•Fi
eld
visit
(W)
•Pr
epar
atio
n of
her
bariu
m (I
)•
Col
lect
ion
of li
ve sp
ecim
ens (
I)
•D
iscus
sion
(W)
•A
nim
ated
CD
s (W
)•
Fam
ilia
risa
tion
w
ith
diff
eren
tfo
rmul
atio
ns (W
)•
Pow
er p
oint
pre
sent
atio
n (W
)•
Fam
iliar
isatio
n of
E-c
rop
doct
or fr
omw
ebsit
es (
G)
•Vi
sit to
pes
ticid
e sh
op (W
)•
Prep
arat
ion
of b
otan
ical
pes
ticid
es an
dfu
ngic
ides
(G)
•Fa
mili
aris
atio
n of
pla
nt p
rote
ctio
neq
uipm
ents-
wor
king
and
mai
nten
ance
(G)
•Se
tting
up
of c
rop
diag
nosti
c ce
ntre
sin
scho
ol (W
)
•N
otes
•Ex
erci
se
•N
otes
•H
erba
rium
•In
sect
box
•C
harts
•C
lass
test
•Ex
erci
se
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 86
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES- MODULE I
• Live specimens
• establishment of crop museum
• Bar diagram showing comparison
• Map of India and Kerala showing maximum and minimumtemperature
• Area of major crops under cultivation
• Productivity calculation
• Map of Kerala and India(major institutions)
• Table of important institutions related to agriculture
• Collection of weather data
• Visit to observatory
• Model of observatory & instruments
• Notes based on visit
• Calendar preparation of major crops of the locality
• Chart preparation soil profile and soils of Kerala
• Soil sample collection
• pH analysis and amelioration of problem soil
• Geotextiling
• Strip cropping
• Cultivation of vetiver
• Collection of soil sample and sending to soil testing lab.
• Visit to soil testing lab
• Field preparation with small farm machinary
• Visit to RAIDCO, KAMCO, Agroindustries, Karmasena,Agroservice Centres
• Collection of Live specimens
• Collection and identification of fertilizers
• Visit to fertilizer Depot
• Visit to farmers field
Page - 87
VHSE Curriculum
• Fertilizer calculation using formula
• Field application
• Field visit
• Installation of irrigation units
• Field visit to established irrigation units
• Working models
• Visit to nearby rain water harvesting structures
• Selection of seeds having good quality from a lot throughobservation
• Field experience
• Seed bed preparation
• Methods of testing germination percentage
• Preparation of herbariums
• Visit to Pesticide shop
• Familiarisation with various formulations
• Preparation of Botanical pesticides and Bio pesticides
• Familiarisation with Plant Protection equipments using livemodels
• Setting up of crop diagnostic centers at School
OVERVIEW OF MODULE - 2
Crop Production Technology
The second module Crop Production Technology gives importance oncultivation aspects of major crops of Kerala. This module impartscapacity of crop production techniques including their latest trends.Familiarization of different cropping systems including the “ IntegratedFarming System” is also aimed at.
Expected Skills
♦ Identifies different classes of crops
♦ Observes and understands different farming systems
♦ Understands the different crop production technologies of fieldcrops like rice, tapioca and fodder crops.
Page - 88
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
♦ Applies and practices different crop production technologies ofvegetables
♦ Understands the different crop production technologies ofcoconut, rubber and pepper
♦ Understands the different crop production technologies of fruitplants like mango and applies in plants like banana and pineapple
♦ Familiarise with the different crop production technologies ofornamental flowers like orchid, anthurium, jasmine and rose.
♦ Familiarise with different medicinal plants of economicimportance
Unit No Name of the Units Hours
1 Classification of crops 7
2 Farming system 16
3 Crop production technology of field crops 80and fodder crops
4 Crop production technology of vegetables 60
5 Crop production technology of Plantation Crops 65
6 Crop production technology of fruits 40
7 Crop production technology of Flowers 60
8 Importance of medicinal plants in Kerala 12
Total 340
Page - 89
VHSE Curriculum
Mod
ule
2 :
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
Agr
onom
ic c
lass
ifica
tion
of c
rops
SKIL
LS•
Obs
erva
tion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n
Con
cept
- di
ffere
nt ty
pes o
f far
m-
ing
syste
mSK
ILL
S•
Obs
erva
tion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•A
naly
sis
Diff
eren
t typ
es of
crop
ping
syste
ms
SKIL
LS
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•A
naly
sis•
Obs
erva
tion
Inte
grat
ed f
arm
ing
syste
ms
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Clas
sific
atio
n•
Com
mun
icat
ion
•A
naly
sis
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ex
plai
n di
ffere
nt a
gron
omic
cla
sses
of c
rops
and
list o
ut th
eir e
xam
ples
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•de
fine d
iffer
ent f
arm
ing
syste
ms,
thei
r mer
its an
dde
mer
its, w
ith e
mph
asis
on IF
S
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•ex
plai
n m
ono
crop
ping
, cr
op
rota
tion
,in
terc
ropp
ing,
mix
ed c
ropp
ing,
rato
on c
ropp
ing,
mul
ti tie
r cro
ppin
g, re
lay c
ropp
ing,
mix
ed fa
rmin
g,ho
me
stead
farm
ing.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•de
fine
IFS
and
shar
es it
s go
als
and
com
pone
nts,
adva
ntag
es a
nd d
isad
vant
ages
of
diff
eren
t IFS
mod
els
•In
tera
ctiv
e se
ssio
n (G
)•
Bra
in st
orm
ing
(W)
•Se
tting
up
Cro
p C
afet
eria
(G)
•Sp
ecim
en C
olle
ctio
n (I)
•H
erba
rium
(I)
•Se
ed C
olle
ctio
n (I)
•Ex
hibi
tion (
G)
•V
ideo
sho
win
g di
ffer
ent
farm
ing
syst
ems
(W)
•D
iscus
sion
(G)
•L
ayou
t pr
epar
atio
n an
d re
port
pres
enta
tion
(G)
•Fi
eld
visit
(W)
•D
ebat
e (G
)•
Ani
mat
ed C
D s
how
(W
)•
Disc
ussio
n (G
)•
Iden
tific
atio
n of
the
give
n la
yout
(G)
•Pp
t (W
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit (W
)•
Farm
visi
t (W
)•
Colle
ction
of ph
otos
and p
aper
cutti
ngs (
I)•
Vide
o sh
ow o
n IF
S (W
)•
Gen
eral
disc
ussio
n (W
)•
Rol
e pl
ay (G
)
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal D
iary
•Pr
actic
al R
ecor
d•
Tabl
e pr
epar
atio
n
•U
nit t
est
•Vo
catio
nal D
iary
•Pr
actic
al R
ecor
d•
Mod
el p
repa
ratio
n
•U
nit t
est
•Vo
catio
nal D
iary
•Pr
actic
al R
ecor
d•
Pres
enta
tion
•U
nit t
est
•Vo
catio
nal D
iary
,•
Mod
el p
repa
ratio
n•
Prac
tical
Rec
ord
•Q
uiz
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 90
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•de
scrib
e th
e cl
imat
ic r
equi
rem
ents,
sui
tabl
e so
ilan
d se
ason
for r
ice
culti
vatio
n.•
expl
ain
the
varie
ties
of r
ice,
rec
ently
rel
ease
dva
rietie
s and
geo
grap
hic
inde
.•
iden
tify
and
prep
are
note
s on
see
d ra
te, s
eed
treatm
ent, n
urse
ry pr
epar
ation
(adv
ance
d and
rece
ntly
deve
lope
d tec
hniq
ues)
trans
plan
ting
and
spac
ing
•de
scrib
e an
d su
gges
t fer
tiliz
er r
ecom
men
datio
nfo
r effe
ctiv
e ric
e cu
ltiva
tion.
