abdulla h. said.docx
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DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NTA LEVEL 8
SENIOR PROJECT TWO
PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION CAR PARK
SECURITY SYSTEM AT MLIMANI CITY
PARKING AREA.
PROJECT TYPE: PROBLEM SOLVING
PRESENTED BY: ABDULLA H. SAID
ADM.NO: 110343231195
i
DECLARATIONI Abdulla H. Said, declare that, the project presented here as partial fulfillment of Bachelor
Engineering in Electrical Engineering course, is my original work and has not been copied
anywhere or presented elsewhere, except where explicitly indicated otherwise.
.……………….... .……………….
Abdulla H. Said Date
i
DEDICATIONThis work is dedicated with love to my family for their support and encouragement during the
preparation of this project.
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ABSTRACTThe parking procedure at Mlimani city employs parking cards that are used to authenticate
vehicles owners upon exit. The parking cards used do not indicate vehicle type and name of
vehicle owner. This exposes the cards to forgery, eventually leading into a person leaving with a
vehicle that belongs not to him or her.
This is project intends to implement automatic control for opening and closing of the gate to
improve the verification of vehicle owner ship by matching the driver bio data and registration
number of vehicles.
This system comprises of two major parts, hard ware part and software part. The hard ware part
is divided into three units the input unit, controlling unit and output unit. The input unit is keypad
and finger print reader, the controlling unit comprised of microcontroller and switching circuit
and the output part comprises motor. The software part is installed in the microcontroller and is
used to provide decision capability for this system.
Therefore the use of this system will prevent person from leaving with vehicles that does not
belong to them.
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AKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to thank my supervisor and my project coordinator Dr. A. Kilimo, for firstly giving
me support throughout the project. I would like to say that their faith give me confidence in my
ability to be an Engineer. I would like to acknowledge all lectures of Electrical Engineering
Department of Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, for their assistance, advice and
cooperation, which made this project to be in this present form. I would like to especially thank
Eng. Mr. N. Gregory for all his support.
Also I would like to thank my family, my friends and my fellow colleagues who contributed
their potential ideas and advice.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................... i
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................... iii
AKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION.....................................................................................................................viii
S I UNIT..................................................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS...................................................................................................................................x
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................xi
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
1.0 Background.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Problem Definition............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Project objective................................................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Main objective............................................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Specific objective........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Significance of the project.................................................................................................................2
1.4 Methodology.....................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................................3
2.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Existing system..................................................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Disadvantage of existing system.................................................................................................3
2.2.0 The proposed system..................................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Principle operation of proposed system..................................................................................4
2.2.2 Advantage of proposed system...................................................................................................4
2.3 Power supply.....................................................................................................................................5
2.3.1 AC/DC Converter.......................................................................................................................5
2.3.2 Transformer................................................................................................................................5
2.3.3 Bridge rectifier............................................................................................................................5
2.4 Switching circuit................................................................................................................................6
2.5 Electric Motor....................................................................................................................................6
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2.5.1 Alternating current (AC) motors.................................................................................................6
2.5.2 Direct current (DC) motor..........................................................................................................6
2.5.3 Comparison of AC motor and DC motor....................................................................................7
2.6 Microcontroller..................................................................................................................................7
2.6.1 Advantages of microcontroller....................................................................................................8
2.6.2 The Microcontroller Components...............................................................................................8
2.7 Programmable Interface Controller (PIC)..........................................................................................9
2.7.1 Factors that determine which PIC to use.....................................................................................9
2.7.2 Some of the PIC Specification..................................................................................................10
2.8 keypad.............................................................................................................................................10
2.8.1 Some Specification of matrix keypad.......................................................................................11
2.8.2 Operation of the keypad............................................................................................................11
2.9 Finger print reader...........................................................................................................................12
2.9.1 Features of the Fingerprint Reader............................................................................................12
2.9.2 Interface between finger print and microcontroller...................................................................12
2.9.3 Operation of the fingerprint reader...........................................................................................13
2.10 Barrier gate....................................................................................................................................13
