· pdf file about syllogism these questions are totally based upon logic. if we solve these...
TRANSCRIPT
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About Syllogism
These questions are totally based upon logic. If we solve these questions with the
help of Venn diagrams then we can get conclusions easily. Remember that these
Venn diagrams are just a medium to solve such questions. A question can have
lots of diagrams which means we can draw several figures by a statement but we
have to draw the easiest figure first because it will enable us to solve the question
in minimum time. Like we have many routes to go home but we always take the
shortest possible route.
Types of Statements
• Some A are B
• All A are B+ve
• No A is B
• Some A are not B–ve
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Diagrammatical Representation
Alternative Representation
Some A are B
Some A are B
The possible figure are given below
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Statement- Some A are B
Conclusions:
(1) Some B are A
(2) All A being B is a possibility
(3) All B being A is a possibility
(4) Some A are not B is a possibility
(5) Some B are not B is a possibility
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Diagrammatical Representation
(II) All A are B
Alternative Representation
We can also describe the above statements through some more diagrams.
i.e. Like – All A are B so that there can be a possibility all B are A.
Where B = A its possible figure
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Diagrammatical Representation
Statement: All A are B
Conclusions:
(1) Some A are B
(2) Some B are A
(3) Some B are not A is a possibility
(4) All B being A is a possibility
(III) No A is B
This line shows the negative relation between subjects
(A) & predicate (B) which means any part of A cannot be B.
Statement: No A are B
Conclusions:
(1) Some A are not B
(2) Some B are not A
(3) No B are A
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Diagrammatical Representation
Alternative Representation
(IV) Some A are not B
In the above figure shaded portion shows that those A are not B.
Some A are not B.
The possible figure are given below.
Conclusions: Some A are not B
(1) Some B are not A is a possibility
(2) No A are B is a possibility
(3) No B are A is a possibility
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Complimentary Pairs i.e. Either-or Case
(1) (A) Some A are B. (B) Some B are A.
No A are B. No A are B.
(2) (A) All A are B. (B) All B are A.
Some A are not B. Some B are not A.
(3) (A) Some A are B. (B) Some B are A.
Some A are not B. Some A are not B.
How to Conclude
Case of possibilities.
In most of the questions the case of possibility is applicable
whenever we find the given conclusion as neither definitely true nor
definitely false. That conclusion may be possibly true for given
statements.
Statement: All A are B
Conclusions:
I. Some A are B
II. No A are B
III. All B are A
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EXPLANATION
Statement: All A are B
Conclusions:
I. Some B are A being a possibility. (Wrong)
II. No A are B being a possibility. (Wrong)
III. All B are A being a possibility. (Right)
Conditions for Complimentary Pairs /
Either-or Case
Require same subject and predicate in two different conclusions
Relation must not be clear (according to statement) between subject
& predicate.
One conclusion must be positive and another must be negative.
Either condition will not be allowed between ‘All’ type and ‘No’ type
statement.
Either case can be applied only in the case where the relations
between subject and predicate is not exactly determined.
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Q.1-31. The trend shows that basically there are two kinds of conclusions.
One requires definite case as a conclusion and another requires case
of possibility.
Definite Case-
(1) If only conclusion I follows.
(2) If only conclusion II follows.
(3) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(4) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
(5) If both conclusion I and II are follow.
Q.1. Statement: All gems are pens All pens are balls
Conclusions: I. All gems are balls. II. Some gems are balls.
Q.1. Ans. (5) Both conclusions follow
Q.2. Statement: Some Bats are Goats. All Goats are Hats.
No Hat is Tap.
Conclusions: I. Some Bats are not Tap. II. No Goat is Tap
Q.2. Ans. (5) Both conclusions follow
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Q.3. Statement: Some A are B as well as C. No B is D
Conclusions: I. Some C are not D. II. All C are D.
Q.4. Statement: Some A are B as well as C. No B is D
Conclusions: I. Some D are not A. II. Some A are not D.
Q.3. Ans. (1)
Q.4. Ans. (2)
Q.5. Statement: Only A is B. Some C are not B.
Conclusions: I. All A are C. II. Some C are not A
Q.6. Statement: Only A is B. Some C are not B.
Conclusions: I. All C are A. II. No C is A.
Q.5. Ans. (4)
Q.6. Ans. (4)
Q.7-8.Statements:
Some squares are circles.
No circles is a triangle.
No line is a squares.
Q.7. Conclusions: I. No triangle is a squares.II. No line is a circles.
Q.8. Conclusions: I. All squares can never be triangle.
II. Some line are circles.
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Q.7. Ans. Neither I nor II
Q.8. Ans. Only I follow
Q.9-10.Statements:
All songs are poems.
All poems are rhymes.
No rhymes is a paragraph.