•Li
st ou
t com
mon
wee
ds in
rice
fiel
ds, i
nsec
t pes
ts,di
seas
es a
nd th
eir
man
agem
ent.
•Id
entif
iy a
nd p
repa
re n
otes
on
Kole
, Pok
kali,
and
Kaip
pad
culti
vatio
n of
ric
e.•
desc
ribe
SRI
(Sys
tem
of
Ric
e In
tens
ifica
tion
Tech
niqu
e)•
expl
ores
and
expl
ain
scop
e of f
arm
mec
hani
zatio
nin
rice
culti
vatio
n an
d po
st ha
rves
t han
dlin
g•
list o
ut th
e im
porta
nt ri
ce re
sear
ch st
atio
ns in
Ker
ala
and m
ake n
otes
on cu
rrent
tren
ds in
rice
prod
uctio
n.Th
e le
arne
r wi
ll be
abl
e to
:•
desc
ribe
the
var
ietie
s cl
imat
ic r
equi
rem
ents
,su
itabl
e so
il an
d se
ason
for t
apio
ca c
ultiv
atio
n.•
iden
tify
and
expl
ain
prop
agat
ion
and
min
i set
tta
pioc
a pr
opag
atio
n te
chni
ques
.•
expl
ain
the p
roce
ss o
f pre
para
tion
of la
nd, d
escr
ibe
the
seas
on a
nd p
lant
ing,
man
urin
g an
d irr
igat
ion,
inte
r cro
ppin
g re
late
d to
tapi
oca c
ultiv
atio
n.•
Lis
t ou
t in
sect
pes
ts,
dise
ases
and
the
irm
anag
emen
t in
tap
ioca
and
enl
ist
the
bio
pesti
cide
s m
ade
from
tapi
oca.
•Fa
mili
arise
the c
urre
nt tr
ends
in ta
pioc
a pro
duct
ion.
Mod
ule
2 :
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
tCr
op p
rodu
ctio
n te
chno
logy
of r
ice
SKIL
LS
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Ana
lysis
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fTa
pioc
aSK
ILL
S•
Com
mun
icat
ion
•A
naly
sis•
Infe
renc
e•
Clas
sific
atio
n•
obse
rvat
ion
•M
appi
ng (G
)•
Gen
eral
Disc
ussio
n (W
)•
CDs
(W
)•
PPT
(W
)•
Gro
up D
iscus
sion
(G)
•D
ebat
e (G
)•
Map
of K
eral
a sh
owin
g ric
e re
sear
chsta
tions
(W
)•
Inte
ract
ion
with
Ric
e G
row
ers
(G)
•Fi
eld
visit
(W
)•
Dem
onstr
atio
n (G
)•
Spe
cim
en C
olle
ctio
n A
lbum
(I)
• F
ield
visi
t (W
)
•C
Ds(
CTC
RI)
(W
)•
Gen
eral
Disc
ussio
n (W
)•
Gro
up d
iscus
sion
(G)
•Fi
eld
visit
(W)
•Se
min
ar (I
)•
Plan
ting
in tr
ays a
t sch
ool (
G)
•In
tera
ctio
n w
ith c
assa
va c
ultiv
ator
s(G
)
•U
nit t
est
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Pr
actic
al R
ecor
d•
Colle
ctio
n•
Her
bariu
m•
Alb
um•
Viva
voc
e
•Q
uiz
•U
nit t
est
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Se
min
ar r
epor
t•
Exer
cise
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 91
VHSE Curriculum
Mod
ule
2 :
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fFo
dder
cro
psSK
ILL
S•
Obs
erva
tion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
Tabu
latio
n
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fve
geta
bles
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Clas
sific
atio
n•
Ana
lysis
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
Crea
tivity
skill
s
Kitc
hen
gard
enin
g an
d te
rrac
ega
rden
ing
SKIL
LS
•Pr
actic
al sk
ills
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Com
mun
icat
ion
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•En
list f
odde
r cro
ps su
ch as
Gui
nea G
rass
, Hyb
ridN
apie
r, C
ongo
Sig
nal G
rass
, Sub
abul
, Aga
thi a
ndSt
ylo
with
ref
eren
ce t
o im
porta
nt v
arie
ties
,pl
antin
g m
ater
ial,
ferti
lizer
rec
omm
enda
tions
,ha
rves
ting
and
yiel
d.•
Men
tion
tech
niqu
es o
f fod
der p
rese
rvat
ion-
Silo
,Si
lage
and
Hay
lage
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•Id
enti
fy a
nd p
repa
re c
hart
s So
lana
ceou
sve
geta
bles
such
as b
rinja
l, to
mat
o, ch
illi,
in te
rms
of th
eir
varie
ties,
seed
rat
e, s
paci
ng, m
anur
ing,
inse
cts,
pests
and
dise
ases
.•
Iden
tify
culti
vatio
n pr
actic
es o
f C
ucur
bita
ceou
sve
geta
bles
suc
h as
bitt
er g
ourd
, sna
ke g
ourd
,bo
ttle g
ourd
, ash
gou
rd, p
umpk
ins a
nd g
herk
ins i
nte
rms
of v
arie
ties,
seed
rate
, spa
cing
, man
urin
g,in
sect
s pe
sts a
nd d
iseas
es.