2.11 Liquid crystal display....................................................................................................................14
2.11.1 Advantages of display.............................................................................................................14
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................15
3.0 DATA COLLECTION....................................................................................................................15
3.1: Data collected from the site............................................................................................................15
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................16
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING.............................................................................................16
4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................16
4.2 Proposed circuit diagram for the system..........................................................................................16
4.2.0 Size of motor................................................................................................................................17
4.2.1 Switching Circuit Design..........................................................................................................18
4.2.2 Selection of Relay.....................................................................................................................18
4.2.3 Selection of transistor...............................................................................................................19
4.2.4 Determination of input voltage to the PIC Microcontroller......................................................20
4.2.5 Transformer specification.........................................................................................................20
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4.2.6 Selection of capacitor for filtering..........................................................................................20
CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................................................22
5 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS........................................................................................................22
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................22
5.2 Circuit diagram simulation results...................................................................................................22
5.2.1 Simulation result of the system before entering the car plate number and finger print.............22
5.2.2 Simulation result after entering the car plate number................................................................23
5.2.3 Simulation result after entering correct information.................................................................24
CHAPTER SIX.........................................................................................................................................25
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................25
6.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................25
6.2 Recommendation.............................................................................................................................26
6.3 ESTIMATION COST OF THE PROJECT.....................................................................................27
REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................28
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONAC Alternating current
vii
CRT Cathode ray tube
CPU Central processing unit
DC Direct current
EEPROM Electrically erasable programmable read only memory
EPROM Erasable programmable read only memory
I/O Input/output
LCD Liquid-crystal display
RAM Random access memory
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Code
MCU Microcontroller Unit
ROM Read only memory
PIC Programmable Interface Controller
VFDs Variable Frequency Drives
S I UNIT MHz Megahertz
viii
mA milliamp
V Voltage
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF TABLES
x
Table 1: Specification of programmable interface controller (PIC)..............................................10
Table 2: Specification of 4×4 matrix keypad................................................................................11
Table 3: Shows specification of gate.............................................................................................15
Table 4: Cost Estimation...............................................................................................................27
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Block diagram of existing system....................................................................................3
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Figure 2: Block diagram of the proposed system............................................................................4
Figure 3: Block diagram of AC/DC converter................................................................................5
Figure 4: shows the structure of the keypad..................................................................................11
Figure 5: interface between finger print and microcontroller........................................................12
Figure 6: Show type of automatic gate..........................................................................................13
Figure 7: Switching circuit............................................................................................................18
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION1.0 Background
Mlimani City is a shopping mall in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It is the largest mall in the country,
with an area of 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft). It was opened in November 2006, and is Tanzania's
first indoor air conditioned mall. The mall has several stores, restaurants and a movie theater,
Century Cinema, which has the biggest screen in East Africa. Among the stores are the South
African chains Shoprite, Game and Mr. Price. There are also several telecommunications outlets
in the mall, like Airtel, Tigo and Vodacom. There are also multiple banks and ATMs. The mall is
also connected with the Mlimani City Conference Centre and the Mlimani Meadow Villas,
which are all part of Mlimani Holdings.
In order to handle the large number of visitors, the vehicles place is provided with a big parking
area.
Before a vehicle can park, at it must pass through the entrance gate and obtain a card from the
gate keeper, upon leaving the parking area, one must pass through the exit gate and submit the
card given earlier to the gate keeper. Both gate (the entrance and exit gates) rely on the manually
operation of the gate keepers.
1.1 Problem Definition
Mlimani city is a famous shop mall located in Dar es Salaam city. The mall is a furnished with a
huge vehicle parking area.
The parking procedure at Mlimani city employs parking cards that are used to authenticate
vehicles owners upon exit. The parking cards used do not indicate vehicle type and name of
vehicle owner. This exposes the cards to forgery, eventually leading into a person leaving with a
vehicle that belongs not to him or her.
1
1.2 Project objective
The objectives of this project are divided into main objective and specific objective.
1.2.1 Main objective
Improve the verification of vehicle ownership by matching the driver’s bio data and the
registration number of vehicle leaving the car park.
1.2.2 Specific objective
(i) To design a system this will store driver information to be matched upon exit gate
(ii) To design an interface between microcontroller and the motor which responsible for opening
and closing the gate.
(iii) Building the prototype of the system.
(iv) Testing the prototype of the system.