Q.9. Conclusions:
I. All rhymes are poems.
II. All songs are rhymes.
Q.10. Conclusions
I. No songs is a paragraph.
II. No poems is a paragraph.
Q.9.Ans. Only II follow
Q.10.Ans. Both follow
Q.11.Statements: Some dews are drops. All drops are stones.
Conclusions: I. At least some dews are stones.
II. At least some stones are drops.
Q.11. Ans. (5). Both follow
Q.12. Statements: Some exams are tests. No exam is a question
Conclusions:I. No question is a test.
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II. Some tests are definitely not exams.
Ans.12. (4)
Q.13. Statements:
Some waste is white.
Some white is water.
Some water is waste.
Conclusions: I. Some waste which is white is water.
II. Some water is neither waste nor white.
Ans.13. (4)
Q.14-15.Statements:
All forces are energies
All energies are powers.
No Power is heat.
Q.14. Conclusions: I. some forces are definitely not powers.
II. No heat is force.
Q.15.Conclusions: I. No energy is heat. II. Some forces being heat is a
possibility.
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Ans.14. (2)
Ans.15. (1)
Q.16-17.Statements: No note is a coin. Some coins are metals.
All plastics are notes.
Q.16. Conclusions: I. No coin is plastic.
II. All plastics being metals is a possibility.
Q.17. Conclusions: I. No metal is plastic.
II. All notes are plastics.
Ans. 16.(5)
Ans. 17.(4)
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Q.18.Statements:
Some symbols are figure.
All symbols are graphics.
No graphic is a picture.
Conclusions: I. Some graphics are figures.
II. No symbol is a picture.
Ans.18. (5)
Q.19.Statements: All vacancies are jobs.
Some jobs are occupations.
Conclusions: I. All vacancies are occupations.
II. All occupations being vacancies is possibility.
Ans.19.(2)
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Q.20-21. Statements: All gliders are parachutes.
No parachute is an airplane.
All airplanes are helicopters.
Q.20.Conclusions: I. No glider is an airplane.
II. All gliders being helicopters is a possibility
Q.21.Conclusions: I. No helicopter is a glider.
II. All parachutes being helicopters is a possibility.
Ans.20. (5)
Ans.21. (2)
Q.22. Statements: Some mails are chats. All updates are chats.
Conclusions:I. All mails being updates is a possibility.
II. No update is a mail.
Ans.22. (1)
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Q.23-24. Statements:
No stone is a metal.
Some metals are papers.
All papers are glass.
Q.23. Conclusions:
I. All stones being glass is a possibility.
II. No stone is a paper.
Q.24. Conclusions:
I. No glass is a metal.
II. At least some glass is metal.
Ans.23. (1)
Ans.24. (2)
Q.25-26.Statements:
Some stars are moons.
All moons are planets.
No planet is universe.
Q.25. Conclusions:
I. All moons being stars is a possibility.
II. No universe is star.
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Q.26. Conclusions: I. At least some planets are stars.
II. No moon is universe.
Ans.25. (1)
Ans.26. (5)
Q.27-28.Statements: All sticks are plants.
All plants are insects.
All insects are amphibians.
Q.27. Conclusions:
I. At least some amphibians are plants.
II. All sticks are insects.
Q.28. Conclusions:
I. All amphibians are sticks.
II. All plants are amphibians.
Ans.27. (5)
Ans.28. (2)
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Q.29-31.Statements:
All apartments are huts.
No hut is a building.
All buildings are cottages.
Q.29.Conclusions: I. No cottage is an apartment.
II. Some cottages are apartments.
Q.30.Conclusions: I. No apartment is a cottage.
II. Some buildings being apartments is a possibility.
Q.31.Conclusions: I Some cottages being apartments is a possibility.
II. No cottage is a hut.
Ans.29. (3)
Ans.30. (4)
Ans.31. (1)
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Q.32-33.The trend shows that basically there are five kinds of conclusions.
One is wrong and other four are right then find out the which one is
wrong.
Definite Case-
(1) If only conclusion I does not follow.
(2) If only conclusion II does not follow.
(3) If only conclusion III does not follow.
(4) If only conclusion IV does not follow.
(5) If only conclusion V does not follow.
Q.32-33.Statement: Some A are B. All B are C.
Some C are D. No C is E.
Q.32. Conclusions: I. Some A can be E.
II. Some D are not A is a possibility. III. Some A are not E is a possibility.
IV. All A are not E is a possibility.
V. Some E are not D is a possibility.
Q.33.Conclusions: I. Some B can be D.
II. Some A are not D is a possibility.
III. All C can be A.
IV. No A can be E is a possibility.
V. Some D are not E is a possibility.
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Q.32. Ans. (3)
Q.33. Ans. (5)
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