•Id
enti
fy a
nd p
repa
re c
hart
s co
ol s
easo
nve
geta
bles
suc
h as
car
rot,
cabb
age,
cau
li flo
wer
in t
erm
s of
the
ir va
rietie
s, se
ed r
ate,
spa
cing
,m
anur
ing,
inse
cts,
pests
and
dise
ases
.•
iden
tify
and
prep
are c
hart
on am
aran
thus
, bhi
ndi,
cow
pea
in t
erm
s of
the
ir va
rietie
s, s
eed
rate
,sp
acin
g, m
anur
ing,
pes
ts an
d di
seas
es.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•Pr
actic
e kitc
hen
gard
enin
g an
d te
rrace
culti
vatio
n.•
Fam
iliar
ize c
urre
nt tr
ends
in v
eget
able
culti
vatio
nan
d its
val
ue ad
ditio
n.
•Po
wer
Poi
nt P
rese
ntat
ion
(I)•
Fie
ld v
isit (
W)
•C
olle
ctio
n of
pap
er c
uttin
gs (I
)
•G
ener
al d
iscus
sion
usin
g ch
art (
W)
•Vi
deo
show
(W)
•PP
T (W
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit (W
)•
Prep
arin
g ch
art (
I)•
Vege
tabl
e ca
rvin
g (G
)•
Fiel
d w
ork
(G)
•Vi
deo
show
(W)
•G
ener
al D
iscus
sion
(W)
•C
ase
study
(G
)
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•H
erba
rium
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Q
uiz
•U
nit t
est
•Ta
ble
prep
arat
ion
•R
ecor
d•
Voca
tiona
l dia
ry•
Pres
enta
tion
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 92
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
•Q
uiz
•U
nit t
est
•Se
min
ar,
•pa
per c
uttin
gs•
Ass
ignm
ent
•Pr
actic
al r
ecor
ds•
Viva
voc
e•
Exer
cise
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Ass
ignm
ent
•Vi
va v
oce
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•Id
entif
y and
expl
ain t
he sc
ient
ific n
ame o
f coc
onut
,so
il su
itabl
e fo
r coc
onut
cro
p pr
oduc
tion
and
site
sele
ctio
n•
List
out i
mpo
rtant
coc
onut
cul
tivar
s hy
brid
s an
dco
conu
t nur
sery
tech
niqu
es.
•Ex
plai
n th
e cu
ltiva
tion
prac
tices
of
coco
nut i
nte
rms
of l
and
prep
arat
ion,
pla
ntin
g se
edlin
gs,
spac
ing,
pla
ntin
g sy
stem
s, t
ime
of p
lant
ing,
irrig
atio
n, w
eedi
ng, m
anur
ing
and
inte
rcro
ppin
g..
•Ex
plai
n th
e te
chni
ques
for d
roug
ht m
anag
emen
tsu
ch a
s hu
sk b
uria
l, m
ulch
ing,
and
use
of c
over
crop
s an
d gr
een
man
ure
crop
s•
expl
ain
plan
t pr
otec
tion
of c
ocon
ut p
lant
s-id
entif
ies
pest
s, d
isea
ses
and
expl
ain
thei
rm
anag
emen
t with
spec
ial e
mph
asis
on b
ioco
ntro
l.•
Fam
iliar
ize t
he cu
rrent
tren
ds in
coco
nut c
ultiv
atio
nan
d its
val
ue ad
ditio
n
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•Id
entif
y an
d ex
plai
n th
e sci
entif
ic n
ame o
f rub
ber,
soil
suita
ble
for r
ubbe
r cro
p pr
oduc
tion
and
site
sele
ctio
n•
Enlis
t the
impo
rtant
var
ietie
s, cl
ones
of r
ubbe
r and
thei
r nur
sery
Mod
ule
2 :
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fC
ocon
utSK
ILL
S•
Obs
erva
tion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fru
bber
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Ana
lysis
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•G
ener
al d
iscus
sion
usin
g ch
art (
W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Vide
o sh
ows
(W)
•A
rticl
es a
nd P
ublic
atio
ns (I
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit (W
)
•G
ener
al d
iscus
sion
usin
g ch
art (
W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Vide
o sh
ows
(W)
•Fi
eld
visit
(W)
•A
rticl
es a
nd P
ublic
atio
ns (I
)
Page - 93
VHSE Curriculum
•Ex
plai
n th
e cu
ltiva
tion
prac
tices
of r
ubbe
r in
term
s of
land
pre
para
tion,
pla
ntin
g cl
ones
, cov
er c
ropp
ing
and
mul
chin
g, w
eedi
ng, m
anur
ing,
use
of r
ain
guar
d an
dta
ppin
g.•
fam
iliar
ize p
lant
pro
tect
ion
of ru
bber
- ide
ntifi
es p
ests,
dise
ases
with
spe
cial
em
phas
is on
abn
orm
al le
af fa
ll,po
wde
ry m
ildew
, pin
k di
seas
e.•
Fam
iliar
ize
the
curr
ent
trend
s in
rub
ber
and
allie
din
dustr
ies,
diffe
rent
pro
duct
s and
thei
r val
ue a
dditi
on.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•st
ate
the
scie
ntifi
c na
me
of p
eppe
r an
d ex
plai
n so
ilsu
itabl
e fo
r pep
per c
rop
prod
uctio
n an
d sit
e se
lect
ion
•lis
t out
impo
rtant
var
ietie
s of
pep
per,
desc
ribes
the
sele
ctio
n of
mot
her p
lant
s, an
d ra
ising
root
ed cu
tting
s.•
expl
ain
the
culti
vatio
n pr
actic
es o
f pep
per i
n te
rms o
fla
nd p
repa
ratio
n, p
lant
ing
vine
s, sp
acin
g, p
lant
ing
met
hods
, tim
e of p
lant
ing,
irrig
atio
n, w
eedi
ng, m
anur
ing
and
unde
rpla
ntin
g.•
prac
tise
bush
pep
per p
ropa
gatio
n•
expl
ain
plan
t pro
tect
ion
of p
eppe
r, lis
ts ou
t its
pests
and
dise
ases
.•
fam
iliar
ize t
he cu
rrent
tren
ds in
pep
per c
ultiv
atio
n an
dlis
ts ou
t diff
eren
t pro
duct
mad
e ou
t of p
eppe
r and
its
valu
e add
ition
.