1.3 Significance of the project
It will prevent the possibility of people from leaving with vehicles that does not belong to them.
1.4 Methodology
The method will be used to complete this project are:
(i) Literature review.
(ii) Data collection.
(iii) Data analysis.
(iv) Designing the circuit.
(v) Building the prototype.
(vi) Testing the prototype.
(vii) Report writing.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 Introduction.
This chapter deals with review which gives an overview or act as a stepping stone of the project.
It introduces the various information relevant to the project that act as the key starting point of
understanding the ways that will be used to attain the project objectives.
The literature review focus on various existing systems and their basic principles of operations,
description of the current entrance and exit system that is used at Mlimani City parking area and
the proposed system.
2.1 Existing system
Before a vehicle can park it must pass through the entrance gate and obtain a card from the gate
keeper after that the gatekeeper to open the gate manually.
Upon leaving the parking area must pass through the exit gate and submit the card given at the
entrance gate to the gate keeper for verification purpose and allow the owner of vehicle to go
Figure 1: Block diagram of existing system
2.1.1 Disadvantage of existing system
It is unable to identify authentic vehicle’s owner
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Pass card Security Guard
Gate
2.2.0 The proposed system
The proposed system permit the vehicle owner only leaving at the parking place.
Signal
Power
Figure 2: Block diagram of the proposed system
2.2.1 Principle operation of proposed system
When the vehicle arrived at the entrance gate the security guard enter registration number of
vehicles and the driver swipes his/her finger print on the finger print reader, than after entering
this information the gate of the car park is opened.
Upon leaving the parking area the security guard enter the registration number of vehicle and the
driver swipes again finger print on the finger print reader than after authentication the gate of the
2.2.2 Advantage of proposed system
It is able to identify authentic vehicle’s owner
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D C Supply
Microcontroller Switching circuit
Gate
Keypad
Finger print reader
MotorLCD Display
Power Supply
2.3 Power supply
This is ac power supply which provides power to the system.
AC power is the energy that is used to drive the electric appliances like air conditioners, fans and
so on.
2.3.1 AC/DC Converter
This device convert ac supply to dc supply, it comprises step down transformer, bridge rectifier,
filter and voltage regulator.
Figure 3: Block diagram of AC/DC converter
2.3.2 Transformer
A transformer is a static electrical equipment (machine) operating under the principle of mutual
induction. It is used to step down voltage or current of alternating supply (AC supply) desired
level of output.
2.3.3 Bridge rectifier
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that
provide the same polarity of the output for the either of input when used in its most common
application for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output,
it is known as bridge rectifier .A bridge rectifier provides a full wave rectification from a two
wire ac input, resulting in lower and weight as compared to a rectifier with a three wire input
from transformer with a center tapped secondary winding.
Filter The function of the filter is to remove ripples presents in the output voltage supplied by
rectifier. Most of rectifier output has pulsating signal which means it has dc value with some ac
components called ripples. Capacitor can be used as input filter for smoothing out dc voltage
variation in the out power supply circuits.
2.4 Switching circuit
This is an interface between Microcontroller and electric gate; since the microcontroller cannot
drive electric gate because its output voltage is not enough to drive the motor. So there is a need
to provide this interface that actually contains the relay switch and relay driver.
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The switching circuit enables the microcontroller to drive the motor without this interface motor
cannot drive by the microcontroller.
2.5 Electric Motor
Motor is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Electric motors are classified into two types, which are:
(i) Alternating current (AC) motor.
(ii) Direct current (DC) motor.
2.5.1 Alternating current (AC) motors
These are the motors that driven by an alternating current supply. They are classified as;
(i) Induction motor.
(ii) Synchronous motor.
Induction motor
This is the most rugged and most widely used machine in the industries. It has the rotor mounted
on the stator supported by the bearings so as to allow rotations.
This motor can be single phase or three phases depending on the user requirements.
Synchronous motor
When synchronous motor is used in the system, in must be connected to the power supply like
other motors. However the synchronous motor is not self-starting, it must be started until it gain
the synchronous speed then get deeded power from the external sources.
2.5.2 Direct current (DC) motor
A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC).
The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore the current in the rotor is switched by
the commutation to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator
and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque.
DC motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which a voltage is induced) but non-
rotating armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding that produce the main
magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of the field and armature winding
provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can
be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field current.
The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed
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control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives.
It is classified into three main types, namely
(i) Shunt motor
(ii) Series motor
(iii) Compound motor
2.5.3 Comparison of AC motor and DC motor
(i) The main advantage of a DC motor over an AC motor is that it can operate directly from a
battery, so its power supply is more reliable because it can be stored.
(ii) The speed of a DC motor can be controlled with a less complicated control unit that the unit
required for an AC motor. In DC motor only the armature voltage needs to be controlled.
With a small motor, that can be done by inserting a resistor in series with the armature. The
speed control units that provide the best performance with AC motors are those that
electronically control both the frequency and voltage supplied to the motor. They are called
variable frequency drives (VFDs).
(iii) DC motors may be better for some very small precision motion control applications while
the AC motor are widely used in the application where the load requires low starting torque,
otherwise the complexity way of inserting resistance in series with the rotor is used but it
increases the amount of power loss.
2.6 Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a single-chip computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and
controller suggests that it is used in control applications.
Another term for microcontroller is embedded controller, since most of the microcontrollers are
built into (or embedded in) the devices they control.
A microprocessor differs from a microcontroller in a number of ways. The main distinction is
that a microprocessor requires several other components for its operation, such as program
memory and data memory, input-output devices, and an external clock circuit. A microcontroller,
on the other hand, has all the support chips incorporated inside its single chip. All
microcontrollers operate on a set of instructions (or the user program) stored in their memory.
A microcontroller fetches the instructions from its program memory one by one, decodes these
instructions, and then carries out the required operations.
7
A microcontroller is a very powerful tool that allows a designer to create sophisticated
Input output data manipulation under program control. Microcontrollers are classified by the
number of bits they process. Microcontrollers with 8 bits are the most popular and are used in
most microcontroller-based applications. Microcontrollers with 16 and32 bits are much more
powerful, but are usually more expensive and not required in most small- or medium-size
general purpose applications that call for microcontrollers
2.6.1 Advantages of microcontroller
(i) It can take large input parameters and compute the proper output with only a few external
circuits.
(ii) Portability and Precision: it is compact containing several built-in components and so reduces
the number of components of the board. The microcontroller itself doesn’t take so much space
on the board.
(iii) High durability and reliability: the advantages of microcontrollers are that all MCU’s have
on-chip resources to achieve a higher level of integration and reliability.
Built- in resources increase reliability because they do not require any external circuitry to be
working for the resource to function.
(iv) Flexibility: it allows for easy re-programming when the need arises and it allows the use of
additional features to the system design.
(v) Low power consumption: the overall power consumption of the project design is very low.
(vi) Cost effectiveness: the design has components that are few and not complex. This will result
to an inexpensive and affordable product.
2.6.2 The Microcontroller Components
Microcontroller has the following components:-
CPU, RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Digital I/O ports, Timers, Serial communication, A/D
Converter.
Central Processing Unit
The CPU executes the software stored in ROM and controls all the microcontroller components.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
8
During execution of the instructions all manipulation of data is done in the register. This kind of
memory is known as Random Access Memory (RAM) and is volatile memory, meaning that data
get lost with absence of power.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
The ROM is used to store the program and any permanent data. A designer can have a program
and data permanently stored in a ROM by the chip manufacture.
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory can be programmed erased, and reprogrammed.
The EPROM chip has a small window on top allowing it to be erased by shining ultra-violet light
on it. After reprogramming the window is covered to prevent new contents being erased.
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Reprogrammed electrically without
using ultraviolet light
2.7 Programmable Interface Controller (PIC)
Programmable Interface Controller (PIC) was developed by the microchip Technology. The
microchip Technology is a manufacturer of microcontroller, memory and analogue
semiconductors. Programmable Interface Controller (PIC) is another modern Reduced
Instruction Set Code (RISC) development and has many features that are similar to AVR. The
PIC family devices are larger and more capable than the AVR.
Programmable Interface Controller (PIC) series range from a really simple 8 pin 4MHz
microcontroller up to a 40 pin 25MHz device.