Mod
ule
2 :
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
t
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fpe
pper
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Ana
lysis
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
Prac
tical
wor
k
•G
ener
al di
scus
sion u
sing c
hart
(W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Vide
o sh
ows
(W)
•A
rticl
es a
nd P
ublic
atio
ns (I
)•
Fiel
d w
ork
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•A
ssig
nmen
t•
Pape
r cu
tting
s
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 94
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•id
entif
y an
d ex
plai
n th
e sc
ient
ific
nam
e of
ban
ana,
soil
suita
ble
for b
anan
a cr
op p
rodu
ctio
n an
d sit
e se
lect
ion.
•Li
st ou
t the
impo
rtant
var
ietie
s of
ban
ana.
•D
escr
ibe
suck
er se
lect
ion
and
prep
arat
ion
of su
cker
sfo
r pla
ntin
g in
ban
ana.
•ex
plai
n th
e cu
ltiva
tion
prac
tices
of b
anan
a in
term
s of
land
pre
para
tion,
pla
ntin
g, s
paci
ng, t
ime
of p
lant
ing,
irrig
atio
n, w
eedi
ng, m
anur
ing
and
inte
rcro
ppin
g.•
fam
iliar
ize t
he ti
ssue
cultu
re te
chni
ques
in b
anan
a and
leaf
ban
ana
culti
vatio
n.•
Expl
ain th
e plan
t pro
tectio
n of b
anan
a, its
pests
and d
iseas
es.
•Li
st ou
t diff
eren
t pro
duct
s mad
e ou
t of b
anan
a an
d its
valu
e add
ition
.Th
e le
arne
r wi
ll be
abl
e to
:•
Fam
iliar
ize
with
the
scie
ntifi
c na
me
of m
ango
, soi
lsu
itabl
e fo
r m
ango
cro
p cu
ltiva
tion,
sea
son
and
site
sele
ctio
n.•
List
out
the
impo
rtant
var
ietie
s of
Man
go a
nd th
eir
prop
agat
ion.
•Fa
mili
ariz
e the
culti
vatio
n pr
actic
es o
f man
go in
term
sof
land
pre
para
tion,
pla
ntin
g, sp
acin
g, ti
me o
f pla
ntin
g,irr
igat
ion,
wee
ding
, man
urin
g an
d in
terc
ropp
ing.
•D
escr
ibe
the
high
den
sity
plan
ting
in m
ango
.•
Fam
iliar
ize w
ith p
lant
pro
tect
ion
in M
ango
and
list p
est
and
dise
ases
.•
expl
ain
the c
urre
nt tr
ends
in m
ango
culti
vatio
n an
d lis
tsou
t diff
eren
t pro
duct
s mad
e out
of m
ango
and
its v
alue
addi
tion.
Mod
ule
2 :
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
tC
rop
prod
uctio
n te
chno
logy
of
Ban
ana
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Ana
lysis
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•Pr
actic
al sk
ills
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fM
ango
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Com
mun
icat
ion
•Pr
actic
al sk
ills
•G
ener
al di
scus
sion u
sing c
hart
(W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Vide
o sh
ows
(W)
•A
rticl
es a
nd P
ublic
atio
ns (I
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit (W
)•
Fiel
d w
ork
(G)
•G
ener
al di
scus
sion u
sing c
hart
(W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Vide
o sh
ows
(W)
•A
rticl
es a
nd P
ublic
atio
ns (I
)•
Fiel
d w
ork
(G)
•Fi
eld
Visit
(W)
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•U
nit t
est
•A
ssig
nmen
t•
Prac
tical
Rec
ord
•Vi
va v
oce
•Ex
erci
se
•Q
uiz
•A
ssig
nmen
t•
Uni
t tes
t•
Prac
tical
Rec
ord
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 95
VHSE Curriculum
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•Fa
mili
ariz
es w
ith th
e sci
entif
ic n
ame o
f pin
e app
le, s
oil
suita
ble
for p
ine
appl
e cu
ltiva
tion,
and
site
sele
ctio
n.•
List
out t
he im
porta
nt va
rietie
s of p
ine a
pple
and e
xpla
inpi
ne ap
ple s
ucke
r sel
ectio
n an
d pr
epar
atio
n of
suck
ers
for p
lant
ing.
•Fa
mili
ariz
e th
e cu
ltiva
tion
prac
tices
of p
ine
appl
e in
term
s of
land
pre
para
tion,
pla
ntin
g, s
paci
ng, t
ime
ofpl
antin
g, ir
rigat
ion,
wee
ding
, man
urin
g an
d flo
wer
ing
indu
ctio
n.•
Fam
iliar
ize w
ith th
e pla
nt p
rote
ctio
n of
pin
e app
le, a
ndlis
t pes
ts an
d di
seas
es.
•Li
st ou
t diff
eren
t pro
duct
s mad
e ou
t of p
ine
appl
e an
dits
val
ue ad
ditio
n.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•D
escr
ibe
the
vari
etie
s of
Ant
huri
um,
and
its
prop
agat
ion
met
hods
, pla
ntin
g an
d po
tting
med
iapr
epar
atio
n, f
ertil
izer
rec
omm
enda
tion,
inte
rcul
tura
lop
erat
ion,
pla
nt p
rote
ctio
n, h
arve
sting
.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•D
escr
ibe
the
varie
ties
of O
rchi
d, a
nd it
s pr
opag
atio
nm
etho
ds, p
lant
ing
and
potti
ng m
edia
pre
para
tion,
ferti
lizer
reco
mm
enda
tion,
inte
rcul
tura
l ope
ratio
n, pl
ant
prot
ectio
n, h
arve
sting
.