2.7.1 Factors that determine which PIC to use
The following are the factors to be considered when choosing which PIC to use.
(i) The amount of memory an application needs to run a program.
(ii) Power consumed by the microcontroller and its form factor that the size and characteristic of
the physical package that must reside on the target design.
(iii) The peripherals which include serial communication peripherals, timer etc clock frequency,
this determines the speed at which the instructions are executed. With higher frequency the
microcontroller will finish one task and start another.
(iv) Number of interrupts and timer circuits required, for instance, how many number of data.
9
2.7.2 Some of the PIC Specification
Table 1: Specification of programmable interface controller (PIC)
Product type Data EEPROM
Bytes
RAM Bytes I/O pins Maximum
Speed MHz
PIC16F83 64 36 13 10
PIC16F84A 64 68 13 10
PIC16F872 64 128 22 20
PIC16F873 128 192 22 20
PIC16F874 128 192 22 20
PIC16F876 256 368 33 20
PIC16F877 256 368 33 20
2.8 keypad
The Keypad is one that is designed making use of push-buttons. By definition, a keypad is a set
of buttons arranged in a block which usually bear digits and other symbols but not a complete set
of alphabets letters. If it mostly contains numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad.
These keys on the keypad enable the user to enter the car plate number. The keypad is regularly
scanned by the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) for data collection after which it prompts the user to
swipe his/her fingerprint and if successful. The keypad is connected in a matrix form. Each row
and column is connected to a pull-down resistor before it’s connected to the Microcontroller Unit
(MCU) in order to prevent floating point values. The keypad works on the principle of column
select and row detect. The microcontroller sends a voltage of 5V across the column sequentially.
2.8.1 Some Specification of matrix keypad
Table 2: Specification of 4×4 matrix keypad
Columns × Rows 4×4
Contact rating 20mA,24V DC
10
Contact resistance 200Ω
Operating temperature -200°C to 60°C
2.8.2 Operation of the keypad
Figure 4: shows the structure of the keypad
Figure 4 shows the structure of the keypad which consists of sixteen switches formed in a 4 by 4
array and named numerals 0–9.
The operation of the keypad is as follows:
A logic1 is applied to the first column via RB0. Port pins RB4 to RB7 are read. If the data is
nonzero, a switch is pressed. If RB4 is 1, key 1 is pressed, if RB5 is 1, key 4 is pressed, if RB6 is
1, key 9 is pressed, and so on.
A logic1 is applied to the second column via RB1. Again, port pins RB4 to RB7 are read. If the
data is nonzero, a switch is pressed. If RB4 is 1, key 2 is pressed, if RB5 is 1, key 6 is pressed, if
RB6 is 1, key 0 is pressed, and so on.
This process is repeated for all four columns continuously.
2.9 Finger print reader
Finger print refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two or more human
finger prints. Finger prints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify individuals and
verify their identity.
11
Finger print sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the finger print
pattern.
2.9.1 Features of the Fingerprint Reader
(i) Easy restructure,
(ii) Powerful functions,
(iii) Compatible with PC and multiple-functions in one module:
(iv) Finger print enrollment, image process, characters acquisition,
2.9.2 Interface between finger print and microcontroller
Figure 5: interface between finger print and microcontroller
This module has three functions; these are;
i) Add function;
This function is used to introduce new finger inside a list of finger array.
ii) Search function;
This function is used to check whether the finger print is present or not inside a numbers of
stored fingers print.
iii) Empty function;
This function is used to delete all finger print present inside a module.
The above three functions can be called from a remote microcontroller by using switch that
produce 0 (low) bit for latest 0.5sec when pressed.
12
2.9.3 Operation of the fingerprint reader
The fingerprint reader captures the fingerprint image as the input to the MCU which tags the
corresponding car plate number already entered through the keypad with the fingerprint read
from the fingerprint reader. This data is stored at the EEPROM of the Microcontroller Unit
(MCU) and used to verify at the exit gate.
The input data from the finger print to the microcontroller is 5volts and the binary data stored for
verification at the exit gate.
2.10 Barrier gate
Barrier gates are the ideal solution if you need to control vehicle transit in public parking areas,
car parks, private and block of flats entrances, even when the traffic is heavy. They are made of a
motor body and control unit, protected by a case with different finishes, in particular in stainless
steel for applications in critical environment conditions, like heavy traffic areas or near the sea.