Mod
ule
2 :
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
tC
rop
prod
uctio
n te
chno
logy
of
Pine
app
leSK
ILL
S•
Com
mun
icat
ion
•A
naly
sis•
Obs
erva
tion
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fA
nthu
rium
SKIL
LS
•O
bser
vatio
n•
Clas
sific
atio
n•
Prac
tical
skill
s•
Com
mun
icat
ion
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fO
rchi
dSK
ILL
S•
Clas
sific
atio
n•
Obs
erva
tion
•Pr
actic
al sk
ills
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n
•G
ener
al di
scus
sion u
sing c
hart
(W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Vide
o sh
ows
(W)
•A
rticl
es a
nd P
ublic
atio
ns (I
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit (W
)
•G
ener
al di
scus
sion u
sing c
hart
(W)
•Vi
deo
show
(W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Fie
ld v
isit (
W)
• F
ield
wor
k (G
)
•G
ener
al di
scus
sion u
sing c
hart
(W)
•Vi
deo
show
(W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit (W
)•
Fie
ld w
ork
(G)
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•A
ssig
nmen
t•
Prac
tical
rec
ord
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Po
ster
pre
para
tion
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Pr
actic
al r
ecor
d•
Post
er p
repa
ratio
n
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 96
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•Fa
mili
ariz
e with
the c
lass
ifica
tion a
nd va
rietie
s of R
ose,
prop
agat
ion
plan
ting
and
potti
ng m
ixtu
re p
repa
ratio
n,m
anur
ing,
pru
ning
, pla
nt pr
otec
tion,
harv
estin
g, pa
ckin
gan
d m
arke
ting,
val
ue a
dded
pro
duct
s and
rose
oil.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•Fa
mili
ariz
e w
ith t
he c
ultiv
atio
n, v
arie
ties
and
prop
agat
ion
of j
asm
ine,
roo
ting
horm
ones
, la
ndpr
epar
atio
n, sp
acin
g, m
anur
ing,
irrig
atio
n, pr
unin
g, in
ter
cultu
ral o
pera
tion,
wee
d co
ntro
l, pe
sts, d
iseas
es ,y
ield
and
valu
e ad
ded
prod
uct-
Jasm
ine
oil.
The
lear
ner
will
be a
ble
to :
•Fa
mili
ariz
e with
the i
mpo
rtanc
e of m
edic
inal
pla
nts i
nK
eral
a, li
sts th
em o
ut w
ith th
eir c
omm
on n
ame,
par
tsus
ed a
nd s
cope
of m
edic
inal
pla
nts
in A
yurv
eda.
Mod
ule
2 :
Idea
s/C
once
pts/
Skill
Lear
ning
Out
com
esSu
gges
ted
Act
iviti
esA
sses
smen
tC
rop
prod
uctio
n te
chno
logy
of
Ros
eSK
ILL
S•
Obs
erva
tion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•Pr
actic
al sk
ills
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
IT sk
ills
Cro
p pr
oduc
tion
tech
nolo
gy o
fJa
smin
eSK
ILL
S•
Obs
erva
tion
•A
naly
sis•
Com
mun
icat
ion
•Pr
actic
al sk
ill
Impo
rtanc
e of m
edic
inal
pla
nts i
nK
eral
aSK
ILL
S•
Obs
erva
tion
•Cl
assif
icat
ion
•Co
mm
unic
atio
n•
Ref
eren
ce s
kills
•G
ener
al di
scus
sion u
sing c
hart
(W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit (W
)
•G
ener
al di
scus
sion u
sing c
hart
(W)
•PP
T (G
)•
Fiel
d vi
sit (W
)
•G
roup
Disc
ussio
n (G
)•
PPT
(G)
•Fi
eld
visit
(W)
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Prac
tical
rec
ord
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Pr
esen
tatio
n•
Prac
tical
rec
ord
•Q
uiz
•Vo
catio
nal d
iary
•Po
ster
pre
sent
atio
n
Uni
t :
( pe
riod
s)
Page - 97
VHSE Curriculum
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES- MODULE II• Setting up of Crop Cafeteria• Specimen Collection• Seed Collection• Exposure visit to successful farms(IFS preferred)• Interview• Setting up of different components(Azolla, Vermicompost,
Mushroom, Biogas etc.) of IFS• Field visit• Preparation of herbariums• Interaction with farmer• Wet land/ Upland paddy cultivation – prefer SRI-Land
preparation, Seed treatment, Nursery preparation - Dapog,Types of Sowing, Cultivation, Fertilser Calculation andapplication, Plant Protection Major pest and diseases - IPM,Harvesting, Value addition, Marketing.
• Collection of Specimens of Pest, Diseases of various crops• Identification of Varieties of various crops• Identification and management of major pest and diseases
of various crops• Cultivation using mini setts in tapioca• Familiarisation with Botanical pesticides from tapioca leaves
– NANMA/MENMA• Familiarisation with Value added products of various crops• Identification of fodder crops• School Vegetable Garden• Portray seedling production• Familiarisation with safer chemical pesticides, botanical
pesticides, Biopesticides.• Identification and collection of vegetable seeds• Visit to VFPCK market• Drought management practices in coconut• Familiarisation with Palm Climber• Fertiliser application in coconut• Bush pepper growing
Page - 98
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
• Rapid propagation in Pepper• Rubber tapping• Fertiliser application in Banana• Tissue culture Banana – work experience• Flowering induction in Pineapple• Identification of Physiological disorders in mango• Harvesting Index of Banana, Mango, Pineapple• Preparation of Potting media for anthurium and orchid
cultivation• Potting and repotting• Propagation of anthurium and orchid• Identification of medicinal plants• Setting up of medicinal garden• Field visit to nearby Ayurveda centre
OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE
Module III : FARM SUPPORT SERVICES (Draft)
UnitNo Name of the Unit Hours
1 Machinary Operation and Management 180
2 Supply chain Management 16
3 Custom hiring centres 37
4 Agro clinic 50
5 ICT enabled extension services in Agriculture 57
TOTAL 340
Module IV: AGRIPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT (Draft)
Unit No Name of the Units Hours
1 Poly house and Green House Management 120
2 Landscaping and Garden Management 80
3 Advanced Techniques in Plant Propagation 62
4 Subsidiary Enterprises 78
TOTAL 340
Page - 99
VHSE Curriculum
DETAILED UNIT ANALYSIS
Name of Module : AGRI-FIELD TECHNIQUES
Name of Unit : Agrometeorology
Overview of the Unit
As plant growth is governed by the climatic factors, its study hasdeveloped into a science called Agricultural Meteorology. Here, thelearners will study the various weather elements like temperature, wind,relative humidity, rainfall and sunlight in relation to plant growth andtheir interaction in creating a suitable condition for cultivation. Theseweather elements are continuously monitored, recorded and weatherforecasting is done based on the interpretation made. In India, we areusing satellite systems and super computers for the collection andanalysis of weather data and weather forecasting. Besides, the weatherdata can also be used for the forecasting of pest and disease outbreaks.