There are motorizations powered by 230 V and by 24V dc, which ensure high performances and
safety, making them ideal for the automation of private and public car parks which are subject to
frequent vehicle transit during the day.
The choice of the model of automatic barrier gates depends on the width of the entrance and the
type of use.
Figure 6: Show type of automatic gate
13
2.11 Liquid crystal display
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display
that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light
directly.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or
fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment
displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images
are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions,
instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices
such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have
replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider
range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they
do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.
The LCD screen is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its low
electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment.
2.11.1 Advantages of display.
i) Very compact and light.
ii) Very little heat emitted during operation, due to low power consumption.
iii) No geometric distortion.
iv) The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight technology.
v) Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes
(which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).
vi) Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the monitor to be placed farther
back from the user, reducing close-focusing related eye-strain.
vii) Razor sharp image with no bleeding/smearing when operated at native resolution.
viii) Can be made in almost any size or shape.
ix) No theoretical resolution limit.
14
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DATA COLLECTIONThe following procedure has been adopted to accomplish this project.
Data collection was done through the following method;-
Site visiting
Under this aspect data collected from site visit by visual observations.
3.1: Data collected from the site
Table 3: Shows specification of gate
Type of gate Barrier gate
Weight of gate 50kg
Car parking capacity 1600
Security guard 3@gate
15
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING4.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the usage of all data that have been collected and designing of the system.
It comprises the mathematical analysis together with circuits design and appropriate circuit
components values for the entire system.
4.2 Proposed circuit diagram for the system
Operation of the proposed circuit diagram
The power supply provides power to the system in order for it to function properly. The keypad
and finger print is used as a means of input that is used to input the car park number and finger
print to the microcontroller, after putting it to the system then the microcontroller compares the
received car park number and fingerprint with the stored ones, if the car park number and
fingerprint matches with the stored ones then it sends signal to the switching circuit to allow it to
open the gate
16
4.2.0 Size of motor
Design analysis of motor
The size of the motor
Data given
Density of aluminum =2770kg/m
Let volume be V
Let coefficient of friction to be (μ) = 0.045
Length=4m
Breath=0.1m
Height=0.12m
Gravitational force = 9.81
Factor of safety=1.2 (1.1 up to1.3)
Solution
Volume = Length × Breath × Height
Volume = 4 × 0.1 × 0.12 = 0.048m3
Volume=Mass
Density
Mass = Volume × Density
Mass = 0.048 x 2770 =132.96kg
Effective belt pull = μ × g × mass
= 0.045 × 9.81 × 132.96 = 58.7N
Maximum belt pull = effective belt pull × factor of safety
= 58.7 × 1.2 = 70.4N
Velocity¿Distance
time
Distance¿2 πr
4
Distance=2 π × 4
4 =6.283m
Velocity¿6.283
3=¿2.094m/sec
Output power¿Maximum belt pull×Velocity
17
Output power¿70.4 × 2.094
Output power¿147.45Watts.
From,
1hp¿746W
X¿147.45W
X¿0.198hp
Output power¿0.198hp
Since a motor of 0.198hp doesn’t exist because is not standard so, we take 0.5hp motor.
Thus motor of 0.5hp=373Watts
Therefore Power of motor=373Wats
Power (P) = I×V
I = PV
I = 37312
Current = 31.08Amps
Current of motor=31.08Amps
4.2.1 Switching Circuit Design
The switching circuit comprises of relay and transistor which act as a switch in this circuit. A
relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit.
Figure 7: Switching circuit
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4.2.2 Selection of Relay
Due to the current of motor Choosing relay R52-1D40-12, which has Nominal voltage 12 Volts
DC, Coil resistance 120 Ohms, Max contact current 40 Amps and maximum contact voltage 14
Volts DC (from the specification sheet data)
4.2.3 Selection of transistor
Taking the coil resistance of the relay to be RC =120Ω as standard coil resistance of relay. The
collector current will flow, during saturation condition.
During saturation condition the value of Vce = 0. NB: The transistor in this case is operating as
a switch so voltage drop across it is considered to be negligible.