In Kerala, we have two monsoons. The SW monsoon popularly knownas” Edavapathy” which commences from the last week of May to firstweek of June which contributes to 60 % of the water received throughrainfall. The NE monsoon is known as “Thula Varsham” whichcommences by September. The first and second crop season are knownas Virippu and Mundakan which coincides with SW and NE monsoonsrespectively.
Agriculture depends upon vagaries of nature and the variations areclosely monitored now a days using automated weather stations.Concept 1
• Meteorology• Agrometeorology
Suggested ActivitiesGeneral Discussion-led by the teacher based on the followingdiscussion pointsPoints to be discussed• What are the climatic factors affecting plant growth?• What is meant by Meteorology and Agrometeorology?Multimedia presentation-displays the ppt related to meteorology-factors influencing and the difference between weather and climate andtheir importance in plant growth.Consolidation• The factors influencing plant growth like temperature, rainfall,
wind, sunlight.
Page - 100
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
• Branch of science dealing with that of atmosphere is known asmeteorology.
• A science concerned with the application of meteorology to themeasurement and analysis of the physical environment inagricultural systems
Assessment• Quiz- questions related to factors influencing plant growth
(temperature, rainfall, wind and sunlight).• Notes on difference between meteorology and agrometeorology.
Concept 2• Weather and climate.Activity suggestedGroup discussion based on weather &climate.Points to be discussed• What is the difference between weather and climate?• What are the specialities of climate in India?• What are the different crops cultivated in these climatic condition?Presentation of animated CDs.Collection of weather data from news paper (PE)
Consolidation• Weather is the condition of the atmosphere from few hours to
about weeks of a particular region. Climate is the totality ofweather elements for a few years.
• Tropical- temperature, humidity high through out India• Maritime-• Monsoonal - Rain abundant in S. India.• Wheat, rice, sugarcane, mustard, soybean, jute, coffee, tea, pepper,
rubber, banana, tapioca, coconut.
Assessment• Assignment - Collection of weather data from different dailies for
1 week.• Note book - Weather, climate, difference between weather and
climate, specialities of climate in India, different crops cultivatedin these climatic conditions.
• Chart preparation - Chart of Weather data for 1 week, chartshowing difference between Weather and climate, charts showingdifferent crops cultivated in different climatic condition.
Page - 101
VHSE Curriculum
Concept 3
Microclimate
Activity suggested
Group discussion - Teacher divides students into groups, displays thepoints to be discussed.
Points to be discussed• Why are the water bodies making the atmosphere cool?• What are the reasons for the increase of room temperature in
sunny days?• What is the difference between two nearby location regarding
plant density?
Presentation of Animated CDs on micro climate.
Consolidation
Groups present their views.• In normal condition water bodies use the internal energy to get
vaporized which help to cool the water body. A cooler watersurface results in cooler air temperature.
• Evaporation of water bodies due to sun rays will again make theatmosphere cool due to condensation of water vapour.
• When infrared rays from the sun reach the earth and reflect back.It gets trapped by the gases (CO2, SO2 etc.) present in theatmosphere. Hence the atmospheric temperature andsubsequently the room temperature rises up.
• Micro climate is the climatic condition around a plant or thecondition existing over a small area of the plant.
• Micro climatic factors like humidity, air flow, temperature, lightintensity.
Assessment• Notebook - Entries related to microclimate and allied factors
Concept 4• Meteorological observatory and instruments to measure weather
elements
Activity suggested
Presentation of animated CDs, Presentation of video shows, Groupdiscussion.
Points to be discussed• What are important points to be considered for the site selection
of Meteorological Observatory?
Page - 102
AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
• What are the various instruments used to measure weatherelements?
• What are the features of a Meteorological Observatory?
Visit, Model of instruments, chart of instruments and its uses (PE)
Consolidation• A standard observatory is required to familiarize with the weather
of a given place.• Various instruments are required to measure and understand
weather components like instruments measuring soil andatmospheric temperature, direction and velocity of wind, durationand intensity of sun light, rain fall, humidity, evapo transpiration.
• Meteorological observatory is a place where different instrumentswhich record meteorological data are lodged
• The observatory should be located at a site which is representativeof the area
• The area should be enclosed by a wire fence• Site should be free from obstructions like tall trees or buildings on
all sides• The size of the plot must be 55m in North South Direciton and 36m
in East West Direction• Stevenson Screen - Relative Humidity and temperature• Soil Thermometers - Soil Temperature• Sunshine Recorder - Sun shine duration• Wind vane - Wind direction• Cup anemometer - Wind Speed• Open Pan evaporimeter - Evaporation• Rain gauge - Rain• Automatic/Self Recording Rain gauge• Dew gauge - Dew• Automatic weather station
Assessment• Presentation of assignment-Features of meteorological
observatory.• Points to be considered for the site selection of meteorological
observatory.• Participation in group discussion• Active involvement in practical• Preparation of models of instruments like cup anemometer• Quiz - Question and answers regarding meteorological
observatory.
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• Practical record - Handling of instruments required to measureweather components.
Concept 5• Weather forecasting
Activity suggested
General discussion
Points to be discussed• What is weather forecasting?• How the forecast is given to the farmer?• Who are the beneficiaries?• Which are the types of forecasting?
Power point presentation - Teacher's powerpoint presentation on needand importance of weather forecasting.
Chart preparation.
Consolidation
• The prediction of weather for the next few days to follow is calledweather forecasting
Weather forecasting helps in -• Prediction of weather and climate.• Short, medium and long term forecasting.• Purpose or beneficiary.• Agencies - IMD, Doordarsan, Air.
Assessment• Notebook entries - weather parameters• Unit assessment - Written examination on the points discussed
above.
Concept 6• Importance of Automated weather stations
Activity suggested
Group discussion
Weather forecasting
Shipping
Fishing
Agriculture
Defence serviceGeneral public
Govt. & Postofficials
Mountaineering
↑ ↑↑
↓↓
↓
↓
Airlines
↓
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Points to be discussed
The facilitators initiates a discussion on automated weather stations.• What is an automated weather station?
Multimedia presentation - Followed by discussion.
Consolidation• Automated weather stations is an automatic type of traditional
weather station either to enable measurements from remote areasor to save human labour
Assessment
• Note book- Discussion report on automated weather station.
Concept 7• Crop seasons and Monsoons in Kerala
Activity suggestedGroup discussion - Teacher leads a general discussion on crop seasonsand monsoons in Kerala and then group discussion.Interactive multimedia presentation.Collect paper cuttings (PE).Analysis of collected rainfall data from internet for the last 10 years (PE)The students are asked to analyse the rainfall data chart and initiatedisussion based on monsoons and crop calender of rice.List out the months having higher rain fall.Compare with crop calendar and identify agricultural seasons.Crop seasons in Kerala with special reference to rice (virippu,mundakan, puncha).Monsoons of Kerala (South West, North East, Summer seasons)Face to face interaction with key informants of nearby farmingcommunity (PE).
Consolidation• Kerala receives two monsoons. The South West monsoons
popularly known as Edavapathy which commence from last weekof May. It contributes 60% rainfall. The first crop season of paddyie. Virippu coincides with this monsoon. North East monsoon isknown as Thulavarsha which commences from September. TheSecond crop season called Mundakan coincides with this period.It contributes 30% of rainfall. Puncha is the third season of paddywhich do not coincide with any monsoon.
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Assessment• Participation in Group discussion• Chart• Report on group discussion• Practical record• Oral test• Unit test
Repocitory of CE
Process Portfolio UnitAssessment Assessment Assessment
• Participation in • Presentation of • Quiz competitiongroup discusion Assignment Report • Written
of Group discussion examination• Active involvement • Preparation of model • Oral test
in practical observatory andinstruments
• Face to face • Chart of weather datainteraction with chart of differencefarmer groups betweenweather &
climate• Field visit • Report on field visit
CE Questions1. A few students of 8th standard seek clarification on the almost
similar term weather and climate, after a class on meteorology.Give good reason and justify.
2. Schools have been requested by DEO to setup model weatherobservatory to familiarize students with weather element/parameters in the era of climate change. Make a list of instrumentsthat will be required with its use and criteria to be followed forselection of site for setting up of observatory.
3. Climate change poses a major challenge to the farmingcommunity. Government agencies like Department ofMeteorology in collaboration with Doordarshan and AIR giveyeoman service to former. Suresh being a volunteer plans acampaign to make aware about those agricultural services.Prepare a script for this campaign highlighting the purpose ofthese services and the service provided.
4. Monsoon tourism has great potential in Kerala. Foreign touristsneed to be made aware about the character of monsoon in Kerala.Briefly write a note with special reference to paddy seasons to bepublished on a popular tourism website
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LIST OF TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS
Sl. Name of items Quantity required RemarksNo. (with specifications) (per 25 students)
1 Hand sprayer (2L) 102 Rocker sprayer (5L) 23 Knap sack sprayer (10 L) 24 Knap sack sprayer (5 L) 25 Hand rotary duster 26 Rat trap (cage type) 27 Rat trap (wooden type) 18 Rat trap (gullettin type) 29 Rat trap (adhesive type) 210 Bio gas plant (Modular) 111 Polythene cover (Different sizes) 5 kg12 Grow bag 2513 Hygrometer 114 Steel rack 215 Drum (250L) 116 Pressure cooker (10L) 117 Tiller (Model) 118 Seeder(Model) 119 Transplanter(Model) 120 Chain saw 121 Augur 1 22 Power sprayer 123 Coconut Climber 224 Telescope harvester 125 Pedal pump 126 Toolset and spare 127 Budding cum grafting knife 2528 Budding knife 2529 Grafting knife 2530 Secateur (falcon) 531 Pots (Small ) 25
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32 Pots (Medium ) 2033 Pots (Large ) 1534 Hand cultivator 1035 Hand fork 1036 Hand rake 537 Land mower 138 Hole digger 139 Rose can 540 Garden shear 1041 Japanese hoe 542 Trench hoe 543 Spade 1044 Kunthali 545 Axe 246 Pick axe 547 Dibbler 548 Pruning saw 549 Pruning knife 550 Insect traps 351 Hand nets 2552 Wind vane 153 Cup anemometer 154 Stevenson screen 155 Rain gauge 156 Cultivator(model) 157 Clod crusher (model) 158 Thresher (model) 159 Winnower(model) 160 Combined Harvster(model) 161 Tractor (model) 162 Seeder(model) 163 Transplanter(model) 164 Rotovator(model) 165 Good quality hose(30mts) 166 Charts 10
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67 Models 168 Sprinkler 169 Drip 5 set70 Portrays 3071 Thermometer 172 Barometer 173 Barograph 174 Sunshine recorder 175 Pan evaporimeter 176 Iron pan 1077 Rubber basket 1078 Country plough (Model) 179 Mould Board Plough(Model) 180 Leveller (Model) 181 Hand Trowel 582 Showel (3 inch, nose D type handles) 583 Hand Showel 1084 Sickle 2585 Bill hook 586 Felling knife 587 Grass cutting knife 588 Rubber tapping knife 589 Petridishes 2590 Germination tray 1091 Orchid flower pot 1092 Hammer 393 Country trap 294 Wonder trap 295 Back braking trap 296 Killing bottles 2597 Setting board 2598 Setting box 2599 Insect display board with glass cover 2100 Mammatty fork (4 prongs) 5
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STANDARD LIST OF CONSUMABLES FOR MODULES I AND II
Sl. Name of items Quantity required Remarks(with specifications) (per 25 students)
1 Vermiculite 10kg
2 Perlite 10kg
3 Vermicompost 10kg
4 Formalin 3L
5 Urea As per requirements
6 Super phosphate As per requirements
7 Ammonium Sulphate As per requirements
8 Mussoriephos As per requirements
9 MOP As per requirements
10 Factomphos As per requirements
11 17:17:17 complex As per requirements
12 10:5:20 Mixture As per requirements
13 7:10:5 Mixture As per requirements
14 Rose mixture 5kg
15 Garden mixture 3kg
16 Bone meal 5kg
17 Sterameal 5kg
18 Oil cakes 10kg
19 Propagation media As per requirements
20 Red earth 500kg
21 Sand As per requirements
22 FYM As per requirements
23 Spagnum moss 10kg
24 Charcoal 5kg
25 Coir dust 5kg
26 Liming materials As per requirements
27 Lime As per requirements
28 Dolomite As per requirements
29 Gypsum As per requirements
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AGRI -BUSINESS AND FARM SERVICES
30 Biofertilizers As per requirements
31 Other items As per requirements
32 Spawn 5kg
33 Straw As per requirements
34 Polytube 10kg
35 Kora cloth 30m
36 Paraffin wax 2kg
37 Cotton 1kg
38 Coir 10kg
39 Non absorbant cotton 1kg
40 GI wire 10kg
41 Tobacco 2kg
42 Bar soap 10no
43 Chemicals As per requirements
44 Copper sulphate As per requirements
45 Ammonium carbonate As per requirements
46 Neem kernel As per requirements
47 Neem oil As per requirements
48 Rootex B1, B2, B3 250gm each
49 Pottasium ferrocyanide 1kg
50 Chloroform As per requirements
51 Insecticide As per requirements
52 Fungicide As per requirements
53 Herbicide As per requirements
54 Rodenticide As per requirements
55 Acaricide As per requirements
56 Antibiotics As per requirements
57 Seeds, Flowers, fruits, vegetables As per requirements
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LIST OF BOOKS AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