Assume that the V BE remains constant at 0.7V silicon NPN transistor
Where;
RB= Resistor base
I C = Collector current
IB = Base current
V CC = input voltage to relay coil/ collector voltage
V BE = Base emitter voltage
Voltage of dc coil (Vcc) =12V
Vcc= I C RC+V CE (sat), but V CE=0
I C=V CC
RC
I C=12
120
I C = collector current = 0.1Amps
Then Choosing transistor 2N2222A, materials silicon, NPN which has current gain hfe (β) =100
(from the specification sheet data)
Recall;
I B=I C
β
I B=0.1100 = 1mA
Therefore the base current is 1mA
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Since the input voltage is 5V (the output from PIC), then the value of base resistor (RB) can be
calculated through the expression;
RB = V CC−V BE
I B
RB = (5−0.7)
1mA
RB = 4.3kΩ
From the specification data sheet, the standard resistor will be 4.7kΩ Selected
4.2.4 Determination of input voltage to the PIC Microcontroller
The input voltage required to the microcontroller is 5V regulated power supply.
The power source comes from utility power supply 230 ac at frequency of 50Hz. A step down
transformer lowers is required for lowering the voltage to required output. A full wave bridge
rectifier converts this alternating voltage to a pulsating DC version. The capacitors filter the
output waveform to smooth the ripples.
A voltage regulator is used for maintaining the terminal voltage of the dc supply even when ac
input voltage to the transformer varies.
I have selected two IC regulator 7812(input voltage +14.6V and output +12V) and 7805(input
+7.3V and output +5V) dc with load current not exceed 1A. (From the specification data sheet).
4.2.5 Transformer specification
4.2.6 Selection of capacitor for filtering
The output voltage of the rectifier circuit contains ripples which should be filtered
before the voltage goes to regulator. The simplest method of ripple filtering is the use of Shunt
capacitors
Recall,
V r(rms) ¿I dc
4√3 fC
C ¿I dc
4√3 fVr (rms)
Where
I dc=¿DC output current from the filter
Vr(rms)¿rms value of the ripple voltage
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f ¿ frequency
C ¿ filter capacitor
Designing of the capacitor input filter with maximum current of not exceeding 1A and
the ripple voltage V of 2.887V with supply frequency of 50Hz.
The value of capacitor filter found as;
C¿ I dc
4 √3 fVr (rms)
C ¿1
4 × 50× 2.887 ×√3
C¿999.9139μF
C¿ 1000μF
A filter capacitor of 1000μF is selected and used in a circuit because large capacitor
eliminates large amount of ripples and also a low value capacitor of 0.1μF is incorporated
for reducing interference of the audible signal.
Transformer specifications
The peak primary voltage =230×√2=325.27Volts
The dc output voltage V dc=12Volts
Capacitor C=1000μF
Frequency f= 50HZ
Resistance r= 10Ω
Therefore
V dc=V P
[1+ (2 fcr )]
12=V p
1+( 12 ×50 ×1000 ×10−6× 10
)
V p=12 ×2=24Volts
The peak voltage V p=24Volts
Voltage drop of the diode V D=2 ×0.7
= 1.4Volts
Therefore the secondary peak voltage¿V P+V D
V PS= 24+1.4 = 25.4Volts
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The secondary voltage¿V PS
√2=25.4
√2=18 volts
Therefore A 230V, 50Hz ac supply is stepped down by a transformer to a secondary voltage of
about 18V
CHAPTER FIVE
5 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS5.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the results of different parts of the system and a briefly discussion of those
results. It shows the simulation results of the system.
5.2 Circuit diagram simulation results.
5.2.1 Simulation result of the system before entering the car plate number and finger print
The simulation result of the system before the car plate number was entered is shown hereunder.
The simulation results of the below circuit show that when the system is ON the display requests
the user should put the car number in the system through the keypad. The output voltage from
the microcontroller to the transistor is zero when the number was not entered, so the relay does
not make so the gate will not open and remain closed.