1. Nene, Y.L. and Choudhary, S.L. 2002. Agricultural heritage ofIndia. Asian Agri – History foundation, Secundrabad.
2. Randhawa, M.S., 1980 – 86. A histroy of Agriculture in India. Vol.I, II, III and IV. Indian council of Agricultural Research, NewDelhi.s
3. Raychaudhuri, S.P. 1964. Agriculture in ancient India. Indiancouncil of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
4. Razia Akbar (Tr) 2000. Muskha Dar Fauni – Falahat (The art ofagriculture). Agri – History Bulletin No. 3. Asian Agri. Historyfoundation, Secundrabad.
5. Sadhale Nalini (Tr) 1996. Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda (The scienceof plant life). Asian. History Bulletin No. 1. Asian – Agri – Historyfoundation, Secundrabad.
6. Sadhale, Nalini Tr) 1999. Krishi – Parashara (Agriculture byParashara). Agri- Histroy Bulletin No. 2. Asian Agri – Historyfoundation, Secundrabad, India
7. Ayachit, S.M. (Tr) 2002. Kashyapiya Krishisukti (A treatise onAgriculture by Kashyapa). Agri – History Billetin No. 4. Asian –Agri History foundation, Secundrabad
8. Choudhary, S.L., Sharma, G.S. and Nene, Y.L. 2000. Ancient andmedievel history of Indian agriculture and its relevance tosustainable agriculture in the 21st century. Proceedings of thesummem school held from 28 May to 17 June 1999. RajasthanCollege of Agriculture, Udaipur, India
9. FARM GUIDE- GoK10. Krshipaddam- Dr R.Heli11. Krishiyile Nattarivukal- Sri. Muraleedharan, Thazhakkara12. Buchel, K. H. 1983 Chemistry of pesticides. John Wiley and Sons
New York.13. Collings G. H. 1955 Commercial Fertilizers. Mc Graw Hill
Publishing Co. New York.14. Geroge W. W 1986. Fundamentals of pesticides A self-instruction
Guide. Thomas publication P.O. Box 9335. Frenocalifornia.15. Sree Ramulu, U. S. 1979. Chemistry of Insecticides and Fungicides.
Oxford and IBH Publishing House Co. New Delhi.16. Basak, N.N. 1994 Surveying and Levelling. Tata Mc-Grew Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
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17. Ghanashyam Das, 2000. Hydrology and Soil Conservationengineering, Prentice hall of India Private Limited New Delhi.
18. Gurmail singh, 1982. A Manual on Soil and Water Conservation,ICAR Publication, New Delhi.
19. Kanetkar, I.P. and S.V.Kulkarni, 1984. Surveying and Levelling,Part I Pune Vidyarthi Giiha: Prakasan, Pune.
20. Murthy, V.V.N. Land and Water Management Engineering. 1998.Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.
21. Suresh.R. 1982. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.Standard Publication, New Delhi.
22. Veeraragavathatham, D., Jawaharlal, M., Jeeva, S., Rabindran, Rand Umapathy, G. 2004 (2nd edition). Scientific fruit culture.Published by M/s. Suri associates, 1362/4, Velraj Vihar Complex,Thadagam Road, Coimbatore- 2
23. Chattopadhyay, 1998. A textbook on pomology (sub-tropicalfruits) vol.III. Published by M/s. Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana,New Delhi, Noida. UP.
24. Bose, T.K., S.K. Mitra and D. Sanyal 2001, Fruits : Tropical andSubtropical (2 volumes) Naya Udyog, Calcutta.
25. Bose, T.K., S.K.Mitra, A.A. Farooqi and M.K. Sadhu (Eds) 1999.Tropical Horticulture Vol.1. Naya Prokash, Calcutta.
26. Chadha, K.L. 2001. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR, Delhi27. Chattopadhyay, T.K., 2001. A Text Book on Pomology (4 volumes).
Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.28. Kumar, N. 1997. Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi
Publications, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu.29. Mitra, S.K., T.K. Bose and D.S. Rathore. 1991. Temperate fruits.
Horticulture and allied Publishers, Calcutta.30. Pal, J.S. 1997. Fruit Growing. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.31. Sadhu, M.K. and P.K. Chattopadhyay.2001. Introductory Fruit
Crops. Naya Prokash, Calcutta.32. Singh, S.P. 1995. Commercial Fruits. Kalyani Publishers,
Ludhiana.
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WEBSITES:
1. KAU AGRI PORTAL2. www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/3. html/institution/insti.html4. www.youtube.com (kissan kerala, harithabharatham,
harithakeralam etc...videos)5. SIET KERALA (animated online videos) sietkerala.gov.in6. www.imd.gov.in/section/hydro/distrainfall/kerala/html
(Indian Meteorological Department -IMD)7. www.imdtvm.gov.in8. www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/monsoon_frame.html9. www.keralastat.com/meteorologicaldata/22/rainfall/238/
stat.aspx10. www.automaticweatherstation.com/index.html11. www.tnau.ac.in Agritechportal12. www.sietkerala.gov.in