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5.2.2 Simulation result after entering the car plate number
The simulation results of the below circuit show that when the system is ON the display requests
the user should put the finger in the system through the finger print reader. The output voltage
from the microcontroller to the transistor is zero, so the relay does not make so the gate remain
closed
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5.2.3 Simulation result after entering correct information
The simulation results of the below circuit show that when the correct information was entered in
the system the display shows the message that the gate is open and the output voltage from the
microcontroller to the transistor is 4.9V, so the relay makes and the gate will be open
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CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
This project has successfully taken an initial idea of designing the entrance and exit control
system. All potential data needed for the design of the system were successfully collected and
analysed. The collected data led to the design of the hardware and software parts of this project.
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During simulation of the system, the matrix keypad was used as means of putting the car plate
number to the system
Finger print module in this project is used to swipe the finger after entering the car plate number.
The finger print module used in this project is R 305 This module is able to save different
biometric signal with their respective ID from hex 00 to hex FE.
However, this type and even any other type have not been included inside a library of micro c
pro and even in a component library of proteus professional software.
Therefore, the simulation was difficult by using the actual finger print module.
Though, to ensure that nothing goes wrong I came up with which helped work as a finger print
module. This method involves creating array that will contain a list of predefined finger prints ID
inside a microcontroller used.
Failure:
Originally, I was hoping to build automatic opening and closing of gate by using the key pad and
the finger print.
The finger print module used in this project is R 305 This module is able to save different
biometric signal with their respective ID from hex 00 to hex FE. Due to lack of this type of
finger print in the marketplace of Tanzania.
I have end up with opening and closing gate by using key pad.
Therefore I can conclude that project objective and its designing considerations have been met.
6.2 Recommendation
In the course of designing this project, lots of new ideas were birthed and further research
showed that many improvements can be made on the car parking and monitoring system. Some
of these recommendations could not be worked on due to time and cost constraints nonetheless
they are given here as possible improvements to be considered later in the future.
(i) I-Catcher Digital CCTV Software: This comes as an excellent idea to help improve the
security in general. I-Catcher can be configured to keep all the images over a specified period
allowing you to keep the last 2 weeks (or however long you choose) of image information on
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hard disk for examination should be needed. The use of cameras to capture all cars including
number plate recognition that visit the car park is a good idea that can be implemented in a car
parking monitoring and security system. With this, safety of cars is enormously increased.
(ii) A billing system: This idea is exceptionally competent if the car park is to be located in very
busy vicinity like a public access car park like a shopping mall or an airport as it goes a long way
to improve the car parking system. A ticketing system can be put in a place whereby every user
can pay on their way out and have tickets given to them automatically.
6.3 ESTIMATION COST OF THE PROJECTOverall cost of the project evaluated after completing a Senior Project two.
Table 4: Cost Estimation
DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL PRICE
Flash Disk for files
storage(back up)
1 10,000 10,000
Printing 3 10000 30,000
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Binding 7 2000 14,000
Photocopy 7 1000 7,000
Capacitor 5 1500 7,500
Crystal 1 1500 1,500
Transistor(NPN) 2 2500 5,000
Resistors 2 1000 2000
Microcontroller 1 45,000 45,000
Relay 2 3,000 6,000
Transformer 1 12,000 12,000
LED 4 500 2,000
Bridge rectifier 1 1500 1,500
Circuit board 1 5,000 5,000
Regulator 2 2,000 4,000
LCD 1 2500 2,500
Keypad(3×4) 1 30000 30,000
Soldering wire 1 roll 4000 4,000
Push button switch 2 2000 4,000
Finger print 1 250,000 250,000
Total cost 443,000
REFERENCE [1] Programming 8-bit PIC microcontrollers in C. Author; Martin P. Bates. Inc www.sribd.com.
[2] John Tovine(2000). “PIC Microcontroller Project Book”, McGraw-Hill Companies.
[3] Electronics Control in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, 3rd Edition (2003) by W.
Bolton.
[4] R.M.Jalnekar, N. M Pasalkar. Power Electronics-II, Technical puplications.
[5] http//www.oddparts.com/motorturns
[6] http//www.fingerprint.com.
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[7] http//www.keypad.com.
Work schedulles
ACTIVITIES NOV
DE
C JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE
Project title selection
Literature review and
consultations
29
Data collection
Data analysis
Prototype
Proof reading of project report
Project report writing
Submission of project report
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